IAS fizfyEl

VsLV lhjhT+k&2024
lkekU; vè;;u vkSj lhlSV iSdst-I

izkjaHk lajpuk
17
flracj
dqy 35 VsLV~l

GS
20 lsD'kuy VsLV~l

2023 izFke VsLV lHkh

5 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe VsLV~l

ds fy;s fu'kqYd
CSAT

10 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe VsLV~l

fganh vkSj vaxzsT+kh nksuksa ekè;e esa

vkWuykbu vkSj vkWQykbu

'kqYd% `12,500/-
(n`f"V ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa gsrq 'kqYd% `10,000/-)
VsLV lhjhT+k lsaVj
eq[kthZ uxj djksy ckx iz;kxjkt t;iqj y[kuÅ
o/kZeku dkWEiysDl] usg: 21] iwlk jksM] 13@15] rk'kdan ekxZ] IykWV uacj&45 o 45&, g"kZ 47@ lhlh] cfyZaxVu ekWy]
fogkj] fudV eq[kthZ djksy ckx] ubZ flfoy ykbUl] Vkoj&2] esu Vk¡d jksM] foèkkulHkk ekxZ] ykyckx]
uxj] fnYyh fnYyh iz;kxjkt olqaèkjk dkWyksuh] t;iqj y[kuÅ] ;w-ih
  LVsfVd ,oa djsaV vQs;lZ dh lk>k rS;kjh dSls djsa\
 ;g dSls lqfuf'pr djsa fd 26 ebZ] 2024 ls iwoZ laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe dk
de&ls&de rhu ckj fjohT+ku fd;k tk pqdk gks\
 ijh{kk gkWy esa ekufld ,oa euksoK
S kfud lary
q u fdl izdkj cuk, j[ks\a
 dbZ ç'uksa dks LekVZ&VsfDuDl (elimination method, avoiding the
extremes, etc) ls lgh djus dk vH;kl fdl izdkj ls djsa\

fç; fo|kfFkZ;ksa]
mi;qZDr ç'uksa dks ;wih,llh flfoy lsok ijh{kk dk dksbZ Hkh xaHkhj vH;FkhZ u”kjvank”k ugha dj ldrkA vkidk p;u bu ç'uksa ds lVhd
mÙkj lkèk dh vkidh ;ksX;rk ij gh fuHkZj djrk gSA
n`f"V laLFkku us f'k{k.k ,oa ekxZn'kZu ds vius o"kks± ds vuqHko ds vkèkkj ij bUgha ç'uksa ds lekèkku gsrq n`f"V fizfyEl VsLV lhjh”k&2024
dks rS;kj fd;k gSA ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dks vkSj csgrj cukus gsrq ge vkidks bl dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy;s vkeaf=kr djrs gSaA

n`f"V fizfyEl VsLV lhjh”k dh çeq• fo'ks"krk,¡%

z flfoy lsok ijh{kk ds laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe dk ekud cgq&fodYih; ç'uksa (MCQs) ds ekè;e ls O;kid dojstA
z lsD'kuy VsLV~l ds ekè;e ls ,d fuf'pr le; esa lHkh fo"k;ksa dks vPNs ls doj djus dh lqfoèkk rFkk fo"k;okj çxfr dk vkdyuA
z tuojh 2023 ls viSzy 2024 rd ds laiw.kZ djsaV viQs;lZ dk O;kid :i ls dojs”kA
z rF;kRed rFkk voèkkj.kkRed& nksuksa çdkj ds ç'uksa dh lekuqikfrd mifLFkfrA
z lgh mÙkj ds pquko dh fofHkUu ;qfDr;ksa] tSls& xyr fodYiksa dks gVkuk (,fyfeus'ku esFkM)] fof'k"V 'kCnksa dh igpku ls mÙkj rd
igq¡puk vkfn] ds ç;ksx dk vH;klA
z csgrj le;&çcaèku rFkk ijh{kk ds ekufld ncko ij fu;a=k.k dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, rS;kj fd;s x, VsLVA
z vH;fFkZ;ksa dks çn'kZu fo'ys"k.k] •aMokj fo'ys"k.k] dfBukbZ ds Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k] vf•y Hkkjrh; jSad] VkWilZ ls rqyuk] ,dhÑr Ldksj
dkMZ] ç'uksa dh çÑfr ,oa tfVyrk ds vkèkkj ij ekWd VsLV isij dk fo'ys"k.k vkfn lqfoèkk,¡A
z çn'kZu dk lrr~ ewY;kadu ,oa j.kuhfr esa lqèkkj dk voljA
z fo"k;ksa dh lkjxfHkZr ,oa xgu le> rFkk ijh{kk gsrq egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;ksa dh igpku gsrq ekWd ç'uksa dh foLr`r O;k[;kA

lajpuk%
n`f"V fizfyEl VsLV lhjh”k&2024 esa dqy 35 VsLV~l gSa] ftuesa 25 lkekU; vè;;u rFkk 10 lhlSV ds VsLV~l 'kkfey gksaxsA

20 lsD'kuy VsLV~l
GS
35 5 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe VsLV~l
VsLV~l
CSAT 10 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe VsLV~l

2
 foxr ckjg o"kks± ds flfoy lsok çkjafHkd ijh{kk i=ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij
lkekU; vè;;u ds fofHkUu [kaMksa dk rqyukRed egÙo
lkekU; vè;;u ds iz'u ikB~;Øe esa 'kkfey fofHkUu [kaMksa@fo"k;ksa ls fdl vuqikr esa iwNs tk,axs] ;g fuf'pr ugha gSA vkerkSj ij bfrgkl]
jktO;oLFkk] ikfjfLFkfrdh o i;kZoj.k] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj Hkwxksy ls ”;knk iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa] ysfdu o"kZ 2016 esa blesa vkewypwy ifjorZu ns[kk
x;kA ifjorZu dh ;g ço`fÙk o"kZ 2023 esa Hkh fo|eku jghA bl rjg] iz'uksa ds vuqikr dh izo`fÙk fcYdqy gh vfuf'pr gSA uhps nh xbZ
rkfydk esa vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd o"kZ 2012 ls 2023 rd fofHkUu [kaMksa ls iwNs tkus okys iz'uksa dk vuqikr D;k jgk gSA

fo"k; 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Hkkjrh; bfrgkl 20 16 19 16 16 13 22 16 19 19 14 13

Hkkjrh; jkT;O;oLFkk ,oa 'kklu 21 17 10 13 6 22 13 15 18 17 10 14

Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy 17 18 20 18 3 8 9 8 6 12 12 17

ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj i;kZoj.k 14 14 20 12 16 17 10 19 20 17 13 15

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ,oa fodkl 14 18 11 16 15 29 22 20 23 17 19 14

lkekU; foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh 10 16 12 9 7 3 14 15 12 12 17 8

djsaV visQ;lZ 04 01 08 16 37 8 10 7 2 6 15 19

dqy 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

fuEukafdr rkfydk esa bl ckr ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gS fd foxr ckjg o"kks± esa lhlSV ds fofHkUu [kaMksa ls fdrus iz'u iwNs x, gSaA bls ns[kdj
vki vuqeku yxk ldrs gSa fd fdu [kaMksa ij vkidks ”;knk è;ku nsuk pkfg;sA

2012&2023 rd lhlSV esa fofHkUu [kaMksa ls iwNs x, iz'uksa dh la[;k

ikB~;Øe dk [kaM 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

cksèkxE;rk (f}Hkkf"kd) 32 24 26 30 27 30 26 30 25 26 27 27

vaxzs”kh cksèkxE;rk 8 8 6* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

vkèkkjHkwr la[;;u 3 9 16 20 28 24 17 26 22 21 24 39

vk¡dM+ksa dk fuoZpu i;kZIrrk 0 5 5 0 0 0 12 10 11 17 17 9

rdZ'kfDr@fo'ys"k.kkRed {kerk 30 28 27 30 25 26 25 14 22 16 12 5

fu.kZ; ysuk ,oa leL;k

7 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
lekèkku
dqy 80 80 80* 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

* o"kZ 2014 esa vaxzs”kh cksèkxE;rk ls lacafèkr iz'uksa dh x.kuk ugha dh xbZ Fkh vFkkZr~ dV vkWiQ vad ds fy;s dsoy 74 iz'uksa dk gh
ewY;kadu fd;k x;k FkkA o"kZ 2015 ls vaxzs”kh cksèkxE;rk ds ç'uksa dks gVk fn;k x;k gSA

3
 fizfyEl VsLV lhjhT+k & 2024 (laiw.kZ dk;ZØe)
dqy VsLV&35 (25 lkekU; vè;;u rFkk 10 lhlSV)

VsLV dksM fnukad ikB~;Øe djsaV vQs;lZ

17 flracj] 2023
2401 lkekU; vè;;u&I laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe (ewy fl¼karksa ij vk/kfjr)
(jfookj)

24 flracj] 2023 Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk tuojh 2023

2402
(jfookj) (,ulhbZvkjVh vkèkkfjr) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu ekpZ 2023 vad)

1 vDrwcj] 2023 Hkwxksy iQjojh 2023

2403
(jfookj) (,ulhbZvkjVh vkèkkfjr) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu vizSy 2023 vad)

8 vDrwcj] 2023 bfrgkl ekpZ 2023

2404
(jfookj) (,ulhbZvkjVh vkèkkfjr) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu ebZ 2023 vad)

15 vDrwcj] 2023 vFkZO;oLFkk vizSy 2023

2405
(jfookj) (,ulhbZvkjVh vkèkkfjr) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu twu 2023 vad)

22 vDrwcj] 2023 i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh ebZ 2023

2406
(jfookj) (,ulhbZvkjVh vkèkkfjr) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu tqykbZ 2023 vad)

29 vDrwcj] 2023 foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh twu 2023

2407
(jfookj) (,ulhbZvkjVh vkèkkfjr) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu vxLr 2023 vad)
5 uoacj] 2023 Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk&I $ tqykbZ 2023
2408
(jfookj) vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu flracj 2023 vad)
26 uoacj] 2023 vFkZO;oLFkk $ vxLr 2023
2409
(jfookj) foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu vDrwcj 2023 vad)
3 fnlacj] 2023
C2401 lhlSV&1
(jfookj)
10 fnlacj] 2023 Hkwxksy&I $ flracj 2023
2410
(jfookj) i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu uoacj 2023 vad)
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (izkphu ,oa
17 fnlacj] 2023 vDrwcj 2023
2411 eè;dkyhu) $ dyk ,oa laLÑfr $
(jfookj) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu fnlacj 2023 vad)
Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk&II
24 fnlacj] 2023 Hkwxksy&II $ tuojh&twu 2023
2412
(jfookj) foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu ekpZ&vxLr 2023 vad)
31 fnlacj] 2023
C2402 lhlSV&2
(jfookj)
7 tuojh] 2024 vFkZO;oLFkk $ tuojh&iQjojh 2023
2413
(jfookj) i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu ekpZ&viSzy 2023 vad)
14 tuojh] 2024 ekpZ&viSzy 2023
2414 Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk
(jfookj) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu ebZ&twu 2023 vad)

*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

4
 21 tuojh] 2024 (çkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu Hkkjr dk ebZ&twu 2023
2415
(jfookj) bfrgkl) $ dyk ,oa laLÑfr (n`f"V djsVa visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu tqykbZ&vxLr 2023 vad)

28 tuojh] 2024
C2403 lhlSV&3
(jfookj)

4 iQjojh] 2024 tqykbZ@vxLr 2023

2416 vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
(jfookj) (n`f"V djsVa visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu flracj@vDrwcj 2023 vad)

11 iQjojh] 2024 flracj@vDrwcj 2023

2417 Hkwxksy
(jfookj) (n`f"V djsVa visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu uoacj@fnlacj 2023 vad)

18 iQjojh] 2024 uoacj 2023

2418 vFkZO;oLFkk
(jfookj) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu tuojh 2024 vad)

25 iQjojh] 2024
C2404 lhlSV&4
(jfookj)

3 ekpZ] 2024 foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh $ fnlacj 2023

2419
(jfookj) i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu iQjojh 2024 vad)

10 ekpZ] 2024 tuojh 2024

2420 vkfFkZd los{Z k.k ,oa bafM;k bZ;j cqd
(jfookj) (n`f"V djsaV visQ;lZ VqMs eSx”khu ekpZ 2024 vad)

17 ekpZ] 2024
C2405 lhlSV&5
(jfookj)

7 vizSy] 2024
2421 / C2406 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lkekU; vè;;u&I / laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lhlSV&6
(jfookj)

14 vizSy] 2024
2422 / C2407 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lkekU; vè;;u&II / laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lhlSV&7
(jfookj)

21 vizSy] 2024
2423 / C2408 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lkekU; vè;;u&III / laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lhlSV&8
(jfookj)

28 vizSy] 2024
2424 / C2409 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lkekU; vè;;u&IV / laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lhlSV&9
(jfookj)

5 ebZ] 2024
2425 / C2410 laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lkekU; vè;;u&V / laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe % lhlSV&10
(jfookj)

*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

5
 foLr`r ikB~;Øe
VsLV dksM 2401 z d{kk X% ledkyhu Hkkjr&II
z d{kk XI% HkkSfrd Hkwxksy ds ewy fl¼kar
laiw.kZ ikB~;Øe
z d{kk XI% Hkkjr% HkkSfrd i;kZoj.k
z jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; egÙo dh lkef;d ?kVuk,¡A
z d{kk XII% Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy
z Hkkjr dk bfrgkl vkSj Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyuA
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (Qjojh 2023)
z Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy % Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk çkÑfrd] lkekftd]
vkfFkZd HkwxksyA VsLV dksM 2404
z Hkkjrh; jkT;ra=k vkSj 'kklu& lafo/ku] jktuhfrd ç.kkyh] iapk;rh jkt]
yksduhfr] vf/dkjksa laca/h eqís bR;kfnA bfrgkl
z vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl& lrr~ fodkl] xjhch] lekos'ku] ,ulhbZvkjVh
tulkaf[;dh] lkekftd {ks=k esa dh xbZ igy vkfnA z n`f"V IAS NCERT lhjh”k Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
z i;kZoj.kh; ikfjfLFkfrdh] tSo&fofo/rk vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu laca/h z d{kk VI% gekjk vrhr&I
lkekU; eqís] ftuds fy;s fo"k;xr fo'ks"kKrk vko';d ugha gSA
z d{kk VII% gekjk vrhr&II
z lkekU; foKkuA
z d{kk VIII% gekjk vrhr&III (Hkkx&I vkSj II)
VsLV dksM 2402 z d{kk IX% Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o&I
z d{kk X% Hkkjr vkSj ledkyhu fo'o&II
Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk
z d{kk XII% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k;&I
,ulhbZvkjVh
z d{kk XII% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k;&II
z n`f"V IAS NCERT lhjh”k Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk
z d{kk XII% Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds dqN fo"k;&III
z d{kk VI% lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd thou&I
z d{kk VII% lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd thou&II djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (ekpZ 2023)
z d{kk VIII% lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd thou&III VsLV dksM 2405
z d{kk IX% yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr Hkkx&1
z d{kk X% yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr Hkkx&2 vFkZO;oLFkk
z d{kk XI% jktuhfrd fl¼kar ,ulhbZvkjVh
z d{kk XI% Hkkjr dk lafoèkku fl¼kar vkSj O;ogkj z n`f"V IAS NCERT lhjh”k Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk ,oa vFkZO;oLFkk
z d{kk XII% Lora=k Hkkjr esa jktuhfr z d{kk XI% vFkZ'kkL=k (Hkkjrh; vkfFkZd fodkl)
z d{kk XII% ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr z d{kk XII% lef"V vFkZ'kkL=k ,d ifjp; (iw.kZ)
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (tuojh 2023) z d{kk XII% O;f"V vFkZ'kkL=k (dsoy çklafxd fo"k;)
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (vizSy 2023)
VsLV dksM 2403
VsLV dksM 2406
Hkwxksy
,ulhbZvkjVh i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
z n`f"V IAS NCERT lhjh”k Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy ,ulhbZvkjVh
z d{kk VI% i`Foh] gekjk vkokl z d{kk 12oha tho foKku & çklafxd vè;k;
z d{kk VII% gekjk i;kZoj.k z d{kk 11oha jlk;u foKku (Hkkx II) & vè;k; 14
z d{kk VIII% lalkèku vkSj fodkl z fo"k; fof'k"V djsaV viQs;lZ tuojh 2023 ls ebZ 2023
z d{kk IX% ledkyhu Hkkjr&I djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (ebZ 2023)
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

6
 VsLV dksM 2407 ™ vlg;ksx] lfou; voKk] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu
™ o"kZ 1942 ls Hkkjr dh vk”kknh rd dh ?kVuk,¡ (vk”kkn fgan iQkSt]
foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh vkj-vkbZ-,u- foæksg vkfn)
,ulhbZvkjVh ™ lqèkkj] vfèkfu;e vkSj lfefr;k¡] dkWUxzl
s l=k] xouZj tujy vkSj ok;ljk;
™ tutkrh; vkSj fdlku vkanksyu] vkèkqfud f'k{kk vkSj çsl dk fodkl]
z d{kk VI% foKku z d{kk XI% tho foKku
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds çfrf"Br O;fDrRo
z d{kk VII% foKku z d{kk XII% tho foKku ™ vk”kknh ds ckn dk Hkkjr % jkT;ksa dk ,dhdj.k] Hkk"kh; vkèkkj ij
z d{kk VIII% foKku z d{kk XI% jlk;u foKku jkT;ksa dk xBu] pquko
z d{kk IX% foKku z d{kk XII% jlk;u foKku ™ vk”kknh ds ckn çeq• jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd ?kVukØe]
z d{kk X% foKku lqèkkj ,oa uhfr;k¡

djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (twu 2023)
VsLV dksM 2408
Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk&I $ vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (tqykbZ 2023)
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu

Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk ,oa 'kklu (Hkkx&I)

VsLV dksM 2409
z jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;k¡ % voèkkj.kk,¡] :i rFkk çdkj
zHkkjrh; lafoèkku% vFkZO;oLFkk $ foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh
™ ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ™ lafoèkku fuekZ.k ,oa mlds n'kZu Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
zlafoèkku dh çeq• fo'ks"krk,¡% z ewyHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡ rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk lacaèkh ifjHkk"kk,¡
™ çLrkouk ™ la?kh; O;oLFkk dh çÑfr z ;kstukc¼ vkSj fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk] iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡] lekos'kh fodkl]
™ la?k dk {ks=k ™ dsæa &jkT; lacèa k vkSj varjkZT;h; uhfr vk;ksx
™ ukxfjdrk lacaèk z vkfFkZd lqèkkj % mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k] 1991 ls vc rd
™ ewy vfèkdkj ,oa ewy dÙkZO; ™ vkikrdkyhu çkoèkku
gq, vkfFkZd lqèkkj
™ jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd rÙo ™ laoSèkkfud vkSj xSj&laoSèkkfud
z jk"Vªh; vk; dk ys[kkadu%
™ la'kksèku dh çfØ;k fudk; (lkafofèkd] fu;ked ™ ifjHkk"kk] voèkkj.kk,¡ % ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] fuoy ?kjsyw mRikn] ldy
™ lafoèkku dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk ,oa fofHkUu v¼Z & U;kf;d jk"Vªh; mRikn] fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn] jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk
™ lalnh; O;oLFkk fudk;) ™ dj] lfClMh bR;kfn
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (vkèkqfud) z eqæk ,oa cSafdax%
zHkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu ds fofHkUu pj.k] 1857 dk çFke Hkkjrh; ™ eqæk ds dk;Z] eqæk dk fodkl] eqnzk vkiwfrZ bR;kfn
Lora=krk laxzke] lkekftd&èkkfeZd lqèkkj] eè;e pj.k] vafre pj.k] ™ cSafdax % dk;Z rFkk cSadksa ds çdkj] xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡] cSafdax
Økafrdkjh vkradokn] xkaèkhoknh tu la?k"kZ dk ;qx] lkE;okn dk çHkko lqèkkj] vutZd ifjlaifÙk;k¡] csly ekud bR;kfn
™ 18oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr % ;wjksih;ksa dk Hkkjr esa vkxeu rFkk eqxy ™ dsaæh; cSad] eqæk dh voèkkj.kk] ½.k o ekSfæd uhfr (uxn vkjf{kr
lkezkT; dk iru vuqikr] jsiks vkfn)
™ Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dk vkxeu % ç'kklu ,oa vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ (1757-1857) ™ foÙkh; lekos'ku % tuèku] eqæk] Lo.kZ eqæhdj.k vkSj ckWM~l vkfn
™ c<+rk vkØks'k rFkk 1857 dk foæksg_ 1857 ds ckn gq, ç'kklfud ifjorZu z eqækLiQhfr o jks”kxkj%
™ 19oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZ¼Z esa lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd tkxj.k ™ eqækLiQhfr % ifjHkk"kk] dkj.k o çdkj] eqækLiQhfr dk fuèkkZj.k o fu;a=k.k]
™ çkjafHkd jk"Vªokn (o"kZ 1857 ls 1906 ds chp) dkWUxzsl dk xBu eqækLiQhfr dk orZeku Hkkjrh; ifjn`';
vkSj ujeiaFkh pj.k ™ jks”kxkj] csjks”kxkjh (çdkj ,oa çÑfr)
™ pjeiaFkh pj.k (1905 ls 1919 ds chp)] caxky o lwjr foHkktu z ljdkjh ctV] lkoZtfud foÙk vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr%
(1906) ™ ctV fuekZ.k] çdkj] Hkkjr esa bldk fodkl] rFkk Hkfo"; gsrq n`f"Vdks.k
™ Økafrdkjh jk"Vªokn dk pj.k o fons'kh vkanksyu ™ lkoZtfud foÙk] jktLo rFkk O;;] jktdks"kh; uhfr] ?kkVk
™ Lons'kh vkanksyu] gkse :y vkanksyu ™ dj lajpuk % i¼fr;k¡& çxfr'khy] çfrxkeh] vkuqikfrd_ dj lqèkkj
™ tu&vkanksyu ds pj.k (1919&1942) % jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa esa xkaèkhoknh ;qx ™ dj ds çdkj& çR;{k] vçR;{k] VAT] GST] CTT] STT] iwathxr
™ jkWysV ,DV] tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM vkSj f[+kykI+kQr vkanksyu ykHk] MAT bR;kfn
™ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa lektoknh #>ku] fdlku lHkk ™ 14ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx] 15ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx& ;kstuk,¡

*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

7
 z fons'kh {ks=k] fons'kh O;kikj rFkk eqæk fofue; nj%
™ Hkqxrku larqyu] O;kikj larqyu] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
™ eqæk (çdkj o çcaèku)] eanh (çdkj o çcaèku)
™ iwath@pkyw •krk ifjorZuh;rk
™ O;kikj lacaèkh eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ % fo'o O;kikj laxBu] ckSf¼d laink
vfèkdkj] GAAR] TRIPS] O;kikj uhfr;k¡ bR;kfnA
z foÙkh; ck”kkj%
™ iwath % çkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d ck”kkj
™ eqæk ck”kkj % egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh ,oa voèkkj.kk,¡] ck”kkj lkèku (jktdks"k
fcy] okf.kfT;d i=k] ekax eqæk] tek çek.ki=k vkfn)
z m|ksx%
™ vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡] fofuos'k] lM+d] jsyos] ukxfjd mM~M;u] rVh;
{ks=k] ÅtkZ ifjn`';
™ ih-ih-ih- ekWMy] LekVZ flVh”k] ;kstuk,¡ vkSj dk;ZØe (esd bu bafM;k]
LVkVZ vi bafM;k] mn; vkfn)
z lsok,¡%
™ orZeku fLFkfr o çn'kZu] vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl
™ O;kikfjd le>kSrs % f}i{kh;] cgqi{kh;] {ks=kh;] lqèkkj vkSj Hkfo"; gsrq
n`f"Vdks.k
z o`Qf"k%
™ Hkwfe lqèkkj vkSj gfjr Økafr] Ñf"k çk:i] i'kqikyu
™ •k| çcaèku] ciQj LVkWd] lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh vkSj lfClMh
™ ekWMy APMC ,DV] Ñf"k foi.ku vkSj oLrq ok;nk ck”kkj
™ Ñf"k çcaèku % e'khuhdj.k] moZjd] cht cSad] foLrkj lsok,¡
z chek%
™ m|ksx rFkk lqèkkj] laLFkku ,oa ,tsafl;k¡] ;kstuk,¡
z Hkkjr vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkku%
™ varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k] fo'o cSad] MIGA] ADB] AIIB fczDl bR;kfn
z lrr~ fodkl%
™ lrr~ fodkl y{;] tyok;q ifjorZu] isfjl le>kSrk] xzhu iQkbusal]
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ] INDC vkSj Hkfo"; gsrq n`f"Vdks.k
z ekuo fodkl%
™ HDR] ySafxd eqís] xjhch (vuqeku)] lekos'kh fodkl] tulkaf[;dh;
fo'ks"krk,¡
™ lqèkkj % f'k{kk {ks=k] cky] Je] LokLF;] lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,¡
z ppkZ esa jgs egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;%
™ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k] ctV vkSj egÙoiw.kZ uhfr i=k] foeqæhdj.k
™ tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k] lkoZHkkSfed ewyHkwr vk;] cSM cSad] nksgjs rqyu
i=k dh leL;k]
™ cgqi{kh; {ks=kh; çfrcaèk vkSj fooS'ohdj.k
™ vlekurk dk lekèkku % lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,¡] lkoZHkkSfed LokLF;
lsok o f'k{kk
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
zHkkSfrd foKku
™ ekud ,oa bdkb;k¡] xfr
™ ;kaf=kdh vkSj inkFkZ ds xq.k
™ dk;Z] ÅtkZ vkSj 'kfDr
™ Å"ek] èofu] çdkf'kdh] æo ds xq.k
™ fo|qr vkSj pqacdRo] xq#Rokd"kZ.k
™ ijek.kq vkSj ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh
™ vkèkqfud HkkSfrdh] •xksy foKku vkSj varfj{k foKku
zjlk;u foKku
™ inkFkZ] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ vkSj lehdj.k
™ ijek.kq dh lajpuk] ijek.kq vkSj v.kq
™ rÙoksa dh vkorZ lkj.kh] jklk;fud vkcaèkhdj.k
™ dkcZu vkSj mlds jklk;fud ;kSfxd vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vip;u
™ vEy] {kkjd vkSj yo.k] èkkrq vkSj vèkkrq
™ m"ekxfrdh] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] cgqyd
™ nSfud thou esa jlk;u 'kkL=k] Ñf"k vkSj •k| jlk;u 'kkL=k
™ tSo vkSj vkS"kèkh; jlk;u 'kkL=k
ztho foKku
™ ifjp;] thoèkkfj;ksa dk oxhZdj.k
™ dksf'kdk vè;;u] çdk'k la'ys"k.k] ikni foKku
™ thou çfØ;k,¡] thou dh mRifÙk vkSj Øe&fodkl
™ tSo lapkj] ekuo 'kjhj ds vax&ra=k] iks"k.k
™ vkuqoaf'kdh] jksx vkSj j{kkRed ç.kkyh
zçkS|ksfxdh
™ Hkkjr esa foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh
™ varfj{k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh] j{kk çkS|ksfxdh
™ lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] lapkj ,oa daI;wVj çkS|ksfxdh
™ i;kZoj.k vkSj foKku] mQtkZ] ukfHkdh; izkS|ksfxdh
™ tSo çkS|ksfxdh] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] jkscksfVDl] ys”kj çkS|ksfxdh
™ vfrpkydrk] Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk] vkuqoaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh
™ vuqç;qDr foKku rFkk vkèkqfud çkS|ksfxdh
™ uohure vuqlaèkku vkSj orZeku fodkl
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (vxLr 2023)
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd lkekU; foKku] foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
VsLV dksM 2410
Hkwxksy&I $ i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
Hkkjr vkSj fo'o dk HkkSfrd Hkwxksy (Hkkx&I)
zHkkjr dk Hkwxksy (HkkSfrd Hkwxksy)%
™ vofLFkfr] {ks=k vkSj lhek,¡
™ lajpuk ,oa mPpkop % Hkw&vkÑfrd foHkktu& ioZr] Hkkjrh; eSnkuh
{ks=k] çk;}hih; iBkj ,oa Hkkjrh; }hi
™ rkieku] ncko] ok;q vkSj o"kkZ dk LFkkfud ,oa vLFkk;h forj.kA
™ Hkkjrh; viokg ra=k % fgeky;h rFkk çk;}hih; viokg ra=k
™ Hkkjrh; tyok;q (ekulwu) % {ks=kh; ekSle] tyok;q vkSj ½rq,]¡ pØokr]
o"kkZ çk:i] Hkkjr ds tyok;q {ks=k
™ ikni vkSj i'kq thou] çkÑfrd ouLifr {ks=kh; fHkUurk

*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

8
 ™ ou rFkk mudk forj.k] ou laj{k.k
™ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k% ,Dl&lhVw] bu&lhVw&ck;ksLiQh;j fj”kZo] jk"Vªh; m|ku]
oU; tohu vHk;kj.k vkSj laxBuA
™ e`nk ds çdkj] {ks=kh; fHkUurk,¡ rFkk laj{k.k
™ çkÑfrd •rjs o vkink,¡ rFkk vkink çcaèku
™ Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy ekufp=k dk;Z
zfo'o dk Hkwxksy (HkkSfrd Hkwxksy)%
™ izklafxd ledkyhu HkkSxksfyd eqn~nksa] ?kVukvksa rFkk ekufp=k dk;Z ds
lkFk&lkFk
™ i`Foh rFkk czãkaM] i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx
™ egk}hiksa dk vkdkj] egk}hih; foLFkkiu] Tokykeq•h] Hkwdai
™ i`Foh dh xfr;k¡&IysV foorZfudh] leqæ ry çlkj
™ LFkykÑfr;k¡] vi{k;] o`gn~ {kj.k ,oa vijnu
™ fo'o tyok;q] tyok;q oxhZdj.k % dksisu
™ ok;qeaMy] xzgh; vkSj LFkkuh; gok,¡
™ Å"ek ctV rFkk Åijh ok;qeaMyh; ifj?kVuk,¡
™ egklkxj] leqæ vkSj yo.krk] egklkxjksa dh furyh; LFkykÑfr
™ egklkxjksa dh xfr;k¡ % egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡] Tokj] ygjsa
™ tyfo|qr pØ] rkieku forj.k rFkk çoky ,oa lacafèkr ifj?kVuk,¡
™ çkÑfrd ouLifr] i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k % ckáLFkkus] LoLFkkus&tSoeaMy
fj”koZ] jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vHk;kj.; ,oa laLFkku
™ e`nk rFkk bldh lajpuk] e`nk ds çdkj] vijnu ,oa laj{k.k] çkÑfrd
•rjs vkSj vkink,¡
™ ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] mÙkjh vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk] vaVkdZfVdk] ;wjksi
vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k egk}hih; fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa ekufp=k dk;Z
i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
zikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj i;kZoj.k%
™ voèkkj.kk,¡ % ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds
dk;Z] çkÑfrd lalkèku laj{k.k
™ LFkyh; vkSj tyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] leqæh tho] ikfjfLFkfrd vuqØe.k
ztSo fofoèkrk%
™ ewyHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡] ouLifrtxr rFkk çkf.ktxr] leqæh tho] tSo
fofoèkrk dks •rjs]
™ lqjf{kr {ks=k % jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vHk;kj.;] tSoeaMy fj”koZ]
vkjf{kr rFkk lqjf{kr ou] lkeqnkf;d fj”koZ] xzke rFkk iapk;r ou]
futh lqjf{kr ou] laj{k.k {ks=k bR;kfn
™ tSolqj{kk] ck;ksçksLisfDaVx] tSo&rLdjh
™ Hkkjrh; vkSj oSf'od tSo fofoèkrk] lrr~ fodkl] i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh
vkSj çHkko vkdyu
ztSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k ds ç;kl % Hkkjr vkSj fo'o%
™ i;kZoj.k vfèkfu;e vkSj uhfr;k¡] i;kZoj.k lafèk;k¡@vfHkle;
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (flracj 2023)
™ jsM cqd] IUCN oxhZdj.k% xaHkhj :i ls foyqIrçk;] vuqlwph lwph&
Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1972
™ ekuo&i'kq Vdjko] çkstsDV Vkbxj] çkstsDV ,yhiQSaV] çkstsDV oYpj]
çkstsDV VVZy] çkstsDV gaxqy] çkstsDV xaxk MkWfYiQu bR;kfn
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa
9
zi;kZoj.kh; eqís%
™ çnw"k.k ds çdkj vkSj ?kVd] ÅtkZ ladV vkSj xSj&ijaijkxr lzksr
™ çnw"k.k (ok;q] LekWx] ÝykbZ ,s'k] ikuh] e`nk] èofu] jsfM;ks&lfØ;)]
dpjk] bZ&dpjk] tSo&mipkj
zo`Qf"k%
™ iQly rFkk bldk oxhZdj.k] iQly ç.kkyh vkSj çk:i •srh ç.kkyh
™ lrr~ Ñf"k] ,dhÑr •srh ç.kkyh] e`nk foKku
ztyok;q ifjorZu ,oa laxBu rFkk 'keu%
™ oSf'od rkiu] xzhu gkml çHkko] GEF] REDD rFkk REDD$
™ UNFCCC] D;ksVks] isfjl lEeysu] ckyh] dksisugsxu] dkudqu vkSj
Mjcu f'k•j lEesyu
™ dkcZu i`FkDdj.k (lhDosLVªs'ku)] dkcZu flad] dkcZu ØsfMV] dkcZu
vkWiQlsfVax] dkcZu VSDl
™ Hkw&vfHk;kaf=kdh] egklkxj vEyhdj.k] vkstksu {kj.k
zHkkjr vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu%
™ tyok;q ifjorZu ij jk"Vªh; dk;Z;kstuk] xzhu gkml xSl 'keu] xzhu
fcfYaMx] BSE xzhusDl
™ baVsaMsM us'kuyh fMVjekbaM dkafVªC;w'kUl (INDC)
zvfèkfu;e] uhfr;k¡ vkSj 'keu gsrq j.kuhfr;k¡%
™ i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh vkSj çHkko vkdyu] dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡
™ lrr~ fodkl] Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1972] i;kZoj.k
(laj{k.k) vfèkfu;e] 1986
™ jk"Vªh; ou uhfr 1988] tSo fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e 2002] vknzHZ kwfe fu;e 2010
™ vuqlwfpr tutkfr rFkk vU; ikjaifjd ouoklh vfèkfu;e 2006] rVh;
fofu;eu {ks=k
™ jk"Vªh; gfjr çkfèkdj.k vfèkfu;e 2010] vkstksu vi{k;dkjh inkFkZ fu;e
zvarjkZ"Vªh; vfHkle; vkSj çksVksdkWy%
™ i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ij la;qDr jk"Vª vfHkle; (UNCED)] tSo
fofoèkrk vfHkle; (CBD)] jkelj dUosa'ku] CITES] IUCN] CMS
™ oU;tho O;kikj (TRAFFIC)] rLdjh] (CAWT)] fVacj vkWxZukbts'ku
(ITTO)] Xykscy Vkbxj iQksje (GTF)
™ csly dUosa'ku] LVkWdgkse dUosa'ku] jkWVjMSe dUosa'ku
™ la;qDr jk"Vª ejQLFkyhdj.k jksdFkke dUosa'ku (UNCCD)] ouksa ij
la;qDr jk"Vª iQksje (UNFF)
™ baVjus'kuy Ogsfyax deh'ku (IWC)] fo;uk dUos'a ku ,aM ekWfUVª;y çksVksdkWy
zi;kZoj.k laLFkku ,oa laxBu & Hkkjr%
™ jk"Vªh; oU;tho dk;Z;kstuk] jk"Vªh; ouhdj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh fodkl cksMZ
™ CAMPA] CEPI-] bZdks&ekdZ] lkekftd okfudh] jk"Vªh; ck¡l fe'ku
™ jk"Vªh; tSo fofoèkrk çkfèkdj.k] eSaxzkso] jk"Vªh; >hy laj{k.k ;kstuk
™ Hkkjrh; i'kq dY;k.k cksMZ] oU;tho vijkèk fu;a=k.k C;wjks bR;kfn
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy
 VsLV dksM 2411 ™ okLrqdyk % flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] ekS;Z okLrqdyk] 'kqax] dq"kk.k] lkrokgu
vkSj xqIr dky esa okLrqdyk] eafnj okLrqdyk] fdys ,oa edcjs]
Hkkjr dk izkphu o eè;dkyhu bfrgkl $ Hkkjrh;&bLykeh okLrqdyk] vkèkqfud okLrqdyk
dyk ,oa laLÏfr $ Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk&II ™ ewfrZdyk % Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk rFkk dyk ds fofHkUu laçnk;
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (izkphu) ™ Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk % nhokj fp=kdyk] xqiQk vkSj fHkfÙkfp=k dyk] y?kq
fp=kdyk] eqxy fp=kdyk] jktiwr fp=kdyk] yksd dyk] vU; fp=kdyk
z çkphu Hkkjr ds dkykuqØfed ,sfrgkfld fodkl ij iQksdl
™ èkeZ vkSj n'kZu'kkL=k & èkeZ % fganw] tSu] ckS¼] bLyke] bZlkbZ] ikjlh]
z fofHkUu dkyksa ds 'kkld& jktoa'k rFkk muds 'kklu esa gq, lkekftd] ;gwnh èkeZ_ n'kZu'kkL=k % n'kZu'kkL=k ds Ng laçnk;] vkthod] yksdk;r
jktuhfrd] ç'kklfud] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl n'kZu bR;kfn_ HkfDr vkSj lwiQh ;qx] eè;dkyhu vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjr
zegÙoiw.kZ pj.kksa esa lfEefyr gSa % esa èkkfeZd lqèkkj vkanksyu
™ çkxSfrgkfld dky (ik"kk.k dky] rkez&ik"kk.k dky) ™ Hkkjrh; laxhr % 'kkL=kh; laxhr] (fganqLrkuh laxhr] dukZVd laxhr)]
™ çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl (egÙo] i`"BHkwfe] HkkSxksfyd forj.k ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡) yksd laxhr ijaijk
™ gM+Iik@flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk ™ Hkkjrh; u`R; % Hkkjr esa 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa ds :i] yksd u`R;
™ oSfnd dky (½XoSfnd ls mÙkj&oSfnd pj.k rd% lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] ™ dBiqryh (èkkxk] NM+ bR;kfn)
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] èkeZ] fopkjèkkjk,¡)_ oSfnd bfrgkl ds lzksr ™ foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh] çfl¼ O;fDrRo ,oa mudk ;ksxnku
™ egktuin (exèk] dksly] o`fTt bR;kfn) ™ Hkkjr esa jaxeap % yksd jaxeap] Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj ldZl
™ èkkfeZd lqèkkj (tSu èkeZ] ckS¼ èkeZ vkfn dk mn;) ™ Hkkjr esa ;wusLdks fo'o èkjksgj LFky % lkaLÑfrd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj
™ iwoZ&ekS;Z dky (g;Zd] f'k'kqukx] uan oa'k vkfn) egÙoiw.kZ laLFkku
™ iQkjlh rFkk eslsMksfu;u vkØe.k] dyk rFkk laLÑfr ij çHkko ™ eè;dkyhu vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ o lkfgR;
(mnkgj.k& xkaèkkj 'kSyh] xzhd&ckS¼ laLÑfr) ™ esys vkSj ioZ_ ek'kZy vkVZ
™ ekS;Z dky vkSj ekS;kZsÙkj dky] laxe dky Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk (Hkkx&II)
™ eè;&,f'k;kbZ vkØe.k (baMksxzhd] 'kd] igyoh] dq"kk.k) z jktO;oLFkk dh egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ % la?k dk;Zikfydk] laln] jkT;
™ xqIr dky vkSj xqIrksÙkj dky (g"kZoèkZu vkfn) dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk] LFkkuh; ljdkj] pquko rFkk pqukoh lqèkkj]
™ nf{k.k ,oa if'pe Hkkjr ds jkT; (lkrokgu] iYyo] pkyqD;] ikaMÔ vkfn) jkT;ksa gsrq fo'ks"k çkoèkku] 'kklu
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (eè;dkyhu) dsaæ ljdkj%
z
z eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds dkykuqØfed ,sfrgkfld fodkl ij iQksdl ™ jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr
™ çèkkuea=kh] dsaæh; eaf=kifj"kn
z fofHkUu dkyksa ds 'kkld& jktoa'k rFkk muds 'kklu esa gq, lkekftd]
™ eaf=keaMy lfefr;k¡] laln (dk;Z] 'kfDr rFkk çdk;Z] laln dh Hkwfedk)
jktuhfrd] ç'kklfud] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl
™ lalnh; lfefr;k¡] lewg vkSj eap
zegÙoiw.kZ pj.kksa esa lfEefyr gSa %
jkT; ljdkj%
z
™ vkjafHkd eè; dky % mÙkj Hkkjr lkezkT; (f=ki{kh; la?k"kZ& iky]
™ jkT;iky ™ jkT; eaf=kifj"kn
çfrgkj] jk"VªdwV)] nf{k.k Hkkjr lkezkT; (pksy jktoa'k] psj jktoa'k] ™ eq[;ea=kh ™ jkT; foèkkf;dk
ikaMÔ jktoa'k)
U;k;ikfydk%
z
™ eè;;qxhu vkØe.k (x”kuh] xksjh vkfn)
™ mPpre U;k;ky;
™ fnYyh lYrur (ekeyqd lqYrku] f[kyth oa'k] rqxyd oa'k] lSÕ;n
™ mPp U;k;ky;] vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;
oa'k rFkk yksnh oa'k)
™ U;kf;d leh{kk] U;kf;d lfØ;rk
™ fot;uxj vkSj cgeuh lkezkT;
™ tufgr ;kfpdk
™ lkaLÑfrd rFkk èkkfeZd vkanksyu% HkfDr vkanksyu] lwiQh vkanksyu
z LFkkuh; ljdkj%
™ viQxku] jktiwr] lwj] eqxy oa'k rFkk opZLo dh yM+kbZ vkSj ikuhir
™ iapk;rh jkt ™ LFkkuh; 'kgjh ljdkj
dk ;q¼
™ nf{k.k jkT;ksa dk mn; ,oa iru % vgenuxj] chtkiqj] xksydksaMk vU;%
z
™ dqN jkT;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k çkoèkku
™ eqxy lkezkT; dk iru rFkk fl•] tkV] viQxku] ejkBk vkfn dk mn;
™ tEew&d'ehj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ
dyk ,oa laLÑfr
™ dsaæ'kkflr çns'k vkSj fo'ks"k {ks=k
z çkphu] eè;dkyhu ,oa vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa dyk (fHkfÙk&fp=k dyk] ™ lgdkjh lfefr;k¡
ewfrZdyk] fp=kdkjh] dBiqryh] laxhr] u`R;)] okLrqdyk] Hkk"kk] èkeZ o ™ vkfèkdkfjd Hkk"kk,¡
n'kZu'kkL=k rFkk foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ij iQksdl ™ lkoZtfud lsok,¡] U;k;kfèkdj.k
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

10
 ™ yksd tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] ny&cny fojksèkh dkuwu
™ pquko vkSj pqukoh lqèkkj
z 'kklu%
™ lwpuk dk vfèkdkj] ukxfjd pkVZj]
™ bZ&'kklu] lafoèkku dk ewY;kadu
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (vDrwcj 2023)
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk
VsLV dksM 2412
Hkwxksy&II $ foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
z Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy (ekuo ,oa vkfFkZd Hkwxksy)
™ Hkkjrh; lalkèku % Hkwfe] ou] ty] •fut vkSj ÅtkZ
™ Ñf"k % •srh ds çdkj] iQly çk:i] flapkbZ] Ñf"k&tyok;q oxhZdj.k]
Ñf"k rduhdh] •k| lqj{kk
™ m|ksx % vofLFkfr dkjd] çdkj] çeq• m|ksxksa dk forj.k
™ O;kikj ,oa lapkj % lM+d ekxZ] jsyos] ok;qekxZ] canjxkg] tyekxZ]
ikbiykbu] fons'kh O;kikj
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (tuojh&twu 2023)
™ tula[;k ,oa vfèkokl % forj.k ,oa ?kuRo] tkfr rFkk tutkfr]
tulkaf[;dh; xq.k] çoklu ,oa vfèkokl] lkaLÑfrd dkjd
™ Hkkjrh; m|ksx % çdkj] vofLFkfr&lacaèkh dkjd
z fo'o dk Hkwxksy (ekuo vkSj vkfFkZd Hkwxksy)
™ xfrfofèk;k¡ % çkFkfed] f}rh;d] r`rh;d] prqFkZd vkSj iaped {ks=k
™ lalkèku % Hkwfe] ou] ty] •fut rFkk ÅtkZ
™ Ñf"k % •srh ds çdkj] iQly iSVuZ] Ñf"k&tyok;q oxhZdj.k] •k| lqj{kk
™ m|ksx % vofLFkfr dkjd] oxhZdj.k] çeq• m|ksxksa dk foHkktu
™ O;kikj rFkk lapkj% egÙoiw.kZ O;kikj ekxZ vkSj js•k,¡] lM+d ekxZ]
jsyos] ok;qekxZ] canjxkg] tyekxZ] ikbiykbUl
™ tula[;k ,oa vfèkokl % forj.k ,oa ?kuRo] tkfr;k¡ rFkk tutkfr;k¡]
tulkaf[;dh; xq.k] çoklu ,oa vfèkokl] lkaLÑfrd dkjd
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
z HkkSfrd foKku
™ ekud ,oa bdkb;k¡] xfr
™ ;kaf=kdh vkSj inkFkZ ds xq.k
™ dk;Z] ÅtkZ vkSj 'kfDr
™ Å"ek] èofu] çdkf'kdh] æo ds xq.k
™ fo|qr vkSj pqacdRo] xq#Rokd"kZ.k
™ ijek.kq vkSj ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh
™ vkèkqfud HkkSfrdh] •xksy foKku vkSj varfj{k foKku
z jlk;u foKku
™ inkFkZ] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ vkSj lehdj.k
™ ijek.kq dh lajpuk] ijek.kq vkSj v.kq
™ rÙoksa dh vkorZ lkj.kh] jklk;fud vkcaèkhdj.k
™ dkcZu vkSj mlds jklk;fud ;kSfxd
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa
11
™ vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vip;u
™ vEy] {kkjd vkSj yo.k] èkkrq vkSj vèkkrq
™ m"ekxfrdh] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] cgqyd
™ nSfud thou esa jlk;u 'kkL=k] Ñf"k vkSj •k| jlk;u 'kkL=k
™ tSo vkSj vkS"kèkh; jlk;u 'kkL=k
ztho foKku
™ ifjp;] thoèkkfj;ksa dk oxhZdj.k
™ dksf'kdk vè;;u] çdk'k la'ys"k.k] ikni foKku
™ thou çfØ;k,¡] thou dh mRifÙk vkSj Øe&fodkl
™ tSo lapkj] ekuo 'kjhj ds vax&ra=k] iks"k.k
™ vkuqoaf'kdh] jksx vkSj j{kkRed ç.kkyh
zçkS|ksfxdh
™ Hkkjr esa foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh
™ varfj{k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh] j{kk çkS|ksfxdh
™ lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] lapkj ,oa daI;wVj çkS|ksfxdh
™ i;kZoj.k vkSj foKku] mQtkZ] ukfHkdh; izkS|ksfxdh
™ tSo çkS|ksfxdh] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] jkscksfVDl] ys”kj çkS|ksfxdh
™ vfrpkydrk] Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk] vkuqoaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh
™ vuqç;qDr foKku rFkk vkèkqfud çkS|ksfxdh
™ uohure vuqlaèkku vkSj orZeku fodkl
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd lkekU; foKku] foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
VsLV dksM 2413
vFkZO;oLFkk $ i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
z ewyHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡ rFkk vFkZO;oLFkk lacaèkh ifjHkk"kk,¡%
z ;kstukc¼ vkSj fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk] iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡] lekos'kh fodkl]
uhfr vk;ksx
z vkfFkZd lqèkkj % mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k] 1991 ls vc rd
gq, vkfFkZd lqèkkj
z jk"Vªh; vk; dk ys[kkadu%
™ ifjHkk"kk] voèkkj.kk,¡ % ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] fuoy ?kjsyw mRikn] ldy
jk"Vªh; mRikn] fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn] jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk
™ dj] lfClMh bR;kfn
z eqæk ,oa cSafdax%
™ eqæk ds dk;Z] eqæk dk fodkl] eqnzk vkiwfrZ bR;kfn
™ cSafdax % dk;Z rFkk cSadksa ds çdkj] xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡] cSafdax
lqèkkj] vutZd ifjlaifÙk;k¡] csly ekud bR;kfn
™ dsaæh; cSad] eqæk dh voèkkj.kk] ½.k o ekSfæd uhfr (uxn vkjf{kr
vuqikr] jsiks vkfn)
™ foÙkh; lekos'ku % tuèku] eqæk] Lo.kZ eqæhdj.k vkSj ckWM~l vkfn
 z eqækLiQhfr o jks”kxkj% ppkZ esa jgs egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;%
z
™ eqækLiQhfr % ifjHkk"kk] dkj.k o çdkj] eqækLiQhfr dk fuèkkZj.k o fu;a=k.k] ™ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k] ctV vkSj egÙoiw.kZ uhfr i=k] foeqæhdj.k
eqækLiQhfr dk orZeku Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; ™ tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k] lkoZHkkSfed ewyHkwr vk;] cSM cSad] nksgjs rqyu
™ jks”kxkj] csjks”kxkjh (çdkj ,oa çÑfr) i=k dh leL;k]
z ljdkjh ctV] lkoZtfud foÙk vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr% ™ cgqi{kh; {ks=kh; çfrcaèk vkSj fooS'ohdj.k
™ ctV fuekZ.k] çdkj] Hkkjr esa bldk fodkl] rFkk Hkfo"; gsrq n`f"Vdks.k ™ vlekurk dk lekèkku % lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,¡] lkoZHkkSfed LokLF;
™ lkoZtfud foÙk] jktLo rFkk O;;] jktdks"kh; uhfr] ?kkVk lsok {ks=k o f'k{kk
™ dj lajpuk % i¼fr;k¡& çxfr'khy] çfrxkeh] vkuqikfrd_ dj lqèkkj i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
™ dj ds çdkj& çR;{k] vçR;{k] VAT] GST] CTT] STT] iwathxr
ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj i;kZoj.k%
z
ykHk] MAT bR;kfn ™ voèkkj.kk,¡ % ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds
™ 14ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx] 15ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx& ;kstuk,¡
dk;Z] çkÑfrd lalkèku laj{k.k
z fons'kh {ks=k] fons'kh O;kikj rFkk eqæk fofue; nj%
™ LFkyh; vkSj tyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] leqæh tho] ikfjfLFkfrd vuqØe.k
™ Hkqxrku larqyu] O;kikj larqyu] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
tSo fofoèkrk%
z
™ eqæk (çdkj o çcaèku)] eanh (çdkj o çcaèku)
™ ewyHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡] ouLifrtxr rFkk çkf.ktxr] leqæh tho] tSo
™ iwath@pkyw •krk ifjorZuh;rk
fofoèkrk dks •rjs]
™ O;kikj lacaèkh eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ % fo'o O;kikj laxBu] ckSf¼d laink
™ lqjf{kr {ks=k % jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vHk;kj.;] tSoeaMy fj”koZ]
vfèkdkj] GAAR] TRIPS] O;kikj uhfr;k¡ bR;kfnA
vkjf{kr rFkk lqjf{kr ou] lkeqnkf;d fj”koZ] xzke rFkk iapk;r ou]
z foÙkh; ck”kkj%
futh lqjf{kr ou] laj{k.k {ks=k bR;kfn
™ iwath % çkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d ck”kkj
™ tSolqj{kk] ck;ksçksLisfDaVx] tSo&rLdjh
™ eqæk ck”kkj % egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh ,oa voèkkj.kk,¡] ck”kkj lkèku (jktdks"k
™ Hkkjrh; vkSj oSf'od tSo fofoèkrk] lrr~ fodkl] i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh
fcy] okf.kfT;d i=k] ekax eqæk] tek çek.ki=k vkfn)
vkSj çHkko vkdyu
z m|ksx%
tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k ds ç;kl % Hkkjr vkSj fo'o%
z
™ vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡] fofuos'k] lM+d] jsyos] ukxfjd mM~M;u] rVh;
™ i;kZoj.k vfèkfu;e vkSj uhfr;k¡] i;kZoj.k lafèk;k¡@vfHkle;
{ks=k] ÅtkZ ifjn`';
™ jsM cqd] IUCN oxhZdj.k% xaHkhj :i ls foyqIrçk;] vuqlwph lwph&
™ ih-ih-ih- ekWMy] LekVZ flVh”k] ;kstuk,¡ vkSj dk;ZØe (esd bu bafM;k]
Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1972
LVkVZ vi bafM;k] mn; vkfn)
™ ekuo&i'kq Vdjko] çkstsDV Vkbxj] çkstsDV ,yhiQSaV] çkstsDV oYpj]
z lsok,¡%
çkstsDV VVZy] çkstsDV gaxqy] çkstsDV xaxk MkWfYiQu bR;kfn
™ orZeku fLFkfr o çn'kZu] vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl
™ O;kikfjd le>kSrs % f}i{kh;] cgqi{kh;] {ks=kh;] lqèkkj vkSj Hkfo"; gsrq i;kZoj.kh; eqís%
z
n`f"Vdks.k ™ çnw"k.k ds çdkj vkSj ?kVd] ÅtkZ ladV vkSj xSj&ijaijkxr lzksr
z o`Qf"k% ™ çnw"k.k (ok;q] LekWx] ÝykbZ ,s'k] ikuh] e`nk] èofu] jsfM;ks&lfØ;)]
™ Hkwfe lqèkkj vkSj gfjr Økafr] Ñf"k çk:i] i'kqikyu dpjk] bZ&dpjk] tSo&mipkj
™ •k| çcaèku] ciQj LVkWd] lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh vkSj lfClMh o`Qf"k%
z
™ ekWMy APMC ,DV] Ñf"k foi.ku vkSj oLrq ok;nk ck”kkj ™ iQly rFkk bldk oxhZdj.k] iQly ç.kkyh vkSj çk:i •srh ç.kkyh
™ Ñf"k çcaèku % e'khuhdj.k] moZjd] cht cSad] foLrkj lsok,¡ ™ lrr~ Ñf"k] ,dhÑr •srh ç.kkyh] e`nk foKku
z chek% tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa laxBu rFkk 'keu%
z
™ m|ksx rFkk lqèkkj] laLFkku ,oa ,tsafl;k¡] ;kstuk,¡ ™ oSf'od rkiu] xzhu gkml çHkko] GEF] REDD rFkk REDD$
z Hkkjr vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkku% ™ UNFCCC] D;ksVks] isfjl lEeysu] ckyh] dksisugsxu] dkudqu vkSj
™ varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k] fo'o cSad] MIGA] ADB] AIIB fczDl bR;kfn Mjcu f'k•j lEesyu
z lrr~ fodkl% ™ dkcZu i`FkDdj.k (lhDosLVªs'ku)] dkcZu flad] dkcZu ØsfMV] dkcZu
™ lrr~ fodkl y{;] tyok;q ifjorZu] isfjl le>kSrk] xzhu iQkbusal] vkWiQlsfVax] dkcZu VSDl
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ] INDC vkSj Hkfo"; gsrq n`f"Vdks.k ™ Hkw&vfHk;kaf=kdh] egklkxj vEyhdj.k] vkstksu {kj.k
z ekuo fodkl% Hkkjr vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu%
z
™ HDR] ySafxd eqís] xjhch (vuqeku)] lekos'kh fodkl] tulkaf[;dh; ™ tyok;q ifjorZu ij jk"Vªh; dk;Z;kstuk] xzhu gkml xSl 'keu] xzhu
fo'ks"krk,¡ fcfYaMx] BSE xzhusDl
™ lqèkkj % f'k{kk {ks=k] cky] Je] LokLF;] lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,¡ ™ baVsaMsM us'kuyh fMVjekbaM dkafVªC;w'kUl (INDC)
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

12
 z vfèkfu;e] uhfr;k¡ vkSj 'keu gsrq j.kuhfr;k¡% Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk (Hkkx&II)
™ i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh vkSj çHkko vkdyu] dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡
z jktO;oLFkk dh egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ % la?k dk;Zikfydk] laln] jkT;
™ lrr~ fodkl] Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1972] i;kZoj.k
dk;Zikfydk] U;k;ikfydk] LFkkuh; ljdkj] pquko rFkk pqukoh lqèkkj]
(laj{k.k) vfèkfu;e] 1986
jkT;ksa gsrq fo'ks"k çkoèkku] 'kklu
™ jk"Vªh; ou uhfr 1988] tSo fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e 2002] vknzZHkwfe fu;e
2010 zdsaæ ljdkj%
™ vuqlwfpr tutkfr rFkk vU; ikjaifjd ouoklh vfèkfu;e 2006] rVh; ™ jk"Vªifr] mijk"Vªifr
fofu;eu {ks=k ™ çèkkuea=kh] dsaæh; eaf=kifj"kn
™ jk"Vªh; gfjr çkfèkdj.k vfèkfu;e 2010] vkstksu vi{k;dkjh inkFkZ ™ eaf=keaMy lfefr;k¡] laln (dk;Z] 'kfDr rFkk çdk;Z] laln dh Hkwfedk)
fu;e ™ lalnh; lfefr;k¡] lewg vkSj eap

z varjkZ"Vªh; vfHkle; vkSj çksVksdkWy% zjkT; ljdkj%

™ i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ij la;qDr jk"Vª vfHkle; (UNCED)] tSo ™ jkT;iky ™ jkT; eaf=kifj"kn
fofoèkrk vfHkle; (CBD)] jkelj dUosa'ku] CITES] IUCN] CMS ™ eq[;ea=kh ™ jkT; foèkkf;dk
™ oU;tho O;kikj (TRAFFIC)] rLdjh] (CAWT)] fVacj vkWxZukbts'ku zU;k;ikfydk%
(ITTO)] Xykscy Vkbxj iQksje (GTF) ™ mPpre U;k;ky;
™ csly dUosa'ku] LVkWdgkse dUosa'ku] jkWVjMSe dUosa'ku
™ mPp U;k;ky;] vèkhuLFk U;k;ky;
™ la;qDr jk"Vª ejQLFkyhdj.k jksdFkke dUosa'ku (UNCCD)] ouksa ij
™ U;kf;d leh{kk] U;kf;d lfØ;rk
la;qDr jk"Vª iQksje (UNFF)
™ tufgr ;kfpdk
™ baVjus'kuy Ogsfyax deh'ku (IWC)] fo;uk dUosa'ku ,aM ekWfUVª;y
çksVksdkWy z LFkkuh; ljdkj%
™ iapk;rh jkt ™ LFkkuh; 'kgjh ljdkj
z i;kZoj.k laLFkku ,oa laxBu & Hkkjr%
™ jk"Vªh; oU;tho dk;Z;kstuk] jk"Vªh; ouhdj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh fodkl zvU;%
cksMZ ™ dqN jkT;ksa ds fy;s fo'ks"k çkoèkku
™ CAMPA] CEPI-] bZdks&ekdZ] lkekftd okfudh] jk"Vªh; ck¡l fe'ku ™ tEew&d'ehj dks fo'ks"k ntkZ
™ jk"Vªh; tSo fofoèkrk çkfèkdj.k] eSaxzkso] jk"Vªh; >hy laj{k.k ;kstuk ™ dsaæ 'kkflr çns'k vkSj fo'ks"k {ks=k
™ Hkkjrh; i'kq dY;k.k cksMZ] oU;tho vijkèk fu;a=k.k C;wjks bR;kfn ™ lgdkjh lfefr;k¡
™ vkfèkdkfjd Hkk"kk,¡
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (tuojh o Qjojh 2023)
™ lkoZtfud lsok,¡] U;k;kfèkdj.k
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh ™ yksd tu çfrfufèkRo vfèkfu;e] ny&cny fojksèkh dkuwu
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh ™ pquko vkSj pqukoh lqèkkj
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk z'kklu%
™ lwpuk dk vfèkdkj] ukxfjd pkVZj]
VsLV dksM 2414
™ bZ&'kklu] lafoèkku dk ewY;kadu
Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk (Hkkx&1 ,oa 2)
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (ekpZ o viSzy 2023)
Hkkx&I
z jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;k¡ % voèkkj.kk,¡] :i rFkk çdkj z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa jktO;oLFkk
z Hkkjrh; lafoèkku%
™ ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe ™ lafoèkku fuekZ.k ,oa mlds n'kZu
VsLV dksM 2415
z lafoèkku dh çeq• fo'ks"krk,¡%
™ çLrkouk ™ la?kh; O;oLFkk dh çÑfr Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (çkphu ,oa eè;dkyhu) $ dyk ,oa laLÏfr
™ la?k dk {ks=k ™ dsæa &jkT; lacèa k vkSj varjkZT;h;
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (izkphu)
™ ukxfjdrk lacaèk
™ ewy vfèkdkj ,oa ewy dÙkZO; ™ vkikrdkyhu çkoèkku z çkphu Hkkjr ds dkykuqØfed ,sfrgkfld fodkl ij iQksdl
™ jkT; ds uhfr&funs'kd rÙo ™ laoSèkkfud vkSj xSj&laoSèkkfud z fofHkUu dkyksa ds 'kkld& jktoa'k rFkk muds 'kklu esa gq, lkekftd]
™ la'kksèku dh çfØ;k fudk; (lkafofèkd] fu;ked jktuhfrd] ç'kklfud] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl
™ lafoèkku dh vkèkkjHkwr lajpuk% ,oa fofHkUu vèkZ & U;kf;d z egÙoiw.kZ pj.kksa esa lfEefyr gSa %
™ lalnh; O;oLFkk fudk;) ™ çkxSfrgkfld dky (ik"kk.k dky] rkez&ik"kk.k dky)
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

13
 ™ çkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl (egÙo] i`"BHkwfe] HkkSxksfyd forj.k ,oa
fo'ks"krk,¡)
™ gM+Iik@flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk
™ oSfnd dky (½XoSfnd ls mÙkj&oSfnd pj.k rd% lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk]
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk] èkeZ] fopkjèkkjk,¡)_ oSfnd bfrgkl ds lzksr
™ egktuin (exèk] dksly] o`fTt bR;kfn)
™ èkkfeZd lqèkkj (tSu èkeZ] ckS¼ èkeZ vkfn dk mn;)
™ iwoZ&ekS;Z dky (g;Zd] f'k'kqukx] uan oa'k vkfn)
™ iQkjlh rFkk eslsMksfu;u vkØe.k] dyk rFkk laLÑfr ij çHkko
(mnkgj.k& xkaèkkj 'kSyh] xzhd&ckS¼ laLÑfr)
™ ekS;Z dky vkSj ekS;kZsÙkj dky] laxe dky
™ eè;&,f'k;kbZ vkØe.k (baMksxzhd] 'kd] igyoh] dq"kk.k)
™ xqIr dky vkSj xqIrksÙkj dky (g"kZoèkZu vkfn)
™ nf{k.k ,oa if'pe Hkkjr ds jkT; (lkrokgu] iYyo] pkyqD;] ikaMÔ
vkfn)
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl (eè;dkyhu)
z eè;dkyhu Hkkjr ds dkykuqØfed ,sfrgkfld fodkl ij iQksdl
z fofHkUu dkyksa ds 'kkld& jktoa'k rFkk muds 'kklu esa gq, lkekftd]
jktuhfrd] ç'kklfud] vkfFkZd] èkkfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl
z egÙoiw.kZ pj.kksa esa lfEefyr gSa %
™ vkjafHkd eè; dky % mÙkj Hkkjr lkezkT; (f=ki{kh; la?k"kZ& iky]
çfrgkj] jk"VªdwV)] nf{k.k Hkkjr lkezkT; (pksy jktoa'k] psj jktoa'k]
ikaMÔ jktoa'k)
™ eè;;qxhu vkØe.k (x”kuh] xksjh vkfn)
™ fnYyh lYrur (ekeyqd lqYrku] f[kyth oa'k] rqxyd oa'k] lSÕ;n
oa'k rFkk yksnh oa'k)
™ fot;uxj vkSj cgeuh lkezkT;
™ lkaLÑfrd rFkk èkkfeZd vkanksyu% HkfDr vkanksyu] lwiQh vkanksyu
™ viQxku] jktiwr] lwj] eqxy oa'k rFkk opZLo dh yM+kbZ vkSj ikuhir
dk ;q¼
™ eqxy dky esa lkaLÑfrd fodkl
™ nf{k.k jkT;ksa dk mn; ,oa iru % vgenuxj] chtkiqj] xksydksaMk
™ eqxy lkezkT; dk iru rFkk fl•] tkV] viQxku] ejkBk vkfn dk mn;
dyk ,oa laLÑfr
z çkphu] eè;dkyhu ,oa vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa dyk (fHkfÙk&fp=k dyk]
ewfrZdyk] fp=kdkjh] dBiqryh] laxhr] u`R;)] okLrqdyk] Hkk"kk] èkeZ o
n'kZu'kkL=k rFkk foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh ij iQksdl
™ okLrqdyk % flaèkq ?kkVh lH;rk] ekS;Z okLrqdyk] 'kqax] dq"kk.k] lkrokgu
vkSj xqIr dky esa okLrqdyk] eafnj okLrqdyk] fdys ,oa edcjs]
Hkkjrh;&bLykeh okLrqdyk] vkèkqfud okLrqdyk
™ ewfrZdyk % Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk rFkk dyk ds fofHkUu laçnk;
™ Hkkjrh; fp=kdyk % nhokj fp=kdyk] xqiQk vkSj fHkfÙkfp=k dyk] y?kq
fp=kdyk] eqxy fp=kdyk] jktiwr fp=kdyk] yksd dyk] vU; fp=kdyk
™ èkeZ vkSj n'kZu'kkL=k & èkeZ % fganw] tSu] ckS¼] bLyke] bZlkbZ] ikjlh]
;gwnh èkeZ_
™ n'kZu'kkL=k % n'kZu'kkL=k ds Ng laçnk;] vkthod] yksdk;r n'kZu
bR;kfn_ HkfDr vkSj lwiQh ;qx] eè;dkyhu vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa
èkkfeZd lqèkkj vkanksyu
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa
14
™ Hkkjrh; laxhr % 'kkL=kh; laxhr] (fganqLrkuh laxhr] dukZVd laxhr)]
yksd laxhr ijaijk
™ Hkkjrh; u`R; % Hkkjr esa 'kkL=kh; u`R;ksa ds :i] yksd u`R;
™ dBiqryh (èkkxk] NM+ bR;kfn)
™ foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh] çfl¼ O;fDrRo ,oa mudk ;ksxnku
™ Hkkjr esa jaxeap % yksd jaxeap] Hkkjrh; flusek vkSj ldZl
™ Hkkjr esa ;wusLdks fo'o èkjksgj LFky % lkaLÑfrd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj
egÙoiw.kZ laLFkku
™ eè;dkyhu vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk,¡ o lkfgR;
™ esys vkSj ioZ_ ek'kZy vkVZ
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (ebZ o twu 2023)
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
VsLV dksM 2416
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; bfrgkl
z Hkkjrh; Lora=krk vkanksyu ds fofHkUu pj.k] 1857 dk çFke Hkkjrh;
Lora=krk laxzke] lkekftd&èkkfeZd lqèkkj] eè;e pj.k] vafre pj.k]
Økafrdkjh vkradokn] xkaèkhoknh tu la?k"kZ dk ;qx] lkE;okn dk çHkko
z 18oha 'krkCnh ls 20oha 'krkCnh esa Hkkjr %
™ ;wjksih;ksa dk Hkkjr esa vkxeu rFkk eqxy lkezkT; dk iru
™ Hkkjr esa fczfV'k dk vkxeu % ç'kklu ,oa vkfFkZd uhfr;k¡ (1757-1857)
™ c<+rk vkØks'k rFkk 1857 dk foæksg_ 1857 ds ckn gq, ç'kklfud
ifjorZu
™ 19oha 'krkCnh ds iwokZèkZ esa lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd tkxj.k
™ çkjafHkd jk"Vªokn (o"kZ 1857 ls 1906 ds chp) dkWUxzsl dk xBu
vkSj ujeiaFkh pj.k
™ pjeiaFkh pj.k (1905 ls 1919 ds chp)] caxky o lwjr foHkktu
(1906)
™ Økafrdkjh jk"Vªokn dk pj.k o fons'kh vkanksyu
™ Lons'kh vkanksyu] gkse :y vkanksyu
™ tu&vkanksyu ds pj.k (1919&1942) % jk"Vªh; vkanksyuksa esa xkaèkhoknh ;qx
™ jkWysV ,DV] tfy;k¡okyk ckx gR;kdkaM vkSj f[+kykI+kQr vkanksyu
™ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa lektoknh #>ku] fdlku lHkk
™ vlg;ksx] lfou; voKk] Hkkjr NksM+ks vkanksyu
™ o"kZ 1942 ls Hkkjr dh vk”kknh rd dh ?kVuk,¡ (vk”kkn fgan iQkSt]
vkj-vkbZ-,u- foæksg vkfn)
™ lqèkkj] vfèkfu;e vkSj lfefr;k¡] dkWUxzl
s l=k] xouZj tujy vkSj ok;ljk;
™ tutkrh; vkSj fdlku vkanksyu] vkèkqfud f'k{kk vkSj çsl dk fodkl]
Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds çfrf"Br O;fDrRo
™ vk”kknh ds ckn dk Hkkjr % jkT;ksa dk ,dhdj.k] Hkk"kh; vkèkkj ij
jkT;ksa dk xBu] pquko
™ vk”kknh ds ckn çeq• jktuhfrd] lkekftd o vkfFkZd ?kVukØe]
lqèkkj ,oa uhfr;k¡
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (tqykbZ o vxLr 2023)
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa jk"Vªh; vkanksyu
 VsLV dksM 2417
Hkwxksy
Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy (HkkSfrd Hkwxksy)
™ vofLFkfr] {ks=k vkSj lhek,¡
™ lajpuk ,oa mPpkop % Hkw&vkÑfrd foHkktu& ioZr] Hkkjrh; eSnkuh
{ks=k] çk;}hih; iBkj ,oa Hkkjrh; }hi
™ rkieku] ncko] ok;q vkSj o"kkZ dk LFkkfud ,oa vLFkk;h forj.kA
™ Hkkjrh; viokg ra=k % fgeky;h rFkk çk;}hih; viokg ra=k
™ Hkkjrh; tyok;q (ekulwu) % {ks=kh; ekSle] tyok;q vkSj ½rq,]¡ pØokr]
o"kkZ çk:i] Hkkjr ds tyok;q {ks=k
™ ikni vkSj i'kq thou] çkÑfrd ouLifr {ks=kh; fHkUurk
™ ou rFkk mudk forj.k] ou laj{k.k
™ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k % ,Dl&lhVw] bu&lhVw&ck;ksLiQh;j fj”koZ] jk"Vªh;
m|ku] oU;tho vHk;j.k vkSj laxBu
™ e`nk ds çdkj] {ks=kh; fHkUurk,¡ rFkk laj{k.k
™ çkÑfrd •rjs o vkink,¡ rFkk vkink çcaèku
™ Hkkjrh; Hkwxksy ekufp=k dk;Z
z Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy (ekuo vkSj vkfFkZd Hkwxksy)
™ lalkèku % Hkwfe] ou] ty] •fut rFkk ÅtkZ
™ Ñf"k % •srh ds çdkj] iQly iSVuZ] Ñf"k&tyok;q oxhZdj.k] •k|
lqj{kk
™ m|ksx % vofLFkfr dkjd] oxhZdj.k] çeq• m|ksxksa dk foHkktu
™ O;kikj rFkk lapkj% egÙoiw.kZ O;kikj ekxZ vkSj js•k,¡] lM+d ekxZ]
jsyos] ok;qekxZ] canjxkg] tyekxZ] ikbiykbUl
™ tula[;k ,oa vfèkokl % forj.k ,oa ?kuRo] tkfr;k¡ rFkk tutkfr;k¡]
tulkaf[;dh; xq.k] çoklu ,oa vfèkokl] lkaLÑfrd dkjd
z fo'o dk Hkwxksy (HkkSfrd Hkwxksy)
™ izkalkfxd ledkyuh HkkSxksfyd eqn~nksa] ?kVukvksa rFkk ekufp=k dk;Z ds
lkFk&lkFk fo'o Hkwxksy ds LFkSfrd Hkkx ij fo'ks"k è;kuA
™ i`Foh rFkk czãkaM] i`Foh dk vkarfjd Hkkx
™ egk}hiksa dk vkdkj] egk}hih; foLFkkiu] Tokykeq•h] Hkwdai
™ i`Foh dh xfr;k¡&IysV foorZfudh] leqæ ry çlkj
™ LFkykÑfr;k¡] vi{k;] o`gn~ {kj.k ,oa vijnu
™ fo'o tyok;q] tyok;q oxhZdj.k % dksisu
™ ok;qeaMy] xzgh; vkSj LFkkuh; gok,¡
™ Å"ek ctV rFkk Åijh ok;qeaMyh; ifj?kVuk,¡
™ egklkxj] leqæ vkSj yo.krk] egklkxjksa dh furyh; LFkykÑfr
™ egklkxjksa dh xfr;k¡ % egklkxjh; èkkjk,¡] Tokj] ygjsa
™ tyfo|qr pØ] rkieku forj.k rFkk çoky ,oa lacafèkr ifj?kVuk,¡
™ çkÑfrd ouLifr] i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k % ckáLFkkus] LoLFkkus&tSoeaMy
fj”koZ] jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vHk;kj.; ,oa laLFkku
™ e`nk rFkk bldh lajpuk] e`nk ds çdkj] vijnu ,oa laj{k.k] çkÑfrd
•rjs vkSj vkink,¡
™ ,f'k;k] vÚhdk] mÙkjh vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk] vaVkdZfVdk] ;wjksi
vkSj vkWLVªsfy;k egk}hih; fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa ekufp=k dk;Z
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa
15
zfo'o dk Hkwxksy (ekuo vkSj vkfFkZd Hkwxksy)
™ xfrfofèk;k¡ % çkFkfed] f}rh;d] r`rh;d] prqFkZd vkSj iaped {ks=k
™ lalkèku % Hkwfe] ou] ty] •fut rFkk ÅtkZ
™ Ñf"k % •srh ds çdkj] iQly iSVuZ] Ñf"k&tyok;q oxhZdj.k] •k|
lqj{kk
™ m|ksx % vofLFkfr dkjd] oxhZdj.k] çeq• m|ksxksa dk foHkktu
™ O;kikj rFkk lapkj% egÙoiw.kZ O;kikj ekxZ vkSj js•k,¡] lM+d ekxZ]
jsyos] ok;qekxZ] canjxkg] tyekxZ] ikbiykbUl
™ tula[;k ,oa vfèkokl % forj.k ,oa ?kuRo] tkfr;k¡ rFkk tutkfr;k¡]
tulkaf[;dh; xq.k] çoklu ,oa vfèkokl] lkaLÑfrd dkjd
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (flracj&vDrwcj 2023)
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjr ,oa fo'o dk Hkwxksy
VsLV dksM 2418
vFkZO;oLFkk
z ewy voèkkj.kkvksa] ljdkjh ;kstukvksa rFkk uhfr;ksa ij fo'ks"k cyA
™ ;kstukc¼ vkSj fefJr vFkZO;oLFkk] iapo"khZ; ;kstuk,¡] lekos'kh fodkl]
uhfr vk;ksx
™ vkfFkZd lqèkkj % mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] oS'ohdj.k] 1991 ls vc rd
gq, vkfFkZd lqèkkj
z jk"Vªh; vk; dk ys[kkadu%
™ ifjHkk"kk] voèkkj.kk,¡ % ldy ?kjsyw mRikn] fuoy ?kjsyw mRikn] ldy
jk"Vªh; mRikn] fuoy jk"Vªh; mRikn] jk"Vªh; vk; dh x.kuk
™ dj] lfClMh bR;kfn
z eqæk ,oa cSafdax%
™ eqæk ds dk;Z] eqæk dk fodkl] eqnzk vkiwfrZ bR;kfn
™ cSafdax % dk;Z rFkk cSadksa ds çdkj] xSj&cSafdax foÙkh; daifu;k¡] cSafdax
lqèkkj] vutZd ifjlaifÙk;k¡] csly ekud bR;kfn
™ dsaæh; cSad] eqæk dh voèkkj.kk] ½.k o ekSfæd uhfr (uxn vkjf{kr
vuqikr] jsiks vkfn)
™ foÙkh; lekos'ku % tuèku] eqæk] Lo.kZ eqæhdj.k vkSj ckWM~l vkfn
z eqækLiQhfr o jks”kxkj%
™ eqækLiQhfr % ifjHkk"kk] dkj.k o çdkj] eqækLiQhfr dk fuèkkZj.k o fu;a=k.k]
eqækLiQhfr dk orZeku Hkkjrh; ifjn`';
™ jks”kxkj] csjks”kxkjh (çdkj ,oa çÑfr)
z ljdkjh ctV] lkoZtfud foÙk vkSj jktdks"kh; uhfr%
™ ctV fuekZ.k] çdkj] Hkkjr esa bldk fodkl] rFkk Hkfo"; gsrq n`f"Vdks.k
™ lkoZtfud foÙk] jktLo rFkk O;;] jktdks"kh; uhfr] ?kkVk
™ dj lajpuk % i¼fr;k¡& çxfr'khy] çfrxkeh] vkuqikfrd_ dj lqèkkj
™ dj ds çdkj& çR;{k] vçR;{k] VAT] GST] CTT] STT] iwathxr
ykHk] MAT bR;kfn
™ 14ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx] 15ok¡ foÙk vk;ksx& ;kstuk,¡
z fons'kh {ks=k] fons'kh O;kikj rFkk eqæk fofue; nj%
™ Hkqxrku larqyu] O;kikj larqyu] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
™ eqæk (çdkj o çcaèku)] eanh (çdkj o çcaèku)
 ™ iwath@pkyw •krk ifjorZuh;rk VsLV dksM 2419
™ O;kikj lacaèkh eqís vkSj pqukSfr;k¡ % fo'o O;kikj laxBu] ckSf¼d laink
vfèkdkj] GAAR] TRIPS] O;kikj uhfr;k¡ bR;kfnA foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh $ i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
z foÙkh; ck”kkj% foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
™ iwath % çkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d ck”kkj HkkSfrd foKku
z
™ eqæk ck”kkj % egÙoiw.kZ 'kCnkoyh ,oa voèkkj.kk,¡] ck”kkj lkèku (jktdks"k ™ ekud ,oa bdkb;k¡] xfr
fcy] okf.kfT;d i=k] ekax eqæk] tek çek.ki=k vkfn) ™ ;kaf=kdh vkSj inkFkZ ds xq.k
z m|ksx% ™ dk;Z] ÅtkZ vkSj 'kfDr

™ vkS|ksfxd uhfr;k¡] fofuos'k] lM+d] jsyos] ukxfjd mM~M;u] rVh; ™ Å"ek] èofu] çdkf'kdh] æo ds xq.k
™ fo|qr vkSj pqacdRo] xq#Rokd"kZ.k
{ks=k] ÅtkZ ifjn`';
™ ijek.kq vkSj ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh
™ ih-ih-ih- ekWMy] LekVZ flVh”k] ;kstuk,¡ vkSj dk;ZØe (esd bu bafM;k]
™ vkèkqfud HkkSfrdh] •xksy foKku vkSj varfj{k foKku
LVkVZ vi bafM;k] mn; vkfn)
z lsok,¡% jlk;u foKku
z

™ orZeku fLFkfr o çn'kZu] vuqlaèkku ,oa fodkl

™ inkFkZ] jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ vkSj lehdj.k
™ ijek.kq dh lajpuk] ijek.kq vkSj v.kq
™ O;kikfjd le>kSrs % f}i{kh;] cgqi{kh;] {ks=kh;] lqèkkj vkSj Hkfo"; gsrq
™ rÙoksa dh vkorZ lkj.kh] jklk;fud vkcaèkhdj.k
n`f"Vdks.k
™ dkcZu vkSj mlds jklk;fud ;kSfxd vkWDlhdj.k vkSj vip;u
z o`Qf"k%
™ vEy] {kkjd vkSj yo.k] èkkrq vkSj vèkkrq
™ Hkwfe lqèkkj vkSj gfjr Økafr] Ñf"k çk:i] i'kqikyu
™ m"ekxfrdh] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] cgqyd
™ •k| çcaèku] ciQj LVkWd] lkoZtfud forj.k ç.kkyh vkSj lfClMh
™ nSfud thou esa jlk;u 'kkL=k] Ñf"k vkSj •k| jlk;u 'kkL=k
™ ekWMy APMC ,DV] Ñf"k foi.ku vkSj oLrq ok;nk ck”kkj
™ tSo vkSj vkS"kèkh; jlk;u 'kkL=k
™ Ñf"k çcaèku % e'khuhdj.k] moZjd] cht cSad] foLrkj lsok,¡
tho foKku
z
z chek%
™ ifjp;] thoèkkfj;ksa dk oxhZdj.k
™ m|ksx rFkk lqèkkj] laLFkku ,oa ,tsafl;k¡] ;kstuk,¡
™ dksf'kdk vè;;u] çdk'k la'ys"k.k] ikni foKku
z Hkkjr vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkku%
™ thou çfØ;k,¡] thou dh mRifÙk vkSj Øe&fodkl
™ varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k] fo'o cSad] MIGA] ADB] AIIB fczDl bR;kfn
™ tSo lapkj] ekuo 'kjhj ds vax&ra=k] iks"k.k
z lrr~ fodkl% ™ vkuqoaf'kdh] jksx vkSj j{kkRed ç.kkyh
™ lrr~ fodkl y{;] tyok;q ifjorZu] isfjl le>kSrk] xzhu iQkbusal] çkS|ksfxdh
z
uohdj.kh; ÅtkZ] INDC vkSj Hkfo"; gsrq n`f"Vdks.k ™ Hkkjr esa foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh
z ekuo fodkl% ™ varfj{k foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh] j{kk çkS|ksfxdh
™ HDR] ySafxd eqís] xjhch (vuqeku)] lekos'kh fodkl] tulkaf[;dh; ™ lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh] lapkj ,oa daI;wVj çkS|ksfxdh
fo'ks"krk,¡ ™ i;kZoj.k vkSj foKku] mQtkZ] ukfHkdh;] izkS|ksfxdh
™ lqèkkj % f'k{kk {ks=k] cky] Je] LokLF;] lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,¡ ™ tSo çkS|ksfxdh] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] jkscksfVDl] ys”kj çkS|ksfxdh
z ppkZ esa jgs egÙoiw.kZ fo"k;% ™ vfrpkydrk] Ñf=ke cqf¼eÙkk] vkuqoaf'kd vfHk;kaf=kdh
™ vkfFkZd loZs{k.k] ctV vkSj egÙoiw.kZ uhfr i=k] foeqæhdj.k ™ vuqç;qDr foKku rFkk vkèkqfud çkS|ksfxdh
™ tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k] lkoZHkkSfed ewyHkwr vk;] cSM cSad] nksgjs rqyu ™ uohure vuqlaèkku vkSj orZeku fodkl
i=k dh leL;k] i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
™ cgqi{kh; {ks=kh; çfrcaèk vkSj fooS'ohdj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj i;kZoj.k%
z
™ vlekurk dk lekèkku % lkekftd {ks=k dh ;kstuk,¡] lkoZHkkSfed LokLF; ™ voèkkj.kk,¡ % ikfjfLFkfrdh vkSj ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k ds
lsok o f'k{kk dk;Z] çkÑfrd lalkèku laj{k.k
™ LFkyh; vkSj tyh; ikfjfLFkfrd ra=k] leqæh tho] ikfjfLFkfrd vuqØe.k
djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (uoacj 2023)
tSo fofoèkrk%
z
z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh ™ ewyHkwr voèkkj.kk,¡] ouLifrtxr rFkk çkf.ktxr] leqæh tho] tSo
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
fofoèkrk dks •rjs]
*Ñi;k ikB~;Øe ns[ksa

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™ lqjf{kr {ks=k % jk"Vªh; m|ku] oU;tho vHk;kj.;] tSoeaMy fj”koZ] ™ lrr~ fodkl] Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1972] i;kZoj.k
vkjf{kr rFkk lqjf{kr ou] lkeqnkf;d fj”koZ] xzke rFkk iapk;r ou] (laj{k.k) vfèkfu;e] 1986
futh lqjf{kr ou] laj{k.k {ks=k bR;kfn ™ jk"Vªh; ou uhfr 1988] tSo fofoèkrk vfèkfu;e 2002] vknzZHkwfe fu;e
™ tSolqj{kk] ck;ksçksLisfDaVx] tSo&rLdjh 2010
™ Hkkjrh; vkSj oSf'od tSo fofoèkrk] lrr~ fodkl] i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh ™ vuqlwfpr tutkfr rFkk vU; ikjaifjd ouoklh vfèkfu;e 2006] rVh;
vkSj çHkko vkdyu fofu;eu {ks=k
™ jk"Vªh; gfjr çkfèkdj.k vfèkfu;e 2010] vkstksu vi{k;dkjh inkFkZ
tSo fofoèkrk laj{k.k ds ç;kl % Hkkjr vkSj fo'o%
z
fu;e
™ i;kZoj.k vfèkfu;e vkSj uhfr;k¡] i;kZoj.k lafèk;k¡@vfHkle;
z varjkZ"Vªh; vfHkle; vkSj çksVksdkWy%
™ jsM cqd] IUCN oxhZdj.k% xaHkhj :i ls foyqIrçk;] vuqlwph lwph&
™ i;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ij la;qDr jk"Vª vfHkle; (UNCED)] tSo
Hkkjrh; oU;tho laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 1972
fofoèkrk vfHkle; (CBD)] jkelj dUosa'ku] CITES] IUCN] CMS
™ ekuo&i'kq Vdjko] çkstsDV Vkbxj] çkstsDV ,yhiQSaV] çkstsDV oYpj]
™ oU;tho O;kikj (TRAFFIC)] rLdjh] (CAWT)] fVacj vkWxZukbts'ku
çkstsDV VVZy] çkstsDV gaxqy] çkstsDV xaxk MkWfYiQu bR;kfn (ITTO)] Xykscy Vkbxj iQksje (GTF)
i;kZoj.kh; eqís%
z ™ csly dUosa'ku] LVkWdgkse dUosa'ku] jkWVjMSe dUosa'ku
™ çnw"k.k ds çdkj vkSj ?kVd] ÅtkZ ladV vkSj xSj&ijaijkxr lzksr ™ la;qDr jk"Vª ejQLFkyhdj.k jksdFkke dUosa'ku (UNCCD)] ouksa ij
™ çnw"k.k (ok;q] LekWx] ÝykbZ ,s'k] ikuh] e`nk] èofu] jsfM;ks&lfØ;)] la;qDr jk"Vª iQksje (UNFF)
dpjk] bZ&dpjk] tSo&mipkj ™ baVjus'kuy Ogsfyax deh'ku (IWC)] fo;uk dUosa'ku ,aM ekWfUVª;y
o`Qf"k%
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çksVksdkWy
™ iQly rFkk bldk oxhZdj.k] iQly ç.kkyh vkSj çk:i •srh ç.kkyh z i;kZoj.k laLFkku ,oa laxBu & Hkkjr%
™ lrr~ Ñf"k] ,dhÑr •srh ç.kkyh] e`nk foKku ™ jk"Vªh; oU;tho dk;Z;kstuk] jk"Vªh; ouhdj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh fodkl
cksMZ
tyok;q ifjorZu ,oa laxBu rFkk 'keu%
z
™ CAMPA] CEPI-] bZdks&ekdZ] lkekftd okfudh] jk"Vªh; ck¡l fe'ku
™ oSf'od rkiu] xzhu gkml çHkko] GEF] REDD rFkk REDD$
™ jk"Vªh; tSo fofoèkrk çkfèkdj.k] eSaxzkso] jk"Vªh; >hy laj{k.k ;kstuk
™ UNFCCC] D;ksVks] isfjl lEeysu] ckyh] dksisugsxu] dkudqu vkSj
™ Hkkjrh; i'kq dY;k.k cksMZ] oU;tho vijkèk fu;a=k.k C;wjks bR;kfn
Mjcu f'k•j lEesyu
™ dkcZu i`FkDdj.k (lhDosLVªs'ku)] dkcZu flad] dkcZu ØsfMV] dkcZu djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (fnlacj 2023)
vkWiQlsfVax] dkcZu VSDl z fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy;s vuq'kaflr vè;;u lkexzh
™ Hkw&vfHk;kaf=kdh] egklkxj vEyhdj.k] vkstksu {kj.k
™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd lkekU; foKku] foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
Hkkjr vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu%
z ™ n`f"V IAS fDod cqd i;kZoj.k ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh
™ tyok;q ifjorZu ij jk"Vªh; dk;Z;kstuk] xzhu gkml xSl 'keu] xzhu
fcfYaMx] BSE xzhusDl VsLV dksM 2420
™ baVsaMsM us'kuyh fMVjekbaM dkafVªC;w'kUl (INDC)
vkfFkZd losZ{k.k losZ ,oa bafM;k bZ;j cqd
vfèkfu;e] uhfr;k¡ vkSj 'keu gsrq j.kuhfr;k¡%
z
™ i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh vkSj çHkko vkdyu] dkuwu vkSj uhfr;k¡ djsaV vQs;lZ ij vk/kkfjr iz'u (tuojh 2024)

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