APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

~AI&DS-B (01-10)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. TITLE Page no.

1 Introduction 1

2 Theoretical Background 2

4 Methodology Used 4

6 Future Scope 7

7 Conclusion 8

8 Acknowledgement 9

9 Reference 9
APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

Abstract: The Phase rule by formulated by J. Willard Gibbs, provides essential insights into the
equilibrium conditions of heterogeneous systems, enabling the prediction of the number of phases present
and their compositions under different thermodynamic conditions. In this report, we explore the
application of the Phase Rule to both one and two-component systems. By delving into the theoretical
underpinnings of the Phase Rule and its practical implications, we elucidate how this principle facilitates
the understanding of phase equilibria in diverse systems. Through analytical and graphical methods, we
demonstrate how the Phase Rule aids in determining the number of degrees of freedom available in a
system, thereby enabling the prediction of phase transitions and equilibrium states. Furthermore, we
investigate specific examples of one and two-component systems, illustrating the application of the Phase
Rule in real-world scenarios. By synthesizing theoretical concepts with practical examples, this report
offers a comprehensive understanding of the application of the Phase Rule in the analysis of one and
two-component systems, thus contributing to the broader discourse on phase equilibria and
thermodynamics.

INTRODUCTION
The Phase Rule, serves as a pivotal tool in understanding the equilibrium behaviour of multi-
component systems. Its application extends across various fields, from chemistry and
materials science to engineering and geology. Central to the Phase Rule is the concept of
phase equilibrium, which governs the distribution of different phases within a system at
equilibrium, such as solid, liquid, and gas phases. In this report, we delve into the application
of the Phase Rule specifically to one and two-component systems, exploring its theoretical
foundations and practical significance. One and two-component systems represent
fundamental models for understanding phase behaviour, serving as building blocks for more
complex systems. Despite their apparent simplicity, these systems offer rich insights into the
principles of phase equilibrium and provide a basis for understanding more intricate multi-
component systems. By applying the Phase Rule to such systems, we gain a profound
understanding of the relationships between thermodynamic variables, such as pressure,
temperature, and composition, and the resulting phase behaviour.

The importance of studying one and two-component systems lies in their relevance to a
myriad of real-world applications. From binary alloys in metallurgy to binary solvent
mixtures in chemical processes, these systems find widespread use in industrial processes
and scientific research. It is essential for understanding natural phenomena across diverse
fields. In geology, for example, the Phase Rule helps elucidate the formation and evolution
of mineral assemblages under different pressure and temperature conditions, shedding light
on geological processes such as metamorphism and magma crystallization. Additionally, in
atmospheric science, the Phase Rule aids in comprehending cloud formation and
precipitation processes by elucidating the thermodynamic conditions necessary for phase
transitions in atmospheric constituents.

Moreover, the application of the Phase Rule to one and two-component systems offers a
systematic approach to predict and analyse phase equilibria under varying conditions. By
leveraging the Phase Rule, researchers and engineers can determine the number of phases
present in a system, their compositions, and the conditions under which phase transitions
occur. This predictive capability not only enhances our fundamental understanding of
thermodynamics but also underpins practical advancements in fields ranging from materials

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

science to chemical engineering. In summary, the application of the Phase Rule to one and
two-component systems represents a foundational aspect of thermodynamics with broad-
reaching implications. Through this report, we aim to elucidate the theoretical underpinnings
of the Phase Rule, explore its application to simple systems, and highlight its significance in
understanding phase equilibria, thereby contributing to the advancement of knowledge in
both fundamental and applied sciences.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Basic concepts necessary to understand before understanding Phase Rule:

Phase: A phase is defined as any homogeneous and physically distinct part of a

heterogeneous system which is separated from other parts of the system by definite bounding
surface.

Component: Component is defined as the smallest number of independently variable

constituents taking part expressed in the state directly of or in equilibrium the form by of a
means of chemical which equation. the composition of each phase can be expressed directly
or in the form of a chemical equation.

Degree of freedom: It is defined as the minimum number of independently variable factors

such as temperature, pressure and composition of the phases which must be arbitrarily
specified in order to represent perfectly the condition of a system.

Triple point. It is point where all the three phases- solid, liquid and vapour are
simultaneously in equilibrium

Eutectic System: A binary system consisting of two substances which are miscible in
all proportions in the liquid phase, but which do not react chemically, is known as the
eutectic system.

Eutectic Point: It is the lowest temperature at which a liquid phase can exist in the system.

Gibbs Phase Rule may be defined as:

When a heterogeneous system in equilibrium at a definite temperature and pressure the
number of degrees of freedom is equal to the difference in the number of components and the
number of phases provided the equilibrium is not influenced by external factors such as
gravity, electrical or magnetic forces, surface tension etc.
It is applicable for all the universally present heterogeneous systems. Mathematically, the
rule is written as
F=C-P+2
Where F= Number of degrees of freedom, C= Number of components P= Number of phases
of the system

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

METHODOLOGY
ONE COMPONENT SYSTEM

The least number of phases in any possible in system is one. So, according to the phase rule
equation, a one component system should have a maximum of two degrees of freedom
When C=1, P=1
So, F = C-P+2 = 1-1+2 = 2
Hence, one-component system requires a maximum of two variables to be fixed in order to
define the system completely The two variables are temperature and pressure So, phase
diagrams for one component system can be obtained by plotting P vs T. In case of a one -
component system, phase diagram consists of
areas, curves or lines and points which provide the following information's regarding the
system: Point on a phase diagram a represents a non-variant system. Area represents bi-
variant system Curve or a line represents a uni-variant system. Water system and the Sulphur
system are the example of one component systems.

Water system which is one component system mainly exists in three different phases such as
ice (solid), water (liquid) and water vapour (gas). Such phases lead to the following
equilibria.

Two phase equilibria Solid ↔ Liquid, Liquid ↔ Vapour

Three phase equilibria Solid ↔ Liquid ↔ Vapour

The phase rule of water system can be represented graphically by considering temperature-
pressure diagram as shown in below Figure. The diagram consists of –

Ice(solid), Water(liquid), Vapour(gas)

(i) Four curves (OA, OB, OC, OB’)

(ii) Three areas (AOC, AOB, BOC)
(iii) Triple point (O)

Curve OA: This curve is called sublimation curve as it gives the vapour pressure of
solid ice in equilibrium with water vapour at different temperatures. This curve
separates the solid ice from water vapour and explains how the two phases coexist in
equilibrium. The OA curve starts from O (triple point) and terminates at A (absolute
zero), beyond which no vapour exists. According to phase rule – F = C – P + 2 =1 – 2
+ 2 = 1 (system is mono-variant)
Curve OB: This curve is called vapour pressure curve or vaporization curve as it
gives the vapour pressure of liquid water in equilibrium with water vapour at different
temperatures. The vapour pressure increases with the rise in temperature. This curve
separates the liquid from vapour and explains how the two phases coexist in
equilibrium. The OB curve starts from O (triple point) and terminates at B(critical
tem). According to phase rule – F = C – P + 2 =1 – 2 + 2 = 1 (system is mono-variant)
Curve OC: This curve is called freezing point curve or fusion curve as it tells how the
freezing temperature of water (melting temperature of ice) varies with pressure. This
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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

curve separates the solid ice from liquid water and explains how the two phases
coexist in equilibrium. The OC curve starts from O (triple point) and terminates at C
(very high pressure). This indicates that melting point of ice is lowered with the
increase in pressure. According to phase rule – F = C – P + 2 =1 – 2 + 2 = 1 (system
is mono-variant)
Curve OB’: (Metastable curve): Equilibrium which can be attended in only one
direction is known as metastable equilibrium. The doted curve OB’ is a continuous
extension of BO curve. It is obtained when liquid water is super cooled, i.e., cooling
of liquid water below the freezing point without the separation of solids. Here water
and vapour are in metastable (unstable) equilibrium. As it is unstable, the super
cooled liquid will be immediately converted into ice by slight disturbance of
equilibrium. The degree of freedom is one. Hence the system is also mono-variant.

The phase diagram of water system Study of the areas:

The phase diagram is divided into three areas, namely AOC, AOB and BOC for the
regions ice, vapour and water respectively. One phase is present in each area.
According to phase rule – F = C – P + 2 = 1 – 1 + 2 = 2 (Bi-variant in nature). This
means both temperature and pressure are required to define the system completely at
any point within the area.

Triple point:
The curves OA, OB and OC meet at this point where all the three phases are in
equilibrium. According to phase rule –
F = C – P + 2 = 1 – 3 + 2 = 0 (In-variant in nature) The three phases can coexist in
equilibrium only under one set of conditions. i.e., if any of the two variables is
slightly changed, the equilibrium is not existing and one of the phases would
disappear.

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

In a two component system, C = 2. According to phase rule – F = C – P + 2 = 2 – P +

2 = 4 – P The minimum number of phases in a two component system is one. So the
maximum number of degree of freedom is – F = 4 – P = 4 – 1 = 3 17 This means all
the three variables (pressure, temperature and concentration) must be specified in
order to describe a two component system completely.
For the graphic representation of these variables, a three dimensional diagram is
required in which the three co-ordinate axes representing pressure, temperature and
concentration are at right angles to each other. But phase equilibria is mainly deal
with 2D diagram. So, one of the variables is kept constant. The possible equilibria in
a two component system are –

(i) Solid ↔ Liquid

(ii) Solid ↔ Gas
(iii) Liquid ↔ Liquid
(iv) Liquid ↔ Gas

In a Solid ↔ Liquid equilibria, the gas phase is absent. So pressure variable is kept
constant. Such system is called condensed system. The phase rule will be reduced by

F=C–P+1

It is known as reduced phase rule equation. As the two variables are temperature and
composition, the phase diagram for two component systems (Solid ↔ Liquid
equilibria) are represented by temperature-concentration (TC) graphs.

Lead silver system- This system has two components and four phases. These are

1. Solid silver
2. Solid lead
3. Solution of molten silver and lead
4. Vapour

But the boiling point of Ag and Pb is completely high; the vapour phase is completely
absent. Since the press has nearly no affected on equilibrium so the system can be
conveniently represented by temp.-conc. diagram. The experimental measurements of temp
and conic. in condensed system ate usually carried at under atmosphere pressure.
Since the degree of freedom in such system is reduced but one, therefore, it can be also
termed as reduced phase and represented by the equation,
F=C−P+1
It is more convenient to apply to solid liquid two components condensed system e.g.-Pb-Sb,
Ag-Pb, Zn-Cd
The complete temp.-conc. phase diagram of system silver-lead:

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

From the figure following salient features are observed:

1. The curve OA (freezing curve of Ag)

2. The curve BO (freezing curve of Pb)
3. The eutectic point 'O'
4. The Area AOB

Curve AO →Freezing curve of Hg.

i. It shows the effect on freezing point of Ag on addition of Pb in small quantities .

ii. The curve starts from the M.P of Ag, where pure Ag coexists as solid and
liquid(Vapours being neglected)
iii. The curve indicates that the meeting point of Ag falls gradually on adding Pb,
along AO till the lowest point O is reached where solution gets saturated with request
to lead. At O more Pb can go in solution and consequently, the M.P. does not fall any
further and if any Pb is added it separates as solid phase.
Along this curve, solid Ag and solution (Vapours being negligible) coexist and hence,
according to reduced phase rule equation F=2−P+1
i.e. system is invariant. The point O corresponds to a fixed composition of 2.62.6Ag
and solution and 97.497.4 Pb and is known as eutectic composition.

On cooling the whole mass crystallizes out as such.

1. Curve BO→→Freezing curve of Pb
i. It represents the effect on freezing point of Pb on gradual addition of small amount
of Ag to it, point B is the M.P of pure Pb
ii. Along BO, the M.P gradually falls on addition of Ag till lowest point O is reached

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

iii. At this point solution gets saturated with respect to Ag and M.P of Pb does not fall
any more. List item
iv. On cooling whole mass crystallizes out. Therefore, the system is univariant like
AO.
3) Point O→Eutectic point
The two curve AO and BO meet at O, where three phases solid Ag, solid Pb and their
solution coexist and according phase rule. The point of O represents a fixed composition of
Ag is called eutectic composition.

APPLICATIONS: -
1). Used in Pattison's process of de-silverization of Pb.
2). If Pb is less than 2.6 Pb will separate out from solution,

FUTURE SCOPE
Extension to Multi-Component Systems: While this report focuses on the application of
the Phase Rule to one and two-component systems, there exists significant potential for
extending these principles to more complex multi-component systems. Investigating the
phase behaviour of systems with three or more components presents a unique set of
challenges and opportunities, requiring advanced theoretical frameworks and experimental
techniques. Future research could explore the application of the Phase Rule to multi-
component systems in diverse fields such as materials science, chemistry, and environmental
engineering, offering insights into complex phase equilibria and enabling the design of novel
materials and processes.

Incorporation of Non-Ideal Behaviour: The Phase Rule, in its conventional form, assumes
ideal behaviour of components and phases within a system. However, many real-world
systems exhibit non-ideal behaviour due to factors such as molecular interactions, deviations
from idealist, and phase transitions under non-equilibrium conditions. Future studies could
focus on incorporating non-ideal behaviour into the application of the Phase Rule, employing
advanced thermodynamic models and computational techniques to account for deviations
from ideal behaviour. This would enhance the predictive accuracy of phase equilibria
calculations and enable a more comprehensive understanding of phase behaviour in complex
systems.

Exploration of Dynamic Phase Behaviour: While the Phase Rule provides valuable
insights into the equilibrium conditions of systems, its application to dynamic or time-
dependent processes remains relatively unexplored. Future research could investigate the
dynamic behaviour of one and two-component systems, particularly in systems undergoing
phase transitions or chemical reactions. Advanced experimental techniques such as in-situ
spectroscopy, real-time imaging, and dynamic simulation methods could be employed to
study the evolution of phases over time and elucidate the kinetics and mechanisms of phase
transitions. This would deepen our understanding of dynamic phase behaviour and provide
practical implications for processes involving phase transformations.

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

Integration with Advanced Computational Methods: With the advent of high-

performance computing and advanced computational methods, there exists an opportunity to
enhance the application of the Phase Rule to one and two-component systems. Future
research could leverage techniques such as molecular dynamics simulations, Monte Carlo
simulations, and machine learning algorithms to predict phase behaviour and phase equilibria
with greater accuracy and efficiency. By integrating experimental data with computational
models, researchers can overcome limitations of traditional approaches and explore phase
behaviour across a wider range of conditions and system complexities.

Application in Emerging Technologies: The application of the Phase Rule to one and two-
component systems holds promise for addressing challenges in emerging technologies such
as renewable energy, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. Future research could explore the
application of phase equilibria principles in the design and optimization of novel materials,
processes, and devices. For example, in the field of renewable energy, understanding phase
behaviour in electrolyte solutions is critical for the development of advanced batteries and
fuel cells. Similarly, in nanotechnology, controlling phase transitions in nanoparticle systems
is essential for fabricating functional materials with tailored properties. By exploring the
application of the Phase Rule in emerging technologies, researchers can unlock new
opportunities for innovation and address pressing societal and environmental challenges.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the application of the Phase Rule to one and two-component systems
represents a foundational aspect of thermodynamics with far-reaching implications across
various scientific and engineering disciplines. Through this investigation, we have explored
the theoretical underpinnings of the Phase Rule and its practical application in predicting and
understanding phase equilibria in simple systems. Our examination has underscored the
importance of the Phase Rule in providing a systematic framework for analysing phase
behaviour under different thermodynamic conditions. By leveraging this principle,
researchers and engineers can elucidate the relationships between thermodynamic variables
and phase compositions, enabling the design and optimization of processes and materials
with tailored properties.

Looking ahead, the principles elucidated through the application of the Phase Rule to one
and two-component systems provide a solid foundation for further research and innovation.
As technology advances and our understanding of complex systems deepens, the insights
gained from this study will continue to inform advancements in fields ranging from materials
science and chemical engineering to geology and atmospheric science.

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Rishika Aggrawal,
our Chemistry Teacher, for allowing us to write a report and present a PowerPoint
presentation on the fascinating topic of "Application of phase rule to one and two
component system". This endeavour would not have been possible without the support,
guidance, and encouragement of numerous individuals. Writing this report and gathering
information has helped us to learn and will benefit us in our future. We would like to extend
our appreciation to colleagues and classmates who provided valuable insights and feedback
during discussions and peer reviews. Your input significantly improved the quality
of this report. We are thankful to Thakur College of Engineering & Technology for
conducting innovative
exams that help us learn and research concepts beyond our books. Finally, we extend our
appreciation to all the readers and reviewers of this report, whose constructive feedback and
engagement will undoubtedly contribute to its continued improvement. Thank you all for
your support, guidance, and encouragement in making this report a reality.

REFERENCES
http://www.gcekjr.ac.in/pdf/lectures/2020/6606-_2nd%20Semester_ALL.pdf

https://www.scribd.com/doc/274311548/One-Compenent-Water-System

https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/degrees-freedom-phases-gibbs-phase-rule-water-example-
mukherjee

https://www.ques10.com/p/29675/draw-and-explain-neat-labeled-phase-diagram-for--2/

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APPLICATION OF PHASE RULE TO ONE AND TWO COMPONENT SYSTEM

Group Members
Submitted By: Roll No:

PURVA AMARESH SAWANT 01

RAHUL SAROJ RAJPUROHIT 02
SAANIKA SUNIL RAJAN 03
KAIRAV ROHIT RAJGARIAH 04
AYUSH YOGESH RANE 05
HARSH SAMIR RANE 06
BHAGAT SHRAVAN RATHORE 07
RISHITA RAKESH RATHI 08
SHRAVANI KHRISHNANAND RIVANKAR 09
SMITA BICHITRA ROUT 10

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