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PATHOLOGIC
BASISof
VETERINARY
DISEASE
This page intentionally left blank

     
Seventh Edition

PATHOLOGIC
BASISof
VETERINARY
DISEASE
JAMES F. ZACHARY, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor Emeritus, Veterinary Pathology
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Elsevier
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043

PATHOLOGIC BASIS OF VETERINARY DISEASE, SEVENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-71313-9

Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
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contained in the material herein.

Previous editions copyrighted 2017, 2012, 2007, 2001, 1995, and 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021945633

Senior Content Strategist: Jennifer Catando

Senior Content Development Manager: Luke Held
Senior Content Development Specialist: Maria Broeker
Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy
Senior Project Manager: Rachel E. McMullen
Project Manager: Julie Mangoff
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Cover Illustrations and Artwork: Warren Photographic Ltd. (cat image), Warren House,
Albury Heath, Guildford, UK; Dr. A.R. Armstrong, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Minnesota; Dr. M. Donald McGavin, College of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Tennessee; Dr. J.F. Zachary, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois.

Printed in Canada

Last digit is the print number:   9   8   7   6   5   4   3   2   1

Mark R. Ackermann, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor and Director
Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Chapter 3 Inflammation and Healing
Alexandra R. Armstrong, DVM, DACVP
Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
Chapter 16 Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
Katie M. Boes, DVM, MS, DACVP
Clinical Associate Professor, Veterinary
Clinical Pathology
Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Pathobiology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Blacksburg, Virginia
Chapter 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the
Lymphoid/Lymphatic System
Erin M. Brannick, DVM, MS, DACVP
Associate Professor
Department of Animal and Food Sciences
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Chapter 6 Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
Appendix A Communication, Collaboration, and
Consultation in Veterinary Pathology
Danielle L. Brown, DVM, MS, DACVP,
DABT
General Manager
Charles River Laboratories
Durham, North Carolina
Chapter 8 Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine
Pancreas
Cathy S. Carlson, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor and Chair
Department of Veterinary Clinical
Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
Chapter 16 Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
Fernanda Castillo-Alcala, MVZ, DVSc,
DACVP
Senior Lecturer in Anatomical Pathology
School of Veterinary Science
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand
Chapter 10 Cardiovascular System, Pericardial
Cavity, and Lymphatic Vessels
Amy C. Durham, MS, VMD, DACVP
Associate Professor, Anatomic Pathology
Department of Pathobiology
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Chapter 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the
Lymphoid/Lymphatic System
Jaclyn A. Dykstra, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Assistant Professor
Department of Veterinary Population
Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
Chapter 16 Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
Robert A. Foster, BVSc, PhD, MANZCVS,
DACVP
Professor
Department of Pathobiology
Ontario Veterinary College
University of Guelph
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
Chapter 18 Female Reproductive System and
Mammae
Chapter 19 Male Reproductive System
Arnon Gal, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVP
Assistant Professor
Small Animal Internal Medicine
Department of Veterinary Clinical
Medicine
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Chapter 10 Cardiovascular System, Pericardial
Cavity, and Lymphatic Vessels
Contributors
Howard B. Gelberg, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor Emeritus of Pathology
Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Chapter 7 Alimentary System and the Peritoneum,
Omentum, Mesentery, and Peritoneal Cavity
Philippe Labelle, DVM, DACVP
Anatomic Pathologist
Antech Diagnostics
Ottawa, Ontario
Canada
Chapter 21 The Eye
Laura V. Lane, DVM, DACVP
Veterinary Clinical Pathologist
IDEXX Laboratories, Inc.
Irvine, California
Chapter 11 The Urinary System
Keith E. Linder, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Clinical Professor of Anatomic Pathology
College of Veterinary Medicine
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Chapter 17 The Integument
Alfonso López, MVZ, MSc, PhD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Pathology and
Microbiology,
Atlantic Veterinary College
University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Canada
Chapter 9 Respiratory System, Thoracic Cavities,
Mediastinum, and Pleurae
L. Tiffany Lyle, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Assistant Professor of Veterinary Anatomic
Pathology
Department of Comparative Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
Chapter 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular
Injury, Adaptation, and Death
v
vi Contributors
Shannon A. Martinson, DVM, MVSc,
DACVP
Associate Professor, Veterinary Pathology
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Atlantic Veterinary College
University of Prince Edward Island
Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island
Canada
Chapter 9 Respiratory System, Thoracic Cavities,
Mediastinum, and Pleurae
M. Donald McGavin, MVSc, PhD,
FACVSc, DACVP
Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Pathology
Department of Pathobiology
College of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Appendix B Photographic Techniques in Veterinary
Pathology
Appendix F General Principles of Tissue Fixation
and Processing
Appendix G Fixatives and Fixation
Appendix H Fixation and Trimming of the Brain,
Spinal Cord, and Nerves
Appendix I Surgical Biopsies—Procurement, Pro-
cessing, and Sectioning Artifacts
Appendix J Gross Examination and Infusion Fixa-
tion of the Lung
Andrew D. Miller, DVM, DACVP
Associate Professor
Department of Biomedical Sciences,
Section of Anatomic Pathology
College of Veterinary Medicine
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Chapter 14 Nervous System
Margaret A. Miller, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor, Veterinary Pathology
Department of Comparative Pathobiology
and Animal Disease Diagnostic
Laboratory
College of Veterinary Medicine
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana
Introduction: Fundamentals for Understanding
Veterinary Pathology
Chapter 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular
Injury, Adaptation, and Death
Chapter 12 Endocrine System
Appendix E Diagnoses in Veterinary Pathology
Appendix G Fixatives and Fixation
Derek A. Mosier, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor
Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas
Chapter 2 Vascular Disorders and Thrombosis
Kimberly M. Newkirk, DVM, PhD, DACVP Patrick J. Roady, DVM, MS, DACVP
Professor Clinical Associate Professor
Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Tennessee University of Illinois
Knoxville, Tennessee Urbana, Illinois
Chapter 6 Neoplasia and Tumor Biology Appendix C Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) of
Domestic Animal Species
Shelley J. Newman, DVM, PhD, DACVP Appendix D Recognition and Interpretation of
Newman Specialty VetPath Macroscopic (Gross) Lesions
Hicksville, New York
Appendix H Fixation and Trimming of the Brain, Deanna M.W. Schaefer, DVM, DACVP
Spinal Cord, and Nerves Associate Professor of Veterinary Clinical
Pathology
Bradley L. Njaa, DVM, MVSc, DACVP Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
Professor College of Veterinary Medicine
Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic University of Tennessee
Laboratory (KSVDL) Knoxville, Tennessee
Department of Diagnostic Medicine/ Chapter 6 Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
Pathobiology (DM/P)
College of Veterinary Medicine Paul W. Snyder, DVM, PhD, DACVP,
Kansas State University Fellow IATP
Manhattan, Kansas Senior Pathologist
Chapter 20 The Ear Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc.
Bonita Springs, Florida
Erik J. Olson, DVM, PhD, DACVP Chapter 5 Diseases of Immunity
Associate Professor
Department of Veterinary Population Sean T. Spagnoli, DVM, DACVP
Assistant Professor of Veterinary Pathology
Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences and
University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
St. Paul, Minnesota Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine
Chapter 16 Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Brian F. Porter, DVM, DACVP Chapter 7 Alimentary System and the Peritoneum,
Clinical Professor Omentum, Mesentery, and Peritoneal Cavity
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology
James B. Stanton, DVM, PhD, DACVP
College of Veterinary Medicine &
Biomedical Sciences Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia
Chapter 14 Nervous System
Chapter 4 Mechanisms of Microbial Infections
Christopher Premanandan, DVM, PhD,
DACVP, DACT Mee-Ja M. Sula, DVM, DACVP
Associate Professor—Clinical Clinical Associate Professor of Anatomic
Department of Veterinary Biosciences Pathology
Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine
College of Veterinary Medicine
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio University of Tennessee
Chapter 18 Female Reproductive System and Knoxville, Tennessee
Mammae Chapter 11 The Urinary System
Chapter 19 Male Reproductive System
Beth A. Valentine, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Emeritus Professor
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
Chapter 15 Skeletal Muscle

Monika M. Welle, Dr. med. vet., DECVP
Associate Professor
Department of Infectious Diseases and
Pathobiology
Institute of Animal Pathology
Vetsuisse Faculty
Bern, Switzerland
Chapter 17 The Integument
Arnaud J. Van Wettere, DVM, MS, PhD,
DACVP
Associate Professor of Veterinary Pathology
Department of Animal, Dairy & Veterinary
Sciences; Utah Veterinary Diagnostic
Laboratory
School of Veterinary Medicine
Utah State University
Logan, Utah
Chapter 8 Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine
Pancreas
Contributors vii
James F. Zachary, DVM, PhD, DACVP
Professor Emeritus, Veterinary Pathology
Department of Pathobiology
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Introduction: Fundamentals for Understanding
Veterinary Pathology
Chapter 1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular
Injury, Adaptation, and Death
Chapter 4 Mechanisms of Microbial Infections
Appendix C Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) of
Domestic Animal Species
Appendix D Recognition and Interpretation of
Macroscopic (Gross) Lesions
Appendix E Diagnoses in Veterinary Pathology
Appendix F General Principles of Tissue Fixation
and Processing
Appendix G Fixatives and Fixation
Appendix H Fixation and Trimming of the Brain,
Spinal Cord, and Nerves
Appendix I Surgical Biopsies—Procurement, Pro-
cessing, and Sectioning Artifacts
Appendix J Gross Examination and Infusion Fixa-
tion of the Lung
This page intentionally left blank

     

The seventh edition of Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease provides
students with current information on veterinary diseases and how to
understand their lesions and pathogeneses in a chronologic sequence of
events from both the morphologic and mechanistic perspectives with
an emphasis on the responses of cells, tissues, and organs to injury.
New to this Edition
• A ll 21 chapters have been revised to describe and illustrate the
latest knowledge of the subject matter.
• Fourteen new contributors convey innovative ideas and insight
into chapter revisions and new appendices.
• An Introduction has been added to provide readers with back-
ground information useful in understanding the concepts illus-
trated and discussed throughout this book.
• Pathogenesis pathways (i.e., step-by-step sequence maps of the
key elements in a disease) have been introduced in Chapter 4,
Mechanisms of Microbial Infections.
• All figures from the sixth edition have been reviewed and as
needed, digitally edited, to improve the quality of the macro-
scopic (gross) photographs and photomicrographs, so key diag-
nostic characteristics are quickly revealed.
• Key readings indexes, essential concepts boxes, schematic dia-
grams, flowcharts, figures/figure legends, tables, and text boxes
have been reviewed and updated.
• The cytomorphology and histomorphology of inflammatory
cells and inflammatory exudates are illustrated and compared in
Chapter 3, Inflammation and Healing.
• The cytomorphology and histomorphology of microbes com-
monly seen in the practice of veterinary medicine are illustrated
and compared in Chapter 4, Mechanisms of Microbial Infections.
• The cytomorphology and histomorphology of tumors commonly
seen in the practice of veterinary medicine are described, com-
pared, and illustrated in Chapter 6, Neoplasia and Tumor Biology.
• The key cytomorphologic features of normal, benign, and malig-
nant cells are reviewed in Chapter 6, Neoplasia and Tumor Biology.
• The procedures for collecting specimens for cytologic evaluation
are discussed in Chapter 6, Neoplasia and Tumor Biology.
• The cytomorphology and histomorphology of lymphoid tumors
commonly seen in dogs and cats are described, compared, and
illustrated in Chapter 13, Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the
Lymphoid/Lymphatic System.
• Cross-referencing of disorders within and between chapters and
species has been simplified.
• The Key Readings Index headings have been updated in the
Pathology of Organ System chapters, so where appropriate, the
headings pertinent to an organ or organ system stand out in a
blue, bold font making them easy to identify and use.
• Ten new “online” appendices have been added that discuss and
illustrate postmortem activities and include:
• Communication, Collaboration, and Consultation in Veteri­
nary Pathology
• Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) of Domestic Animal
Species
Preface
•  ecognition and Interpretation of Macroscopic (Gross) Lesions
R
• Diagnoses in Veterinary Pathology
• General Principles of Tissue Fixation and Processing
• Fixatives and Fixation
• Fixation and Trimming of the Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves
• Surgical Biopsies—Procurement, Processing, and Sectioning
Artifacts
• Gross Examination and Infusion Fixation of the Lung
• Necropsy Techniques by Organ System
Acknowledgment of Contributors
We extend our deepest appreciation and thanks to the contributors
of our chapters and appendices, who have so generously provided
their expertise, time, and effort to complete all of the objectives for
the seventh edition of Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease and for
their support of veterinary pathology and veterinary pathologists
worldwide.
It has been approximately 33 years since the first edition,
titled Special Veterinary Pathology, was published in 1988. It was
661 pages in length and covered special pathology (pathology of
organ systems) with photomicrographs and schematic diagrams
(line drawings) printed in black and white (grayscale). Over the
next decade, the second (1995) and third (2001) editions, titled
Thomson’s Special Veterinary Pathology, were revised based on the
existing chapter materials and grayscale figures. In preparation
for the fourth edition, the editors were informed that the book
could be printed in full color (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black
[CMYK]). This opportunity required an evaluation of the third
edition and the development of a strategy to ensure the long-term
success of a book printed in full color. After extensive discussions,
it was concluded that the fourth edition would need to have sub-
stantial design and figure revisions to justify using the full-color
format. Revisions were based on chapter materials from the third
edition, which were updated to reflect advancements occurring
in the subject matter and in the methods used to teach pathology
to veterinary students. Six new chapters covering general pathol-
ogy were added, and existing chapters were revised and updated
so all pathology of organ system chapters had a common instruc-
tional format. In addition, the processes required to identify and
prepare color images and color artwork for over 2000 new illus-
trations used in the fourth edition were begun. Lastly, the book
was retitled Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, so the title more
closely reflected the content and instructional philosophy of the
revised book.
In August of 2006, Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, fourth
edition was available as the result of the dedication and efforts
of contributors, editors, and Elsevier staff. Subsequently, every
5 years a similar revision strategy that has emphasized quality
and clarity has been used to produce the fifth (2012) and sixth
(2017) editions. We sincerely thank everyone for their contribu-
tions throughout these six editions and, in the following table,
acknowledge their efforts in making this book a success as the
seventh edition (2021).
ix
x Preface
Authors
Dr. Mark R. Ackermann
Dr. Helen M. Acland
Dr. Katie M. Boes
Dr. Erin M. Brannick
Dr. Melanie A. Breshears
Dr. Danielle L. Brown
Dr. Charles C. Capen
Dr. Cathy S. Carlson
Dr. William W. Carlton
Dr. Anthony W. Confer
Dr. John M. Cullen
Dr. Cecil E. Doige
Dr. Richard R. Dubielzig
Dr. Amy C. Durham
Dr. Victor J. Ferrans
Dr. Robert A. Foster
Dr. Michael M. Fry
Dr. Arnon Gal
Dr. Howard B. Gelberg
Dr. Pamela Eve Ginn
Dr. Ann M. Hargis
Dr. Donna F. Kusewitt
Dr. Philippe Labelle
Dr. Krista M.D. La Perle
Dr. Alfonso López
Dr. N. James MacLachlan
Dr. Shannon A. Martinson
*1st edition as Special Veterinary Pathology, 2nd and 3rd editions as Thomson’s
Special Veterinary Pathology, and the 4th through 6th editions as Pathologic
Basis of Veterinary Disease.
Editions*
4th through 6th editions
1st through 3rd editions
6th edition
6th edition
6th edition
5th and 6th editions
1st through 4th editions
5th and 6th editions
1st through 3rd editions
1st through 6th editions
1st through 6th editions
1st through 3rd editions
1st through 3rd editions
6th edition
1st through 4th editions
4th through 6th editions
4th and 5th editions
5th and 6th editions
3rd through 6th editions
3rd through 5th editions
1st through 6th editions
4th through 6th editions
6th edition
4th and 5th editions
2nd through 6th editions
1st through 3rd editions
6th edition
Chapter Title(s)
•  cute Inflammation (4th Edition)
A
• Chronic Inflammation and Wound Healing (4th Edition)
• Inflammation and Healing (5th and 6th Editions)
• Male Reproductive System (1st Edition)
• Female Reproductive System (1st Edition)
• Reproductive System: Female (2nd and 3rd Editions)
• Reproductive System: Male (2nd and 3rd Editions)
• Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System
• Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
• The Urinary System
• Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine Pancreas
• Endocrine System
• Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
• Eye and Ear (1st Edition)
• Pathology of the Eye and Ear (2nd Edition)
• The Eye and Ear (3rd Edition)
• Coeditor of the 2nd and 3rd Editions
• Urinary System (1st and 4th Editions)
• The Urinary System (2nd, 3rd, and 6th Editions)
• Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas (1st through 4th
Editions)
• Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine Pancreas (5th and 6th Editions)
• Skeletal System (1st Edition)
• Diseases of Bone and Joints (2nd Edition)
• Bone and Joints (3rd Edition)
• Dental Pathology
• Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System
• Cardiovascular System (1st, 3rd, and 4th Editions)
• Pathology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd Edition)
• Female Reproductive System (4th Edition)
• Female Reproductive System and Mammary Gland (5th Edition)
• Female Reproductive System and Mammae (6th Edition)
• Male Reproductive System (4th through 6th Editions)
• Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and Lymphatic System (4th Edition)
• Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphatic System (5th
Edition)
• Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Vessels
• Alimentary System (3rd and 4th Editions)
• Alimentary System and the Peritoneum, Omentum, Mesentery,
and Peritoneal Cavity (5th and 6th Editions)
• Integumentary System (3rd Edition)
• The Integument (4th and 5th Editions)
• Integumentary System (1st through 3rd Editions)
• The Integument (4th through 6th Editions)
• Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
• The Eye
• Endocrine System
• Respiratory System (2nd Edition)
• Respiratory System, Thoracic Cavities, and Pleura (3rd Edition)
• Respiratory System (4th Edition)
• Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae (5th and 6th
Editions)
• Liver, Biliary System, and Exocrine Pancreas
• Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae

Authors
Dr. M. Donald McGavin
Dr. Margaret A. Miller
Dr. Andrew D. Miller
Dr. Lisa M. Miller
Dr. Donald L. Montgomery
Dr. Derek A. Mosier
Dr. Ronald K. Myers
Dr. Sherry Myers
Dr. Kimberly M. Newkirk
Dr. Shelley J. Newman
Dr. Bradley L. Njaa
Dr. Erik J. Olson
Dr. Roger J. Panciera
Dr. James A. Render
Dr. Laura J. Rush
Dr. Gene P. Searcy
Dr. Paul W. Snyder
Dr. Ralph W. Storts
Dr. Reginald G. Thomson
Dr. Beth A. Valentine
Dr. Hebert J. Van Kruiningen
Dr. John F. Van Vleet
Dr. Arnaud J. Van Wettere
Dr. Steven E. Weisbrode
Dr. Brian P. Wilcock
Dr. William D.G. Yates
Dr. James F. Zachary
*1st edition as Special Veterinary Pathology, 2nd and 3rd editions as
Thomson’s Special Veterinary Pathology, and the 4th through 6th editions
as Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease.
Editions*
1st through 6th editions
6th edition
6th edition
5th and 6th editions
3rd edition
4th through 6th editions
4th and 5th editions
6th edition
6th edition
4th and 5th editions
5th and 6th editions
6th edition
1st through 4th editions
1st through 3rd editions
4th edition
1st through 3rd editions
4th through 6th editions
1st through 3rd editions
1st edition
3rd through 6th editions
1st and 2nd editions
1st through 5th editions
6th edition
2nd through 5th editions
4th and 5th editions
1st edition
3rd through 6th editions
Preface xi
Chapter Title(s)
• C ellular and Tissue Responses to Injury (4th Edition)
• Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death: Morphologic, Biochemical,
and Genetic Bases (5th Edition)
• Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and Lymphatic System (4th Edition)
• Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphatic System (5th
Edition)
• Muscular System (1st Edition)
• Muscle (2nd and 3rd Editions)
• Skeletal Muscle (4th and 5th Editions)
• Appendix: Photographic Techniques in Veterinary Pathology (5th
and 6th Editions)
• Coeditor of the 2nd through 5th Editions
• Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death
• The Endocrine System
• Nervous System
• Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Vessels
• The Nervous System
• Vascular Disorders and Thrombosis
• Cellular and Tissue Responses to Injury (4th Edition)
• Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death: Morphologic, Biochemical,
and Genetic Bases (5th Edition)
• The Integument
• Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
• Urinary System (4th Edition)
• The Urinary System (5th Edition)
• The Ear and Eye (5th Edition)
• The Ear (6th Edition)
• Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments
• Urinary System (1st and 4th Editions)
• The Urinary System (2nd and 3rd Editions)
• Eye and Ear (1st Edition)
• Pathology of the Eye and Ear (2nd Edition)
• The Eye and Ear (3rd Edition)
• Neoplasia and Tumor Biology
• Hemopoietic System (1st and 2nd Editions)
• The Hemopoietic System (3rd Edition)
• Diseases of Immunity
• Central Nervous System (1st and 2nd Editions)
• The Nervous System (3rd Edition)
• Editor
• Muscle (3rd Edition)
• Skeletal Muscle (4th through 6th Editions)
• Gastrointestinal System
• Cardiovascular System (1st, 3rd, and 4th Editions)
• Pathology of the Cardiovascular System (2nd Edition)
• Cardiovascular System and Lymphatic Vessels (5th Edition)
• Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine Pancreas
• Diseases of Bone and Joints (2nd Edition)
• Bone and Joints (3rd and 4th Editions)
• Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments (5th Edition)
• Eye, Eyelids, Conjunctiva, and Orbit (4th Edition)
• The Ear and Eye (5th Edition)
• Respiratory System
• Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death: Morphologic, Biochemical,
and Genetic Bases (5th Edition)
• Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and
Death (6th Edition)
• Mechanisms of Microbial Infections (5th and 6th Editions)
• Nervous System (4th through 6th Editions)
• Coeditor of the 3rd through 5th Editions
• Editor of the 6th Edition
xii Preface
Acknowledgments for Illustrative Materials
We extend our deepest appreciation and thanks to colleagues through-
out the world (truly an international effort), who have so generously
provided their illustrative materials for use in the seventh edition.
Although space limitations preclude listing them here, their names
are credited in the figure legend for each illustration. Additionally, we
extend our deepest appreciation to Drs. Barry G. Harmon, Elizabeth
W. Howerth, and R. Keith Harris, who in their roles as Director of
Noah’s Arkive, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of
Georgia have supported our efforts over the last two decades. We have
attempted to credit each illustration to its original source; however,
inadvertent errors will occur in assembling a textbook of this size.
Please address concerns about credits to zacharyj@illinois.edu. We will
make every effort to confirm the origin of the photograph and correct
the credit before the book goes into a subsequent printing or edition.
Acknowledgment of Elsevier Staff and Associates
We thank the wide-ranging contributions of Elsevier staff: Jennifer
Catando (Senior Content Strategist), Jennifer Wade (Senior Content
Development Specialist), Maria Broeker (Senior Content Develop-
ment Specialist), Rachel McMullen (Senior Production Manager),
and Amy Buxton (Design Group). We would also like to thank
Julie Mangoff, Project Manager, whose tireless effort and dedication
brought this book to fruition. Their hard work, patience, and collabo-
ration have made the revision process manageable and successful.
Digitally Enhanced Version
The digitally enhanced version of the seventh edition includes:
1. The entire printed content of the seventh edition in an easy to
read and use format
2. The sections cited in the seventh edition that refer to online
subject matter
3. The ten new appendices listed earlier in the section New to this
Edition
4. Suggested readings for each chapter
5. Information of historical and clinical value for some disorders
and disease mechanisms
6. Discussion of a general approach for performing an autopsy
(see new Appendix C, Postmortem Examination [Autopsy] of
Domestic Animal Species).
7. Discussion within each chapter of the postmortem procedures
for examining tissues within each organ system
8. Discussions of tissue fixation, fixatives, specimen trimming, and
artifacts in surgical biopsies (see new Appendix F, General Princi-
ples of Tissue Fixation and Processing through Appendix I, Surgi-
cal Biopsies—Procurement, Processing, and Sectioning Artifacts).
9. A glossary of abbreviations and terms used for each chapter
10. A listing of diseases with a real or suspected genetic basis for
each organ system in Chapter 1, Mechanisms and Morphology
of Cellular Injury, Adaptation, and Death (also see E-Table 1.2)
11. Discussion of the methods for gross specimen photography and
photomicrography (Appendix B, Photographic Techniques in
Veterinary Pathology)
Additionally, all of the selected readings available in the digitally
enhanced version are linked to original abstracts in PubMed.
The inner front cover of the printed book includes information
on accessing the digitally enhanced version.
Finally, it is our hope that materials provided in the digitally
enhanced version can serve as the basis for course development for
instructors assigned the responsibility of teaching general, organ
system, or diagnostic pathology in veterinary curricula and for
instructors in related fields within university undergraduate and
graduate curricula where the material is appropriate for course
content.
The accompanying Evolve website includes an image collection
with all images from the book for instructors to use.
Terminology Challenges
Much of the terminology used in veterinary pathology is common
to that used in other veterinary courses and clinical medical fields.
However, the precise meaning of a term depends on the context
in which it is used, and in veterinary pathology the context is the
response of cells, tissues, and organs to injury. In previous edi-
tions of this book, the name “dilated cardiomyopathy” has been
used as a replacement for “dilatative cardiomyopathy” to identify
this cardiovascular disorder. Dilated cardiomyopathy is also com-
monly used in other veterinary and human medical textbooks to
name this disorder. However, in veterinary pathology, there is a
valuable conceptual distinction between the terms “dilation” and
“dilatation.” Dilation is an expansion of a lumen or orifice (e.g.,
sphincters, pupils, cervix, blood vessels). It occurs rapidly within
physiologic limits established by the structure and function of the
tissue or organ. Cardiac chambers dilate during diastole and con-
tract during systole. Epinephrine will enhance cardiac dilation, but
only within physiologic and structural limits. In contrast, dilata-
tion is expansion of a lumen or orifice beyond its normal physi-
ologic and structural limits. Dilatation is a pathologic condition
(i.e., a response to injury), and it cannot occur rapidly. The term
indicates that the organ has undergone remodeling as part of a
chronic pathologic process in response to injury. A heart with dila-
tative cardiomyopathy has chambers that are far larger and mis-
shapen in comparison to a dilated heart. On this basis, the term
“dilatative cardiomyopathy” will be used in place of “dilated car-
diomyopathy” in the seventh edition.
Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology
One of the goals of the seventh edition is to develop new appendices
that can assist students in acquiring skill sets useful in antemortem
or postmortem examinations in the practice of veterinary medicine.
These appendices are listed in the section New to this Edition and
focus on the processes involved in performing meaningful examina-
tions that can result in a definitive diagnosis for the cause of the
animal’s lesion(s) or death and to develop a final case report that
will provide information of benefit to the owner/producer. There are
many approaches to conducting such examinations, and they will
vary among diagnostic units. However, they all have a common pat-
tern of flow that is often modified as needed to best fit the resources
and staff of a postmortem facility or an examination performed in
a field/pasture or barn. These appendices, especially Appendix C,
Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) of Domestic Animal Species
and Appendix D, Recognition and Interpretation of Macroscopic
(Gross) Lesions, illustrate and discuss processes that have been
used and frequently updated in academic diagnostic laboratories for
over four decades. They are “works in progress” and will need to be
updated in subsequent editions. However, because these appendi-
ces are online, they can also be updated within the lifespan of this
edition. Please contact the editor zacharyj@illinois.edu if you have
corrections, ideas for improvements, and/or could serve as a resource
for better images.

About the Covera
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a severe, usually fatal, viral disease
of cats caused by a mutated strain of feline enteric coronavirus called
FIP virus. FIP virus initiates a cascade of events that result in immune
complex vasculitis (i.e., phlebitis) affecting all organ systems, most
notably the kidney. The intensity of the cat’s cell-mediated immune
response to the virus appears to determine the outcome of the infec-
tion. Cats with a strong cell-mediated response do not develop FIP.
Cats with a weak cell-mediated response have the dry (noneffusive)
form; cats with no cell-mediated response have the wet form (effusive).
An effective humoral response appears to increase the severity of dis-
ease. The mechanism of injury is chronic-active pyogranulomatous
inflammation (i.e., vasculitis and perivasculitis) and its mediators and
degradative enzymes. Gross lesions include gray-white nodules of var-
ied sizes that have a perivascular pattern of distribution and in some
cases a linear pattern following blood vessels in serosa and mesenteries
(dry form). Body cavities may contain a thick yellow-white exudate
containing fibrin and pyogranulomatous inflammatory cells (wet form).
Cats encounter feline enteric coronavirus by ingestion. The virus
replicates primarily in mature enterocytes of the small intestine,
spreads into the lamina propria, and then into macrophages within
Peyer’s patches. It is within these macrophages that feline enteric
coronavirus mutates into FIP virus. Through mutation, it acquires
virulence factors that allow it to infect and replicate in cells of the
monocyte-macrophage system, resulting in rapid dissemination of
the virus throughout the body via leukocyte trafficking to infect
additional macrophages. Virus-infected macrophages appear to tar-
get small and medium-sized veins of serosal membranes and tissues,
cause damage to endothelial cells, and are recognized as foreign by
the cat’s innate (inflammation) and adaptive (cell-mediated and
humoral) defense mechanisms. This process likely involves activa-
tion of the leukocyte adhesion cascade and binding of macrophages
and monocytes to endothelial cells facilitated by ligand-receptor
aCover artwork is not drawn to scale; colors employed are used, in part, to
emulate hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of cells.
Preface xiii
interactions and the activation of acute inflammation via proin-
flammatory cytokines released from activated macrophages and
monocytes. All of these processes result in injury of vascular and
perivascular tissues (i.e., vasculitis and perivasculitis).
Tissue macrophages/monocytes provide a source of viral antigens
in and around venules, and if adequate antibody is present, antigen-
antibody complexes form, and a type III hypersensitivity response
ensues. These complexes activate complement, resulting in chemo-
taxis and accumulation of neutrophils via the leukocyte adhesion
cascade. Additionally, they also activate tissue macrophages, leading
to the secretion of a variety of proinflammatory cytokines that act on
endothelial cells to increase neutrophil and mononuclear cell che-
motaxis into the area and open tight junctions of endothelial cells
(increased permeability), thereby allowing leakage of plasma and
fibrin into body cavities. These mechanisms result in the vasocentric
pyogranulomas and pyogranulomatous inflammation, fibrinous effu-
sions, and fibrinous polyserositis, so characteristic of FIP. A type IV
hypersensitivity reaction may also be involved in the pathogenesis
of some pyogranulomas. It appears that the commonly used catego-
ries of wet and dry forms and type III and type IV hypersensitivities
are based more on clinical characteristics and immunologic tests,
respectively, than on any morphologic criteria. Experimental studies
have shown that there are no distinct histopathologic lesions that
distinguish wet from dry cases, type III from type IV hypersensitivi-
ties, or acute/subacute cases from chronic cases.
In Conclusion
No greater impact can be made on students in their veterinary
education than by teachers who are willing to share their exper-
tise, knowledge, and practice experiences with them. We hope
the seventh edition of Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease and its
mechanistic approach to disease will assist in this process, cultivate
student interest in and understanding of the pathogeneses of dis-
eases, and perhaps transform the way pathology is taught in veteri-
nary curricula.
JAMES F. ZACHARY
This page intentionally left blank

     
 Contents
Introduction: Fundamentals for Understanding 15 Skeletal Muscle, 992
Veterinary Pathology, 1 Beth A. Valentine
Margaret A. Miller and James F. Zachary 16 Bones, Joints, Tendons, and Ligaments, 1037
Erik J. Olson, Jaclyn A. Dykstra, Alexandra R. Armstrong,
SECTION I Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of and Cathy S. Carlson

Disease (General Pathology) 17 The Integument, 1095

1 Mechanisms and Morphology of Cellular
Injury, Adaptation, and Death, 16
Margaret A. Miller, L. Tiffany Lyle, and James F. Zachary
2 Vascular Disorders and Thrombosis, 74
Derek A. Mosier
3 Inflammation and Healing, 104
Mark R. Ackermann
4 Mechanisms of Microbial Infections, 171
James B. Stanton and James F. Zachary
5 Diseases of Immunity, 295
Paul W. Snyder
6 Neoplasia and Tumor Biology, 341
Erin M. Brannick, Kimberly M. Newkirk, and
Deanna M.W. Schaefer
SECTION II Pathology of Organ Systems
7 Alimentary System and the Peritoneum,
Omentum, Mesentery, and Peritoneal Cavity,
396
Sean T. Spagnoli and Howard B. Gelberg
8 Hepatobiliary System and Exocrine
Pancreas, 486
Arnaud J. Van Wettere and Danielle L. Brown
9 Respiratory System, Thoracic Cavities,
Mediastinum, and Pleurae, 547
Alfonso Lόpez and Shannon A. Martinson
10 Cardiovascular System, Pericardial Cavity, and
Lymphatic Vessels, 643
Arnon Gal and Fernanda Castillo-Alcala
11 The Urinary System, 699
Mee-Ja M. Sula and Laura V. Lane
12 Endocrine System, 767
Margaret A. Miller
13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the
Lymphoid/Lymphatic System, 809
Amy C. Durham and Katie M. Boes
14 Nervous System, 892
Andrew D. Miller and Brian F. Porter
Monika M. Welle and Keith E. Linder
18 Female Reproductive System and Mammae,
1263
Robert A. Foster and Christopher Premanandan
19 Male Reproductive System, 1308
Robert A. Foster and Christopher Premanandan
20 The Ear, 1336
Bradley L. Njaa
21 The Eye, 1379
Philippe Labelle
SECTION III A
 ppendices, Veterinary Diagnostic
Pathologyb
Appendix A: Communication, Collaboration, and
Consultation in Veterinary Pathology
Erin M. Brannick
Appendix B: Photographic Techniques in Veterinary
Pathology
M. Donald McGavin
Appendix C: Postmortem Examination (Autopsy) of
Domestic Animal Species
Patrick J. Roady and James F. Zachary
Appendix D: Recognition and Interpretation of Macroscopic
(Gross) Lesions
James F. Zachary and Patrick J. Roady
Appendix E: Diagnoses in Veterinary Pathology
Margaret A. Miller and James F. Zachary
Appendix F: General Principles of Tissue Fixation and
Processing
James F. Zachary and M. Donald McGavin
Appendix G: Fixatives and Fixation
M. Donald McGavin, Margaret A. Miller, and
James F. Zachary
Appendix H: Fixation and Trimming of the Brain, Spinal
Cord, and Nerves
M. Donald McGavin, Shelley J. Newman, and
James F. Zachary
bFull
versions of these appendices are available electronically on www.Expert
Consult.com.
xv
xvi Contents

Appendix I: Surgical Biopsies—Procurement, Processing, Appendix K: Necropsy Techniques by Organ System

and Sectioning Artifacts Contributors of Pathology of Organ System Chapters
M. Donald McGavin and James F. Zachary
Appendix J: Gross Examination and Infusion Fixation of
the Lung
M. Donald McGavin and James F. Zachary
 INTR OD UC T IO N
Fundamentals for Understanding
Veterinary Pathology
Margaret A. Miller and James F. Zachary

Key Readings Index

Information Fundamental for Effective
Use of this Book, 1
Diagnoses in Veterinary Pathology, 2
Language of Veterinary Pathology, 3
Recognition and Interpretation of
Lesions, 4
Pattern Recognition in Gross
(Macroscopic) Examinations, 4
Specular Highlights, 4
Colors of Normal Tissues and Organs, 7
Evaluation of Lesions Affecting Tissues
and Organs, 9
Key Element 1: Distribution of Lesions, 9
Key Element 2: Quantity of Lesions, 9
Key Element 3: Colors of Lesions, 9
Key Element 4: Shapes of Lesions, 11
Key Element 5: Sizes of Lesions, 11
Key Element 6: Firmness (Density) of
Lesions, 12
Key Element 7: Surface Texture of
Lesions, 12
Diagnostic Pathology, 12
Macroscopic (Gross) Reports, 12
Microscopic Reports, 12

Veterinary pathology is a medical specialty that studies the lesions
and mechanisms of diseases affecting animal species. Veterinary
pathologists in North America, after receiving their degree in veteri-
nary medicine (DVM, VMD), train in the specialty for an additional
3 to 5 years and are certified by examination as (1) anatomic pathol-
ogists, who investigate lesions observed on the postmortem floor
and with a microscope, or as (2) clinical pathologists, who study the
cytologic, microscopic, and biochemical alterations of blood, bone
marrow, urine, and other body fluids and/or aspirates. Similar cer-
tification programs also exist in Europe and Japan. Although there
is some overlap in subject matter between anatomic and clinical
pathology, the focus of this book is on anatomic pathology. Clinical
pathology is taught separately in most veterinary curricula, and there
are excellent books covering this subject matter.
In the practice of veterinary pathology, the goal is to answer a
question or solve a problem. The question depends on the nature of
the investigation. In diagnostic pathology, an autopsy (syn: necropsy/
postmortem examination) may be performed to (1) determine the
cause of death of an individual animal or multiple animals in a herd,
flock, kennel, or cattery or (2) explain decreased production within
these groups. Surgical pathology involves sampling a tissue by biopsy or
fine needle aspirate (i.e., cytology) and using the information acquired
from evaluating the specimen to establish a diagnosis, prognosis, and
therapy for the living animal. In forensic pathology, the purpose of an
autopsy is to determine the cause of death from a legal perspective.
Lastly, experimental pathology occurs in research settings where the
pathologist designs laboratory studies with the goal of correlating mor-
phologic lesions with clinical, functional, genetic, immunologic, and/
or biochemical information to elucidate the pathogeneses of diseases.
Although veterinary pathologists may have differing practice
specializations, they have a common goal of sharing their expertise
with veterinary students through classroom and laboratory teach-
ing, conducting pathology rounds and seminars, and writing chap-
ters in textbooks as examples. Most veterinary school graduates
will practice internal medicine or surgery rather than pathology;
nevertheless, pathology is an integral part of veterinary education
and practice. Pathology is the link between basic sciences, such as
anatomy and physiology, and the clinical sciences and is the founda-
tion for a lifetime of learning, diagnosing, and understanding disease
in living and dead animals. The practicing veterinarian and the vet-
erinary pathologist also form a team at the forefront of animal and
public health.
Information Fundamental for Effective Use
of this Book
Pathology is the investigation of disease. It encompasses the rec-
ognition and interpretation of structural and functional alterations
(i.e., lesions) of cells, tissues, and organs, as well as the microbial,
parasitic, biochemical, genetic, and molecular mechanisms that
cause disease. As an effort to make understanding this information
straightforward, this book has been divided into two sections. The
first section contains 6 chapters covering general pathology (Cel-
lular and Molecular Mechanisms of Disease); the second section
contains 15 chapters covering systemic pathology (Pathology of
Organ Systems). Lastly, there is an extensive online E-section that
contains 11 appendices that discuss and illustrate the fundamentals
of veterinary diagnostic pathology, such as Appendix C, Postmortem
Examination (Autopsy) of Domestic Animal Species and Appendix
D, Recognition and Interpretation of Macroscopic (Gross) Lesions.
The section on general pathology is an examination of the
responses of cells and tissues to injury with a focus on the causes of
and processes involved in these responses. Chapters in this section
cover cellular adaptations (degenerative, regenerative, or restorative),
vascular disorders, inflammation, and neoplasia as well as mechanisms
of infectious diseases and disorders of immunity. These categorizations
simplify the teaching and learning of general pathology. In the living
body, however, cell injury provokes a variety of vascular, inflamma-
tory, and immune-mediated responses in addition to disturbances of
growth that occur concurrently or in rapid succession over time.
1
2 Introduction
Table I.1 Types of Diagnoses*
Type of Diagnosis Information Used to Make the Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis Signalment, history, and physical examination
Gross (macroscopic) diagnosis Physical examination, endoscopic examination,
exploratory surgery, or autopsy findings
Morphologic diagnosis Autopsy findings (macroscopic and microscopic lesions)
Differential diagnosis Autopsy findings, signalment, and history
Definitive diagnosis Autopsy findings, plus the results of ancillary tests
Etiologic diagnosis Microbiology test results, plus information from autopsy
findings
*Tyzzer’s disease (Clostridium piliforme) used as an example.
Systemic pathology is the study of disorders that affect a “sys-
tem,” meaning one or more organs of the body of the entire animal.
It is not a separate discipline from general pathology but a differ-
ent approach to studying disease, in which the principles of general
pathology are applied at the level of a tissue, organ, or the entire
body. The section on systemic pathology is organized for teaching
purposes by grouping materials into chapters based on traditionally
defined “organ systems.” Nevertheless, students must remember that
disease seldom, if ever, affects only one tissue or organ. It also helps
to remember that most tissues and organs respond in similar ways to
a particular type of injury. As a result, there is value in mastering the
concepts of general pathology before studying systemic pathology.
There is no optimal order in which to teach individual organ system
chapters in systemic pathology, so this subject matter may be taught
in different sequences in veterinary curricula.
The goal of understanding and learning information discussed
and illustrated throughout this book is based on the assumption that
students have acquired and retained information in other courses
that will contribute to making this aim successful. However, to
ensure this outcome, such prerequisite materials are summarized in
the sections that follow.
Diagnoses in Veterinary Pathology
Diagnosis is a common and important goal in veterinary practice
and in veterinary pathology (Table I.1).
• Clinical Diagnosis: A clinical diagnosis is based mainly on the
signalment (e.g., age, sex, breed), history, and findings of the
physical examination. Even with data from clinical pathologic
analyses or diagnostic imaging, the clinical diagnosis may only be
tentative or presumptive.
• Gross (Macroscopic) Diagnosis: The establishment of a grossa (i.e.,
macroscopic) diagnosis results from information obtained from a
physical examination, endoscopic examination, exploratory sur-
gery, or autopsy and is based on the ability of the clinician or pro-
sectorb to recognize and interpret macroscopic lesions in tissues and
organs. In some cases, the gross diagnosis is a definitive diagnosis
(e.g., bone fractures and other traumatic injuries). An experienced
pathologist can diagnose certain infectious, nutritional, or neoplas-
tic diseases with accuracy at the macroscopic level; however, most
aThe word “gross” as applied herein is an adjective that means “visible to
the naked or unaided eye” and is used in pathology in medical terms such
as gross lesions, gross findings, or gross examination, as examples. The term
“macroscopic” is synonymous with the term “gross.”
bThe individual who conducts the dissection, examination, and evaluation
of the animal during an autopsy.
Actual Diagnosis
Anterior abdominal pain
Mild icterus
Liver disease
Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
Acute multifocal necrotizing hepatitis
Tyzzer’s disease
Hepatic salmonellosis
Viral hepatitis
Tyzzer’s disease
Clostridial hepatitis or Clostridium piliforme
hepatitis
DDDEMT: Examples of the Nomenclature
Table I.2 Used to Construct a Morphologic
Diagnosis*
Degree Minimal • Mild • Moderate • Marked (severe)
Duration Acute • Subacute • Chronic • Chronic-active
Distribution Focal • Multifocal • Locally extensive • Diffuse
(interstitial) • Cranioventral†
Exudate‡ Serous • Catarrhal • Fibrinous • Suppurative
• Granulomatous • Pyogranulomatous
Modifier‡ Necrotizing • Bronchointerstitial • Hemorrhagic
• Embolic
Tissue‡ Cystitis • Encephalitis • Enteritis • Hepatitis
• Nephritis • Pneumonia§
*This table provides examples of how nomenclature can be used to construct
a morphologic diagnosis. It is not intended to be all inclusive and may vary from
patterns used in other veterinary colleges or schools.
†Used only for diseases of the lungs.
‡The terms listed in the row to the right of this word are provided as examples.
There are many additional terms that are explained and used throughout this book.
§Pneumonia is recognized as the term to characterize inflammation of the lung.
gross examinations are followed by microscopic (i.e., histologic)
examinationsc to establish morphologic diagnoses.
• Morphologic Diagnosis: A morphologic diagnosis is a clear and
concise naming of a pattern of structural changes observed in
a gross or microscopic lesion. Pathologists develop morphologic
diagnoses by recognizing and interpreting gross lesions observed
at autopsy or in biopsy specimens and microscopic lesions in
histologic sections or cytologic preparations. A morphologic
diagnosis names and categorizes lesions based on the following
observations of the injury: degree, duration, distribution, exu-
date, modifiers, and tissue (DDDEMT). The nomenclature of
each of these DDDEMT injury observations is listed in Table I.2.
A morphologic diagnosis can be based on gross or histologic
lesions. It should categorize the lesion—as degeneration or necro-
sis, a vascular disturbance, inflammation, or as a disturbance of
growth—and indicate the affected tissue(s) and/or organ(s). As an
example, the word necrosis is often a part of a morphologic diagno-
sis that categorizes a lesion; however, it needs one more word (e.g.,
hepatic) to identify the affected tissue. Thus, hepatic necrosis is
a complete morphologic diagnosis, although it may need a modi-
fier or two for explanatory purposes (see Table I.2). For example,
multifocal (randomly distributed) hepatic necrosis (i.e., multifocal
hepatic necrosis) implicates an infection, whereas lobular hepatic
cExamination of tissues or organs using a microscope, most commonly a light
microscope.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
vero sul male, era però una vittoria lenta e penosa... ed il tempo
scorreva intanto maturando i tristi eventi a cui pareva congiungesse
quel non so che di fatale che così spesso si fa fosca guida delle
vicende umane...
Frattanto che il nostro eroe, a cui le cure renderanno vita e salute,
riprenda lena al compimento degli inquieti progetti che s’agitano
nella sua mente inferma... ritorniamo sui precorsi avvenimenti che
abbiamo lasciati di sbalzo per riannodare le fila del nostro racconto.
Come dicemmo, nella casa della valle, la notte in cui Angela era
sparita dalla sala del banchetto, tra le braccia di quel fantasma che
aveva assunto le sembianze della vecchia Marta, regnò la più
concitata agitazione... fu un correre per tutta la casa... un sussurrarsi
dai convitati mille cose strane, assurde le une più delle altre, quali
potevano essere prodotte da quel fatto, inqualificabile per quanti vi
assistettero, muti spettatori esterrefatti dalla sorpresa... I tempi
correvano pieni di pregiudizj; quella casa era fatta centro di sortilegi
e di diavolerie da persuadere, come la cosa più naturale del mondo,
l’opera soprannaturale di qualche spirito che vi potesse compiere chi
sa che strane faccende....
Ne divenne da ciò che da quella notte si fe’ d’intorno ad Enrico un
vuoto inesorabile.... Era forse il principio del castigo che ricadeva sul
colpevole!
I suoi stessi compagni d’orgia e di dissolutezza s’allontanavano da
lui come da una minaccia di sventura... Egli si trovò solo... nel
silenzio del suo vasto palazzo, solo colle memorie che gli
ricordavano ben terribili cose... Per la prima volta egli si sentì
opprimere da quel peso d’un passato che ritornava su lui come un
arco di cui egli fosse centro a sostenere la vôlta, e sotto cui sentiva
mancare le sue forze che si esaurivano in quella lotta terribile del
pensiero che vuol fuggire il passato, spaventato dall’avvenire.... e
che si sente ingojato da questi due vortici che lo stringono e si
fondono in quell’abisso di disperazione che è il vuoto dell’anima....
Marta era sparita.... La casa della valle somigliava ad una tomba
dentro cui vivesse un fantasma. Si vedeva un lume ardere nella
stanza che il signore aveva scelto per abitazione....
La porta ne era chiusa, ei ne usciva e vi rientrava.... e quei della
borgata lo sogguardavano silenziosi e quand’era molto lontano o
quand’era entrato nella casa si parlavan tra loro a voce bassa bassa
e dicevan a chi più... mille stranezze fantastiche sui misteri della
casa della valle.
 CAPITOLO XXXVI.
Mastro Antonio il Barbiere.

Non molto discosto da porta Leona, a sinistra della borgata, esisteva

una bottega coll’insegna d’una forbice e d’un bacile, forbice e bacile
erano a dir vero di struttura poco artistica.... l’una era un arnese
arrugginito dal tempo e dall’acqua, l’altro era di ferro corroso e
pareva più un coperchio d’una delle nostre marmitte di ghisa, di
quello che dovesse essere. Dopo tutto l’uno e l’altra formavano
l’insegna della bottega di mastro Antonio il barbiere... Ad attestare
l’ingegno del barbiere si vedeva appeso al muro un vetro contornato
da una larga cornice d’ebano dietro cui era stirato un drappo nero,
tela o cartone che fosse; e serviva di specchio agli avventori di
mastro Antonio che erano i villani dei dintorni ed i lavoranti della
borgata.
Attorno alla bottega eran disposte in bell’ordine varie panche su cui
uno dopo l’altro si succedevano gli avventori, sui quali il nostro figaro
del 1600 sfoggiava la prodigiosa agilità della sua terribile arma...
Pare che da quando la civiltà del Galateo statuì, come articolo
principale l’indispensabilità dei barbieri, questi non fossero gran fatto
dissimili tra loro, e ci tenessero a non violare la tradizione che ce li
tramandò adorni dei rispettivi loro meriti! Barbiere allora volea dir
però molte cose che oggi non soglia esprimere una tale qualifica.
Eravi un’applicazione più ampia allora a quell’epiteto, perchè
appunto più ampia era la sua missione... Adesso che la
civilizzazione ha sviluppato in ciascun uomo la facilità di far imbrogli,
gli imbroglioni non hanno più la patente dell’individualità; se ne è
costituita una grande famiglia che agisce per conto proprio e senza
bisogno d’intermediarj.
Fedele dunque al costume dell’epoca, mastro Antonio era un uomo
che non veniva meno alle qualità essenziali della sua professione.
La sua bottega come quella di tutti i barbieri era il Club..., in
miniatura, delle grandi riunioni; vi si parlava di tutti e di tutto... si
occhieggiavano dai vetri le belle ragazze che passavan per via, e
non c’era fallo che chiestone il nome a mastro Antonio non lo
sapesse a mena dito, e non ne desse le più precise informazioni.
Io credo che l’antica Mitologia, che ha simboleggiato virtù e colpe...
opere... e cose, per dar forma al pettegolezzo avrebbe dovuto
scegliere un barbiere.
Una sera c’era ressa d’innanzi alla bottega di mastro Antonio...
pareva che si discorresse di cosa ben importante chè tutti avrebber
voluto sapere: ognuno che passava si mettea nel numero, tutti
tendevano tanto di orecchi; si sentivan esclamazioni, si vedevano
atti di sorpresa.
Mastro Antonio era nel suo elemento come un capitano in mezzo
alla mischia... aveva d’intorno a sè gente che voleva sentire a tutti i
costi ciò che egli accennava di voler dire, e che non diceva mai...
Aveva scoperto nientemeno che il segreto del palazzo della valle...
Immaginati lettore l’effetto ch’egli aveva prodotto d’intorno a sè
quando aveva detto... Amici... nel palazzo c’è un mistero...
— Certo che c’è un mistero.... saltò su uno del crocchio....
— C’è.... altro che c’è.... borbottò un omaccione dondolandosi per
darsi importanza.
— Bello!... soggiunse un terzo.... sta a vedere che cosa sia poi!...
— Ed è qui che vi voglio!... conchiuse mastro Antonio, girando
d’intorno il suo sguardo che pareva lanciasse una sfida a tutta quella
folla di curiosi...
— Sai qualche cosa... sai qualche cosa?... gli si domandò da tutte le
parti... e il cerchio gli si strinse tanto vicino che ei dovette farsi largo
colle braccia onde non rimanerne soffocato....
— Se ne so?... se ne so?... disse egli con mistero.... Nientemeno
che ho inteso....
— Cos’hai inteso?...
— È una cosa da far strabiliare.... c’entra il diavolo come i santi nelle
litanie!...
— Ve l’assicuro io, parola di mastro barbiere... figuratevi che venivo
per la strada delle Pradelle.... era sera tarda.... c’era una nebbia da
non vederci a un palmo, e passavo vicino al palazzo.... Potete
immaginarvi se mi son guardato ben d’intorno.... ed ho veduto....
Nessuno del crocchio fiatava.... non si sentiva un alito, tutti eran
sorpresi alle parole di mastro Antonio e pareva che coll’atto
impaziente del pensiero, tutte quelle persone volessero collo
sguardo fisso su lui, strappargliele fuor dal labbro... dal labbro che
pareva fosse tanto tardo a mandarle fuori, quanta era l’ansia con cui
ardevano intenderle... Era tanta la loro attenzione che nessuno di
loro fe’ mente ad un nuovo personaggio arrivato per la strada della
città e che visto quel crocchio a sollecito passo vi si avvicinò con
qualche agitazione.
Era questi un giovane; poteva dimostrare dai 24 ai 28 anni... era
pallido, di sembianze dilicate, portava calato sugli occhi un largo
feltro nero, alla bandoliera un mantello; vi si era avvolto sino al
mento e se lo discostò quando fu frammischiato a quel crocchio di
curiosi, animato egli pure da quel sentimento generale che in lui
parve prima svogliatezza, e che manifestandosi con varia
gradazione a norma che il barbiere particolareggiava il suo racconto
parve raggiungere un’ansia febbrile.
— Cos’avete veduto mastro Antonio?... si domandò in coro.
— Nientemeno che un’ombra...
— Un’ombra!... si mormorò con un fremito... tutti si guardaron in viso
e s’eran fatti pallidi di paura... L’incognito solo non impallidì... nel suo
ciglio balenò un lampo.
— Un’ombra... seguitava il barbiere... che mi pareva diversa dalle
altre ombre. Per Bacco!.. dicono che le ombre sono lunghe lunghe...
quella mi pareva piccola piccola, pareva avvolta in una coperta del
color della nebbia.. Mi pareva che fosse venuta fuori dai canneti
della riva... e veniva verso il palazzo della valle, come se avesse
paura d’essere seguitata o veduta da qualcuno... si fermava ad ogni
tratto... in volto io non la vedevo perchè mi pareva che non avesse
volto... poi ripigliava il cammino, e veniva avanti finchè fu arrivata
dietro al palazzo; stette come guardando per qualche istante... poi
costeggiò le mura, entrò nell’acqua... si sprofondò dentro dentro, e
ne uscì di nuovo... sempre rasente al muro della casa... la vidi farsi
grande grande, poi intesi una cantilena, mi parea quella della
vecchia Marta che è scomparsa dal palazzo dopo che il nipote del
mago vi portò sua moglie, la bella fanciulla che pure non s’è più
veduta; mossi qualche passo in fretta per veder che fosse... L’ombra
era sparita e sapete cosa ho sentito?... proprio vicino al luogo dove
prima aveva veduto diventar grande grande quell’ombra maledetta;
invece di quel brutto canto della strega, ho inteso una voce dolce
dolce come quella d’un angelo che cantava non so che cosa, ma
una cosa sì mesta e sì dolce che son rimasto là strabiliato come
venissi dal mondo della luna o peggio.... voleva ascoltare ancora,
ma non intesi più nulla, non sentivo intorno a me che il vento che
soffiava maledettamente e mi trovai tutto bagnato dalla nebbia che
veniva giù come la fosse pioggia d’estate!...
S’era fatto profondo silenzio intorno a mastro Antonio fin ch’ei
contava la sua storia, e quand’ebbe finito fu un ronzio di parole che
venne fuori da quel crocchio, come vapore che si sprigioni da una
chiusa pentola che bolle!...
— Davvero la è una strana storia mastro Antonio!...
Saltò su l’omaccione; e non vorrei che fosse il cervello che ti desse
tracollo....
— Vi dico che ho veduto con questi occhi, e sentito con queste
orecchie, messer Momolo!... e non avete che a andar ronzoni intorno
a mezzanotte per persuadervi che dentro alla casa della valle vi
sieno o no le ombre, o che so io....
L’omaccione squassò le sue larghe spalle, e fe’ una smorfia che
avrebbe dovuto essere un sorriso....
Ciascuno commentò quel racconto a suo modo e chi vi vide una
cosa, chi l’altra, chi le streghe, e chi il diavolo e chi sospettò di
qualche serio intrigo.
Il giovane dal feltro nero che non ne aveva perduta parola, s’era
scostato guardingo dal gruppo e non appena vide che si disperdeva,
rifatta la strada a solleciti passi, ristette poco distante dalla bottega di
mastro Antonio e parve riflettere sopra una deliberazione che stesse
per prendere.... Mastro Antonio il barbiere era entrato nella bottega...
ei vi passò davanti, lo vide solo e schiusane in fretta la porta coll’atto
di chi brami non esser veduto, si cacciò dentro e comparve quasi
improvviso d’innanzi al barbiere.
Questi non potè rattenere un grido di sorpresa e forse di paura,
impressionato com’era dal racconto che veniva d’aver fatto con tanto
calore.
— Non sono nè un’ombra, nè un ladro.... s’affrettò a rispondere il
giovane, che vedeva il barbiere spalancare su di lui due occhi
spaventati; sono semplicemente un uomo che deve farvi una
domanda.
— Una domanda? mormorò il barbiere, che riprendeva un po’
d’animo vedendo che realmente aveva a che fare con un uomo che
non era uno spirito. Affè è uno strano modo questo di venire a far...
la...
— È un modo qualunque per chi non voglia esser veduto entrare, e
ne ho i miei motivi... Mastro Antonio... ho sentito il vostro racconto...
— Ne ho tanto piacere signore!... l’hanno inteso tanti... sarete uno di
più...
— Forse uno di meno.
— Di meno cosa?...
— Uno di meno che ha creduto alle vostre fanfalucche di ombre e di
spiriti... volete insegnarmi da dove avete veduto venir fuori l’ombra
che accennavate?... il luogo dove è sparita, e dove avete inteso quel
canto?...
Mastro Antonio spalancò sul giovane i suoi grandi occhiacci e
credette ch’ei diventasse matto per volgergli una simile domanda.
Il giovane che parve comprendere l’espressione di quella significante
pantomima... trasse di tasca una borsa e la porse al barbiere.
— Questo denaro por voi buon uomo se può valere a farvi metter da
banda la vostra paura per le ombre... e se aderite alla mia domanda,
non dovete che accompagnarmi fuor della porta, una semplice
indicazione mi basterà... e che anima viva non sappia una parola di
ciò.
Il barbiere non se lo fece dire due volte, fe’ passar la borsa del
giovane in una delle larghe sue tasche bisunte, tolse il suo cappello
da una panca e precedette il forestiere a cui era venuto, pensava lui
un sì strano gusto, contento se non altro che lo pagasse tanto bene.
 CAPITOLO XXXVII.
Timori e speranze.

Come il lettore avrà potuto facilmente indovinarlo il giovine dal feltro

nero che era capitato così d’improvviso in mezzo al circolo del
barbiere non era altri che Adolfo... Egli aveva lasciato il paese
appena le forze glielo consentirono, ed ardente d’amore e di
vendetta, dopo aver trovato colla mente il filo tenebroso che era
stato dalla fatalità allacciato intorno alla sua esistenza, veniva in
cerca dell’uomo che dopo aver assassinato suo padre, fatta morire
di dolore sua madre, s’era frapposto tra lui e la felicità, e da cui
presentiva tutta l’immensità della sventura che doveva essersi
compiuta durante la sua lunga agonia.
Egli si era recato a Mantova, ed aveva trovata deserta la casa del
marchese; egli era occupato ancora della sua missione, la marchesa
Caterina era morta, Angela la seppe sposa dell’uomo che solo egli
odiava con tutto il veleno del cuore in mezzo a coloro a cui
prodigava i tesori del suo affetto.
Gli si era parlato del giovan signore del palazzo della valle come di
persona nei cui fatti il volgo non fermò mai il pensiero compreso dal
superstizioso terrore che avvolgeva un tal luogo. Aveva inteso di
quello strano matrimonio, di quella sparizione più strana ancora...
Adolfo gli si era cacciato alle peste da buon segugio!... Che che
dovesse succedere, di lui!... di quanti lo circondavano! era d’uopo
ch’egli avesse la vita di quest’uomo, di questo miserabile con cui
doveva saldare un ben serio conto, in quel giuoco terribile alla cui
posta aveva messa la vita!...
Mille pensieri tumultuavano nella mente di Adolfo dopo che mastro
Antonio accennatogli quanto gli chiedeva e che sembrava tanto
interessarlo, lo lasciò solo d’innanzi a quella casa dentro cui un
segreto presentimento gli faceva creder che si celasse rapita ad ogni
sguardo, in preda a chi sa quali tristi vessazioni la sua Angela!... Egli
stette immoto, contemplando quell’imponente edificio che assumeva
le strane forme d’un immane fantasima, d’un mostro vivente che
avesse la potenza dell’operare!... e questa sua opera era un’opera
d’inferno!... il giovane sentiva quasi l’impotenza di continuare nel
disordine del pensiero, lotta contro l’ignoto, quella larva infame che
egli doveva afferrare per far sua...
Egli avrebbe chiesto a Dio un attimo della sua onniscienza se
avesse creduto che Dio!... questa chimera dell’immaginazione,
avesse potuto ascoltarlo; ma egli era qual si trovava; solo in faccia a
ciò che voleva compiere, solo colla cupa disperazione della sua
anima, compresa da una speranza a cui domandava la vita, fosse
pure coll’illusione d’un sogno!
La notte scendeva intanto umida di nebbia, e densa di tenebre; non
spirava vento, s’udiva solo il passo di qualche borghigiano di
Portaleona che si recava alla sua casa, la canzone di qualche
operaio e il mormorio dell’acqua che rasente al fianco sinistro del
palazzo, correva via per la sua strada, calma e tranquilla sovra il suo
letto d’alghe e di sassi.
Concentrato così in quel suo disordinato vaneggiare, il giovane non
s’era accorto che il tempo era scorso: ei quasi non si ricordava più
perchè fosse venuto colà, perchè colà si trovasse, a quell’ora... era
rapito così lontano... in tal profonda astrazione che non si saria più
ricordato di vivere se la campana del castello non l’avesse
richiamato in sè col batter della mezzanotte!
Mezzanotte!... è l’ora dei convegni... l’ora in cui l’amante scambia il
bacio furtivo, e rinnova un giuro sulle labbra della sua bella, che
dimentica poi l’indomani con un’altra!... è l’ora in cui l’assassino
aspetta silenzioso, forse tremante, che la fatalità metta una qualche
vittima alla portata del suo pugnale avido di sangue.
La casa della valle giganteggiava isolata in mezzo alle tenebre, non
vi si vedeva indizio di vita, non lume oscillava la sua luce dalle ampie
finestre, tutto ad un tratto un fremito corse le fibre del giovane... tese
l’orecchio... gli pareva d’aver inteso... aspettò ansioso... Lungo la
riva che fiancheggia la casa vide agitarsi qualche cosa che aveva
una forma umana... Intese un canto che gli parve strano come quella
visione... era monotono e gutturale, pareva un rantolo
d’agonizzante... ei guardò ed ascoltò concentrando in quell’azione
suprema della sua volontà tutta la vita della sua anima, giungendo
così a quella percezione acustica che ha talvolta dal prodigio... a
quella percezione per cui i figli del deserto indovinano lo sbalzo della
tigre quando ancora non ne sentono il ruggito, lo scalpito del cavallo,
o lo strisciar del serpe. Pare che in certi momenti l’anima sia
soggetta ad arcane divinazioni!... che le facoltà umane si
moltiplichino, si sformino e si informino schiave e dominatrici nello
stesso tempo, per servire allo sviluppo di quell’attività del pensiero
che sembra tacere in noi e scattar improvvisa quando si sia sotto la
pressione di qualche fatto eccezionale.
Adolfo vedeva ad onta delle tenebre che lo circondavano, sentiva!...
Vale a dire che per lui, la cui intelligenza era rischiarata dal racconto
del barbiere, per quanto strano ed inverosimile ei si fosse, quella
forma di fantasima come a tutti era parso, era un essere vivente,
quel canto era un segnale!... Lo comprendeva per la stranezza
istessa di quelle note che avevano un suono informe e strano
appunto perchè chi le mandava dava loro quell’impronta che valesse
a non farle credere umane!
Quell’oggetto su cui si fissava tutta l’attenzione del giovane
avanzava lentamente e con precauzione rasente al fianco della
casa, poi ad un tratto scomparve... dal labbro di Adolfo sfuggì un
piccol grido... ch’ei soffocò per la tema che a qualcuno potesse
rivelare colà la sua presenza, avanzò di qualche passo ed attese...
non sentì più nulla... il canto era cessato... Scorse un mezz’ora
d’ansia indicibile... Era certo che qualche mistero si nascondeva
dentro alle mura di quel palazzo fatto segno dal pregiudizio alla
paura del volgo.
Quell’ombra che era già stata veduta da mastro Antonio, non
essendo un’impressione della sua stravolta e delirante fantasia, era
dunque un essere reale... Veniva da qualche luogo e si recava in un
luogo prefisso per compiervi un’opera qualunque.
Onde venire a conoscenza di ciò, l’unico mezzo era di scoprire chi
fosse quella strana creatura o cosa venisse a fare colà.
L’aveva veduta sboccare dietro alla casa, rasente a quel ramo
dicorrente che ne bagnava il fianco sinistro; veniva dunque dalle
Pradelle, dalla valle, ed era entrata nel palazzo.
Adolfo girò intorno a quella casa, e si appostò di dietro al palazzo
sulla strada da dove poteva supporre che fosse venuto quell’essere
che gli era scomparso sotto agli occhi, entrando nella casa della
valle, come la notte prima era per mastro Antonio sparito sotto
l’acqua del fiume...
 CAPITOLO XXXVIII.
Il Fantasma.

Visitando anche oggi il vecchio palazzo dei Ceresara, volgendo a

destra del cortile si scende giù da una gradinata a quel ramo del
Mincio che ora si è incanalato e che allora scorreva libero la
campagna.
I conti Ceresara trassero profitto dall’acqua che bagnava l’ala
sinistra del lor caseggiato onde servirsene agli usi della casa e per
l’abbeveraggio dei cavalli.
Oggi erettavi sopra una tettoja se ne fece un lavatojo dove si lavora
a forza di braccia il bucato, e dove convengono vispe lavandaje dalle
guancie rosse, e dalla nervatura che non sarà andata forse a genio
di qualche damerino troppo ardito...
Dice il proverbio, che colle cuoche e colle lavandaje c’è da far conti
alla larga, e forse il proverbio ha ragione.
In quel vano che staccava le due ale del palazzo e ne spezzava il
quadrato, diviso com’era tra la casa signorile e la rustica abitazione,
che probabilmente sarà stata occupata dal servidorame dei conti
Ceresara e dai vassalli delle terre; in quel vano ripeto che lasciava
adito all’interno del cortile, era sparita l’ombra veduta da mastro
Antonio, e l’essere umano veduto ed espiato da Adolfo.
Se oggi però si scende al canale dalla corte del palazzo, allora non
vi scendeva a che dopo aver aperta la seracinesca di legno di
quercia che ne chiudeva l’entrata. Al di là della seracinesca eravi
una piccola porta quasi rasente al canale che vi si vede anche oggi...
il livello dell’acqua doveva essere allora più alto giacchè l’acqua
della corrente passava per quella specie di sotterraneo e seguitava il
suo corso; oggi l’acqua del canale appena ne bagna il terreno.
Adolfo poi che ebbe atteso alquanto tempo, impaziente nella sua
ricerca a cui era attaccata tanta parte della sua speranza, s’avvicinò
più ancora alla riva e gettò uno sguardo ansioso lungo il fianco del
palazzo; vide o gli parve vedere qualche cosa che si moveva sulla
superficie dell’acqua precisamente presso al luogo dove gli parve
fosse scomparso l’oggetto che aveva attirata la sua attenzione.
Quella cosa, pareva una specie di zattera formata da poche assi di
legno connesse insieme ond’ei trasse argomento che avesse potuto
servire a trar colà la persona che avea scorta prima avvicinarsi a
quel luogo... Un lampo di gioja balenò nel suo sguardo che lo
confermò coll’attenta ricerca nella trattane desunzione... Egli che
temeva essere giuoco d’un’illusione che poteva ritornarlo nel
disinganno e nella disperazione, comprese che v’era una realtà,
qualunque potesse essere in quel convegno notturno d’un fantasma
che era un essere umano.
Poco spazio lo divideva da quell’oggetto galleggiante, ei si provò a
scender nell’acqua, l’acqua era bassa; avanzò con risolutezza e
toccò la zattera, che era diffatti una zattera mal connessa, ma che
bastava però a reggere per poco tragitto chi vi si fosse avventurato;
vi montò sopra ed aggrappandosi alle fenditure della muraglia fu
presso al vano che abbiam prima accennato... Adolfo ringraziò il
cielo col muto trasporto del pensiero, d’un balzo toccò terra e si trovò
di faccia alla chiusa saracinesca.
La saracinesca era ben salda ond’ei si persuase in un attimo che
l’oggetto da lui veduto, a meno che non fosse un fantasma, di là non
poteva essere passato... se era un fantasma non doveva aver avuto
bisogno di una zattera per arrivarvi; ne veniva dunque di logica
conseguenza che non era passato di là, e che se non era nel vano
dove egli si trovava, doveva essere entrato da qualche parte.
La porticina che abbiamo notata e che metteva al sotterraneo
allagato, era difatti al di qua della saracinesca... il giovine vi si
avvicinò... il chiavistello di ferro ond’era sbarrata cigolò sotto la
pressione della sua mano robusta, la porticina si aperse.
 CAPITOLO XXXIX.
Marta!...

Il giovane ristette attonito; s’era messo sulle traccie d’un fatto avvolto
dal mistero il più impenetrabile, su cui la superstizione dell’epoca
gettava il suo mantello quasi egida inviolabile, e che che ei si fosse
questo mistero, stava per esser suo... L’ignoto.... questo spettro del
pensiero si dissipava innanzi a lui per lasciarvi succedere il reale:
cosa sarebbe poi questa realtà? Per lui che galoppava sì
rapidamente sul giovane destriero delle illusioni v’era di che aver
paura di sè stesso.
Frattanto che egli lottava colle sue riflessioni, e si abbandonava alle
mille emozioni che andavano svolgendosi nella sua anima agitata,
intese uno strano rumore dal sotterraneo innanzi alla cui soglia era
restato immobile e trepidante; udì lo scricchiolare come di una scala
di legno sotto la pressione d’un passo, intese una voce, Adolfo fremè
in tutte le fibre del suo corpo... e si portò la mano alle tempia come
volesse rattenerne i battiti convulsi... Angela!... mormorò egli pallido
come un cadavere.. è ben la voce d’Angela!.. nell’attimo istesso
un’ombra si agitò sotto l’oscura vôlta... una forma umana passò la
soglia della porticina... Adolfo tese la mano contratta, l’ombra non gli
svanì d’innanzi come un sogno... egli sentì un corpo che si dibatteva,
intese un grido, una massa inerte gli cadeva ai piedi tramortita; a
quel grido un altro vi rispose dall’interno dei sotterraneo, fioco come
un lamento, supplice come una preghiera... Adolfo s’era lanciato
oltre alla soglia innanzi a cui esanime era caduta una vecchia
ravvolta in un grigio scialle da farla parere un fantasma.... Egli aveva
indovinato in quel grido la voce di Angela la quale chiamava con
accento supplice e che aveva l’espressione del terrore: Marta!...
Marta!...
 CAPITOLO XL.
Spiegazioni!...

A toglier dalla meraviglia il lettore a cui parrà strano quell’incontro di

Angela e della vecchia Marta; di Marta che era da tanto tempo
sparita dal palazzo, e d’Angela così vicina al suo persecutore dopo
ch’eragli stata rapita dalle braccia nella sala del banchetto in quella
notte d’orgia che celebrava un delitto.... diremo che la vecchia
custode poi che si trovò tra le braccia la spaventata fanciulla,
approfittando del disordine a cui aveva dato luogo la sua strana
apparizione aveva scese a precipizio le scale.... s’era trovata nel
cortile, e quando sostò riflettendo su quanto era avvenuto, si chiese
come potesse salvare quella fanciulla che non aveva avuto paura
del suo deforme aspetto, che non era arretrata compresa di
spavento d’innanzi a lei, che aveva indovinato un cuore sotto le sue
sembianze di strega, come la chiamavano quei della borgata, con
accento di insultante disprezzo.
La notte era tetra e si poteva a stento scorgere quell’informe cosa
nero-bigia che era la vecchia Marta abbracciata a quella bianca
forma di vergine che era Angela. Era uno strano gruppo che stette
immobile disegnandosi in mezzo alle tenebre nel vasto cortile del
palazzo.
S’intese un fragore come di passi che s’incalzino gli uni sugli altri
sulle scale per dove la vecchia era scesa; un lampo rischiarò
foscamente la notte e guizzando illuminò la destra ala della casa; un
pensiero sorse nella mente di Marta che era tutta intenta nella
ricerca di un mezzo di salvezza.
S’era risovvenuta che là... v’era una stanza, inviolabile per il signore
del palazzo; inviolabile come la tomba d’un estinto, e più ancora che
la tomba d’un estinto!... una stanza a cui egli non s’avrebbe potuto
avvicinare perchè v’era guardiano il fantasma d’un assassinato:
quella da dove ella lo vide in una notte parimente fosca e terribile,
parimente minacciosa di procella, uscire coi capelli irti... col terrore
sulla fronte, spaventato dal suo grido di pazza che gli pareva la voce
della coscienza e che gli andava ripetendo come minaccioso
rimprovero: Caino!... Caino!...
Il lettore si ricorderà di quel roco grido della vecchia Marta che
cacciava Enrico fremente di terrore su per i deserti scaloni a
racchiudersi nel suo appartamento solo coi fantasmi del suo agitato
pensiero che non gli avran certo consentito una delle più calme sue
notti.
Marta strettasi fra le braccia la semiviva fanciulla, corse a quella
volta e vi si racchiuse... Aveva appena fatto ciò, che la voce agitata
di Enrico faceva echeggiare le vaste solitudini del palazzo colle sue
grida che chiamavano la vecchia e la fanciulla. A lui non rispondeva
che il fischio del vento, lo squittir dai comignoli dei gufi che
salutavano la bufera, e l’eco che ritornava a lui le vane sue grida
come uno scherno che gli strappava dall’animo un fremito impotente
d’ira e di minaccia!..
 CAPITOLO XLI.
Rivelazioni!...

L’istessa notte in cui stanno per compiersi questi avvenimenti che

rapidamente volgono al loro termine, uno dei famigli d’Enrico
bussava alla porta del suo appartamento.
Il signore della Casa della Valle tutto chiuso in sè colle sinistre
memorie del suo passato avea fatto serrare la porta della sala dei
banchetti; non più i canti d’allegre brigate erano echeggiati sotto le
vôlte del vasto salone!... Intorno ai capolavori d’arte che ne
adornavano le pareti, il ragno intesseva le sue fila, il pipistrello aveva
ampio campo a svolazzarvi intorno, e poteva appendersi colle anche
alate a qualche barba di santo od al naso di qualche amorino!...
Le sale del piano signorile eran chiuse e deserte, ei vi si aggirava
talvolta, tetro e cupo... cercando a sè d’intorno qualche cosa
d’animato e non trovandovi che le sue memorie... triste compagnia
contro cui non valeva a lottare tutta la forza della sua anima che
andava prostrandosi sotto il peso di quella maledizione che sentiva
gravare su lui compiendo insensibilmente l’opera del suo
annientamento.
Ai colpi battuti sulla porta della sala dove egli si trovava, Enrico si
scosse. — Sono il vostro umile servitore che chiede dirvi una parola,
disse una voce che ei riconobbe per quella di Ambrogio il gigante
che più d’una volta abbiamo veduto immischiarsi ne’ suoi affari.
Enrico aprì bruscamente, e poi che vide sulla soglia quella sinistra
figura di bandito, che girava tra le dita la sua berretta di felpa, gli fe’