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 OXFORD HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE

General Editors
LORD BULLOCK AND SIR WILLIAM DEAKIN
Austria, 1867–1955
Austria, 1867–1955 connects the political history of German-speaking provinces of
the Habsburg Empire before 1914 (Vienna and the Alpine lands) with the history
of the Austrian Republic that emerged in 1918. John W. Boyer presents the case of
modern Austria as a fascinating example of democratic nation-building. The con-
struction of an Austrian political nation began in 1867 under Habsburg Imperial
auspices, with the German-speaking bourgeois Liberals defining the concept of a
political people (Volk) and giving that Volk a constitution and a liberal legal and
parliamentary order to protect their rights against the Crown. The decades that
followed saw the administrative and judicial institutions of the Liberal state solidified,
but in the 1880s and 1890s the membership of the Volk exploded to include new
social and economic strata from the lower bourgeoisie and the working classes.
Ethnic identity was not the final structuring principle of everyday politics, as it was
in the Czech lands. Rather social class, occupational culture, and religion became
more prominent variables in the sortition of civic interests, exemplified by the
emergence of two great ideological parties, Christian Socialism and Social
Democracy, in Vienna in the 1890s. The war crisis of 1914/1918 exploded the
Empire, with the Crown self-destructing in the face of military defeat, chronic
domestic unrest, and bitter national partisanship. But this crisis also accelerated the
emergence of new structures of democratic self-governance in the German-speaking
Austrian lands, enshrined in the republican Constitution of 1920. Initial attempts to
make this new project of democratic nation-building work failed in the 1920s and
1930s, culminating in the catastrophe of the 1938 Nazi occupation. After 1945 the
surviving legatees of the Revolution of 1918 reassembled under the four-power Allied
occupation, fashioning a shared political culture which proved sufficiently flexible to
accommodate intense partisanship, resulting, by the 1970s, in a successful republican
system. This system was organized under the aegis of elite democratic and corporatist
negotiating structures, in which the Catholics and Socialists learned to embrace the
skills of collective but shared self-governance.
John W. Boyer is the Martin A. Ryerson Distinguished Service Professor in
History at the University of Chicago and an Editor of the Journal of Modern
History. A specialist in Central European history, Boyer has written three books in
the field of Austrian political and social history, most recently Karl Lueger
(1844–1910): Christlichsoziale Politik als Beruf, published in 2010. In 2015 he
published The University of Chicago: A History. Boyer has received the Cross of
Honor for Science and Art, First Class, from the Republic of Austria, in recogni-
tion of his scholarly work on the Habsburg Empire. He is also a Corresponding
Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Since 1992 he has served as Dean of
the College at the University of Chicago.
OXFORD HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE
The Shock of America
Europe and the Challenge of the Century
David Ellwood
The Triumph of the Dark
European International History 1933–1939
Zara Steiner
The Lights that Failed
European International History 1919–1933
Zara Steiner
Bulgaria
R. J. Crampton
A People Apart
The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939
David Vital
Rumania 1866–1947
Keith Hitchins
German History, 1770–1866
James J. Sheehan
Austria, 1867–1955
JOHN W. BOYER
 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© John W. Boyer 2022
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2022
Impression: 1
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a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
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above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
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You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2022935995
ISBN 978–0–19–822129–6
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198221296.001.0001
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
This book is for my children and grandchildren
 Contents

Acknowledgments ix
List of Abbreviations xi

Introduction: The Terms of Austrian History 1

1. The Settlement of 1867 and the Creation of a Liberal
Constitutional Order 40
2. Liberalism Ascendant: State Politics and Administration in
the Austrian Lands, 1867–1879 112
3. The Era of the Iron Ring: State Consolidation and the
Emergence of Civic Radicalism, 1879–1895 187
4. Two Decades of Constitutional Upheaval, 1895–1914 298
5. Late Imperial Society and Culture: The Crucible of Vienna 413
6. The Monarchy in the First World War 486
7. The Revolution of 1918–1919 585
8. The First Austrian Republic, 1920–1932 658
9. The Catholic Dictatorship and the Nazi Occupation, 1933–1945 759
10. The Reconstruction of a Republican Political System, 1945–1955 861
Conclusion: The Construction of a New Political
Culture, 1955–1983 962

Bibliography 981
Index 1091
 Acknowledgments

This book is the result of many years of archival and library research, undertaken
in Vienna, Oxford, London, Munich, and Chicago. As noted in the Introduction,
the assignment was all the more challenging because the book seeks to bridge the
traditional (and formidable) boundary of 1918, connecting the history of the
Habsburg Empire with that of the Austrian Republics in a systematic way.
I am grateful to Margarete Grandner, Lothar Höbelt, Oliver Rathkolb, James
Sheehan, Guenter Bischof, John Deak, Jonathan Lyon, Matti Bunzl, and Phillip
Henry for reading all of the manuscript or some of the individual chapters and for
offering suggestions for improvements and revisions.
Florian Wenninger, Leora Auslander, Doris Corradini, Helmut Wohnout,
Marija Wakounig, Jonathan Gumz, Berthold Molden, Leopold Kögler, Thomas
Grischany, Andreas Huber, and Rudolf Jeřábek also helped me obtain various
archival documents, for which I am also very grateful.
For many stimulating and enriching conversations in Vienna about Austria and
the Habsburg Monarchy I am in the debt of Gerald Stourzh, Margarete Grandner,
Lothar Höbelt, Oliver Rathkolb, Peter Becker, Lonnie Johnson, Helmut Wohnout,
Grete Klingenstein, Hans Petschar, Otmar Binder, Mitchell Ash, Anton Pelinka,
Thomas Grischany, Berthold Molden, Lucile Dreidemy, Florian Wenninger, and
the late Fritz Fellner.
In the United States I have profited greatly from fruitful discussions and debates
about Austria with Zachary Barr, Robert Beachy, Matthew Berg, Guenter Bischof,
Christof Brandtner, James Bjork, Gary Cohen, John Deak, Cate Giustino,
Jonathan Gumz, Paul Hanebrink, Maureen Healy, Phillip Henry, Derek
Hastings, Patrick Houlihan, Ke-Chin Hsia, Pieter Judson, Daniel Koehler,
Suzanne Marchand, Paul Silverman, Jonathan Sperber, Anthony Steinhoff, and
James Van Horn Melton.
My colleagues at Chicago, Leora Auslander, Paul Cheney, Constantin Fasolt,
Michael Geyer, Jan Goldstein, Hanna H. Gray, Jonathan Lyon, Robert Morrissey,
David Nirenberg, Christopher Wild, Tara Zahra, and the late Moishe Postone,
have created a stimulating scholarly community in which to think and write about
broad and challenging problems in European history. I have also profited from the
research assistance of a number of Chicago graduate students, including Nicholas
Huzsvai, Michael Ziegler, Ian Lewenstein, Jill Buccola, Eric Phillips, and Gerard
Siarny.
Cathryn Steele of Oxford University Press has been an unwavering and most
supportive editor, whose patience should be deemed legendary. Edwin Pritchard,
x 

Jackie Pritchard, Joe Stupar, Marta Steele, Dominic Boyer, Dan Koehler, Dina
Rashed, Gerard Siarny, Sarah Walter, Chris Wild, and Gayathri Venkatesan
provided extraordinary help during the production process for the book.
Finally, my most profound debt is to Barbara Boyer, who has helped me in so
many crucial and discerning ways to be able to complete this project.

Chicago, February 2022.

 List of Abbreviations

AAPSS Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

ADHI Administory: Zeitschrift für Verwaltungsgeschichte
ADÖ Außenpolitische Dokumente der Republik Österreich
AdPDW Archiv der Bundespolizeidirektion Wien
AdR Archiv der Republik
AfÖG Archiv für österreichische Geschichte
AfS Archiv für Sozialgeschichte
AHR American Historical Review
AHY Austrian History Yearbook
AOK Armee-Oberkommando
AÖR Archiv des öffentlichen Rechts
APSR American Political Science Review
ArZ Arbeiterinnen-Zeitung
AS Austrian Studies
ASSP Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik
AVA Allgemeines Verwaltungsarchiv
AZ Arbeiter-Zeitung
Bo Bohemia
BDFA British Documents on Foreign Affairs
BGBl Bundesgesetzblatt
BJIL Berkeley Journal of International Law
BMfaA Bundesministerium für auswärtige Angelegenheiten
BRGÖ Beiträge zur Rechtsgeschichte Österreichs
CAS Contemporary Austrian Studies
CB Correspondenzblatt für den katholischen Clerus Oesterreichs
CD Christliche Demokratie
CE Central Europe
CEH Central European History
CJH Canadian Journal of History
CPK Christlichsozialer Parlamentsklub
CPW Christlichsoziale Partei, Wien
CS Christian Socials
CSAZ Christlich-soziale Arbeiter-Zeitung
CSP Canadian Slavonic Papers
CV Cartellverband
DF Dokumente des Fortschritts
DG Demokratie und Geschichte
DGFP Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945
DH Diplomatic History
xii   

DNRM Der Donauraum

DÖLZ Deutsch-österreichische Lehrer-Zeitung
DÖW Dokumentationsarchiv des Österreichischen Widerstandes
DR Deutsche Rundschau
DRe Deutsche Revue
DV Deutsches Volksblatt
DVjs Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und
Geistesgeschichte
DZ Deutsche Zeitung
EAC European Advisory Commission
ECE East Central Europe
EcHR Economic History Review
EEQ East European Quarterly
EHQ European History Quarterly
EHR English Historical Review
ERH European Review of History
ERP European Recovery Program
Eur. J. Int. Law European Journal of International Law
Eur. Rev. Econ. Hist. European Review of Economic History
F Fortschritt
FA Finanz-Archiv
FB Fremdenblatt
fl. florin
FM Finanzministerium
FPÖ Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs
FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States
GG Geschichte und Gesellschaft
GH German History
GLL German Life and Letters
GSR German Studies Review
GuG Geschichte und Gegenwart
GV Grazer Volksblatt
HEI History of Economic Ideas
HEP Higher Education Policy
HGS Holocaust and Genocide Studies
HHR Hungarian Historical Review
HHSA Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv
HJ Historical Journal
HJb Historisches Jahrbuch
HM History and Memory
HMtm Historical Materialism
HSR Historical Social Research
HT History and Theory
HZ Historische Zeitschrift
HUS Harvard Ukrainian Studies
IA International Affairs
    xiii

IHR International History Review

IO International Organization
JbKG Jahrbuch für Kommunikationsgeschichte
JbVGStW Jahrbuch des Vereins für die Geschichte der Stadt Wien
JCH Journal of Contemporary History
JCWS Journal of Cold War Studies
JEHL Journal on European History of Law
JfG Jahrbuch für Geschichte
JfZ Jahrbuch für Zeitgeschichte
JGPÖ Jahrbuch für die Geschichte des Protestantismus in Österreich
JGVV Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung und Volkswirtschaft im
Deutschen Reich
JLN Jahrbuch für Landeskunde von Niederösterreich
JMEH Journal of Modern European History
JMH Journal of Modern History
JMIH Journal of Military History
JNS Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik
JÖLG Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Leo-Gesellschaft
JÖR Jahrbuch des öffentlichen Rechts der Gegenwart
JP Journal of Politics
JRP Journal für Rechtspolitik
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
JSH Journal of Social History
JSS Journal of Strategic Studies
JV Juristische Vierteljahresschrift
JZ Jüdische Zeitung
K Der Kampf
KA Kriegsarchiv
k.k. kaiserlich-königlich
KPÖ Kommunistische Partei Österreichs
KVZ Konstitutionelle Vorstadt-Zeitung
LBY Leo Baeck Yearbook
LV Linzer Volksblatt
MCU Ministerium für Cultus und Unterricht
MdI Ministerium des Innern
MIH Modern Intellectual History
MIÖG Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung
MJPS Midwest Journal of Political Science
MKFF Militärkanzlei des Generalinspektors der gesamten bewaffneten
Macht (Franz Ferdinand)
MKSM Militärkanzlei Seiner Majestät des Kaisers
MLR Modern Language Review
MÖStA Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Staatsarchivs
MP Morgen-Post
MQR Michigan Quarterly Review
MSL Mitteilungen des Steiermärkischen Landesarchivs
xiv   

NFP Neue Freie Presse

NL Nachlass
NöB Neue österreichische Biographie
NÖLA Niederösterreichisches Landesarchiv
NP Nationalities Papers
NPA Neues Politisches Archiv
NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
NWJ Neues Wiener Journal
NWT Neues Wiener Tagblatt
ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
ÖGB Österreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund
ÖFZ Österreichische Frauen-Zeitung
ÖGL Österreich in Geschichte und Literatur
ÖMH Österreichische Monatshefte
ÖOH Österreichische Osthefte
ÖPZ Erziehung und Unterricht: Österreichische pädagogische Zeitschrift
ÖR Österreichische Rundschau
Oxf. Art J. Oxford Art Journal
OxREP Oxford Review of Economic Policy
ÖS Österreichische Statistik
ÖSBZ Österreichische Staatsbeamten-Zeitung
ÖVP Österreichische Volkspartei
ÖVZ Österreichische Volkszeitung
ÖW Österreichische Wochenschrift
ÖZGW Österreichische Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaften
ÖZP Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft
PA Politisches Archiv
PAAA Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (Berlin)
PER Parliaments, Estates and Representation
PJ Pädagogischer Jahresbericht
PL Pester Lloyd
PNV Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen der Provisorischen
Nationalversammlung
PP Past and Present
Pr Die Presse
PRO Public Record Office
PSQ Political Science Quarterly
PT Prager Tagblatt
PVS Politische Vierteljahresschrift
RAH Reviews in American History
RGBl Reichsgesetzblatt
RHM Römische Historische Mitteilungen
RM Reichsmark
Rp Reichspost
RP Review of Politics
    xv

SAQ South Atlantic Quarterly

SD Sicherheitsdienst
SdZ Stimmen der Zeit
SEER Slavonic and East European Review
SGBl Staatsgesetzblatt
SHPS Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical
Sciences
S:I.M.O.N Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation
SiPo Sicherheitspolizei
SLR Slavic Review
SM Statistische Monatsschrift
SOF Südost-Forschungen
SP (up to 1918) Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Hauses der
Abgeordneten
SP (from 1920) Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Nationalrates
SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
SPH Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Herrenhauses
SPKNV Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen der
Konstituierenden Nationalversammlung
SPÖ Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs
SR Social Research
SRT Staatsrat
SS Schutzstaffel
Střed Střed./Centre: Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies of Central
Europe in the 19th and 20th Centuries
SüA Südostdeutsches Archiv
TAJdG Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte
ThPQ Theologisch-praktische Quartalschrift
TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
UTQ University of Toronto Quarterly
V Vaterland
VdU Verband der Unabhängigen
VfSW Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte
VGAB Verein für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung
VjZ Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte
VW Volkswohl
VWschr Volkswirtschaftliche Wochenschrift
WDB Wiener Diözesanblatt
WEP West European Politics
WGB Wiener Geschichtsblätter
WiH War in History
WP World Politics
WPB Wiener Politische Blätter
WSJ Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch
xvi   

WSLA Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv

WSMZ Wiener Sonn- und Montagszeitung
WW Wort und Wahrheit
Z Die Zeit
ZfGW Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft
ZfO Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
ZfP Zeitschrift für Politik
ZG Zeitgeschichte
ZHF Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung
ZHVS Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereines für Steiermark
ZNR Zeitschrift für Neuere Rechtsgeschichte
ZOF Zeitschrift für Ostforschung
ZÖR Zeitschrift für das Privat- und öffentliche Recht der Gegenwart
ZöR Zeitschrift für Öffentliches Recht
ZRG Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte
ZVSV Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung
 Introduction
The Terms of Austrian History

To be asked to contribute this particular volume to the Oxford History of Modern

Europe series was a challenging assignment, for as Lord Alan Bullock of
St. Catherine’s College, Oxford University, observed to the author when he issued
the invitation to write this book, the framework depended on the all-important
question: what is Austria? As Bullock trenchantly put it, does one define
Austria from 1848 forward, or from 1955 backward? Given that this book is a
work of selective synthesis grounded in multiple interpretive frameworks, it
seemed plausible to honor the original commission from Bullock, who wanted a
book that would provide a political and institutional history of Austria for
the century between 1867 and 1955, with Austria explicitly referring to the
German-speaking lands of the former Empire and especially Vienna, but to set
that story within the crucible of dynastic, administrative, and parliamentary
institutions in the general state and imperial system. Hence, this book treats
Austria both as a major constitutive territorial element of the one-time multi-
national Empire and as a resolute and (from the perspective of the decades since
1955) remarkably successful national Republic, with many ruptures and evident
disasters connecting the two realms. It was thus crucial in Alan Bullock’s mind
that this book would link the civic world before 1914 with that which came
after 1918. This linkage is especially important not only because present-day
Austria is the result of a continuum of institutional traditions and political
practices that predate the dual watershed of World War I and the Revolution
of 1918, but because the Austrian case is relatively unique in the wider
landscape of Europe in posing the challenge of creating and sustaining a liberal
and then a liberal-democratic Rechtsstaat in the face of both extreme ethnic-
racial and intense social-ideological disharmonies and conflicts. When the
young Austro-Marxist theorists wrote in the first issue of Der Kampf in 1907
that, among their European socialist compatriots, they alone had the task
of “translating the idea of internationalism into living reality,” which made
them the “constitutional jurists of the International,” they were alluding to
this double commission of reconciling legal equity with unyielding class
and ethnic identities, while pushing forward structures of democratic access

Austria, 1867–1955. John W. Boyer, Oxford University Press. © John W. Boyer 2022.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198221296.003.0001
2 , –

and opportunity.¹ This would become the preeminent and classic struggle
confronting the Austrian state itself in the twentieth century.
The present book has been long in gestation and reflects many new primary
and secondary sources and competing perspectives involving the wider history of
the Empire and the Republic, but it does focus on the state-level politics and
administration in and around Vienna as key elements of its narrative. The history
of small Austria after 1918, emerging as part of large Austria before 1914, must be
framed in light of the many tensions between empire and nationhood that
emerged over the course of the nineteenth century. In recent years many scholars
have taken up these tensions afresh with new contributions about the ways in
which the Habsburg Empire was defined by ethnic/national regions that depended
on the Empire’s territorial unity for their relative economic well-being, but with
those regions also giving birth to nationalist and populist constituencies that,
paradoxically, brought the Empire to its knees in 1918.² In a contribution to the
longstanding debate about the nature and scope of the Austrian past Arno
Strohmeyer has wisely observed that “there is no ‘single’ Austrian history at the
present time, but rather this history has to be seen from the perspective of an
ensemble of different spatial narratives, with each its own developmental logic as
to its origins and evolution.”³ Maciej Janowski has argued that the Habsburg
Crown had a protean character, with the Empire as a bundle of normative legal
principles seeking territorial legitimation in a special time and place. The imperial
model of legitimation finally adopted—stressing diversity and multi-ethnicity—
was as plausible as the nation-state model, when viewed from the starting point of
the nineteenth century.⁴ This interpretation stands in contrast to that of Ivan
Berend, who views east Central Europe as marked by backwardness, laggardness, a
crisis zone dominated by peripheral concerns, and manifesting an east Central
European Sonderweg, barely able to achieve parity with Western Europe and
Germany.⁵
The history of the Empire in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
presents a particularly challenging assignment for any historian, since the models

¹ K, 1 (1907–8): 3–4. For the dual meaning of Austria as the traditional (and largely German-
speaking) “Erblande” on the one hand and the whole of the Empire on the other, see the classic account
of R. J. W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550–1700: An Interpretation (Oxford, 1979),
pp. 157–94.
² Focusing on Pieter Judson’s outstanding interpretive history of the Empire, published in 2016, see
Laurence Cole, “Visions and Revisions of Empire: Reflections on a New History of the Habsburg
Monarchy,” AHY, 49 (2018): 261–80.
³ Arno Strohmeyer, “ ‘Österreichische’ Geschichte der Neuzeit als multiperspektivische
Raumgeschichte: ein Versuch,” in Martin Scheutz and Arno Strohmeyer, eds, Was heißt
“österreichische” Geschichte? Probleme, Perspektiven und Räume der Neuzeitforschung (Innsbruck,
2008), p. 185.
⁴ Maciej Janowski, “Justifying Political Power in 19th Century Europe: The Habsburg Monarchy
and Beyond,” in Alexei Miller and Alfred J. Rieber, eds, Imperial Rule (Budapest, 2004), pp. 78–80.
⁵ Ivan T. Berend, The Crisis Zone of Europe: An Interpretation of East-Central European History in
the First Half of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 1–21.
  3

associated with classic nation-state history do not easily apply. Conventional

narratives that ascribe a Settembrini-like arc of national unity, economic progress,
and rational enlightenment within a slowly emergent liberal state in the nine-
teenth century do not easily resonate, because the most populous and wealthiest
regions of the Empire between 1867 and 1914 were marked by increasing
levels of both democratic participation and illiberal nationalist partisanship.
Instead, other ways of imagining the unity and the distinctiveness of the Empire
have to be articulated that acknowledge its political-ethnic heterogeneity,
powerful regionalist traditions, and divergent styles of religious observance,
as well as the unifying force of its central administrative apparatus and of its
many interconnected networks of non-state economic and social institutions.⁶
Habsburg historiography thus becomes a home with many different rooms,
some decorated in ethnic/national colors, but others defined by stunning
regional/local and ideological hues, with many different cross-cutting and
connecting passageways.
To begin a history of Austria literally in 1867 would neglect a host of
fascinating transformations that set the stage for what came after, so it is well
to consider some preliminaries involving the received institutional forebears of
the modern Austrian state and its historiographic traditions, as well as some
reflections on the role of the principal dynast and the Court whose extraordinary
claims to supreme authority shaped the history of the whole of the nineteenth
and the first two decades of the twentieth century. These three domains—the
administrative state, its finessed and often calculated history, and the self-
identity of its primary political architect—are necessary areas of inquiry for
comprehending the ruptures and surprising continuities defining the scope of
this book and for explaining why Austrian history does not fit easily within
conventional historical bookends and why it does not mirror the models of other
major European nations.

⁶ See, for example, Andrea Komlosy, “Imperial Cohesion, Nation-Building, and Regional
Integration in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1804‒1918,” in Stefan Berger and Alexei Miller, eds,
Nationalizing Empires (Budapest, 2015), pp. 369–427; Franz Leander Fillafer, “Imperium oder
Kulturstaat? Die Habsburgermonarchie und die Historisierung der Nationalkulturen im 19.
Jahrhundert,” in Philipp Ther, ed., Kulturpolitik und Theater: Die kontinentalen Imperien in Europa
im Vergleich (Vienna, 2012), pp. 23–53; Bálint Varga, “Writing Imperial History in the Age of High
Nationalism: Imperial Historians on the Fringes of the Habsburg Monarchy,” ERH, 24 (2017): 80–95;
Peter Becker, “Stolpersteine auf dem Weg zum kooperativen Imperium: Bürokratische Praxis,
gesellschaftliche Erwartungen und sozialpolitische Strategien,” in Jana Osterkamp, ed., Kooperatives
Imperium: Politische Zusammenarbeit in der späten Habsburgermonarchie (Göttingen, 2018),
pp. 23–53; Peter Becker, “Der Staat: Eine österreichische Geschichte?,” MIÖG, 126 (2018): 317–40;
Fredrik Lindström, “The State and Bureaucracy as a Key Field of Research in Habsburg Studies,” in
Franz Adlgasser and Fredrik Lindström, eds, The Habsburg Civil Service and Beyond: Bureaucracy and
Civil Servants from the Vormärz to the Inter-War Years (Vienna, 2019), pp. 13–47; and John Deak,
“The Great War and the Forgotten Realm: The Habsburg Monarchy and the First World War,” JMH,
86 (2014): 336–80.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The rest of the members on both sides submitted to be fined rather than attempt the
knotty subject; but by common consent, the penal rule was dispensed with. Nothing
now remained to close the exercises, but the decision of the Chair.

The President, John Nuble, was a young man, not unlike Craig in his turn of mind;
though he possessed an intellect a little more sprightly than Craig's. His decision was
short.

"Gentlemen," said he, "I do not understand the subject. This," continued he, (pulling
out his knife, and pointing to the silvered or cross side of it,) "is 'Internal Suggestions.'
And this" (pointing to the other, or pile side,) "is 'Bias of Jurisprudence:'" so saying, he
threw up his knife, and upon its fall, determined that 'Internal Suggestions' had got it;
and ordered the decision to be registered accordingly.

It is worthy of note, that in their zeal to accomplish their purpose, Longworth and
McDermot forgot to destroy the lists of subjects, from which they had selected the one
so often mentioned; and one of these lists containing the subject discussed, with a
number more like it, was picked up by Mr. Craig, who made a public exhibition of it,
threatening to arraign the conspirators before the society, for a contempt. But, as the
parting hour was at hand, he overlooked it with the rest of the brotherhood, and often
laughed heartily at the trick.

"The Militia Company Drill," is not by the author of the other pieces
but has a strong family resemblance, and is very well executed.
Among the innumerable descriptions of Militia musters which are so
rife in the land, we have met with nothing at all equal to this in the
matter of broad farce.

"The Turf" is also capital, and bears with it a kind of dry and sarcastic
morality which will recommend it to many readers.

"An Interesting Interview" is another specimen of exquisite dramatic

talent. It consists of nothing more than a fac-simile of the speech,
actions, and thoughts of two drunken old men—but its air of truth is
perfectly inimitable.

"The Fox-Hunt," "The Wax Works," and "A Sage Conversation," are
all good—but neither as good as many other articles in the book.
"The Shooting Match," which concludes the volume, may rank with
the best of the Tales which precede it. As a portraiture of the
manners of our South-Western peasantry, in especial, it is perhaps
better than any.

Altogether this very humorous, and very clever book forms an æra in
our reading. It has reached us per mail, and without a cover. We will
have it bound forthwith, and give it a niche in our library as a sure
omen of better days for the literature of the South.

THE TEA PARTY.

Traits of the Tea Party: Published by Harper & Brothers.

This is a neat little duodecimo of 265 pages, including an Appendix,

and is full of rich interest over and above what the subject of the
volume is capable of exciting. In Boston it is very natural that the
veteran Hewes should be regarded with the highest sentiments of
veneration and affection. He is too intimately and conspicuously
connected with that city's chivalric records not to be esteemed a
hero—and such indeed he is—a veritable hero. Of the Tea Party he
is the oldest—but not the only survivor. From the book before us we
learn the names of nine others, still living, who bore a part in the
drama. They are as follows—Henry Purkitt, Peter Slater, Isaac
Simpson, Jonathan Hunnewell, John Hooton, William Pierce, ——
Mcintosh, Samuel Sprague, and John Prince.

Reminiscences such as the present cannot be too frequently laid

before the public. More than any thing else do they illustrate that
which can be properly called the History of our Revolution—and in
so doing how vastly important do they appear to the entire cause of
civil liberty? As the worthies of those great days are sinking, one by
one, from among us, the value of what is known about them, and
especially of what may be known through their memories, is
increasing in a rapidly augmenting ratio. Let us treasure up while we
may, the recollections which are so valuable now, and which will be
more than invaluable hereafter.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
SOUTHERN LITERARY MESSENGER, VOL. II., NO. 4, MARCH,
1836 ***

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