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Summary
 Cancer Cell Detection using Machine Learning
Ankit Kumar Singh
Ms. TanuShree Nitin Kumar Yadav
Department of Computer Science and
Department of Computer Science and Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Engineering Engineering
Galgotias College of Engineering and
Galgotias College of Engineering and Galgotias College of Engineering and
Technology
Technology Technology
Greator Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh,
Greator Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh, Greator Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh,
India
India India
ankitsinghchs07@gmail.com
tanu.shree@galgotiacollege.edu nk157798@gmail.com
Akash Pandey
Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Galgotias College of Engineering and
Technology
Greator Noida, 201310, Uttar Pradesh,
India

4
Abstract— The early stage of cancer detection is required
to provide proper and personalized treatment to the patient
and reduce the risk of death due to cancer. Detection of these
cancerous cells at later stages leads to more suffering and
potentially increases the chances of death. Researchers have
been working on and developing various machine learning
solutions to produce encouraging results. In this paper, we
explore the various techniques and technologies that are
already in practice to detect the cancer cells in their early
10
stages and works presently going in the industry. The main
objective of this project is to develop a machine learning
algorithm which requires minimal intervention of humans.
Keywords— cancer, machine learning, dataset, algorithm
I. INTRODUCTION
1
Cancer is the world‘s second biggest killer disease after
the deadly heart disease and stroke. Cancer is a group of
diseases. It is a dangerous disease that is characterized by
the nature of the cell inside the body which has no control
of itself. It involves abnormal growth of the cells. It
spreads and affects very fast to other parts of the body.
Cancer damages the human body gradually when cells
start growing uncontrollably to form many lumps of
tissues inside the human body called tumours. It is not
necessary that all kind of tumors are cancerous. Some
1 classifiers to select extracted genes from microarray which
tumors do not spread in the body. Tumors may grow and
interact with the other parts of the body. That part may be
nervous system, digestive system or circulatory system.
The effect of infected parts of the body releases the
1 correlation coefficients, Euclidean distance, information
hormones that cause change in the body. Cell can grow to
other cells and can destroy the surrounding tissues that
causes other tumors to develop. Tumors can be of two
1 SVM and SOM. They performed experimental results with
types namely malignant and benign. Malignant tumors can
be a life-threatening and more dangerous in nature. Benign
tumors usually do not cause much damage but can become
more dangerous if they grow a lot or they might become
malignant after certain amount of time.
Cancer has various symptoms such as tumor, abnormal
bleeding, more weight loss etc. To provide appropriate
treatment to the patients, symptoms must be studied
properly and an automatic prediction system is required
which will classify the tumour into benign or malignant.
There are near about 100 different types of cancers
affecting the human body.
5
As soon as the disease is discovered, next task would be
determining in which stage the cancer is. The stage in which
the cancer is can be determined by various factors such as
thickness, the depth of penetration, and the extent to which
the melanoma or the infection has spread. Based on the
stage determined, the patients are treated accordingly. In the
5
recent years, due to the increased use of cosmetics and
pollution and radiations, cancer is becoming a common
disease in the modern era.
II. RELATED WORK
1
In paper [2] author has tried to resolve the impression of
syndrome clusters in breast cancer scraps evolved from both
social media and research study data using improved K-
medoid clustering and also developed improved K-medoid
clustering which helps to improve the clustering performance
by reassigning some of the negative average silhouette width
(ASW) syndrome to other clusters after initial k-medoid
clustering.
In paper [7] the author has explored many features and
have many noises. They have taken two datasets: Brain
cancer and Breast cancer which has the sample 72 and 47
respectively. They have used Pearson‘s and Spearman‘s
gain, mutual information and signal to noise ratio for
feature selection. For classification, they used MLP, kNN,
all the dataset given and shown the best result for accuracy
is 97.1% on Leukemia dataset with all the classifiers.
In paper[8] the author explored PSO for the prediction
of patient survival using gene expression data. PSO
reduces the dimensionality by implementing Probabilistic
NN. The experimental results of PSO/PNN on B-cell

15
XXX-X-XXXX-XXXX-X/XX/$XX.00 ©20XX IEEE
1
Lymphoma dataset of 240 sample was more effective up
to 80% accuracy in predicting survival.
In paper [11] the author has proposed a novel approach
based on the feature selection method in order to classify
the high dimensional cancer microarray data. This
approach uses one of the filtering techniques for
optimization: signal-to- noise ratio (SNR) and PSO. They
predicted that the PSO gives better result when
implementation is done along with SVM, k-NN and PNN.
They have described the dataset of Brain Cancer having 72
instances with 7129 genes and Breast cancer having 62
instances with 2000 genes, DLBCL having 77 instances
1 1
with 6817 genes. The accuracy they found PSO along with
other classifiers gave 100% in the case of Breast Cancer.
In paper [12] the author seeked to extract differentially
expressed (DE) genes between early and advanced cases
of multiple cancer types through the use of RNA
sequencing data. The importance of these genes is further
examined by developing predictive models using K-
nearest neighbour and linear discriminate analysis
1
classifiers. The outcome states that a cancer analysis may
be highly equivalent to standard analyses of individual
cancers for describing biologically relevant DE genes and
can assist in developing powerful predictive models for
cancer prediction. Microarray gene expression information
normally consists of an enormous number of genes
contrasted with less number of tests accessible. In this
manner, it is the motivating assignment to recognize a little
subgroup of persistent genes from microarray gene
expression information where the differentiating
chromosome can exclusively be utilized for precisely
arranging the cancer subspace. Consequently, In paper
[24] a reckoning proficient but precise gene ID strategy
has been nominated. At the commencement, the t-test
technique is antiquated to diminish the measurement of
the dataset and after that; the recommended particle swarm
optimization based approach has been utilized to discover
helpful genetic code. This strategy has been connected on
the small round blue cell tumor (SRBCT) information to
arrange the four sub-divisions particularly neuroblastoma,
non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing
sarcoma syndrome to other clusters after initial k-medoid
clustering.
In paper [18] author studied about many classification
methods and feature selection methods for expressed
genes in microarray data. They were able to find the
efficiency of the various classification methods like:
SVM, Radial Basic Function, Multi-Layer Perceptron, DT
and RF. The 9-fold cross validation had been applied to
calculate the accuracy of the classifier that includes: K-
means. Further the efficiency of the feature selection
1
methods was measured by SVM-RFE, Chi-Squared and
Correlation based feature selection (CFS). In the
conclusion, the authors got the best efficient result by
SVM-RFE feature selection methods with 100% accuracy
to identify the significant genes present in the body.
In paper [21] the author applied data mining techniques
on large scale to discover the valuable knowledge. Rough
set theory was utilized to find the data reliance and reduce
the feature set contained in the data set. The Hybrid
Particle Genetic Swarm Optimization is used to optimize
the selected features of brain cancer at different stages.
Multi class SVM is adopted to classify normal or different
stage of brain cancer using optimized feature set. The
dataset of brain cancer composed of 12042 genes with 493
instances. The classifier Multiclass SVM, ANN and Naïve
Bayes analyzed their experimental result of accuracy 96%,
1
93% and 90% respectively.
Paper [25] compared different Machine Learning
algorithms: SVM, C4.5, NB and kNN for that dataset is
available on WBCD which has 699 instances and 11 integer-
valued attributes. Among all algorithms, SVM 1
gave the
highest accuracy of 97.13% among all and the lowest error
rate conducted in WEKA data mining tool.
III. METHODS
The following steps are performed for the early detection of
cancerous cell in human beings. These steps show how the
cancerous cell can be identified in human beings. Following
are the steps-
A. DATASET
The datasets have been collected from the database.
Databases already have the cancer cell data through which
the identification of the cancer cell be done. There are many
databases such as Kaggle to store the data.
B. PRE-PROCESSING
Pre-Processing is the process of improving the quality of
the datasets, which are going to be used for testing and
training of the machine. It includes mainly thresholding,
filtering and log transformation process for better quality
of datasets.
C. CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES
There are different type of are being used to detect the
cancerous cell. Following are the few techniques used-
i) Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
ii) Support Vector Machines(SVM- Linear Kernel)
iii) Support Vector Machines (SVM- Gaussian
Kernel)
iv) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)

Fig. 1 Custom Dataset for Breast Cancer
Fig.2 Difference between malignant and benign cancers
Fig 3. Picture depicting the images of brain that has brain
cancer
The above figures depicts the different types of dataset that
are to be taken into account while predicting the different
types of cancers namely- Brain Cancer and Breast Cancer.
The datasets are thoroughly trained and then tested in order
to remove any kind of error still persisting in the model that
might interfere in the final results. The accuracy of different
types of algorithms is also caliberated in order to get a clear
picture of which algorithm is better.
D. Classification Techniques used
i) Stochastic Gradient
3
Descent (SGD)- forms the basis of
Neural Networks. It is an iterative algorithm that starts from
a random point of a function and then travels down its slope
in steps until it reaches the lowest point of that function.
This algorithm is useful in cases where the optimal points
cannot be found by equating the slope of the function to
zero.
ii) Support Vector Machines (SVM- Linear Kernel)- SVM
with a linear kernels learns
7
a linear decision boundary in the
original feature space. It can be used for both classification
as well as regression problems. In this algorithm, we plot
each data item as a point in x-dimensional space (where x is
a number of features) with the value of each feature being
the value of a particular coordinate. Then, we compute the
classification by finding the hyper-plane that differentiates
the two classes very well.
iii) Support Vector Machines
3
(SVM- Gaussian Kernel)-
Gaussian kernel model is another popular Kernel method
used in SVM models for more. Gaussian kernel is a function
whose value depends on the distance from the origin or from
some point. Gaussian Kernel is of the following format;
||X1 — X2 || = Euclidean distance between X1 & X2.
11
iv) Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) – It is a type of
artificial neural networks that is used in
12
image recognition
and processing. It uses machine vision that includes image
and video recognition along with recommendation systems
8
and natural language processing. CNN uses multilayer
perceptron system that has been designed for reduced
processing requirements. It consists of input layer, output
layer, and a hidden layer that includes multiple
convolutional layers, pooling layers, fully connected layers
and normalization layers.
IV. EXPERIMENT and RESULTS
A. For Brain Cancer
2
i) Input MRI Image- The image acquiring stage that starts
with taking a group of pictures from the database. Pictures
are hold in MATLAB is displayed as a grey scale image.
ii) Pre- Processing - The main task of pre-processing is to
enhance the input image and build it in an exceedingly
either human or machine vision system. Pre-processing
helps to enhance parameters of man pictures like SNR,
removing noise artifacts, inner smoothing and conserving its
edges. To enhance the SNR values, and the clarity of raw
man pictures, we tend to apply adjective distinction
improvement supported changed sigmoid operation.
2
iii) Feature Extraction - It is the method of aggregation of
higher-level information of a picture like form, texture,
colour, and distinction. In fact, texture analysis is a very
important parameter of human perception in machine
learning algorithm. It is used effectively to enhance the
accuracy of designation
2
system by choosing distinguished
options. One of the foremost wide used image analysis
applications of grey Level Cooccurrence Matrix (GLCM)
and texture feature.
2
iv) Classification - The classification of imaging pictures is
more difficult task for the automated detection of neoplasm
images. Classification may provide the solution whether or
not the image contains neoplasm or not. For classification
purpose several classifiers can be applied.
B. For Breast Cancer
6 Discussions
i) The Dataset - The machine learning algorithms were
trained to detect breast cancer using the6 Wisconsin
Diagnostic Breast Cancer (WDBC) dataset. The dataset
consists of features which were calculated from a digitized
image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. The
said features describe the
6
characteristics of the cell nuclei.
The dataset features are as follows: radius, texture, perimeter,
area, smoothness, compactness, concavity, concave points,
symmetry, and fractal dimensions.
14
ii) Dataset Pre-processing -To avoid inappropriate
assignment of relevance, the dataset was standardized as:
9
z =(X – μ)/σ
where X is the feature to be standardized, μ refers to mean
value of the feature, and σ signifies the standard deviation of
the feature.
iii) Machine Learning Algorithms – For detection of breast
cancers three different algorithms are used namely:
Stochastic gradient descent with the accuracy of 95.53%,
SVM with linear kernel with the accuracy of 96.49% and
SVM with Gaussian kernel with the accuracy of 97.56%.
Results
Fig. 4 Graph plot of true and false positive rate in SVM
with linear kernel
Fig 5. Histogram plotted for different class labels used
17
In this paper we have proposed
18
a Machine Learning model
and also used different machine learning algorithms for
diagnosis and detection of breast and brain cancers. For pre-
processing of dataset, we have used the standardization
method. The dataset will automatically be extracted from
websites like kaggle. Then we have implemented our ML
algorithms and achieved 94.56% accuracy .
V. CONCLUSION
1
From this survey we conclude that, most of the automatic
cancer predication systems are based on machine learning
concepts including classification and clustering algorithms.
This paper presents an extensive review of various Machine
Learning classification techniques for the prediction of
cancer and standard datasets have been used in various 1
variety of cancer such as brain cancer and breast cancer. A
detailed list of results found by many researchers has been
calculated to solve the problems by various computational
intelligence techniques. The most successful approach is
SVM and combination of SVM technique which gave up to
99% accuracy on a smaller number of training datasets
which is not a good prediction in case with large datasets.
However, options are available for the possibilities of
improvement of predicting the cancer at an early stage. There
are many datasets that are available to explore more for the
same. There are huge numbers of cancer types present with
unknown and invariable functions.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are highly indebted to Ms. Tanu Shree for her
guidance and constant supervision. Also, we are highly
thankful to her for providing necessary information regarding
the project and also for their invaluable support19 in
completing the project. We are extremely indebted to Dr.
Vishnu Sharma, HOD, Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, GCET and Dr. Jaya Sinha, Project Coordinator,
16
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GCET
for their valuable suggestions and constant 13
support
throughout our project tenure. We would also like to express
our sincere thanks to all faculty and staff members of
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, GCET.

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