l ka

[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
2

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esaçÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj è; ku nsa
%

l k[a; n' kZ
u Hkkjrh; N%n' kZuksaesal cl sçkphure n' kZ
u gSAft l esai Pphl rRoksadksLohdkj
fd; k x; k gS Aft uesaeq [ ; : i l snksgh rRo gS aoksgSçÑfr rFkk i q #"kAçÑfr l sgh foÑfr osQ
: i esav U; rsbZ l rRoksadk fuekZ. k gksrk gSA^çÑfr v kS
j iq#"k fHkUu gksrsgS* bl çdkj dk foosd
a
gksusi j gh euq"; dkseks{k dh çkfIr gksrhgS Aysfdu çÑfr v kS j iq
#"k osQfoosd osQKku osQfy,
çÑfr v kS j i#
q"kdk Lo: i v PNsl st kuu pkfg, ml osQ}kjk gh; g çÑfr i q #"k l sfHkUu gSArFkk
iq
#"kçÑfr l sfHkUu gSbl çdkj dkfoosd mRiUu gksrkgS AçÑfr v kS j iq#"kosQLo: i osQKku osQ
fcukfoosd [ ; fr gksghughal drhgSbl fy, çÑfr v kjSi q #"kdkLo: i rFkkml l sl a caf/ r fo"k; ksa
dk fpUru djuk pkfg, A

mís';
bl i kB osQv è; ; u l sv ki l {ke gksa
x_
s
 l k[a; n' kZ
u esai q
#"k cgq
Ro dksD; ka
sLohdkj fd; k x; k gS
] ; g Kku esa
_
 l k[a; n' kZ
u esaçÑfr D; k gSbl dk foLrkj l si fjp; çkIr dj i kusesa
_
 fdl fy, ç/ ku rRoksadksLohdkj fd; k x; k gS
] bl dk Kku djusesa
_
 l Ro jt rFkk reksxq
. k dk foLrkj l si fjp; çkIr dj i kusesa
_
 l k[a; ' kkL=k esai q
#"k osQpsru gksusi j Hkh v drZ̀
Ro rFkk cq
f¼ dk v psru gksusi j Hkh
drZ̀ Ro oSQl sgS\ ; g Li "V djuses_ a
 ç/ ku fdl çdkj t xr dk drkZgSbl dk cks/ dj i kusea
s_
 çÑfr dh çof̀Ùk fdl fy, gSbl dk Kku i zkIr djusesa
_

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 15
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr 2-1) i q
#"kcgq Ro
iq#"k xq. k fopkj iq
#"kosQv fLrRo dkçfri knu djrsgq
, ] og i q
#"kl Hkh' kjhjksaesa, d gSv Fkokv usd bl dk
fopkj l ka[ ; dkfjdk esafd; k x; kgS Ai q
#"k, d gSv Fkokv usd fo"k; esan' kZ u l Eçnk; esafofHkUu
erHkns çkIr gksrsgS A
aogkai j l ka[ ; l Eçnk; esai q
#"kcgq
Ro gS; g Lohdkj fd; kx; kgS Abl fy, l k[a;
n' kZ
u okyksadkscgq iq#"k v kfn dgk x; k gS AoksD; ksai q
#"k dk cgq Ro Lohdkj djrsgS \ bl fo"k; esa
a
cgq r l kjh ; q
fDr; k¡ gSA l ka
a [ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gSfd ¶i q #"k cgq Roafl ¼e~ ¸ A fdl çdkj l s
cgq i#
q"kRo fl ¼ gksrkgS \ ¶y{k.kçek.kkH; aoLrq fl f¼%̧ bl opu dkv uq d j.kdjosQdkfjdkes arhu
% gsrqcrk, x; sgS
è; ku nsa AosgS
a a( d) t uuej.kdj.kkukaçfrfu; kekr~( t Ue rFkk ej.k osQfu; e l s) ( • )
v; qxi r~çoÙ̀k%s] ( , d l kFkçof̀Ùkughagku ssosQdkj.k) ] ( x) =kS
xq
. ; foi ; Z
; kr~
] ( rhuka
sxq
. kksaos
Qfoi ; Z
;
l s)Abl fy, l ka [ ; dkfjdk esadgk x; k gS A
t Ueej . kd j . kkukaçfr fu; ekn~v ; qxi RçoÙ̀ks'pA
iq#"kcgqRoafl ¼a=kS xq. ; foi ; Z oAAbfrA¹ l ka
; kPpS [ ; dkfjdk&ûøº

2-1-1) t Ue ej . k osQçfr fu; e

t Ue eR̀;qrFkkv Ur%dj.kkfn rsjg dkj.kksal si q #"kcgq r çdkj osQgksrsgS Av yx&v yx i q
a #"k
osQfy, v yx&v yx fu; e gksrsgS A çR;sd i q
a #"k osQt Ue&ej.k rFkk v Urkfndj.k osQuke Hkh
v yx&v yx gksrsgS Av c ç' u djrsgS
a afd& i q#"kosQv ukfn v uUr rFkk mRifÙk o fouk' k osQugha
gksusl sfdl çdkj t Ue eR̀;qv kfn gksrsgS Arc dgrsgS
a afd& fudk; fof' k"V v i w oZl kFkrFkk nsg]
bfUæ;] eu] v gÄ~ d kj] cqf¼ v kfn osQl kFkv fHkl EcU/ gksusosQdkj.ki q #"kdkt Ue gksrkgS Afudk;
i n l s; gk¡i j nsg] bfUæ;] eu rFkkv gÄ~ d kj v kfn dkfeykgq v k, d ç; kst u l k/ dRo dgkx; k
gSAv fHkl EcU/ bl i n l s; gk¡i j v fHkeku : i l EcU/ crk; kx; kgSu fd l a ; ksxkfn : i Ansg rFkk
bfUæ;ksaosQl kFkfefyrkoLFkkesafudk; rFkkl a ?kkr dksLo; aesaekuusokysi q #"kosQl kFkfudk; dk
HkksÙkQ
kv kS
j HkksX; : i esal EcU/ gksrkgS Abl fy, fudk; ( nsg] bfUæ;] eu rFkkv gÄ~ d kj) osQcgq r
gksusosQdkj.k i q #"k cgqRo Hkhfl ¼ gksrk gS AeR̀;ql srkRi; ZgSi q #"k osQ}kjk LohÑr nsg v kfn dk
i fjR;kx djukrFkk HkksÙkQ̀v kS j HkksX; l EcU/ dkfouk' kgksukAu fd v kRekdkfouk' k gksukAv kRek
owQVLFkrFkkfuR; gksusosQdkj.kv fouk' khgS Al ka[ ; ; ksx esackY; koLFkk] ; q
okoLFkkrFkkns g es
safHkUurk
ughacrkbZxbZgS ] bl l smudkvi w oZ Ro HkhLohÑr ughagksrkgS AosQoy ekrx̀HkL ZFknsg dkgh v i o wRZo
crk; kx; kgS Abl çdkj t Ue&ej.kv kfn dkj.kksadhO;oLFkkl Hkh' kjhjka sesa, d i q#"kdh, d l kFk
ughagksl drhAv FkkZ r ~; fn i q
#"k, d ghgksrkgSrks, d osQt Ue osQl kFkl Hkhdkt Ue gksukpkfg,
rFkk v kS
j , d osQej.k osQl kFk l Hkhdk gh ej.k gksuk pkfg, ] , d v U/k gksusi j l Hkhv U/sgksus
pkfg, rFkk, d dk eu O;kdq y gksusi j l Hkhdkeu O;kdq y gksukpkfg, ] , slsrks; gk¡v O;oLFkk
gkst krhAbl fy, çR;sd ' kjhj esai q #"kfHkUu&fHkUu gksusosQdkj.kçR;sd i q #"kdkv yx&v yx t Ue
ej.k rFkk bfUæ;ksadh fHkUurk fl ¼ gksrh gS A
vc i qu%ç' u djrsgS afdµ i q#"kcgq Ro Lohdkj djusdkdksbZç; ktsu ughagSi q #"kHkhmi kf/
Hksn l sv usd gksl drk gSt S l sv kdk' kkfn v usd jgrsgSAt S
a l smi kf/ Hksn l sge v kdk' k dk Hkh
?kVkdk' k rFkk i Vkdk' k bl çdkj l sO;ogkj djrsgS abl çdkj l s; gk¡ i j Hkh fofo/ nsgksikf/ d
iq#"k Lohdkj djuk pkfg, Arc mÙkj esadgrsgS afd& , slk djusi j rksgkFk Lru v kfn mi kf/ ; ksa
osQ Hksn l st Ue rFkkej.kosQçl Ä~ x Hkhl eku gkst k; sa
xsAt S
l sfdl hdkgkFkdV t kusi j ml dks

16 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
er̀ dgkt krkgSv kS j u Lru v kusi j ; q
ofr gksxbZ, slkdgkt krkgS
Abl fy, nsg Hksn l si q
#"kHkh l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
fHkUu&fHkUu gksrsgS
a; g fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
2-1-2) v ; q
xi r çof̀Ùk
v; q
xi r ~çof̀Ùk osQd kj . k
l Hkh dh , d l kFk çof̀Ùk ughagksusosQdkj.k i q#"k cgq Ro Lohdkj djuk pkfg, ] çof̀Ùk l s
rkRi; ZgSç; Ru y{k.kk( , d l kFkç; Ru) Hkysghog v Ur% dj.kokyhgksfi Q j HkhxkS. k: i l si q
a #"k
esaghv kjksfi r gksrhgSAt S
l sl sod dht ; ml osQçHkqesav kjksfi r gksrhgSml hçdkj Lo LokehHkko è; ku ns a
%
l EcU/ osQdkj.kl sv Ur% dj.kesafLFkr ç; Ru dkHkhi q #"kesaghv kjksi gksrkgS( v FkkZ r og ç; Ru
iq#"kosQ}kjkghfd; kt krkgS ) bl çdkj dkç; Ru çfr ' kjhj osQfHkUu gksusosQdkj.ki q #"kcgq Ro
Hkh xzg.k djuk pkfg, A; fn i q #"k , d gh Lohdkj fd; k t k, rks, d ' kjhj esaml osQgksrsgq , ml s
l Hkh ' kjhj eas, d l kFk ekuk t kuk pkfg, ] rksfi Q
j l Hkh ' kjhj , d l kFk pyuspkfg, v r%i q #"k
fHkUurk Lohdkj djusi j , slk l EHko ughagksrk gS Al Hkh dh ; g rksçR;{k fLFkfr gSfd l Hkh dh
çof̀r , d l kFkughagksrhgS Av r%l Hkhdkçof̀ÙkHksn Lohdkj djusi j i # q"kksaesaHkhfHkUuRo Lohdkj
djuk pkfg, Abl fy, i q #"k cgq Ro gS A

2-1-3) =kS
xq
. ; foi ; Z
;
rhuksaxq
. kksaosQfoi ; Z ; l sHkh i q
#"k cgq Ro dh fl f¼ gksrh gS Al Ro] jt rFkk re ; srhu xq .k
gksrsgSAbu rhuksaxq
a . kksadks=kS
xq
. ; dgkt krkgS A=kSxq
. ; dkfoi ; Z ; v FkkZ
r ~rhuksaxq
. kksadkv yx&v yx
gksukAdq N çk.khft rsfUæ; rFkkl Roxq . kosQckgqY; okysgksrsgS Adq
S
a N çk.khjt ksxq . kosQckgq
Y; okys
gksrsgSat S
l seuq"; rFkkdq N çk.khreksxq . kosQckgqY; okysgksrsgS at S
l sfr; Zx~; ksuhokyst ho t Urq A
; fn , d ghi q #"kdksLohdkj djrsgS arksbl çdkj rhuksaxq . kksadkv yx&v yx Hkko l EHko ghugha
gSA, d i # q"k dksLohdkjusesarksml hesaghl Ro ckgq Y; ] ml hesaghjt ksckgq Y; ] rFkk ml h esagh
reksckgq Y; Lohdkj djukpkfg, A; ks; q fÙkQi w
odZ ns• kt k, rks, d l kFkughagksl drkAcgq r iq#"k
Lohdkj djusi j , d esajt ksckgq Y; v U; esal Ro ckgq Y; o reksckgq Y; Lohdkj dj l drsgS A
a
bl fy, i # q"k cgq Ro Lohdkj djuk pkfg, ; g l ka [ ; dkfjdk esabZ ' ojÑ".k dk er gS A
v kRek dks, d ekuusi j ^dksbZi q
#"kc¡/ k gSv kSj dksbZi q
#"keq
ÙkQgS
* bl çdkj l srksçR;sd
' kjhj esacU/ rFkkeks{k dhO;oLFkkHkhl EHko ughagS Abl fy, v kRekfHkUu ghgS At S
l sd.kkn~l w=k
esadgk x; k gSfd ^O;oLFkkrksukuk*Al ka [; l w=k esaHkhdgk x; k gS^t UekfnO;oLFkkr% iq #"kcgq
Ro*A
bl çdkj , d ( i q #"k) esagh t Ue] ej.k] l q
• rFkk nq %• v kfn foHkkx ughagksrsgS
Abl çdkj og
a
O;oLFkkmRiUu ghughagksrh; fn l Hkh' kjhjksaesa, d ghi q #"kdksekursrksAbl fy, i q#"kksadkukukRo
v Ä~ xhÑr fd; kx; k gS A

2-2) ew
y çÑfr
osQ
oy çÑfr dksghç/ ku i n l sew y çÑfr t kuukpkfg, A; g v U; fdl hdhfoÑfr ugha
gS
Av PNsçdkj l st ksdk; ZdksmRiUu djrhgSog çÑfr dgykrhgS AçÑfr : i l st ksrRoksadks
v kjEHk djrhgSrFkkft l l sv U; rRo mRiUu gksrsgSabl çdkj dkt ksdkj.kfo' ks"k og çÑfr gSA
og ew y çÑfr gh l Ro jt rFkk reksxq
. k dhl kE; koLFkk : i gS
Al Hkhdk ew
y gksusosQdkj.k ewy

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 17
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr çÑfr Hkhdgkt krkgS Aegn~v kfn dkew y gksusdkj.k; g ç/ ku dgykrhgSbl dkdksbZdkj.kkUrj
ughagS
Aew y çÑfr dkHkhdkj.kkUrj Lohdkj djusi j v uoLFkknks"kv kt krkgS Aft l osQ}kjkt xr~
iq#"k xq. k fopkj mRiUu gksrk gSrFkk çy; osQl e; esaft l esat xr~l ek t krk gSbl fy, ; g l Hkhl sç/ ku gS Aog
Hkhfeêð
h rFkk l ksusdhrjg v psru esapsru i q#"k osQHkksx v i oxZv kfn l k/ u osQfy, LoHkko l s
gh çofrZ
r gksrh gSu fd fdl h osQ}kjk çofrZ r dh t krh gSA

2-3) ç/ ku l n~
Hkko esaeku
iq
#"kosQl n~
Hkko dkD; kçek.kgS; g fo"k; l ka
[ ; dkfjdkea
sfoLrkj i w
oZ
d pfpZ
r gkspq
dk
è; ku nsa
% gS
A rFkk çÑfr osQl n~
Hkko dk D; k eku gS
\ bl fo"k; esaHkh l kekU; fopkj fd; k x; k gS
A
l ka
[ ; dkfjdkesaçkjEHkesal ka [ ; l Eer çek.kksadkfopkj fd; kx; kgS At gk¡i w
oZi {kosQ}kjkv k{ksi
fd; kx; kgSfd t S l sv kdk' kµ i q
"i ] dNq, esajkse] rFkk• jxks'kosQfl a
g buesaçR;{kfo"k; osQugha
gksusosQdkj.k feF; kfl ¼ gksrkgS Abl l a' k; osQfuokj.kosQfy, ç/ ku v kfn dhl ka [ ; dkfjdkesa
fl f¼ dgh x; h gS µ
v fr nwj kr ~l kehI; kfnfUæ; ?kkr kUeuks¿uoLFkkukr ~A
l kS ; o/ kuknfHkHkokRl ekukfHkgkj kPpAAbfrA¹ l ka
{ E; k} ~ [ ; dkfjdk & 7º
fo"k; dh fo| ekurk l R; gksusi j Hkh D; ksaçR;{k osQekè; e l sml sughat kuk t k l drk\
bl osQv kB gsrql ka [ ; dkfjdk esacrk, x; sgS A1- v f/ d nw j gksusl s] 2- v f/ d l ehi gksusl s] 3-
bfUæ;ksaosQl ghughagksusl s] 4- eu os Q, dkxzughagksusl s]5- v fr l w {e gksusl s] 6- chp esaO;oèkku
gksusl s] 7- v fHkHko l s] 8- l ekukfHkgkj ( l n`' krk osQdkj.k) A
v f/ d nw j gksusosQdkj.k v kdk' k esamM+ r sgq
, i {khughafn• kbZnsrsgS Av f/ d i kl esagksus
a
osQdkj.kv k¡• ksaesadkt y Hkhfn• kbZughansrk gS AbfUæ;?kkr v FkkZr v U/rk rFkkcf/ jrk osQdkj.k
v U/siu l sl ehi gksrk gq v k dqN Hkhfn• kbZughansrk gS Aeu dk v uoLFkk esagksusosQdkj.kAt S ls
dkekfn l smi gr eu okysLi w Q
frZyksd eè; orhZbfUæ; l fUuÑ"V v FkZdksughans• rk gS Al w
{erk
osQdkj.k l sbfUæ; osQi kl gksrsgq , Hkh i jek.kqv kfn u ns• rk gS AO;o/ ku osQdkj.k t lSs& chp
esaHkhfr ( f• M+ d h) v kfn osQv k t kusosQdkj.k dq N Hkhughafn• kbZnsrk gS Av fHkHko l srkRi; ZgS
fd cyoku osQ}kjk fucZ y dk v kPNknu djuk v Fkok frjLdkj djuk] t S l sfnu esal w
; ZosQçHkko
osQdkj.kxzg u{k=kv kfn ughafn• kbZns r sgS
Al ekukfHkgkj l srkRi; ZgSl t krh; ka
a sdkfeJ.kft l çdkj
t yk' k; esao"kkZosQt y dksv yx l sughans• kt kl drkgS Abl çdkj oLrqgksusi j Hkhbu dkj.kksa
l sçR;{kfn• kbZughansrhgS Abl hçdkj l ka [ ; rRoksaesaç/ kukfn osQv uq i yC/ gksusi j dgrsgS afdµ
l kS
{ ; kÙknuqi y fC/ ukZ
Hkkokr ~d k; Zr Lr nq i y C/ s%
A
egnkfn r Pp d k; ±çÑfr l : i afo: i apAAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; dkfjdk & 8º
ç/ ku v kfn rRo v Hkko osQdkj.k ughav fi rql w {e gksusosQdkj.k fn• kbZughansrsgS Av r%
a
v frl w{e i fjek.k dksl w {e ' kCn l si q
d kjk t krk gS ArksdgrsgS afd D; k ; gkai j l w{erk gS\ ugha A
D; ksa
fd çÑfr i q #"k v .kqokfn osQt Sl sl w{e ughagSv fi rqmu nksuksaosQfoHkq Ro gksusosQdkj.k ( og
fn• kbZughansrsgS ) bl fy, l oZ
a O;ki h i nkFkks±osQfy, l w {eRo dFku l gh ughagksrk gS Aç' u djrs
gSarksfdl çdkj buosQl w {eRo mi LFkki u gksxk\ rc okpLi fr feJ dgrsgS afd i jek.kqv kfn esaHkh
lw{erkosQgksusosQdkj.k, dkxzfpÙk O;fÙkQ ; ksadksHkhml dhmi yfC/ ughagksrhgS Abl fy, l w{erk
dk dksbZ, slk v FkZxzg.kdjuk pkfg, ft l l sv .kqor~i fjek.k okysçÑfr rFkk i q #"k dkHkhxzg.k

18 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
gkst k, Av .kqi fjek.k] egr~i fjek.krFkki je egr~i fjek.kbl çdkj l si fjek.krhu çdkj dkgkrsk l ka [ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
gSAbuesav .kqi fjek.k i jek.kqdk uS ; kf; dksaosQer esaekul v kfn osQl eku gksrk gS Aegr~i fjek.k
i F̀ohv kfn dkew r ZæO;ksaosQl eku gksrkgS At lSkfd dgkx; kgS¶i fjfNUu i fjek.koÙoaew rZRoe~ ¸A
iq
#"k xq. k fopkj
i je egr~i fjek.ki q #"kkfn dkfoeqi nkFkks±osQl eku gksrkgS AfoHkqRo l srkRi; ZgSfd l Hkhew r ZrFkk
æO;ksadkl ;aksx ¶l oZ ew
rZæO;l a ; ksfxRoe~ ¸ At S
l sv .kqi fjek.kdkmn~ Hkw
r : i Ro osQv Hkko l sçR;{k
ughagksrkgSAml hçdkj i je egr~dkHkhi jek.kqdhT; knkxfr osQdkj.kçR;{kughagksrkgS; gh
lw{eRo dkrkRi; ZgS Afi Q j Hkhl ka[ ; ' kkL=kesai q#"kfuxZ . kgSbl fy, ml esai je egr~v kfn i jek.kksa
q
dk gksuk rksv l EHko gS \ rc ; gk¡dgrsgS afd fuxZ . k ' kCn ghçLrq
q r {ks=kesaKkukfn fo' ks"k xq. kksaosQ
v Hkko dkcks/d gSu fd l a [ ; ki fjek.kkfn l kekU; xq . kka
sdkAbl fy, ghçÑfr v kS j iq
#"kdkl ;aksx è; ku ns a
%
Lohdkj djusi j Hkh i q #"k dk fuxZ . kRo O;kgr ( u"V) ughagksrk gS
q A
bl çdkj ç/ kukfn rRoksaosQl w {e gksusosQdkj.k mudhv uq i yfC/ çR;{kosQdkj.kgksrhgS
u fd v Hkko osQdkj.kAv kS j dk; Zl sghft udhmi yfC/ gksrhgS Abl dkj.kl sghç/ kukfn; ksadk
v l Ùo fl ¼ gksrkgS Aog dkS u&l kdk; ZgSft l l sç/ ku v kfn esal Ro dkçek.kgksrkgS \ rc dgrs
gSafd egr~v kfn gh ml osQdk; ZgS arFkk çÑfr l : i v kS j fo: i HkhAç/ ku dk dk; Zegr~] egr~
dk v ga d kj] bl i jEi jk l si ka
p egkHkw r X; kjg bfUæ;k¡v kfn ç/ ku osQdk; Z Hkw
r gS
AbuosQdk; ks±dk
dkj.k fdl h l n~mi knku osQ}kjk gksrk gS ] bl dkj.k l sç/ ku osQl Ro dksLohdkj djuk pkfg, A
dk; Zgh dkj.k l t krh; dkj.k l sfHkUu gksrk gS ] ; g fu; e gS At Sl snw
/ l smRiUu ngh o.kkZ
fn l s
l t krh; jgusi j Hkhv Eykfn xq . kksaosQ}kjknw / l sfHkUu gksrkgS Aml hçdkj çÑfr l smRiUu egnkfn
Hkh çÑfr osQl : i v kS j fo: i nksuksagS A

i kBxr ç' u 2-1

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2- i#
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u gS
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4- i#
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[ ; dkfjdk dh dkfjdk dkS
u&l h gS
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5- i#
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6- ew
y çÑfr D; k gS
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7- fo"k; osQfo| eku gksusi j HkhçR;{kdksD; ka
sughat kukt kl drkgSbl os
Qfdrusdkj.kl k[a;
dkfjdk esacrk, x; sgS a
( d) i k¡p (• ) N ( x) l kr ( ?k) v kB
8- ç/ kukfn dk v çR;{k oS
Q
l sgksrk gS
\
( d) v frnw
j kr~ (• ) l w
{ekr ( x) O;o/ kukr~ ( ?k) l ekukfHkgkjkr~

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
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l ka
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u esai zÑfr 2-4) çÑfr Lo: i
iq#"k xq. k fopkj çÑfr d k Lo: i
iq#"k rFkk çÑfr ; sew y nksrRo l ka [ ; fl ¼kUr esacrk, x; sgS Ai q
a #"k Lo; aLo: i l sl Hkh
çdkj osQfodkjksal sjfgr gksrkgq v kHkhcq f¼rRo esaçfrfcfEcr gksrkgq v kv kRekdkv U;FkkfpUru
djrk gq v kl a l kj : i h pØ esapDdj yxkrk gq v k nq %• dksçkIr djrk gS Al Ro i q#"k l sfHkUu gS
bl Kku l si q #"kdhHkzkfUr nw j gkst krhgSrFkk cq f¼ / eZv fHkeku dk HkhfrjksHkko gkst krk gSrFkk
v foosd : i cU/u l seks{k fey t krk gS Al Ro i q #"k ughagS ] rFkk i q#"k l Ro ughagSbl çdkj
è; ku nsa
% v U;ksU;kHkko çrhfr ghl Roi q#"kkU;Fkk[ ; kfr dgykrhgS Al Ùo rks; gk¡çÑfr ghgS AçÑfr rFkki # q"k
osQHksnKku : i hfoosd rc l EHko gksrkgSt c çÑfr rFkki q #"kdkl E; d~Kku gkst krkgS Av FkkZr~
iq#"k dk Lo: i D; k gS \ rFkk çÑfr dk Lo: i D; k gS \ bl Kku osQckn ghçÑfr rFkk i q #"k dh
fHkUurkdkcks/ gksrkgS Abl fy, çÑfr vkS j i# q"kosQfoosd fy, çÑfr osQLo: i dkst kuukpkfg, A
O;ÙkQrFkk v O;ÙkQosQl kekU; / eZosQçLrko dky esaçÑfr dk Lo: i l ka [ ; dkfjdk esacrk; k
x; kgS A
f=kxq
. kefoosfd fo"k; %l kekU ; epsruaçl o/ feZ A
O;ÙkQ ar Fkk ç/ kuar f} i j hr Lr Fkk p i q eku~ AAbfrA¹ l ka [ ; dkfjdk&11º
v O;ÙkQgh ç/ ku gS Aogh çÑfr dgh t krh gS Aft rusHkh çÑfr l smRiUu gq , gSamu l Hkh
dksv O;ÙkQghekuukpkfg, AçÑfr f=kxq . kkfRedkgS Axq . kksadhl Ùo jt rFkkreksv oLFkkghçÑfr
dgykrhgS At Sl sdhl ka [;l w
=kesadgkx; kgS A¶l Ùojt Lrel kal kE; koLFkkçÑfr%̧ bfrA; s rhuksa
xq. kçÑfr osQ/ eZughagSv fi rqçÑfr ghf=kxq . kkfRedkgksrhgS Abl fy, dgkx; kgSfd ¶l Rokfn
xq. kksadk çÑfr / eZ Ro ughagSv fi rqD; ksa fd oksLo; agh çÑfr Lo: i gŞAçÑfr dkj.k: i k gksrh
gSu fd dk; Z: i kAv r%bl dksfuR; dgrsgS A; fn çÑfr dkj.kkUrj dYi ukdjsrksv uoLFkkçl Ä~
a x
mRiUu gksrk gS AD; ksafd dkj.k osQxq . k gh dk; Zesav krsgS abl fu; e osQv uq l kj çÑfr l smRiUu
egnkfn O;ÙkQHkhf=kxq . kkRed gSAt Sl sdkys/ kxsl scusgq , oL=kHkhdkysghgksrsgS ] oS
a l sghA; gka
i j bl ' yksd esaf=kxq . kabl i n l sl Rokfn xq . kksaosQ/ eZl q • ] nq %
• ] eksg v kfn dkxzg.kdjukpkfg,
u dh/ ehZl Ro] jt l ] rel dk ew y xq . kA/ ehZv kS j / eZbu nksuksaesav Hksn gksusosQdkj.k l q • kfn
/ eZgh; gk¡i j xq . k ' kCn l sv fHkçsr gSu fd l Ùokfn / ehZ Abl l sçÑfr l q • nq %
• rFkk eksgkRed
gS; g fl ¼ gksrk gS A
v foosfd O;Dr&v O ; Dr esa/ eZfo' k"skghgksrkgSA; gk¡i j v foos fdrkl srkRi; Zl EHk;wdkfjrk
l sgSAu fd fdl h , d i ; kZ Ir Lohdk; Zl srFkk u gh l EHkw ; l s; gkai j fdl h , d l sfdl h dk
dqN Hkhl EHko ughagksrkgS Av Fkokç/ ku Lo; adhfoospukughadjrkgSbl dkj.kl sHkhv foosd h
gSAegnkfn rRo Hkh ç/ ku l sfoosfpr ( O;ÙkQ ) ughagksrsgS abl fy, osHkh v foosd h gh gS Aosxq .k
; gk¡O;ÙkQgS
arFkkosxq . k; gk¡v O;ÙkQgS abl çdkj osQfoosd dksughadj l dusosQdkj.kO;ÙkQ kfn
v O;ÙkQrFkkv foosd hgS Afo"k; bl i n l sv kUrj foKku ç/ kukfn rRo gS; g Li "Vhdj.kughafd; k
x; kgSAbl fo"k; i n osQv FkZl sosQ oy cká xzg.k; ksX; HkksX; i nkFkks±dksghv Ä~ xhÑr fd; kx; k
gSAç/ ku ghl q• nq%
• ekgs v kfn osQekè; e l sl Hkhi q #"kksaosQ}kjkHkksX; gS Aç/ ku ghl kekU; gS, slk
dgk t krk gS
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osQ}kjkxzg.kgksrkgS]tS l surZd hosQ: i yrkHkÄ~ x v kfn dkcgq r ksaosQ}kjkçR;{kxkspj gkrskgSoS ls
ghO;ÙkQrFkkv O;ÙkQbu nksuksadkHkhcgq iq #"kxzkáRo osQdkj.kl eku ghHkko gS ] iq#"kcgq Ro gksus

20 mPpr j ekè; fed

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u esai zÑfr i q
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a l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
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j rUek=kkv ksal sl HkhHkw
r mRiUu gksrs
gS
Abl h çdkj ç/ ku l sHkh cq
a f¼ mRiUu gksrh gS
Abl fy, nksuksadk gh çl o/ feZ Ro fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
çl o/ feZ
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a

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r huksaxq
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] rc mÙkj esadgrsgSa; sçdk' kçof̀Ùkfu; e osQfy, ] çhfr v çhfr rFkk
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uof̀Ùk l s; q
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Abl fy, Jheku bZ
a ' oj Ñ".k
usl k[a; dkfjdk esadgk gSfdµ
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a l jsdk v fHkHko] v kJ; ] t uu rFkk feFkq
u of̀Ùk okysgksrsgS
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a
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a U;rkdksdgrsgS Av fHkHko
a
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y djukAv U;ksU; v fHkHkokJ; feFkq u of̀Ùk; sft uosQgksrsgS ao
v U;ksU; v fHkHkokJ; feFkq u of̀Ùk; q
ÙkQdgykrsgS A
al Ro jt rFkkre ; srhu xq . kgksrsgSAmuosQLo: i
a
ç; kstu rFkkfØ; kdkbl i | osQ}kjkçfri knu fd; kt krkgS Al ka
[ ; ' kkL=kesarhuksaosQxq. kksadkv Uo;
çkIr gksrkgS Al Roxq. kµ l q• kRed gksrkgS ] jt ksxq
. kµ nq%• kRed gksrkgSrFkkreksxq . keksgkRed gksrk
gSAl Rokfn rhuksaxq. kksaosQHkko l sv kRe ' kCn fufnZ "V gksrk gSAçhfr osQv Hkko osQfcuk nq %
• ugha
gksl drkrFkkml hçdkj nq %• osQv Hkko osQfcukçhfr Hkhughagksl drhAi jLi j v HkkokRed gksus
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] jt ksxq
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rFkk l Ro o reksxq . k dksnckdj v kRek ?kksj of̀Ùk dksçkIr djrh gSv kS j l Ro o jt dksnckdj
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t ksv U; gksrkgSoghl oZ J s"B dkt ud gksrkgS Abl fy, t uu ghbudki fj.kke gSu fd xq . kksadk
l n`' k: i osHkh, d&nw l jsosQl gpj gksrsgq
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a fr; ksaesadgkx; k
gSfdµ
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l ka
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u esai zÑfr r el ' pkfi feFkqusr sl Ùoj t l hmHksA
mHk; ks%l Ùoj t l ksfeZ uar e mP; r sAAbfrA
Fkq
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
bl çdkj l sçhfr rFkk v çhfr v kfn osQ' yksd osQ}kjk rhuksaxq . kksaosQl kekU; Lo: i osQ
ç; kst ukfn dkscrkdj osQfo' ks"k : i l sxq . kksaosQLo: i dFku osQfy, dkfjdkbZ ' oj Ñ".kosQ}kj
çLrq r dh t krh gS µ
l Ùoay ?kqçd k' kd fe"Veq i "VEHkd apy ap j t % A
xq# oj . kd eso r e%çnhi oPpkFkZ r ksof̀Ùk%AAbfrA¹ ûýº
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è; ku nsa
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a
xq. kfØ; k' khy jgrkgSrc l Ro rFkkre fuf"Ø; : i esajgrsgS Al Roçdk' krFkkreksxq
a . kv U/dkj
okyk gksrk gS Av r%y?kq ] cM+ k] fØ; k' khy] fuf"Ø; ] çdk' k] v U/dkj v kfn xq . kksaosQdkj.k i jLi j
fo#¼/ eZxq . kksaesai k; st krsgS Abl fy, buosQ}kj feydj osQdk; ks±dhmRifÙkv kdk' ki q
a "i dhHkk¡fr
çrhr gksrh gS AD; ksa fd ; si jLi j fo#¼ gS Ai jLi j fojks/h t c feyrsgS arksi jLi j foèoa l v f/ d
djrsga At S
S l sl q Un rFkk mi l q Un uke osQnksjk{kl nsorkv ksadhi q =khosQfnO;ew frZosQn' kZ u l si jLi j
yM+ r sgq
, , d&nw l jsosQÅi j çgkj djusyxsAoS l sgh i jLi j fo#¼ LoHkko xq . k okys; fn feyrs
gSarksosfouk' kdksçkIr gksrsga Arc dgrsfd fi Q
S j fdl çdkj l sbudhi jLi j t uufeFku qof̀Ùkfl ¼
gksrhgS \ rc mÙkj nsrsgq , dgrsgS afdµ budhi jLi j t uufeFkq uof̀Ùknhi dor~fl ¼ gksrhgS AD; ksafd
dk; Zdk mRiknu djrsl e; rhuksaxq . kksadh t ksLoHkko ' kfÙkQgksrh gSog çdkf' kr gksrh gS ] HkksÙkQ
k
osQv n' kZ u osQçHkko l sosi jLi j fo#¼Hkko dksR;kx djosQ, d ghfØ; kdkl Ei knu djrsgS Arc
a
dgrsgS afd l Eçfr l a l kj i jLi j fo#¼ksaosQ, d l kFk v n' kZ u osQdkj.k ; g dYi uk v okUrj fl ¼
gksrhgS Arc bl dk mÙkj nsrsgq , dgrsgS afd t S l s#bZdhcÙkhv kx osQ}kjk u"V gksrh gS ] rsy Hkh
v kx }kjku"V gkst krkgS ] rFkkt yrhgq bZcÙkhHkh; fn rsy l sfey t krhgSrksv fXu u"V gkst krh
gSfi Q j Hkhi jLi j fo#¼ gksrsgq , rsy cÙkh rFkk v fXu feydj osQl cdksçdkf' kr djrsgS Av fXu
a
Toyu' khy rFkky?kqgksrhgS ] cÙkhrFkkrsy t yusesal eFkZrFkkxq #LoHkko osQgksrsgS Arsy rjy gksrk
a
gS] rFkk cÙkh dfBu gksrhgS Abl çdkj fo#¼ LoHkko osQgksrsgq , Hkh rsy cÙkh rFkk v kx osQ}kjk
, d l kFkt ydj çdk' kdksmRiUu djusesal eFkZgksrsgS arksfi Q
j oSQl sl Ro jt rFkkre , d=kgksd j
u; sdkscukusesal eFkZughagksl drsA
rc dgrsgS afd cÙkhrFkkrsy esai jLi j fojks/h/ eZughagksrkgS AcÙkhrsy dk' kks"k.kdjrh
gS; g l R; gSi jUrqml l srsy dk y; ughagksrk gS Aml l srsy rFkk cÙkh osQi jLi j fo#¼Ro osQ
v Hkko l sl Ro jt rFkk reksxq . k osQl kFk rsy cÙkh rFkk v fXu osQl ke×k~ t L; osQv Hkko osQdkj.k
rFkk n`"Vku~o n`"VkUr dh l ekurk osQv Hkko l s; g mnkgj.k l Ä~ xr ughagksrk gSAbl çdkj dh
v k' kÄ~d k djosQokpLi frfeJ i kn okrfi Ùk ' ys"e dk mnkgj.k çLrq r djrsgS At S
a l soS
| ' kkL=k esa
okrfi Ùk rFkk' ys"k osQHkhi jLi j fo#¼ LoHkko gksrsgS Ai jUrq; sfeydj osQ' kjhj dks/ kj.k djrh
a
gSAbu rhuksa/ krq
a v ksaesafo"kerkgksusi j ' kjhj dhj{kkç.kkyhfcxM+t krhgS Arc i q
u%ç' u djrsgS a
fd l Rokxq . kksaosQl eHkko esafLFkfr osQdkj.k rq Y; cy dk çl Ä~ x v k t krk gS
Arq
Y; cyksaosQgh
i jLi j fojks/ gksusi j l Rokfn xq . kksaosQèol agksusdk v k' ka
d k gksrh gS
] rc dgrsfd , slk Hkh ugha
gS] oLrq r %muesarq Y; cy gSgh ughaosrksxkS . k ç/ ku Hkko l sjgrsgS ] bl fy, gh , d dk; Zdks
a
l Ei kfnr djusesal eFkZgksrsgS Açdk' kkfn dk; Zesal Rork osQç/ ku gksusosQdkj.k v yx l gdkjh
a
l EcU/ gksrk gSrFkk çof̀Ùk xq . k jt ksç/ ku gksusosQdkj.k v yx l gdkfj.kh ml hçdkj fu; eu Hkh

22 mPpr j ekè; fed

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[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
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dhdk; kZ sRifÙkosQn`"VkUr esafo"kerkv kt krhgS Abl fy, ; gk¡i j nhi dkdkmnkgj.kghl ghjgrk
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
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a ' ojÑ".k usnhi d dk mnkgj.k ; gk¡ i j fn; k gS A

i kBxr ç' u 2-2

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#"k d k v d r Z̀
Ro v kS
j cq
f¼ d k t M+
Ro
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q"kdkdrZ̀ Ro jfgr gksusi j Hkhml esadrZ̀ Ro dkv kjksi fd; kt krkgS Acqf¼ osQvpsru gksus
i j Hkhcq f¼ esapsruRo dkv kjksi fd; kt krkgS ] bl dkj.kl si q #"krFkkcq f¼ osQHksn dkxzg.kgksrk
gS Abl fy, ¶; g esjk dÙkZ O; gŞ bl çdkj cq f¼ rFkki q #"k esal EcU/] ?kVkfn fo"k; d l EcU/ rFkk
of̀ÙkKku: i O;ki kj l EcU/ bl çdkj l srhu çdkj dkçrhr gksrkgS Aogk¡i j ^esjk* bl çdkj l s
cq f¼ esapsru i q#"k dk l EcU/ LoPN ni Z . k esaeq• osQçfrfcEc osQl EcU/or~v R;Ur LoPN cq f¼
esapsrui q#"k çfrfcEcor~çrhr gksrk gS At S l sni Z. k esaeq• dk dksbZokLrfod l EcU/ ughagksrk gS
og osQ oy çfrfcEc ek=kghl EcU/ gksrkgS ] ml hçdkj LoPN cq f¼ esai q
#"kdkHkhokLrfod l EcU/
ughagksrkgSog HkhosQ oy çfrfcEc ek=kghgksrkgS Ai q
#"krFkkcq f¼ osQi jLi j Hksn osQxzg.kl sbu
nksuka
sdk, dRokfHkeku osQdkj.kcq f¼ esai q#"kl EcU/ çrhr gksrkgS A^; g gS * bl l scq f¼ esa?kVkfn
fo"k; l a c/a HkhgksrkgS Aogk¡cq f¼ dkp{kqv kfn bfUæ;ksaosQ}kjkgksusokyk^; g ?kM+ k* gSbl çdkj
osQKku dk i fj.kke gh ?kVkfn fo"k; ksadk cq f¼ esal EcU/ dgykrk gS Acq f¼ esa?kVkfn fo"k; ksadk
l EcU/] eq • dh ' okl l sv fHkgr ni Z . k esaekfyU; l EcU/ osQt S l sokLrfod gh fn• kbZnsrk gS A
¶djuk pkfg, ¸ bl l scq f¼ esa?kVkfn fo"k; ka sosQfu' p; kRed Kku : i O;ki kj l EcU/ gksrk gS Abl
çdkj l s¶esjk ; gkadrZ O; gŞ bl cq f¼ osQv fHkyki d ' kCn l s¶esjķ bl i n l si q #"k osQl kFk
rFkk ¶; g¸ bl i n l sfo"k; osQl kFk rFkk ¶drZ O;¸ bl i n l sO;ki kj osQl kFk l EcU/ cq f¼ esa
gksrkgS Abl çdkj l srhu çdkj osQl EcU/ gksusosQdkj.kl EcU/=kk; ka ' korhcq f¼ dgykrhgS Aogk¡
ij tS l scqf¼ osQl kFk psru i q #"k dk dksbZokLrfod l EcU/ ughagksrk gS AoSl sgh ml osQKku : i
i fj.kke osQl kFk Hkh ni Z . k esafLFkr ekfyU; osQl kFk eq • osQt S l sv okLrfod gh l EcU/ gksrk gS A
og bl çdkj l sosQ oy of̀Ùk: i hKku dhmi yfC/ uke l s, slkdgkt krk gS¶ eS apsru drkZgw a̧
, lsscqf¼ esav kjkfsi r psru i #q"kdkrnh; i fj.kke: i of̀ÙkosQl kFk¶; g t kurkga w̧bl çdkj dkçrhr

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 23
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr gksrkgqv k Hkhog ml esagksusokyhof̀ÙkKku dhmi yfC/ fo"k; l sv okLrfod l EcU/ gksrk gS Abl
çdkj l sof̀ÙkosQKku osQt S l sghl q
• ] nq%• ] bPNk] }s"k] / eZ] v / eZv kfn l a
Ldkj Hkhcq f¼ osQgh
iq#"k xq. k fopkj / eZgksrsgS
] ¶l q
a • iw oZd eS adjrkgw ] ¶nq
a %• iw oZ
d eSadrkZgw a̧ bl çdkj l q • nq
%• kfn / eks±osQç; Ru
: i dk; ks±osQl kFk l ekukf/ dj.k esaçrhfr gksrh gS] / ehZosQv Hksn osQfcuk / eks±osQl ekf/ dj.k
dhv çrhfr gksrhgS ] bl çdkj l st S l sç; Ru djusi j cq f¼ osQ/ eZl q• rFkknq %• kfn Hkhcq f¼ osQ
gh / eZekuuk pkfg, A
rc ç' u djrsgS afd dk; Zdjusi j l ekukf/ dj.k osQgksusl sl q • nq
%• kfn dkscq f¼ osQgh
/ eZekursgS ] oS
a l s¶eS
apsru gw ] rFkk drkZgw
a a̧ bl çdkj psru / eZdhHkh l ekukf/ dj.k esaçrhfr
è; ku nsa
% gksusl spsru / eZdksHkh cqf¼ osQt S l sekuuk pkfg, Arc dgrsgS afd , slk ughagS ] D; ka
fsd cq
f¼
osQi fj.kke l spsru dhv uq i fÙk gksrhgS ] i fj.kke osQt S l soLrq
v ksaosQHkhpsruRo dk Kku rksfeêð h
v kfn l sHkh ml h dh mRifÙk gksxhAbl çdkj l s; g v uq eku fl ¼ gksrk gSA¶cq f¼ psruk ughagS
i fj.kkeRokr~fefêðosQt S
l hghgŞAt S l s¶eS apsru drkZga w̧ bl v uqHko l s¶yky Li Q fVd¸ bl çdkj
dh HkzkfUr gksusosQdkj.k cqf¼ esafLFkr psruka ' k HkzkfUr osQ: i osQt S l k gh gSA

2-7) ç/ ku %t xr d k d r kZ
iq#"k osQl Ä~ x jfgr gksusl srFkk fufoZ d kj gksusl sog t xr~dk drkZl EHko ughagksrk gS ]
l ka
[ ; fl ¼kUr esai q #"k osQdrZ̀ Ro dksv Ä~ xhdkj ughafd; k x; k gS Arksdgrsfd i q #"k osQv ykok
fHkUu dksbZbZ ' oj Hkhl k[a; ' kkL=kesaughat kst xr dkdrkZgks] D; ksa fd drkZosQfcukfdl hHkhdk; Z
dhmRifÙkughagksrhgSbl fy, bl dk; Z: i t xr~dkdksbZu dksbZdrkZv o' ; ekuukpkfg, Aog
t xr l ka [ ; fl ¼kUr esadkS u gS\ rc dgrsgS afd t ksLorU=k gksmRifÙk rFkk fouk' k l sjfgr fuR;
rFkk, d v psru ç/ ku ght xr dkdrkZgS AdrkZl srkRi; ZgSfd dk; ZosQv uq ow Q
y Ñfr djusokyk]
ml çdkj dk drZ̀ Ro ç/ ku esaugha#drk gS ] cfYd og rkscq f¼ esagh #drk gS Arksdgrsga Sfd
rksog ç/ ku drkZoS Q
l sgS] rc dgrsgS afd drZ̀ : i hcqf¼ osQmi knkudkj.kRo ç/ ku esagksrk gSbl
dkj.k l sç/ ku esadrZ̀ Ro dgkt krk gS Abl çdkj drkZ : i hcq f¼ esami knku dkj.kRo ekuusi j og
ç/ ku dgykrhgS Abl dkj.k l sç/ ku drkZosQ: i esaml sghLohdkjk t krk gS At Sl s?kV: i dk; Z
dh v uq owQy Ñfr ekuusi j drkZdq y ky gksrk gSml h çdkj t xr~: i h dk; Zdk ÑfrRo cq f¼ esa
ghgksrkgSu gd ç/ ku esafl ¼ gksrkgS Av kS
j Hkh¶ft l çdkj dk dk; ZgksrkgSml hçdkj ml dk
dkj.kHkhgksrkgS A; g l al kj dkv O;fHkpfjr fu; e gS A; g f=kxq . kkRed gS] bl fy, bl dkdkj.kHkh
f=kxq. kkRed gksukpkfg, Abl dkj.k l sHkhfl f¼ gksrkgSfd ç/ ku ght xr~dkdrkZgSD; ksa fd og
f=kxq. kkRed gksrk gS At Sl sç; ksx djrsgS afd ¶; g dk; Z: i t xr~l q • nq%• rFkk eksg esal a y Xu gS
A
t ksft l essal ay Xu gksrk gSog ghml dk dkj.k gksrkgS At Sl sl ksusosQv kHkw"k.kksaesal q
o.kZdksgksusosQ
dkj.k mudk l q o.kZdkj.k gksrk gS ] oS
l sgh ; g ml dk gSbl çdkj l st kuuk pkfg, A

2-8) i j kFkZ
çÑfr d h çof̀Ùk
çÑfr essaft ruhl Hkhdhçof̀ÙkgSosLokFkZv Fkoki jkFkZl snf̀"Vi FkgksrhgS AçÑfr rkst M+
gSml dh LokFkZrFkk i jkFkZçof̀Ùk ughagksrh gSfi Q
j Hkh l al kj esai jkFkZçof̀Ùk ns• h t krh gS Al a
l kj
esans• k t krk gSfd v psru Hkh ç; kst u dh çof̀Ùk gksrk gS
At S l sxk; esacNM+ sdksc<+ kusokyk nw /
Hkhv psru gksrkgS ] , slsv ps
r u çÑfr Hkhi q
#"kosQeks{kosQfy, çof̀ÙkgksrhgS Abl fy, l ka [ ; dkfjdk
esabZ
' oj Ñ".k osQ}kjk dgk x; k gS &
24 mPpr j ekè; fed
l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
oRl foof̀¼fufeÙka{khj L; ; Fkk çof̀Ùkj KL; A l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
iq#"kfoeks{kfufeÙkar Fkk çof̀Ùk%ç/ kuL; AAbfrA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk 57º
iq#"k xq. k fopkj
bl dkv FkZgS µtS l sv Kku okysv psru nw/ dkHkhcNM+ sdhof̀¼ osQfufeÙkxk; osQcNM+ s
os
Qi ks"k.kos
Qfy, çof̀ÙkLo; aghmRiUu gksrhgS Aml hçdkj vpsru ç/ ku os Qi q
#"kosQeks{kos
QfufeÙk
çof̀Ùk Lo; agh gksrh gSA
ml dh osQoy i jkFkZgh çof̀Ùk gksrh gSv fi rqLokFkZçof̀Ùk Hkh ns• h t krh gS
At S
l syksd esa
bPNkv ksadhfuof̀Ùk osQfy, çof̀Ùk ns• h t krhgSoS l sghç/ ku i q
#"k dheks{k osQfy, çof̀Ùk ns• h
t krhgS
A
è; ku nsa
%
bl fy, dgk x; k gS µ
v kS
Rl q
D; fuoÙ̀; FkZ
a; Fkk fØ; kl qçor Zr sy ksd %
A
iq#"kL; foeks{kkFk±çor Z r sr } nO;ÙkQAAbfrA¹ l ka
e~ [ ; dkfjdk 58º
; gk¡ i j v kS Rl q
D; i n dk v FkZbPNk gS
] og gh rhuksaxq
. kksadh i ; kZ
Ir of̀Ùk gS
] ; g psru / eZ
U;k; osQv uq l kj ughagS Aog bPNkbfPNr oLrqdhçkfIr osQckn fuor̀ gkst krhgS At Sl sfdl hi q
#"k
dhbfPNr oLrq v ksadksçkIr djusdhbPNkgksrhgSrc og ml oLrqdhçkfIr osQfy, xeu v kxeu
: i hfØ; kv ksaesaçoÙ̀kgksrkgS At c ml dksog oLrqçkIr gkst krhgSrc ml dhfuof̀Ùkgkst krhgS A
rks; gk¡i j çkI; oLrqD; kgS \ rksdgrsgS afd i #
q"kdkfoeks{kghçÑfr osQ}kjkpkgkx; kgS Abl l s
ghi jkFkZghçÑfr dhçof̀ÙkgksrhgS; g t kukx; kgS ]iQy osQi jxr gksusosQdkj.kml esaghLokFkZ
rq
Y; kfn Hkko gksrsgS A
a
bl çdkj l sçÑfr rFkk i q #"k osQfoosd Kku l si q #"k dk t c eks{k gkst krk gSrc çÑfr
Lo; afuofrZ r gkst krh gS Abl fy, dgk x; k gS µ
j Ä~xL; n' kZf; Rok fuor Z
r sur Zd h ; Fkk uR̀;kr ~
A
iq#"kL; r Fkk¿¿Rekuaçd k' ; fofuor Z r sçÑfr % AAbfrA¹ l ka
[ ; dkfjdk 59º
t lSsurZ
d hukVÔ'kkykesai #q"kksadksuR̀; fn• kdj osQuR̀; l sfuofrZ
r gkst krhgSAoSl sghçÑfr
Hkh i q
#"k dksv i uk Lo: i fn• kdj fuor̀ gkst krh gS A

2-9) bZ
' oj
l k[a; n' kZ
u osQer esabZ
' oj l n~
Hkko osQfo"k; esafo}kuksauscgq
r çdkj osQerHksn i k; st krs
gS
At S
a l k fd bl ' yksd esadgk x; k gS A
l ka
[ ; k%fuj h' oj k%osQ fpr ~osQfpnh' oj nsor k%A
l oZs"kkefi r s"kkaL; kÙkÙokukai ×k~
p foa AAbfrA
' kfr %
( dqN l ka[ ; bZ ' oj dksughaekursdq N ekursgS ] l Hkhdq
a y feykdj osQi Pphl rRoksadksgh
ekursgS
)
a
ogk¡b'Zoj dksLohdkj djusosQfo"k; esarFkkv LohdkjusosQfo"k; esacgq r çdkj dh; q fÙkQ; k¡
gSa^^bZ
' ojkfl ¼s%̧ ( l ka
[;l =
wke~1-92) bfr ¶us
' ojkf/ f"Brsi Q
yfu"i fÙk%deZ . kkrfRl¼s%̧ (5-2) ; gk¡
l sysd j ¶l EcU/kHkkokUukuq ekue~
¸ ( 5-22) bl l w=krd ns• usv usd yksx , slkekursgS afd l ka
[;
dksLohdkj djusokysyksx fujh' oj gS Adq
a N osQer esal w =k ; q
ÙkQl ka
[ ; n' kZ
u fujh' oj oknh ugha
gSAmuosQer esal a
a l kj osQv f/ "Bkrk l c dq
N t kuusokyk l Hkh dk drkZv kfn bu i nksal sbZ ' oj
Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 25
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr v Fkoki jekRekdhfl f¼ dhxbZgSAt ksbl çdkj l sl w
=kesaçkIr gksrkgS
& ¶rRl fUu/ kuknf/ "BkrR̀oa
ef.kor~¸ ( 1-96) bfr] ¶l fg l oZ
for~l oZ
d rkZ̧ ( 3-56) ¶us'ojkf/ f"Brsi Qyl Ei fÙk%deZ . kk
iq#"k xq. k fopkj rfRl ¼s%̧ ( 5-2) A
oLrqr %l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esat M+çÑfr dksght M+t xr dkmi knku dkj.kekursgS au fd psru
iq #"k dksAysfdu t xr osQv f/ "Bkrk osQ: i esarFkk fu; Urk osQ: i esai q #"k dksgh Lohdkj djrs
gS Al ka
a [ ; er osQv uq l kj oghi q#"k bZ
' oj gSu fd v kS j dqN rRoAbl çdkj osQi q #"k dksosnkUr esa
b'Zoj ughaekukx; kgS At M+t xr dkmiknu dkj.kosHkhpsru dksghLohdkj djrsgS arFkkosml dh
fl f¼ osQfy, ek; k: i hv U; rRo dhdYi kukdjrsgS Al ka
a [ ; rkst xr~osQmi knku osQ: i esapsru
è; ku nsa
% i q#"k dksv Ä~xhdkj ughadjrsgS a; gk¡ rkst M+çÑfr dksgh v Ä~ xhdkj fd; k t krk gSbl esadksbZ
v l e×k~ t l ughagS ] v r%l ka[ ; dkfjdk esabZ' oj osQfo"k; esav kS
j dq N ughadgk x; k gS A

i kBxr ç' u 2-3

1- cq
f¼ esat M+
Ro rFkk drZ̀
Ro oS
Q
l sfl ¼ gksrk gS
\
2- l ka
[ ; fl ¼kUr osQv uq
l kj t xr osQdrkZdkS
u gS
\
3- drZ̀
Ro fdl sdgrsga
\
S
4- v psru dh çof̀r gsrqdkS
u&l k n`"VkUr gS
\
5- N%v kfLrd n' kZ
uksaesafujh' ojoknh n' kZ
u dkS
u&l sdgsx; sgS
\
a
( d) uS
; kf; d ( • ) oS
' ksf"kd ( x) l ka
[; ( ?k) osnkfUr

i kB l kj
iq
#"k rFkk çÑfr bu nksuksaosQeè; esat ksl EcU/ gSml osQckjsesai w oZi kB esao.kZ
u fd; k
t kpqd kgS Abl i kB esai q #"kcgq Ro dko.kZ u fd; kx; kgS ] ft l esai q
#"kcgqRo Lohdkj djusesarhu
çdkj osQgsrqcrk, x; sgS ] ( 1-) t Ue ej.k osQçfrfu; e l s( 2-) , d l kFk çof̀Ùk ughagksusl s]
a
( 3-) rhuksaxq
. kksaosQfoi ; Z
; l sAbl esaçdfr osQrRo dhfoLrkj i w oZd v kykspuk dhxbZgS AçÑfr
l Rojt rFkkre dhl kE; koLFkkgS A; sxq. kosQoy çÑfr osQ/ eZghughagSv fi rqçÑfr osQLo: i
HkhgSAy?kq Ro rFkkçdk' kd l Roxq . kdk/ eZgS ] v o"VEHkdRo rFkkpyRo jt ksxq . kosQ/ eZgS
] xq
a #Ro
rFkkv kojdRo ; sreksxq . kosQ/ eZgSAt Sl snhi d dkçdk' kv fXu] rsy rFkkcÙkhosQi jLi j feyus
i j ghl EHko gksrkgSml hçdkj ; sxq . kHkhi jLi j feydj ghdk; ZdjrsgS Au fd , d , d djosQ
a A
çÑfr t M+gksusi j Hkhpsru i q #"kosQl kfuè; l spsru dhrjg ghv kpj.kdjrhgS Abl drZ̀ Ro èkeZ
çÑfr dhfodkjHkw r k cq
f¼ dk ghgSu fd i q #"k dkAog çÑfr u rksLokFkZosQfy, çofrZ r gksrh
gSv kS
j u ghi jkFkZosQfy, Ai jkFkZv FkkZ r ~i q
#"kdkeks{kAbl çdkj l si q #"kdkeks{kl Ei kfnr djosQ
çÑfr Lo; av i uh çof̀Ùk; ksadksjksd ysrh gS Abl er esabZ ' oj Lohdkj djusdk ç; kst u ughagS A

v ki usD; k l h[ kk
 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai q
#"k cgq
Ro dsfl ¼kUr dh Lohdk; Z
r k dkst kuk]

26 mPpr j ekè; fed

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj i kB&2
 i zÑfr , oai zÑfr Lo: i dkst kuk] l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr
 i z/ku rÙoksadkst kuk] iq#"k xq. k fopkj
 l Ro] jt rFkk re xq
. kksadk foLrkj l si fjp; i zkIr fd; k]
 i#
q"k osQpsruRo dkst kuk]
 i zÑfr dh i zof̀Ùk fdl fy, gS; g t kukA

i kBkUr ç' u è; ku nsa

%
1- i#
q"k cgq
Ro l k/ d gsrv ksadk foLrkj l so.kZ
u dhft , \
2- ew
y çÑfr osQfo"k; esay?kqfVIi .kh fyf• , \
3- xq
. k=k; osQLo: i rFkk ç; kst u dksfoLrkj l sçfri kfnr dhft , \
4- çÑfr dh çof̀Ùk fdl fy, gksrh gS
] bl i j fopkj dhft , \
5- l k[a; er esai q
#"k osQv ÑrRo rFkk cq
f¼ dh t M+
r k oS
Q
l sgS
] fopkj dhft , \
6- l k[a; er dksLohdkj fd; k x; k gSv Fkok ugha
] fopkj dhft , \
7- ew
y çÑfr dksLohdkj djusosQD; k ekun.M gS
al a
{ksi esafyf• , \

i kBxr ç' uka

sosQmÙkj 2-1
1- v .kiqfjek.k] egr~i fjek.krFkki jeegr~i fjek.k
2- ?k) l k[a;
3- d) rhu
4- t uu ej.k dkj.kksaosQçfr fu; e l s] v ; q
xi Rçof̀Ùk l s] rhuksaxq
. kksaosQfoi ; Z
; l si q
#"k cgq
Ro
fl ¼ gksrk gS
A
5- ^t UekfnO;oLFkkr%i q
#"kcgq
Roe~
* bfr
6- ew
y çÑfr gh l Ro jt rFkk reksxq
. k dh l kE; koLFkk: i gksrh gS
A
7- v kB dkj.k gksrsgS a& 1- v frnwj kr~
] 2- l kehI; kr~3- bfUæ;?kkrkr~4- euks¿uoLFkkukr~
]
5- l k{SE; kr~6- O;o/ kukr~7- v fHkHkokr~8- l ekukfHkgkjkr~A
8- • ) l {werk osQdkj.k

i kBxr ç' uka

sosQmÙkj 2-2
1- l Ro i #
q"k ughagksrk gSrFkk i q
#"k l Ro ughagksrk gS
] v U;ksU;k Hkkoçrhfr gksusosQdkj.k bl s
l Roi q
#"kkU;Fkk[ ; kfr dgkt rk gSA

Hkkj r h; n' kZ
u 27
 i kB&2 l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr i q
#"k xq
. k fopkj

l ka
[ ; n' kZ
u esai zÑfr 2- ¶l Ro jt rFkk re dh l kE; koLFkk gh çÑfr dgykrh gS
A
iq#"k xq. k fopkj 3- v foosfdrk gh l EHkw
; dkfjrk dgykrh gS
4- v usd i q
#"kksaosQxzg.k gksusosQdkj.k ç/ ku l kekU; dgykrk gS
A
5- rhuksaxq
. k çhfr v çhfr rFkk fo"kknkRed gksrsgS
A
a
6- ( d) l RoL;
7- l Ro dk çdk' k jt dk çof̀r rFkk re dk fu; euA
è; ku nsa
%
i kBxr ç' uka
sosQmÙkj 2-3
1- cq
f¼ esapsru i q
#"k dk çfrfcEcRoA
2- ç/ ku gh t xr~dk drkZgS
A
3- dk; ZosQv uq
ow
Qy ÑfrA
4- tS
l sv psru nq
X/ Hkh cNM+
sdh of̀¼ osQfy, c<+
r k gS
] bl n`"VkUr l s
5- ( x) l ka
[;

28 mPpr j ekè; fed