Institute of Technology of Cambodia

Department of Civil Engineer

TP 8: Marshall Test
I4-GCI-B-G3

Professor: KAN Kuchvichea

Students: ID:
HORM VECHRA e20201661
HORNG BORA e20200277
HUY LYHONG e20190337
KHAN LYCHHINH e20200243
KHATH SAMAN e20200531
HENG SOKTHEA e20200490

Academic Year: 2023-2024

 TP8 : MARSHALL TEST
I. Introduction
Marshall Test plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality, performance, and durability
of asphalt pavements, making it an essential tool in pavement engineering and
construction. The Marshall method of asphalt mix design is widely practiced in
construction materials laboratories to select and proportion aggregate and asphalt
materials for pavement construction. This holistic approach to asphalt pavement mixes
design involves the selection of mineral aggregate and binder materials, preparation of
trial samples, load testing for strength and flow of materials, and lab tests of material
properties.

II. Objective
Marshall test method aims to determine an optimum asphalt content that will provide
maximum power to the mix with minimum deformation from axle loads. The Marshall
process uses a series of laboratory tests and evaluation criteria for selecting materials and
progressively narrows in on optimum mix design. A suitable mix will resist deformation
from traffic loads and damage from climatic conditions and will have adequate skid
resistance.

III. Equipment
1. Caliper
2. Electric balance
3. Temperature Pool
4. Marshall Stability Machine
5. Computer

Caliper Electric balance

 Temperature Pool

Marshall Stability Machine Computer

IV. Procedure
➢ Turn on temperature pool to let it heat the water until 60°C
➢ After we have done Mix Design, measure the diameter and height of each specimen
by using caliper. Note down these values.

➢ Take specimen to weigh in air first and then in water by using electric weighing
balance

➢ Wipe out the water around those specimens by using old fabric or clothes in
laboratory, then weigh each specimen to find the saturated surface dry (SSD).
➢ When the temperature in pool reach 60°C place specimens into the temperature pool
between 30min to 40min.

➢ Create the folder in computer to place your data of each specimen. Those data will get
from Marshall stability machine.
➢ Place sample in mold and put on Marshall stability machine.

➢ Press Start (F1) on computer and keep push up the bottom on Marshall stability
machine until it stops automatically then press Quit (F10) on computer. (*Don’t forget
to rename file for each sample by press Data (F3) on computer.
 ➢ Break sample into small pieces, weight in air and then in water by using electric
weighing balance.

V. Calculation and Result

A. Formulas
1. Volume of Sample
𝜋𝐷2
𝑉= ×𝐻
4
Since D: diameter of specimen
H: height of specimen
2. Specific Gravity of Paving Mixture
𝐴
𝐺𝑚𝑏 =
𝐶−𝐵
Since A: Weigh of Sample in Air
B: Weigh of Sample in Water
C: Weigh SSD of Sample
3. Maximum Specific Gravity of Paving Mixture
𝐵−𝐴
𝐺𝑚𝑚 =
(𝐵 − 𝐴) − (𝐷 − 𝐶)
Since A: Weigh of Container in Air
B: Weigh of Container+ AC in Air
C: Weigh of Container in Water
D: Weigh of Container+ AC in Water
 4. Specific Gravity of Aggregate
𝑃𝑐𝑎 + 𝑃𝑓𝑎 + 𝑃𝑚𝑓
𝐺𝑠𝑏 =
𝑃𝑐𝑎 𝑃𝑓𝑎 𝑃𝑚𝑓
+ +
𝐺𝑐𝑎 𝐺𝑓𝑎 𝐺𝑚𝑓

Since Pca , Pfa , Pmf : Weigh of Coarse, Fine, Filler, respectively (%)
Gca , Gfa , Gmf : Bulk Density Gravity of Coarse, Fine, Filler, respectively
5. Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate
𝑃𝑚𝑚 + 𝑃𝑏
𝐺𝑠𝑒 =
𝑃𝑚𝑚 𝑃𝑏
+
𝐺𝑚𝑚 𝐺𝑏
Since Pmm : Percentage of Total Weigh of Mixture = 100%
Pb = AC, Percentage of Weigh of Mixture
6. Bitumen Absorption
𝐺𝑠𝑒 − 𝐺𝑠𝑏
𝑃𝑏𝑎 = × 𝐺𝑏 × 100
𝐺𝑠𝑏 × 𝐺𝑠𝑒
Since Gb : Specific Gravity of Bitumen
7. Effective Quantity of Aggregate
𝑃𝑏𝑎 × 𝑃𝑠
𝑃𝑏𝑒 = 𝑃𝑏 −
100
Since Ps = Aggregate, Percentage by Total of Mixture
8. Void in Mineral Aggregate
𝐺𝑚𝑏 × 𝑃𝑠
𝑉𝑀𝐴 = 100 −
𝐺𝑠𝑏
9. Air Voids (%)
𝐺𝑚𝑚 − 𝐺𝑚𝑏
𝑃𝑎 = × 100
𝐺𝑚𝑚
10. Voids Filled with Bitumen
𝑉𝑀𝐴 − 𝑃𝑎
𝑉𝐹𝐴 = × 100
𝑉𝑀𝐴
 B. Calculation
1. Volume of sample
Sample Asphalt (%) Height Average Diameter Average Volume (mm^3)
(mm) (mm)
1 4.5 59.4 98.76 455028.38
2 5 58.46 98.44 444930.22
3 5.5 59.06 98.38 448948.95
4 6 57.4 98.36 436152.95

2. Specific Gravity of Pavement Mixture

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Weigh in Air, A [g] 1170 1166 1149 1183
Weigh in Water, B [g] 689 692 670 704
Weigh SSD, C [g] 1180 1173 1161 1185
𝐶−𝐵 491 481 491 481
𝐴 2.283 2.424 2.340 2.459
𝐺𝑚𝑏 =
𝐶−𝐵
Unit Weigh [kg/m3] 2283 2424 2340 2459

3. Maximum Specific Gravity

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Weigh of container in air [g] 79 79 79 79
Weigh of container + AC in air [g] 500 370 344 339
Weigh of AC in air (B - A) 421 291 265 260
Weigh of container in water [g] 68 68 68 68
Weigh of container + AC in water [g] 313 237 220 217
Weigh of AC in water (D - C) 245 169 152 149
𝑩−𝑨 2.3920 2.3852 2.3451 2.3423
𝐆𝐦𝐦 =
(𝐁 − 𝐀) − (𝐃 − 𝐂)

4. Specific Gravity of Aggregate

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
𝑮𝒔𝒃 Specific gravity of aggregate 2.6882 2.6882 2.6882 2.6882
from TP6
 5. Effective Specific Gravity of Aggregate
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
𝑃𝑚𝑚 = 100% 100 100 100 100
𝑃𝑏 [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
𝐺𝑏 : Specific gravity of bitumen 1.04 1.04 1.04 1.04
from TP3
𝑮𝒔𝒆 2.5481 2.5595 2.5299 2.5458

6. Bitumen Absorption
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
𝑷𝒃𝒂 0.4602 1.8166 0.0712 2.0919

7. Effective Bitumen Content

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
𝑷𝒃𝒆 4.0559 3.2743 5.4327 4.0337

8. Void in Mineral Aggregate

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
VMA 14.4598 14.3326 17.7362 13.9985

9. Air Voids
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
𝑷𝒂 6.0427 6.7007 5.5120 4.4595

10. Void Filled with Asphalt

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
VFA 58.2102 53.2488 68.9221 68.1433
 11. Flow
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
Flow [0.25mm] 4.99 5.30 5.30 6.19

12. Stability

Table 0.1: Marshall Stability Correction ratios 101, 6mm

Volume of Sample cm3 Approximate height of the Correction Ratio

sample, mm
200 to 213 25.4 5.56
214 to 225 27.0 5.00
226 to 237 28.6 4.55
238 to 250 30.2 4.17
251 to 264 31.8 3.85
265 to 276 33.3 3.57
277 to 289 34.9 3.33
290 to 301 36.5 3.03
302 to 316 38.1 2.78
317 to 328 39.7 2.50
329 to 340 41.3 2.27
341 to 353 42.9 2.08
354 to 367 44.4 1.92
368 to 379 46.0 1.79
380 to 392 47.6 1.67
393 to 405 49.2 1.56
406 to 420 50.8 1.47
421 to 321 52.4 1.39
432 to 443 54.0 1.32
444 to 456 55.6 1.25
457 to 470 57.2 1.19
471 to 482 58.7 1.14
483 to 495 60.3 1.09
496 to 508 61.9 1.04
509 to 522 63.5 1.00
523 to 535 64.0 0.96
536 to 546 65.1 0.93
547 to 559 66.7 0.89
560 to 573 68.3 0.86
574 to 585 71.4 0.83
586 to 598 73.0 0.81
599 to 610 74.6 0.78
611 to 625 76.2 0.76
 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
Stability [daN] 1606 1503 1349 1060
Stability [kN] 16.06 15.03 13.49 10.60
Volume [cm^3] 455.02 444.93 448.94 436.15
Correlative ratio 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.32
Correlative Stability [kN] 20.0750 18.7875 16.8625 13.992

Table of Compact Asphalt Concrete (ASTM D1559)

Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
Percentage of Asphalt [%] 4.5 5 5.5 6
Percentage of Aggregate [%] 95.5 95 94.5 94
𝐺𝑚𝑏 2.3829 2.4241 2.3401 2.4595
𝐺𝑚𝑚 2.5361 2.5982 2.4766 2.5743
𝐺𝑠𝑏 2.6882 2.6882 2.6882 2.6882
𝐺𝑠𝑒 2.7206 2.8206 2.6932 2.8419
𝑃𝑏𝑎 0.4602 1.1866 0.0712 2.0919
𝑃𝑏𝑒 4.0559 3.2743 5.4327 4.0337
VMA 14.4598 14.3326 17.7362 13.9985
𝑃𝑎 6.0427 6.7007 5.5120 4.4595
VFA 58.2102 53.2488 68.9221 68.1433
C. Marshall Graphs
Unit weight versus Bitumen
2480
2460
Weight [kg/m^3] 2440
2420
2400
2380
2360
2340
2320
4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen [%]

Air void vs Bitumen

7.0000
6.5000
6.0000
Air Void Pa [%]

5.5000
5.0000
4.5000
4.0000
3.5000
3.0000
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen [%]

VMA
19.00
18.00
17.00
16.00
VMA [%]

15.00
14.00
13.00
12.00
11.00
10.00
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen [%]
 VFA
75.00

70.00
VFA 65.00

60.00

55.00

50.00

45.00
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen [%]

Stability [kN]
22
21
20
19
Stability [kN]

18
17
16
15
14
13
12
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen [%]

Flow [mm]
6.5

6
Flow [mm]

5.5

4.5

4
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
Bitumen [%]
VI. Conclusion
In conclusion, there are some problem during this process since we are quite confused
about how to use the machine and the procedure of Mix Design and Marshall Test.
However, after some explained we can use the machine and manage to finish the test
safely.
Also, we the calculation part is a bit confused since there are a lot of formulas and
some value are connected to other TP we have done. We still get the result as shown in
tables and graphs above.