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Study Guide and Student Solutions Manual
Organic Chemistry
EIGHTH EDITION
John McMurry
Prepared by
Susan McMurry
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
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© 2012 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning ISBN-13: 978-0-8400-5445-6
ISBN-10: 0-8400-5445-9
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or Brooks/Cole
used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or 20 Davis Drive
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Contents
Solutions to Problems
Chapter 1 Structure and Bonding 1
Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases 20
Review Unit 1 38
Chapter 3 Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry 41
Chapter 4 Organic Compounds Cycloalkanes and Their Stereochemistry 64
Chapter 5 Stereochemistry 88
Review Unit 2 112
Chapter 6 An Overview of Organic Reactions 116
Chapter 7 Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity 132
Chapter 8 Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis 158
Review Unit 3 186
Chapter 9 Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis 190
Chapter 10 Organohalides 213
Chapter 11 Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations 233
Review Unit 4 264
Chapter 12 Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy 268
Chapter 13 Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 289
Review Unit 5 316
Chapter 14 Conjugated Dienes and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 319
Chapter 15 Benzene and Aromaticity 342
Chapter 16 Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution 361
Review Unit 6 400
Chapter 17 Alcohols and Phenols 404
Chapter 18 Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides 440
Review Unit 7 469
Carbonyl Preview 472
Chapter 19 Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions 474
Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles 518
Chapter 21 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions 544
Review Unit 8 584
Chapter 22 Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions 588
Chapter 23 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions 616
Chapter 24 Amines and Heterocycles 654
Review Unit 9 698
Chapter 25 Biomolecules: Carbohydrates 701
Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins 733
Review Unit 10 762
Chapter 27 Biomolecules: Lipids 765
Chapter 28 Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids 790
Chapter 29 The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic Pathways 807
Review Unit 11 832
Chapter 30 Orbitals and Organic Chemistry: Pericyclic Reactions 836
Chapter 31 Synthetic Polymers 857
Review Unit 12 874
Appendices
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Preface
What enters your mind when you hear the words "organic chemistry?" Some of you may think,
"the chemistry of life," or "the chemistry of carbon." Other responses might include "pre-med,
"pressure," "difficult," or "memorization." Although formally the study of the compounds of
carbon, the discipline of organic chemistry encompasses many skills that are common to other
areas of study. Organic chemistry is as much a liberal art as a science, and mastery of the concepts
and techniques of organic chemistry can lead to improved competence in other fields.
As you work on the problems that accompany the text, you will bring to the task many
problem-solving techniques. For example, planning an organic synthesis requires the skills of a
chess player; you must plan your moves while looking several steps ahead, and you must keep
your plan flexible. Structure-determination problems are like detective problems, in which many
clues must be assembled to yield the most likely solution. Naming organic compounds is similar to
the systematic naming of biological specimens; in both cases, a set of rules must be learned and
then applied to the specimen or compound under study.
The problems in the text fall into two categories: drill and complex. Drill problems, which
appear throughout the text and at the end of each chapter, test your knowledge of one fact or
technique at a time. You may need to rely on memorization to solve these problems, which you
should work on first. More complicated problems require you to recall facts from several parts of
the text and then use one or more of the problem-solving techniques mentioned above. As each
major type of problem—synthesis, nomenclature, or structure determination—is introduced in the
text, a solution is extensively worked out in this Solutions Manual.
Here are several suggestions that may help you with problem solving:
1. The text is organized into chapters that describe individual functional groups. As you
study each functional group, make sure that you understand the structure and reactivity of
that group. In case your memory of a specific reaction fails you, you can rely on your
general knowledge of functional groups for help.
2. Use molecular models. It is difficult to visualize the three-dimensional structure of an
organic molecule when looking at a two-dimensional drawing. Models will help you to
appreciate the structural aspects of organic chemistry and are indispensable tools for
understanding stereochemistry.
3. Every effort has been made to make this Solutions Manual as clear, attractive, and
error-free as possible. Nevertheless, you should use the Solutions Manual in moderation.
The principal use of this book should be to check answers to problems you have already
worked out. The Solutions Manual should not be used as a substitute for effort; at times,
struggling with a problem is the only way to teach yourself.
4. Look through the appendices at the end of the Solutions Manual. Some of these
appendices contain tables that may help you in working problems; others present
information related to the history of organic chemistry.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
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vi Preface
I have tried to include many types of study aids in this Solutions Manual. Nevertheless,
this book can only serve as an adjunct to the larger and more complete textbook. If Organic
Chemistry is the guidebook to your study of organic chemistry, then the Solutions Manual is the
roadmap that shows you how to find what you need.
Acknowledgments I would like to thank my husband, John McMurry, for offering me the
opportunity to write this book many years ago and for supporting my efforts while this edition was
being prepared. Although many people at Brooks/Cole Publishing company have given me
encouragement during this project, special thanks are due to Elizabeth Woods. I also would like to
acknowledge the contribution of Bette Kreuz, whose comments, suggestions and incredibly
thorough accuracy checks was indispensable.
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Chapter 1 – Structure and Bonding
Chapter Outline
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2 Chapter 1
3. Van't Hoff and Le Bel proposed that the 4 atoms to which carbon forms bonds sit
at the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
4. In a drawing of a tetrahedral carbon, a wedged line represents a bond pointing
toward the viewer, a dashed line points behind the plane of the page, and a solid
line lies in the plane of the page..
B. Covalent bonds.
1. Atoms bond together because the resulting compound is more stable than the
individual atoms.
a. Atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas.
b. Atoms in groups 1A, 2A and 7A either lose electrons or gain electrons to form
ionic compounds.
c. Atoms in the middle of the periodic table share electrons by forming covalent
bonds.
d. The neutral collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds is a molecule.
2. Covalent bonds can be represented two ways.
a. In electron-dot structures, bonds are represented as pairs of dots.
b. In line-bond structures, bonds are represented as lines drawn between two
bonded atoms.
3. The number of covalent bonds formed by an atom depends on the number of
electrons it has and on the number it needs to achieve an octet.
4. Valence electrons not used for bonding are called lone-pair (nonbonding) electrons.
a. Lone-pair electrons are often represented as dots.
C. Valence bond theory (Section 1.5).
1. Covalent bonds are formed by the overlap of two atomic orbitals, each of which
contains one electron. The two electrons have opposite spins.
2. Bonds formed by the head-on overlap of two atomic orbitals are cylindrically
symmetrical and are called σ bonds.
3. Bond strength is the measure of the amount of energy needed to break a bond.
4. Bond length is the optimum distance between nuclei.
5. Every bond has a characteristic bond length and bond strength.
III. Hybridization (Sections 1.6–1.10).
A. sp3 Orbitals (Sections 1.6, 1.7).
1. Structure of methane (Section 1.6).
a. When carbon forms 4 bonds with hydrogen, one 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals
combine to form four equivalent atomic orbitals (sp3 hybrid orbitals).
b. These orbitals are tetrahedrally oriented.
c. Because these orbitals are unsymmetrical, they can form stronger bonds than
unhybridized orbitals can.
d. These bonds have a specific geometry and a bond angle of 109.5°.
2. Structure of ethane (Section 1.7).
a. Ethane has the same type of hybridization as occurs in methane.
b. The C–C bond is formed by overlap of two sp3 orbitals.
c. Bond lengths, strengths and angles are very close to those of methane.
B. sp2 Orbitals (Section 1.8).
1. If one carbon 2s orbital combines with two carbon 2p orbitals, three hybrid sp2
orbitals are formed, and one p orbital remains unchanged.
2. The three sp2 orbitals lie in a plane at angles of 120°, and the unhybridized p orbital
is perpendicular to them.
3. Two different types of bonds form between two carbons.
a. A σ bond forms from the overlap of two sp2 orbitals.
b. A π bond forms by sideways overlap of two p orbitals.
c. This combination is known as a carbon–carbon double bond.
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Structure and Bonding 3
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4 Chapter 1
Solutions to Problems
1.1 (a) To find the ground-state electron configuration of an element, first locate its atomic
number. For oxygen, the atomic number is 8; oxygen thus has 8 protons and 8 electrons.
Next, assign the electrons to the proper energy levels, starting with the lowest level. Fill
each level completely before assigning electrons to a higher energy level.
Notice that the 2p electrons are in different orbitals. According to Hund's rule, we must
place one electron into each orbital of the same energy level until all orbitals are half-filled.
2p
Oxygen 2s
1s
Remember that only two electrons can occupy the same orbital, and that they must be of
opposite spin.
A different way to represent the ground-state electron configuration is to simply write
down the occupied orbitals and to indicate the number of electrons in each orbital. For
example, the electron configuration for oxygen is 1s2 2s2 2p4.
(b) Nitrogen, with an atomic number of 7, has 7 electrons. Assigning these to energy
levels:
Nitrogen 2p
2s
1s
The more concise way to represent ground-state electron configuration for nitrogen:
1s2 2s2 2p3
3p
3s
Sulfur 2p
2s
1s
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Structure and Bonding 5
1.2 The elements of the periodic table are organized into groups that are based on the number of
outer-shell electrons each element has. For example, an element in group 1A has one outer-
shell electron, and an element in group 5A has five outer-shell electrons. To find the
number of outer-shell electrons for a given element, use the periodic table to locate its
group.
(a) Magnesium (group 2A) has two electrons in its outermost shell.
(b) Cobalt is a transition metal, which has two electrons in the 4s subshell, plus seven
electrons in its 3d subshell.
(c) Selenium (group 6A) has six electrons in its outermost shell.
1.3 A solid line represents a bond lying in the plane of the page, a wedged bond represents a
bond pointing out of the plane of the page toward the viewer, and a dashed bond represents
a bond pointing behind the plane of the page.
C Chloroform
Cl Cl
Cl
1.4
H H
H
C C Ethane
H
H H
1.5 Identify the group of the central element to predict the number of covalent bonds the
element can form.
(a) Carbon (Group 4A) has four electrons in its valence shell and forms four bonds to
achieve the noble-gas configuration of neon. A likely formula is CCl4.
(b) Al 3A AlH3
(c) C 4A CH2Cl2
(d) Si 4A SiF4
(e) N 5A CH 3NH 2
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6 Chapter 1
.
. C. 4 x 1 = 4
.
H. 1 x 1 = 1
..
: .Cl. . 7 x 3 = 21
26 total valence electrons
.H.
Cl : .C. : Cl
Cl
(3) Finally, use the remaining electrons to achieve an noble gas configuration for all atoms.
For a line-bond structure, replace the electron dots between two atoms with a line.
H H
. . .H. .H.
(c) CH3NH2 : .H. : .C. : .N. : H H C .N. H
H H
14 valence electrons
H
.H.
(d) CH3Li H : .C. : Li H C Li
8 valence electrons H H
1.7 Each of the two carbons has 4 valence electrons. Two electrons are used to form the
carbon–carbon bond, and the 6 electrons that remain can form bonds with a maximum of 6
hydrogens. Thus, the formula C2H7 is not possible.
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Structure and Bonding 7
1.8 Connect the carbons and add hydrogens so that all carbons are bonded to four different
atoms.
H H H H H
sp3 H
H C C C H C C Propane
H sp3
H H H H C H
H sp3
H
The geometry around all carbon atoms is tetrahedral, and all bond angles are approximately
109°.
1.9
HH HH HH H H H H H H
H C C C H C C C C C C H Hexane
C C C H
H H H H H H
HH HH HH
1.10
H H H H
H sp3 2
H C C C C sp Propene
3 2
H C H H 1C H
sp2
H H
The C3–H bonds are σ bonds formed by overlap of an sp3 orbital of carbon 3 with an s
orbital of hydrogen.
The C2–H and C1–H bonds are σ bonds formed by overlap of an sp2 orbital of carbon
with an s orbital of hydrogen.
The C2–C3 bond is a σ bond formed by overlap of an sp3 orbital of carbon 3 with an
2
sp orbital of carbon 2.
There are two C1–C2 bonds. One is a σ bond formed by overlap of an sp2 orbital of
carbon 1 with an sp2 orbital of carbon 2. The other is a π bond formed by overlap of a p
orbital of carbon 1 with a p orbital of carbon 2. All four atoms connected to the
carbon–carbon double bond lie in the same plane, and all bond angles between these atoms
are 120°. The bond angle between hydrogen and the sp3-hybridized carbon is 109°.
1.11
H H
3
H sp2 C sp2 C 1 All atoms lie in the same plane, and all bond
4 C sp2 2 C sp2 H angles are approximately 120°.
H H
1,3-Butadiene
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8 Chapter 1
1.12
H : O:
Aspirin.
H C C .. H
C C O
.. All carbons are sp2 hybridized, with the exception of the
C C .. indicated carbon. All oxygen atoms have two lone pairs
H C O: of electrons.
H
H .. C H
C 3
.O. sp
H
1.13
H H
H sp3 sp sp
H C C C H C C C H Propyne
3 2 1
H H
The C3-H bonds are σ bonds formed by overlap of an sp3 orbital of carbon 3 with an s
orbital of hydrogen.
The C1-H bond is a σ bond formed by overlap of an sp orbital of carbon 1 with an s
orbital of hydrogen.
The C2-C3 bond is a σ bond formed by overlap of an sp orbital of carbon 2 with an sp3
orbital of carbon 3.
There are three C1-C2 bonds. One is a σ bond formed by overlap of an sp orbital of
carbon 1 with an sp orbital of carbon 2. The other two bonds are π bonds formed by
overlap of two p orbitals of carbon 1 with two p orbitals of carbon 2.
The three carbon atoms of propyne lie in a straight line: the bond angle is 180°. The
H–C1≡C2 bond angle is also 180°. The bond angle between hydrogen and the sp3-
hybridized carbon is 109°.
1.14
(a) H H H H
C C The sp3-hybridized oxygen atom
H O H has tetrahedral geometry.
.. ..
(b) ..
(c) ..
Like nitrogen, phosphorus has
P five outer-shell electrons. PH3
H H has tetrahedral geometry.
H
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Structure and Bonding 9
(d) O
1 . 1 5 Remember that the end of a line represents a carbon atom with 3 hydrogens, a two-way
intersection represents a carbon atom with 2 hydrogens, a three-way intersection represents
a carbon with 1 hydrogen and a four-way intersection represents a carbon with no
hydrogens.
(a) (b)
0H OH 1H 3H O
1H 2H
HO NHCH3 1H 2H 0H
0H 2H 2H
0H
0H 1H
HO 3H 1H 2H
1H 0H 1H
2H
HO
Adrenaline – C9H13NO3 1H 2H
0H
Estrone – C18H22O2
(a)
C5H12
(b)
NH
C2H7N NH2
(c)
O OH OH
C3H6O O
O OH
O O
OH
(d)
C4H9Cl Cl Cl
Cl Cl
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10 Chapter 1
1.17
O
OH
PABA
H2N
Visualizing Chemistry
1.18
(a)
N
H
H
H H
H
C H C HC C CH
H C 3 C8H17N
H C H H
C N H
H H
H
(b)
H
H :N H NH2
..
H C C C .O. H OH
H H : O:
O
C3H7NO2
1 . 1 9 Citric acid (C6H8O7) contains seven oxygen atoms, each of which has two electron lone
pairs. Three of the oxygens form double bonds with carbon.
H ..
O: H
. .
:O: C :O: : O:
O
..
H .. C C C .. H
O
.. C C O
..
HH HH
Citric acid
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Structure and Bonding 11
1.20
H H
C C H
..
:O C C N: H H
H C C C C sp3
H H : O: H
Acetaminophen
All carbons are sp2 hybridized, except for the carbon indicated as sp3. The two oxygen
atoms and the nitrogen atom have lone pair electrons, as shown.
1.21
CH3 H
O O C H
C H C C
H
H H
HO C C C
C N C C H
C
C C H
O H H H
H2N H O
Aspartame
Additional Problems
Electron Configuration
(a) Zinc 30 2
(b) Iodine 53 7
(c) Silicon 14 4
(d) Iron 26 2 ( in 4s subshell), 6 (in 3d subshell)
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12 Chapter 1
1 . 2 5 (a) The 4 valence electrons of carbon can form bonds with a maximum of 4 hydrogens.
Thus, it is not possible for the compound CH5 to exist.
(b) If you try to draw a molecule with the formula C2H6N, you will see that it is impossible
for both carbons and nitrogen to have a complete octet of electrons. Therefore, C2H6N is
unlikely to exist.
(c) A compound with the formula C3H5Br2 doesn't have filled outer shells for all atoms
and is thus unlikely to exist.
1.26
H
..
H : .C. : C : : : N : Acetonitrile
H
In the compound acetonitrile, nitrogen has eight electrons in its outer electron shell. Six are
used in the carbon-nitrogen triple bond, and two are a nonbonding electron pair.
1.27
..
H : Cl :
C C Vinyl chloride
H H
Vinyl chloride has 18 valence electrons. Eight electrons are used for 4 single bonds, 4
electrons are used in the carbon–carbon double bond, and 6 electrons are in the 3 lone pairs
that surround chlorine.
1.28
(a) (b) : O: (c) : O:
..
S . . CH3 C .. C .. –
.. S
H3C .. H3C NH2 H3C .O. :
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es lauter.
Der Ton ihrer Stimme erschreckte sie. Es hallte so unnatürlich
wider ... so hohl und dumpf in der tiefen Stille des engen Raumes.
„Valentin!“ Nun schrie sie das Wort heraus.
Alles still ... nichts regte sich. Doch ... Dem geängstigten Weibe
schien es, als ginge ein leichtes Zittern durch den Körper des toten
Mannes. Mit starrem, gebanntem Blick sah sie auf die Leiche. Sollte
er ... regte er sich ... sollte er nochmals zum Leben erwachen?
Sophie wagte es jetzt nicht mehr, neben ihm zu sein. Ein
abergläubischer Schrecken durchrüttelte sie ... peitschte sie empor
... so daß sie wie gehetzt in das andere Ende des Zimmers flüchtete.
Wie trüb das Licht der gelben Ampel brannte ... Und wie düster
und beklommen es in dem kleinen Raum war ...
Horch! Rührte sich da nicht etwas ... ein Laut ... ein Atmen ...
Mit zusammengekrümmten Gliedern schlich das Weib an der
andern Seite des Doppelbettes entlang ... schlich ... leise ... auf
nackten Sohlen. Mit hochklopfendem Herzen horchte sie ...
horchte ...
Wie unheimlich es hier war. Und wie ruhig ... wie tot.
Und immer länger starrte sie ... sich gewaltsam an dem Rande
des Bettes festhaltend ... zu dem Toten hinüber. Je länger sie
schaute ... je länger sie mit eingezogenem Atem angestrengt horchte
und nichts hörte als den Schlag des eigenen, wild pochenden
Herzens ... desto mehr steigerte sich ihre Furcht und ihr Entsetzen
vor dem Toten.
Der kalte Schweiß stand dem zitternden Weibe auf der Stirn. Und
dann rannte sie wie von Furien gepeitscht fort ... hinaus aus dem
Zimmer ... hinüber in das gleiche Zimmer, wo sie vor wenigen
Stunden noch am offenen Fenster auf das Kommen des Geliebten
gelauscht hatte.
Licht ... Nur Licht ... Sie mußte sehen ... und frische ...
erquickende Luft schöpfen.
Wie eine Erstickende ... so lechzte das Weib nach Luft. Sie riß
die Fenster auf ... Das Klirren der Scheiben erschreckte sie.
Die eiskalte Luft, die ihr entgegenströmte, schneidend und
unbarmherzig, machte sie erzittern. Aber sie tat ihr gut. Unwillkürlich
wurde sie wieder ruhig. Was nun? ... Sophie sah sich im Zimmer um.
Sie war allein ... ganz allein. Da war niemand mehr, der für sie
dachte und für sie sorgte. Allein ... und wieder diese beklemmende
Angst ...
Warum war sie jetzt allein? Warum war er ... Felix ...
fortgegangen? Warum? ... Sie hielt sich mit zitternden Händen die
Stirne. Sie mußte denken ... ihre Gedanken sammeln.
Ja. So war’s. Sie hatte Felix fortgeschickt ... und er war
gegangen. Er hatte das Opfer angenommen, das sie bringen wollte.
Warum es ihr mit einem Male nur so schwer wurde? Sie hatte
sich ja so stark gefühlt ... so stark und nun ... nun war sie so
todtraurig.
Und wieder schüttelte sie die Angst. Ihre Zähne schlugen
aufeinander, und ihr Körper krümmte sich zusammen. Und jetzt
horchte sie ... horchte mit der ganzen Spannung ihrer überreizten
Nerven auf die Schritte, die nun kommen würden ... um sie zu holen.
Nein ... Sie durften sie nicht holen ... Sie durften sie nicht finden
hier. Fort ... fort ... nur fort ...
In fliegender Hast raffte das Weib seine Kleider zusammen. Zog
sich an ... so rasch sie konnte, und steckte sich das Haar zurecht.
Dann warf sie ein großes, dunkles Tuch über Kopf und Schultern
und eilte hinaus ... hinaus ins Freie.
Ließ alles offen stehen ... Tür und Riegel ... Sie sollten den Toten
gleich sehen ... wenn sie kamen.
Durch die einsamen Straßen hallte ihr flüchtender Schritt und gab
sein Echo zurück von den Reihen der Häuser.
Von Straße zu Straße rannte sie, angstgetrieben. Bis in den
dämmernden Morgen hinein.
Allmählich regte sich das erste Leben des beginnenden Tages.
Vereinzelt eilten Arbeiter zu ihrem Tagewerk.
Von den Fenstern der dunklen Häuserreihen fiel ab und zu ein
schmaler, verträumter Lichtschein auf die Gestalt des gehetzten
Weibes.
Immer irrte sie herum ... von Straße zu Straße ... und kam doch
stets in dieselbe Gegend zurück.
Auf dem Viadukt der Eisenbahn fuhr rasselnd ein Zug der Stadt
entgegen. Und in der Ferne tönte das müde, schlaftrunkene
Gerassel eines holperigen Wagens.
Der Tag erwachte ... schon dämmerte das erste Grau im Osten.
Da nahm Sophie Rapp ihre ganze Kraft zusammen. Es m u ß t e
sein. Fest zog sie das Tuch um sich ... ganz fest ... und dann eilte sie
... so schnell ihre zitternden Füße sie zu tragen vermochten, hinein
in die Stadt.
Todbleich im Gesicht und mit einer Stimme, die heiser und hohl
klang, sagte Frau Sophie Rapp in dem nüchternen, kleinen
Amtszimmer der Polizei, daß sie in der heutigen Nacht während
eines Streites ihren Gatten ermordet habe.
Einundzwanzigstes Kapitel.