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Security,
Democracy, and
Society in Bali
Trouble with
Protection
Edited by
a n dr e w va n de n be rg
n a z r i n a z u rya n i
Security, Democracy, and Society in Bali
Andrew Vandenberg · Nazrina Zuryani
Editors

Security, Democracy,
and Society in Bali
Trouble with Protection
Editors
Andrew Vandenberg Nazrina Zuryani
Faculty of Arts and Education Faculty of Social and Political Science
Deakin University Udayana University
Geelong, VIC, Australia Denpasar, Indonesia

ISBN 978-981-15-5847-4 ISBN 978-981-15-5848-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5848-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc.
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the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with
respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
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189721, Singapore
 Foreword

The community organisations—organisasi masyarakat, known as ormas —

are a complex problem in Indonesian society. Since the end of the Suharto
regime and the decentralisation of public administration, local politics
have become more important. This was an opportunity for the ormas,
which are local security groups. They have many strong and fit young
men as members working as security guards, bouncers, debt collectors,
body guards, and prison guards. With so many members, they can help
political parties to attract voters for legislative assembly elections and for
directly elected mayors and provincial governors. In return, elected politi-
cians help the security groups with work contracts and various jobs for
their members in the public administration. The groups can then attract
more members. This is not a matter of outright bribery but it is a form of
money politics. The security organisations operate in a moral grey zone.
They are not organised crime gangs but nor are they harmless neighbour-
hood watch groups. These groups operate all over Indonesia. In Bali,
the prosperity derived from tourism complicates the money politics. The
deep legacy of Dutch orientalism about “the island of the gods” also
complicates how the Balinese maintain our own culture and do our own
politics.
This edited collection of chapters addresses many faces of the problem
around the security groups in Bali. The authors draw upon diverse disci-
plines to problematise the security groups in a wide range of ways.

v
vi FOREWORD

Different authors reflect on: the current security groups’ historical fore-
bears; the way their operations resemble ‘twilight policing’ by security
groups in other developing countries; the political sociology of oligarchy
and money politics; the discursive construction of citizenship and civil–
militia membership; the gendered politics of magico-realist protection of
the community; the groups’ relationship to orientalism about the ‘island
of the gods’; their standing in opinion polls and a democratic public
sphere; the way social media works within them and similar groups; the
peculiar phenomenon of their public relations campaigning; their relations
with the police and the regulation of criminality; their relationship to the
political parties’ claims to represent voters and the national interest; and
their relationship to illiberal politicians and populist tendencies in national
politics.
The research that went into these chapters derives in large part from
collaboration between researchers from Udayana University in Bali and
Deakin University in Australia. Permission to interview security group
leaders, prominent journalists, senior police, and party leaders came from
both the Faculty of Social and Political Science at Udayana and the
Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee. Deakin funded
transcription of the interviews and Udayana provided the transcription
personnel. For chapters drafted in Indonesian, language students and
tutors at Deakin have translated them into English in collaboration with
the editors and the authors.
This is an unusual edited collection of chapters. The collection has
the usual mix of senior and junior researchers, and a problem orienta-
tion rather than a discipline orientation is not so unusual. However, the
collaboration between Indonesian and Australian researchers conducting
joint interviews is unusual for an edited collection. Initially, prison riots
between security-group inmates and a dramatic assassination in a small
village generated considerable apprehension about approaching leaders
of the security organisations. I understand the presence of an interna-
tional researcher in a group interview helped allay anxieties and the joint
process became very productive for all involved. I warmly recommend this
 FOREWORD vii

edited collection of diverse, interesting chapters about an important and

complicated problem in Indonesia and Bali today.

November 2019 I Gst. Pt. Bagus Suka Arjawa

Dean of the Faculty of Social
and Political Science
Udayana University
Denpasar, Indonesia
 Contents

1 The Trouble with Protection 1

Andrew Vandenberg

2 The People Answer Back: A Case Study in the Balinese

Asserting Their Opinion About the Ormas 23
Kadek Dwita Apriani

3 The 2015 Billboards Campaign: What Was That All

About? 51
Ni Nyoman Dewi Pascarani

4 The Historical Construction of Bali’s Security Groups 75

Andrew Vandenberg

5 “A Combination of Extortion and Civic Duty”:

A Comparative Criminological Perspective
on Informal Security Organisations in Bali 111
Richard Evans

6 Paradise Fabricated: Networking of Local Strongmen

in Bali 133
Nazrina Zuryani

ix
x CONTENTS

7 The Transitional Democracy Trap: Democracy,

Complexity, and Local Oligarchy in Bali 155
Ali Azhar Muhammad

8 The Internal Governance of Civil Militia 177

Tedi Erviantono

9 Power and the Security Organisations in Bali: Drug

Gangsters, Neighbourhood Watch Groups, or What? 209
Andrew Vandenberg
and I Gusti Agung Oka Mahangganga

10 Gender Dualism as Degendering Cosmic Multicultural

Tolerance of Wargas: Community Security Practices
in North Bali 233
Nazrina Zuryani and Tedi Erviantono

11 Digital Activism in Bali: The ForBALI Movement 253

Fiona Suwana

12 Elected and Non-elected Representative Claim-Makers

in Indonesia 285
Michael Hatherell

13 Contesting Indonesia’s Democratic Transition: Laskar

Jihad, the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) and Civil
Society 305
Greg Barton

Glossary 333

Index 337
 List of Contributors

Kadek Dwita Apriani Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia

Greg Barton Alfred Deakin Institute, Deakin University, Melbourne,
VIC, Australia
Tedi Erviantono Faculty of Social and Political Science, Udayana
University, Denpasar, Indonesia
Richard Evans Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC,
Australia
Michael Hatherell Strategic Studies, Deakin University, Melbourne,
VIC, Australia;
Australian Defence College, Canberra, ACT, Australia
I Gusti Agung Oka Mahangganga Faculty of Tourism, Udayana
University, Denpasar, Indonesia
Ali Azhar Muhammad Faculty of Social and Political Science, Udayana
University, Denpasar, Indonesia
Ni Nyoman Dewi Pascarani Faculty of Social and Political Science,
Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
Fiona Suwana University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia

xi
xii LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Andrew Vandenberg Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong,

VIC, Australia
Nazrina Zuryani Faculty of Social and Political Science, Udayana
University, Denpasar, Indonesia
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Sampling process 32

Fig. 2.2 Community views on the ormas billboards that appeared
in public areas in 2016 34
Fig. 2.3 Resident assessment towards three big security
organisations in Bali 2016 36
Fig. 2.4 Opinions of the Balinese public regarding action that
should be taken by the government towards the ormas 38
Fig. 2.5 Those who had heard of the ormas clash in the
Kerobokan prison at the end of 2015 39
Fig. 2.6 Have you, or have you not seen ormas billboards on the
side of the road in the last six months? 40
Fig. 2.7 Community views regarding ormas billboards in 2017 41
Fig. 2.8 Citizen’s assessment of the big three ormas in Bali 2017 43
Fig. 2.9 Community assessment about whether the ormas
contribute to the development of Bali 44
Fig. 2.10 Government attitudes towards ormas as expected by the
community 46
Fig. 3.1 Baladika Bali Ormas billboard (Source Author—Ni
Nyoman Dewi Pascarani) 60
Fig. 3.2 Billboards of the leader of Ormas “Pemuda Bali Bersatu”,
now elected as a member of the House of Representative,
Denpasar City (Source Author—Ni Nyoman Dewi
Pascarani) 61
Fig. 3.3 An example of an Ormas member’s tattoo (Source
Andrew Vandenberg) 64

xiii
xiv LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.4 The United Youth of Bali’s Ormas logo on a T-shirt

worn by an Ormas Leader (Source Author—Ni Nyoman
Dewi Pascarani) 65
Fig. 4.1 An argument about the history of Indonesia’s societal
organisations—ormas 78
Fig. 6.1 Income of Denpasar city in 2017 ($1 USD = 14,031
rupiah IDR) (Source Widyaswara [2016]) 148
Fig. 6.2 A statue against gangsterism and illicit drugs (Source
Nazrina Zuryani) 149
Fig. 9.1 Posters from Laskar Bali and Bali Baladikan 2015 (Source
Andrew Vandenberg) 221
Fig. 9.2 14th anniversary, Laskar Bali 25 October 2015, Event
agenda: home surgery, blood donations, nursing home
social service, praying together at pura besakih, evening
peak event, lottery drawn at Renon (Source Andrew
Vandenberg) 222
Fig. 9.3 Chief of Police Golose: Narcotics gangs, No way!!!
(Source Andrew Vandenberg) 223
Fig. 9.4 Pecalang in Tanjung Bungkaka Village (West Denpasar),
2018 (Source Andrew Vandenberg) 227
Fig. 10.1 Activities and lobbying of political parties and
organisations (Source The photo is given by MS from her
Instagram) 243
Fig. 10.2 Prayer and attraction of the community leader before
extinguishing the incense sticks in her mouth (Source
Nazrina Zuryani) 248
Fig. 11.1 Images courtesy of official website of ForBALI Forum 261
Fig. 11.2 Images courtesy of official account ForBALI on Facebook
and Instagram 263
Fig. 11.3 Images courtesy of official account ForBALI on Twitter 264
Fig. 11.4 Images courtesy of official account ForBALI on YouTube 264
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 Cross tabulation between regency or city of residency and

perceptions about the emergence of the ormas billboards
in 2016 34
Table 2.2 Cross tabulation between education level and views about
the emergence of the ormas billboards 35
Table 2.3 Cross tabulation between assessment of the Laskar Bali
ormas and the respondent’s gender 37
Table 2.4 Cross tabulation between assessment of the Pemuda Bali
Bersatu ormas and the respondent’s gender 37
Table 2.5 Cross tabulation between assessment of the Baladika
ormas and the respondent’s gender 38
Table 2.6 Cross tabulation between regencies/cities of residence
and perceptions of the emergence of ormas billboards in
2017 42
Table 2.7 Cross tabulation between respondent’s gender and
perception of ormas billboards in 2017 43
Table 2.8 Cross tabulation between respondents’ districts and
assessments about ormas contributions to development 45
Table 2.9 Cross tabulation between respondents’ district and
attitudes about actions the government should take
regarding the three largest ormas in Bali 46
Table 3.1 Ormas billboards 62
Table 8.1 A chronology of violence between militia in Bali
2012–2017 182
Table 9.1 Criminal acts in the jurisdiction of the Bali regional
police 2013–2017 224

xv
 CHAPTER 1

The Trouble with Protection

Andrew Vandenberg

… the word “protection” sounds two contrasting tones. One is

comforting, the other ominous. With one tone, “protection” calls up
images of the shelter against danger provided by a powerful friend, a large
insurance policy, or a sturdy roof. With the other, it evokes the racket
in which a local strong man forces merchants to pay tribute in order to
avoid damage – damage the strong man himself threatens to deliver. The
difference, to be sure, is a matter of degree… Which image the word “pro-
tection” brings to mind depends mainly on our assessment of the reality
and externality of the threat. (Tilly 1985: 170–171)

Some of Bali’s security organisations do offer protection from genuine

threats to people’s livelihoods and this is appreciated by the local
community. In the north of the island, for example, one organisation
of transgender guards provides genuine protection for sex workers and
clients around gay and transgender bars near the port. They also promote
tourism, offer counselling, and promote campaigns for HIV awareness
and anti-homophobia (see Zuryani and Erviantono Chapter 10). Simi-
larly, in the south, village authorities (banjar) in Seminyak hire supposedly
traditional guards (pecalang) to patrol the streets and ensure public safety

A. Vandenberg (B)
Arts and Education, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
e-mail: andrew.vandenberg@deakin.edu.au

© The Author(s) 2021 1

A. Vandenberg and N. Zuryani (eds.), Security, Democracy, and Society
in Bali, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5848-1_1
2 A. VANDENBERG

around a string of gay and transgender bars. The Seminyak bars cater
to a small but lucrative niche in the Western tourist market that can
obviously attract trouble from all manner of homophobes or violent reli-
gious extremists. However, matters are less clear when it comes to the
big three security organisations—Laskar Bali, LB (“Soldiers of Bali”), Bali
Baladikan, BB (“Balinese Army”), and Pemuda Bali Bersatu, PBB (“Bali
Youth Union”).
These much larger groups garner community support through offering
“social services”, such as makeshift housing for internal migrant workers
from north and eastern Bali and around Indonesia, blood donation
centres, help with ceremony costs, help with the cost of their chil-
dren’s school clothes and books, and conducting searches of greater
Indonesia immigrant neighbourhoods to check for Bali residency permits.
For newcomers looking for work in the tourist areas, they offer a sense
of community—keluarga besar, literally a “big family”, according to
their motto—in the form of work contacts, associates, and friends (see
Erviantono Chapter 7). Obviously, this sense of community is a weak,
modern, and urban substitute for the strong community “at home”
among the extended family and childhood friends of village life, but it
is still valued. They also offer low-paid work for marginal members of
Balinese communities (Santikarma 2007). The big security organisations
do wield their power responsibly. A senior informant1 from one of the big
three organisations told us about authorities complaining that his organi-
sation had taken work as security guards for a newly opened prayer room
run by a militant Islamist. The informant accepted the criticism, ended the
contract, and saw to it that the other organisations would not do the work

1 On a dozen occasions during 2016–2018, colleagues from Deakin and Udayana

universities conducted joint interviews. Each of us also conducted some interviews solo.
Given the potential harms to researchers or interviewees that might flow from discussion
of alleged crime, we promised ethics committees at both Deakin and Udayana to: make
all interviewees anonymous; directly cite nothing said to us; and publish first in English
before possibly later publishing in Indonesian. Our method was to look for the ideas
that circulate among the security organisation leaders, journalists, local politicians, local
government officials, and the police. This conforms with fieldwork techniques deployed
by researchers working in authoritarian regimes in southeast Asia. See Morgenbesser, L. &
M. L. Weiss (2018). “Survive and Thrive: Field Research in Authoritarian Southeast Asia.”
Asian Studies Review, 27 June, https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2018.1472210.
Some authors also drew upon their own interviews conducted prior to this project
and separate from the ethics committees’ authorisations noted above. Further footnotes
specify these separate interviews.
 1 THE TROUBLE WITH PROTECTION 3

either. Given the obvious risk to public safety and the Western tourist
industry, everyone agreed that the Muslims should look after themselves.
Without local guards, the prayer room could not attract adherents and
closed. On an island of three million residents, and presently almost six
million tourists annually, LB has around 40,000 members, BB around
30,000 and PBB around 10,000. A dozen or so smaller local security
organisations have between a couple of hundred and a few thousand
members. All up, these are small membership numbers compared to
the much bigger comparable groups in Java and Sumatra but they are
certainly much bigger than the political parties and large enough to be
significant actors in the community and in local politics.
The protection offered by the larger groups is not always obvious
or entirely genuine because they allegedly also run protection rackets
around their guards maintaining order in large bars, restaurants, and
dance clubs. In the same vein, it is said that the security organisations
take a cut from the gambling around cockfights, buffalo racing, and
card games (see Azhar Chapter 7). In another form of gangsterism,
they have allegedly threatened violence when they assist local property
owners in dispute with international investors (Bachelard 2014) and visit
news rooms in person to intimidate journalists reporting their activities
in ways they dislike. Further cause for concern is the extensive engage-
ment of the large security groups in politics. Particular security-group
leaders support particular politicians who give them bekking —from the
English “backing”—in the form of public-sector jobs, junkets, and secu-
rity contracts (Barker 2001: 52; Hadiz 2010: 141). In return, the groups
ensure big crowds at their campaign rallies, ensure people turn out to
vote for their backer, and allegedly harass voters supporting their backer’s
rivals (Lipson 2019). More controversially, several of their members and
some of their leaders have been convicted of smuggling and trafficking
street drugs. The groups’ leaders insist that only particular individuals
have committed crimes and their organisations on the whole are not
organised-crime gangs. Nonetheless, the leaders of LB and BB were
called into help their members among the prison guards and end rioting
between their young members (and former members) serving sentences
in the heavily over-crowded Kerobokan prison in 2012 and again in
2015–2016 (Harvey 2015; Topsfield and Rosa 2015). LB and BB are
alleged to control the trafficking of drugs in the prison but they have
fulfilled a promise to ensure no more rioting among the inmates because
bad media reports about violence in Bali harms the tourism industry.
4 A. VANDENBERG

More recently, an increase in the number of Balinese convicted of drugs-

related crimes prompted an incoming Inspector General of Police to
launch a campaign against preman narkoba—drug gangs (see Zuryani
Chapter 6; Mahangga and Vandenberg Chapter 9). Consequently, two
successive Governors have declared they will withdraw the big three secu-
rity organisations’ licences to operate as community organisations, if any
of them are proven to have been involved in any forms of gangster
violence, extortion, damage to any public infrastructure, or disruptions
of public order.
Given this diversity in the implications of what “protection” means,
there are of course a range of approaches to understanding these security
organisations and similar groups around Indonesia and the world. This
chapter surveys primordial, instrumentalist, and constructivist schools of
thought on collective violence (Tilly 2017 [2003]), reflecting on various
authors’ views about: the security organisations’ relationship with their
social and cultural context; their relationship with the state; what they do
rather than what they are; and finally, what to call them.

Primordial Collective Violence---Culture

and Society-Oriented Accounts
Approaches to understanding collective violence based upon tribalism,
communalism, extended kinship, race, language, region, religion, custom,
or any combination of such ties presuppose that primordial violence chal-
lenges modernity. Primordial violence challenges the legitimate violence
of the police, courts, and military following the rational rules and due
procedures of a modern, bureaucratic nation state. In his early work,
Geertz surveyed a wide range of forms of primordial identities that can
undermine the “quest for modernity” (Geertz 1963). Within Indonesia,
regional identities provoke tensions between the Javanese and the other
islands and Balinese custom certainly diverges from Javanese custom and
so might be a source of tension, but he thought it notable that Bali
suffered no “sense of primordial discontent at all” (Geertz 1973 [1963]:
online, unpaginated). A 1973 postscript to that comment (from 1963)
noted that in 1965 “extraordinary popular savagery” targeted commu-
nists in Java, Bali, and parts of Sumatra. The postscript followed the
Suharto regime’s account, attributing the violence to Javanese villagers
massacring other villagers “mainly along …primordial lines – pious
Moslems killing Indic syncretists” with some anti-Chinese massacres but
 1 THE TROUBLE WITH PROTECTION 5

mostly Javanese massacring Javanese and Balinese massacring Balinese

(Geertz 1973 [1963]: online, unpaginated). Writing in the same period,
Benedict Anderson (1996) concluded that the mass killings in 1965–1966
had been largely orchestrated by nationalists in the armed forces purging
communists within their ranks and then within society at large. When he
published this view, Anderson was denied a visa and barred from entering
the country. Subsequently, the CIA (Associated Press 2017; Central Intel-
ligence Agency 1968), historians (Cribb et al. 1990; Robinson 2018), and
international jurists (International People’s Tribunal on Crimes Against
Humanity Indonesia 1965 [2016]) who later investigated the 1965–1966
mass killings have all concurred with Anderson’s rather than Geertz’s
contemporary assessments.
In his later work, including a famously engaging essay about Balinese
cockfighting and the difficulties of ethnographic fieldwork, Geertz (1972)
abandoned the conventional epistemology of modernisation theory and
developed the precepts of interpretative anthropology (White 2007). This
involved abandoning explanation and prediction in favour of discerning
how people see the meaning of their own practices. From his extensive
writing on Bali and Indonesia, the argument most relevant here is about
the pre-colonial “theatre state” (Geertz 1980) in which the nine royal
houses, Puri, competed against each other in terms of the ceremony and
cultural output they could achieve. From 1343 to 1906 in classical Bali,
“Power served pomp, not pomp power” (Geertz 1980: 13). He sought
“to elaborate a poetics of power, not a mechanics” and the Balinese state’s
“semiotic capacity to make inequality enchant” (Geertz 1980: 123). In
the classical Balinese state—the negara—the struggle for power involved
competitive displays around a cult of royal divinity because it was basi-
cally a religious organisation rather than a social, political, or economic
organisation (Geertz 1980: 125). In many ceremonies:

… the king was the prime “guardian,” “custodian,” or “protector,”

ngurah,2 of the land and its life, sheltering it as the royal parasol sheltered
him and as the “vault of heaven” sheltered them both. (Geertz 1980: 129)

The tranquil spirit of such a protector was meant to be always impas-

sive whether acting benevolently towards followers and the virtuous or

2 Visitors to Bali will recognise Ngurah from the airport, which is named after the
independence war hero and Ksatria (warrior) caste leader I Gusti Ngurah Rai.
6 A. VANDENBERG

deploying violence against rivals and evil spirits (Geertz 1980: 131).
This emphasis upon interpretation rather than explanation and prediction
applauded analysing how states are embedded in a society and a culture
(Geertz 2004: 580). Aside from the change in epistemology, the quest
for modernity among the citizens of new states in old societies remained
an abiding interest in Geertz’s anthropology.
In American political science, another widely influential author, Joel
Migdal (2001) followed a comparable path from the modernisation theo-
ries of Talcott Parsons, Edward Shils, Gabriel Almond, David Eastman,
and Samuel Huntington through neo-Weberian arguments about the
relative autonomy of the state vis à vis the dominant social class (Evans
et al. 1985) to what he termed a state-in-society approach (Migdal 2001:
3–15). This approach understands domination and collective violence in
the classical Weberian sense of one actor causing another actor to do
something they otherwise would not do. It also notes that Weber’s formal
definition of the state was only ever meant to be an ideal type against
which to criticise actual states. Migdal argues for a focus on how state
and social structures interact, conflict, and constitute each other. There
is considerable overlap between Migdal’s approach and later versions
of the next school of thought but critics (Sidel 2004: 52–54) insist
that Migdal’s approach remains embedded in the modernisation school’s
founding assumptions about the primordiality of violence in old societies
with new states.

Weak States: Strong Gangs---State-Oriented

and Instrumentalist Accounts
It makes sense that if states are weak then gangsterism is strong, whether
states are weak due to poor economic activity, low taxes, extensive
criminality, military forces operating without democratic oversight, or
corruption among the police, politicians and public officials, and whether
gangsterism involves banditry, piracy, war lords, civil militia, mafia, drug
lords, gangs of petty criminals, and so forth. This inverse correlation
between the power of states and the power of gangsters has existed all
over the world since the rise of empires, kingdoms, and feudal orders
(Hobsbawm 1969; Moore 1973: 214). In contemporary developing
countries, it follows that weaker states will have less capacity to prevent
corruption, promote economic activity, levy taxes, provide social welfare,
and sideline if not eliminate gangsterism (see Evans Chapter 5). The logic
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121 June
1631 Conklin W
B 5
111 June
1679 Clark D V
B 6
89 June
1900 Childers Wm
B 13
June
1945 Crocker Geo Art 1A
14
89 June
1992 Christy W
K 15
45 June
2017 Curtis N
D 15
65 June
2025 Careahan G M
F 15
15 June
2101 Caldwell J, S’t
D 17
Cornelius L C, 89 June
2162
Cor C 19
Cochrane 22 June
2207
James, S’t G 20
June
2468 Church E 2G
25
June
2578 Combston J Cav 7 I
27
69 July
2963 Cameron H
B 6
3002 Callahan H 34 July
C 7
89 July
3241 Caynee Geo M
D 13
14 July
3307 Canard J Q A
G 13
60 July
3356 Cruer J W
B 15
82 July
3541 Cole B
A 18
15 July
3578 Collins T
I 19
July
3604 Cook L B Cav 2C
19
31 July
3617 Clark J C, S’t
H 20
July
3774 Clayton D J Cav 9D
22
49 July
3937 Cover L
B 25
89 July
4128 Clayton J
G 28
103 July
4342 Conway J
A 30
89 Aug
4493 Cordray J J
G 1
90 Aug
4865 Cahill J N
C 6
10 Aug
5105 Charles F
A 9
11 Aug
5451 Collyer J
G 12
124 Aug
5548 Chandler M
E 13
5922 Clark James 89 Aug
 I 17
111 Aug
6022 Cline K
B 17
Church Geo E, 14 Aug
6108
S’t C 18
89 Aug
6188 Chambers R S
A 19
33 Aug
6258 Copir S A, Cor
C 20
45 Aug
6281 Conklin J R
I 20
Aug
6562 Craig D, S’t 2D
23
21 Sept
7483 Caswell G
C 1
57 Sept
7486 Coons David
C 1
92 Sept
7495 Crooks J M
K 1
Sept
7695 Chard C W 2H
3
49 Sept
7800 Cregg J, S’t
K 4
Sept
7835 Cline M 2E
4
60 Sept
7919 Clark George 64
D 5
Clokir J W, S 49 Sept
7998
Maj - 6
35 Sept
8430 Cummings W S
I 8
35 Sept
8454 Cattlehock T
A 14
Sept
8457 Campbell W C 5 I
11
8694 Chapin Jas 135 Sept
F 14
135 Sept
8701 Crooke W B
B 14
135 Sept
8810 Clarke J R
F 15
98 Sept
9243 Corstein W, Cor
C 19
123 Sept
9288 Cramblet A J
H 19
74 Sept
9452 Campbell Sam’l
G 21
Sept
9476 Cadwell A T 3E
21
122 Sept
9491 Clay O
D 21
11 Sept
9662 Cort W
D 24
Sept
9770 Cummings A Cav 6E
25
24 Sept
9772 Clark S
H 26
Sept
9895 Conner J B Cav 9G
27
51 Sept
9971 Castable I
A 28
Oct
10381 Cotes Rufus Cav 2 -
5
Oct
10796 Colts R E 2C
12
14 Oct
10834 Cepp J
I 13
21 Oct
10968 Cary A
E 16
11103 Carter J B 89 Oct
 I 18
15 Oct
11224 Craven A J, Cor
C 20
59 Oct
11262 Cromwell W H
H 21
Cutsdaghner W 95 Oct
11403
J D 24
Crominberger J 23 Oct
11540
C I 27
51 Oct
11567 Cantwright L
F 27
135 Oct
11587 Chapin J A
F 28
21 Oct
11618 Clark H M
A 28
26 Oct
11641 Clingan A P
K 30
Nov
11766 Cohven J H 6K
3
51 Nov
12082 Cahill Wm
A 18
72 Jan
12385 Calvington R 65
C 3
15 Jan
12435 Chambers J C
C 11
79 Feb
12691 Crampton A
C 22
175 Mar
12798 Conover S
B 19
Apr
690 Davis Wm E 7H 64
23
Downing 45 May
930
George C 7
45 May
981 Dumar R, S’t
D 9
1267 Dugan Thos Cav 1B May
21
June
1748 Davis I, S’t 7T
9
111 June
2251 Decker B F
B 21
June
2296 Dumas J P 2H
21
24 June
2351 Douglass W
F 23
22 June
2674 Davis B
B 30
45 July
2909 Davis G H
E 5
July
2973 Dandelion T Ind C 3 -
7
July
3703 Dodson L Cav 7H
21
23 July
3802 Dille Chas
I 22
Aug
4455 Dodge —— 2 I
1
26 Aug
4501 Diecy C
C 1
Aug
4772 Denton John Cav 7E
5
Aug
5020 Desselbem M 1 I
8
12 Aug
5268 Dorson L, Cor
I 10
41 Aug
5299 Doty E E
H 11
Aug
5368 Dyke F Cav 5K
11
5465 Donley James “ 1F Aug
 13
33 Aug
5620 Davis W H
D 14
111 Aug
6043 Decker J
B 18
95 Aug
6223 Durant B
D 20
52 Aug
6312 Downer A P
B 20
15 Aug
6708 Dougherty W H
H 24
33 Aug
7229 Dildine J
K 29
111 Aug
7376 Deming W, Cor
B 31
33 Aug
7419 Daley S
D 31
53 Aug
7427 Dick Chas, S’t
G 31
59 Sept
7479 Drake M 64
D 1
60 Sept
7500 Doran James
A 1
51 Sept
7609 Ditto John
A 2
54 Sept
7631 DeMastoris J
B 2
21 Sept
8034 Davison P S
K 6
59 Sept
8483 Donley M
G 11
135 Sept
8498 Drake J F
C 11
Sept
8779 Diver J 4 -
14
8820 Davere J 49 Sept
D 15
123 Sept
9293 Diver J
H 19
12 Sept
9605 Decker S
C 23
99 Sept
9702 Dobson J R
H 25
45 Sept
9849 Duffy G
C 27
122 Oct
10112 Dunbar J
F 1
135 Oct
10113 Diven J
F 1
49 Oct
10130 Duncan A
K 1
Oct
10190 Dunhand Jas Cav 8H
1
65 Oct
10424 Dewit Joseph
G 6
101 Oct
10596 Dibble F
H 10
128 Oct
11017 Diper O
I 16
105 Oct
11102 Danton W H
E 18
72 Oct
12159 Donahue P
K 25
33 Dec
12224 Drith C
K 4
20 Feb
12675 Dunken T 65
K 19
21 Feb
12738 Deputy W
H 6
7431 Davis G W, Cor 21 Aug 64
 G 31
94 June
1629 DeRush Sam’l
F 5
45 Apr
327 Elijah Baker
B 2
10 Apr
341 Evalt E J
M 12
May
1047 Eppart Samuel 9B
12
June
2221 Earles Wm Cav 4G
20
29 July
3376 Ellis Chas
B 16
20 Aug
4504 Elliott W, Cor
F 1
33 Aug
5304 Evans Sam’l
C 11
18 Aug
5349 Eastman J
C 11
Aug
5717 Evans Chas Art 1D
15
135 Aug
5887 Ensly William
T 16
Aug
6015 Eckhart J 2B
17
28 Sept
7438 Elmann A
F 1
104 Sept
8981 Entulin B C
K 17
51 Oct
11051 Evans W
I 17
20 Oct
11169 Evans E M, S’t
I 19
Oct
11542 Elha D 8A
25
11654 Ewing D 135 Oct
D 30
59 Dec
12321 Ellerman N
K 22
82 Mar
75 Falman A
H 20
45 Mar
176 Fairbanks Alph
A 26
Mar
246 Ferris Joseph Cav 2H
30
100 Apr
311 Foster A M
A 2
99 Apr
572 Frayer Daniel
I 5
111 Apr
636 Facer Wm
K 20
May
830 Fisher Chas Cav 3C
1
22 May
1054 Free M Bat
- 13
May
1381 Freenough Geo C 3 -
26
Frasier James, June
1786 2E
S’t 10
123 June
2457 Fry W L
H 25
35 June
2479 Fenton J M, S’t
I 25
18 July
2761 Finlan Jas
K 2
99 July
4231 Fry Jacob
I 29
40 July
4317 Fitch E P
G 30
4337 Fulkinson H 2 I July
 30
33 Aug
4651 Fife J
E 3
27 Aug
4868 Fling T I
A 6
Aug
5249 Ferce R S 2C
10
82 Aug
5626 Falk W
D 14
Fullerston W, 18 Aug
5864
Cor K 16
64 Aug
6212 Foreman A
E 19
89 Aug
6308 Fisher D 64
I 20
82 Aug
6891 Futers John H
F 26
122 Sept
7873 Franks R L
E 5
123 Sept
7976 Forney W O
D 6
Sept
9158 Firman V Cav --
18
Sept
9225 Ferguson H “ 3D
19
100 Sept
9530 Fowler C
A 22
Sept
9557 Finch C -B
23
72 Sept
9976 Franklinburg C
G 28
116 Sept
10045 Farshay A
F 29
10 Sept
10915 Freely P
G 14
11819 Flowers W T 116 Nov
D 5
21 Nov
11914 Forest Wm
K 8
135 Nov
12108 Fargrove M B
F 21
20 Feb
12637 Fusselman J 65
H 11
183 Mar
12781 Foults M
D 15
95 Jan
12427 Fike W P
H 9
13 Mar
197 Griling Daniel 64
A 27
100 Mar
245 Gardner A
H 30
Grescanst S, Apr
386 Cav 6G
Cor 2
Apr
611 Gillinghar B “ 7 I
18
45 Apr
681 Godfrey Amos
C 23
100 Apr
693 Greek Samuel
C 23
40 May
906 Gibson Collins
H 5
May
1465 Greer R J Cav 6C
29
35 June
2452 Gillanni J
K 27
July
2926 Garner C Cav 1K
5
19 July
3130 Goff P E
K 10
3251 Gaunt Wm, Cor 14 July
 I 13
40 July
3327 Gibson R
B 15
Ginging P S, 21 July
3962
Cor E 25
July
4037 Gillett G W 6G
26
19 July
4242 Gilbert J
B 29
118 July
4301 Grafton D
D 30
31 July
4383 Graham J W
C 31
113 Aug
4445 Goffy P
G 1
125 Aug
4655 Gragrer H
H 3
49 Aug
4802 Greer G G
D 5
85 Aug
4902 Granbaugh
E 6
45 Aug
6023 Gordon Wm
B 17
Gallagher 30 Aug
6075
James F 18
Aug
6207 Green E Cav 4D
19
10 Aug
6346 Gordon W
G 21
13 Aug
6408 Greff A J
E 22
13 Aug
6486 Gates H
G 22
12 Aug
6821 Grooves L
C 25
 7111 Gilland A 27 Aug
F 28
Sept
8330 Goodrich J S 9A
10
60 Sept
8367 Ganold L
A 10
124 Sept
9566 Gould J M
A 23
20 Sept
9813 Graft P Bat
- 26
Galbraith J S, Sept
9927 Cav 6H
S’t 28
60 Oct
11218 Gaither J
B 20
Nov
11850 Gardner G 1K
5
Nov
12033 Glissin A, S’t Cav 2M
15
77 Nov
12064 Gillinbuck I
E 17
28 Nov
12109 Goodbrath C
G 21
58 Jan
12560 Griffith J H 65
C 31
64 Apr
12842 Gassler P
A 22
Mar
35 Hall J W 4A 64
9
45 Apr
295 Hochenburg N
C 1
45 Apr
420 Hanney W T
A 7
Apr
424 Hill J, S’t Cav 7 I
7
437 Henry Jas “ 7 I Apr
 8
45 Apr
464 Haner Jacob
B 9
Apr
527 Hickcox M R Cav 2B
13
Apr
580 Holdman F Bat 1D
16
Apr
748 Hanning Mark Cav 7 I 64
26
76 Apr
758 Harvey Chas
E 26
95 May
875 Henry G W
E 4
Hawkins W W, 103 May
949
Cor G 3
Hudsonpilfer R May
1129 C 7 I
L 15
103 May
1354 Hind George
H 25
May
1390 Holloway G W 1C
28
21 May
1524 Harrison J
I 31
June
1666 Hazlett Wm 2K
6
21 June
1822 Hull S, S’t
E 10
99 June
1979 Harris E D, S’t
I 15
June
2029 Hengle John Cav 1C
15
45 June
2185 Humphreys W
C 19
15 June
2263 Hanley C
F 20
2300 Henderson S 40 June
W, S’t H 22
70 June
2369 Howard J, Mus
D 23
125 June
2424 Hayford A E
C 24
103 June
2997 Harrington S J
I 28
126 June
2671 Hurles I
C 30
14 July
2775 Hurlburt O
H 2
111 July
2842 Hadison J, Cor
B 3
July
3185 Hall T 2H
11
45 Apr
31 Heaton Amos
T 20
74 July
3388 Hudsen Wm
G 16
113 July
3420 Hunt W H
G 16
July
3736 Harman L 9F
21
July
4030 Hansbury E A 6G
26
Hindershot 45 July
4408
John D 31
July
4411 Harris J 1E
31
73 Aug
4506 Hartman H
K 1
105 Aug
4599 Harrison J M
H 3
4993 Hendrickson O 19 Aug
 F 7
23 Aug
5293 Holibaugh J A
E 11
126 Aug
5296 Hatfield G W
K 11
68 Aug
5396 Holman A
K 12
Aug
5554 Honnihill T R 9G
13
89 Aug
5636 Hany B T
C 14
40 Aug
5813 Hicks F
H 16
21 Aug
5853 Hibbett Wm
D 19
116 Aug
5858 Hoit P
B 16
Aug
6058 Hamm E J, Cor -K
18
14 Aug
6123 Higgins I W, S’t
C 18
89 Aug
6774 Houser W R
K 18
11 Aug
6522 Hicks I
D 23
33 Aug
6625 Hughes Henry
A 23
34 Aug
6639 Henricks E
H 23
Aug
6647 Hartman I 2K
23
Aug
6793 Herrig N Cav 7D
25
Aug
6802 Hine T E “ 2D
25
7022 Hull O 89 Aug
B 27
23 Aug
7388 Hubbell W A
A 31
72 Sept
7446 Hurdnell O
C 1
100 Sept
7825 Holley V H, S’t
B 4
12 Sept
7946 Hughes I
E 5
115 Sept
8060 Herbolt Dan’l
T 7
60 Sept
8067 Harper I H
I 7
12 Sept
8284 Halshult A
C 9
36 Sept
8481 Hechler John
G 11
34 Sept
8696 Hitchcock G
G 14
86 Sept
8725 Hifner G
C 14
Sept
9189 Hoyt R 7K
18
10 Sept
9210 Hart E
H 19
126 Sept
9538 Hall S
F 20
13 Sept
9415 Hood F
F 21
13 Sept
9510 Hamilton J
A 22
18 Sept
9582 Hoover J
K 23
9622 Hurley J C 124 Sept
 C 23
135 Sept
10094 Holmes Wesley 64
F 30
Oct
10207 Harrison J Cav 2A
2
Oct
10208 Holcomb L 7 I
2
60 Oct
10225 Harkins M
D 2
72 Oct
10390 Hinton Wm
A 5
32 Oct
10492 Hererlin B
- 7
Oct
10518 Herbert Wm 4 I
8
110 Oct
10524 Homich C
D 8
135 Oct
10647 Herman R
F 11
98 Oct
11029 Hilyard J
F 16
Oct
11032 Hubber D 5A
16
Oct
11053 Heymers B 2G
17
123 Oct
11209 Hanard J B
C 20
29 Oct
11288 Hoyt W B
A 20
122 Oct
11335 Henderson D
H 23
Oct
11588 Hintz D 1B
28
135 Oct
11592 Hutchins G W
A 28