Prepared By:

JULITA J. RODRIGUEZ, RN, MSN

COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH (COPAR)

Introduction
COPAR or Community Organizing Participatory Action Research is a vital part of public health nursing.
COPAR aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic, participatory
and politically responsive community.
DEFINITIONS/CONCEPTS:
1--COPAR stands for Community Organizing Participatory Action Research
2--A social development approach that aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless
poor into dynamic, participatory and politically responsive community.

a. Transforming /Empowering the apathetic community members:

 Explanation: -- Apathy refers to a lack of interest, engagement, or concern about social

and political issues.
 COPAR organizers facilitate community meetings, workshops, and forums to raise
awareness about their rights, interests, and potential for collective action.

b. Transforming the individualistic community members:

 Explanation: Individualism refers to a mindset that prioritizes personal interests and

pursuits over the collective well-being of the community.
 Example, COPAR organizers facilitate the formation of cooperatives or farmer groups.

c. Empowering the voiceless poor into dynamic…:

 Explanation: Voicelessness refers to the lack of opportunities for marginalized

individuals or groups to express their concerns, needs, and aspirations in decision-making
processes that affect their lives.
 COPAR organizer empowers them to articulate their demands, hold authorities
accountable, and advocate for systemic change.
3--A collective, participatory, transformative, liberative, sustained and systematic process of building
people’s organizations by mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities and resources of the people for the
resolution of their issues and concerns towards effecting change in their existing oppressive and
exploitative conditions (1994 National Rural Conference).

a. Collective and participatory process:

 Explanation: COPAR emphasizes the active involvement and collaboration of community

members in decision-making, problem-solving, and action planning processes.

b. Transformative and liberative:

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 Transformative: COPAR seeks to bring about transformative change at multiple levels. At the
individual level, it empowers community members by enhancing their awareness of their rights,
capabilities, and potential for action.
--Through education, dialogue, and collective problem-solving, COPAR can transform passive
individuals into active agents of change within their communities.

Liberative: COPAR is inherently liberative in nature because it seeks to dismantle oppressive

structures and empower marginalized groups. By engaging in participatory research and action,
COPAR enables communities to identify the root causes of their problems and develop strategies
for liberation.
-- It challenges top-down approaches to development and decision-making, instead prioritizing
the voices and needs of the most marginalized members of society.

 Explanation: COPAR aims to bring about fundamental and positive changes in the lives
of marginalized communities, challenging existing structures of oppression and
exploitation.
 Oppression refers to the systematic and pervasive mistreatment, marginalization, or
discrimination experienced by certain groups based on their identity, characteristics, or
social status.
 Examples of oppression include racial segregation, gender discrimination, economic
exploitation, police brutality, mass incarceration, cultural imperialism, and systemic
barriers to education, employment, healthcare, and housing faced by marginalized
communities.
 Exploitation refers to the unfair or unjust use of someone's labor, resources, or
vulnerabilities for the benefit of others, often resulting in harm, inequality, or deprivation
for the exploited individuals or groups.
 Example: exploitation may involve low wages, unsafe working conditions, child labor,
forced labor, human trafficking, and debt bondage, particularly prevalent in industries
such as agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and domestic work.

c. Sustained and systematic process:

 Explanation: COPAR is not a one-time intervention but a long-term and systematic

process of capacity-building, organizing, and mobilization
 Example: COPAR facilitates the establishment of a community-based disaster
preparedness committee. Over time, this committee receives training in disaster risk
reduction, develops evacuation plans, and conducts regular drills to build resilience.
 Here's a more detailed breakdown of what resilience means:
 Adaptability: Resilience involves being flexible and adaptable in response to changing
circumstances or unexpected events.
 Emotional Regulation: Resilience entails managing and regulating emotions in
constructive ways, such as staying calm under pressure

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Problem-Solving Skills: Resilience involves having strong problem-solving skills and a
proactive approach to addressing difficulties.
 Social Support: Resilience is fostered by having supportive relationships and a reliable
network of family, friends, and community members who offer encouragement,
assistance, and empathy during tough times.
 Self-Efficacy: Resilience is fueled by a belief in one's ability to effectively cope with
adversity and achieve desired outcomes
 Optimism and Hope: Resilience is bolstered by a positive outlook and a hopeful attitude
towards the future. It involves cultivating optimism, gratitude, and a belief that things can
improve, even in the darkest of times
 Coping Strategies: Resilience encompasses the use of adaptive coping strategies to
manage stress and build psychological strength.
4--A process by which a community identifies its needs and objectives, develops confidence to take action
in respect to them and in doing so, extends and develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and
practices in the community (Ross 1967).
a.Identifying needs and objectives:
 Explanation: COPAR begins with a participatory process of identifying the needs,
priorities, and aspirations of the community. This involves engaging community members
in discussions, surveys, and assessments to understand their challenges and goals.

b.Developing confidence to take action:

 Explanation: COPAR aims to build the confidence and self-efficacy of community
members to take action on the issues they have identified
c.Extending and developing cooperative attitudes and practices:
 Explanation: COPAR fosters a culture of cooperation, collaboration, and mutual support
within the community. It encourages individuals and groups to work together towards
common goals, share resources, and build networks of solidarity.

5—COAR A continuous and sustained process of educating the people to understand and develop their
critical awareness of their existing condition, working with the people collectively and efficiently on their
immediate and long-term problems, and mobilizing the people to develop their capability and readiness
to respond and take action on their immediate needs towards solving their long-term problems (CO: A
manual of experience, PCPD).
The definition of COAR (Community Organizing and Action Research) provided by the manual of
experience from PCPD emphasizes its role as a continuous and empowering process for community
development. Let's break down the explanation and provide examples:

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 a.Educating the people to understand and develop critical awareness:
 Explanation: COAR begins with the education and empowerment of community
members to critically analyze their existing conditions, challenges, and opportunities
b.Working with the people collectively and efficiently on immediate and long-term problems:
 Explanation: COPAR involves collaborative efforts to address both immediate needs and
underlying systemic issues. It emphasizes the importance of collective action and
efficient problem-solving processes that prioritize community participation and
ownership.
c.Mobilizing the people to develop capability and readiness to respond and take action:
 Explanation: COPAR aims to empower communities to become agents of change by
building their capacity, confidence, and readiness to take proactive steps in addressing
their immediate needs and long-term challenges.
Process of COPAR:
 Explanation: COPAR, or Community Organizing and Participatory Action Research, is a
structured approach that involves a sequence of steps where community members collaborate to
assess, evaluate, and address community conditions collectively. It emphasizes active
participation, critical reflection, and collaborative problem-solving.
Structure
Refers to a particular group of community members that work together for a common health and health
related goals.
 Explanation: Structure refers to a specific group or organization within the community
that is formed to address common goals or objectives related to health and health-related
issues. It provides a framework for collective action, coordination, and decision-making.
Emphasis
1. Community working to solve its own problem:
 Explanation: This emphasizes the principle that communities are best positioned to
identify and address their own challenges. Rather than relying on external entities to
solve their problems, communities are empowered to take ownership and initiative in
finding solutions.
2. Direction is established internally and externally:
 Explanation: This recognizes that while communities set their own priorities and agendas,
(internal) they may also seek guidance, resources, and support from external sources
such as government agencies, NGOs, or experts. It involves a balance between internal
decision-making processes and external input or assistance.
3. Development and implementation of a specific project less important than the development
of the capacity of the community to establish the project:

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Explanation: This underscores the importance of building the capacity, skills, and
resources within the community to initiate and sustain projects in the long term.
4. Consciousness raising involves perceiving health and medical care within the total structure
of society:
 Explanation: This highlights the importance of understanding health and medical care
within the broader social, economic, and political context. It involves raising awareness
among community members about the interconnectedness of health with various social
determinants and structural factors.

Importance
-- COPAR is an important tool for community development and people empowerment as this helps the
community workers to generate community participation in development activities.
COPAR prepares people/clients to eventually take over the management of a development programs in
the future.
COPAR maximizes community participation and involvement; community resources are mobilized for
community services.
The importance of COPAR lies in its ability to empower communities, foster participation, and mobilize
resources for sustainable development.
ACTIVITIES:
1. Generating community participation in development activities:
 Explanation: COPAR encourages active involvement and engagement of community
members in identifying, planning, and implementing development initiatives. By
fostering a sense of ownership and collaboration, it ensures that development efforts are
relevant, inclusive, and responsive to community needs and aspirations.
2. Preparing people/clients to eventually take over the management of development programs
in the future:
 Explanation: COPAR not only addresses immediate development needs but also builds
the capacity and leadership skills of community members to sustain and manage
programs independently. It empowers individuals to become agents of change and take
ownership of their community's development trajectory.
 Over time, they gradually assume leadership roles in running the program, ensuring its
continuity and effectiveness.
3. Maximizing community participation and involvement; mobilizing community resources
for community services:
 Explanation: COPAR leverages the collective knowledge, skills, and resources within the
community to address development challenges. It fosters a culture of mutual support,
cooperation, and resource-sharing, enabling communities to pool their strengths and
assets for the common good.
Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
Principles:
1. People especially the most oppressed, exploited, and deprived sectors are open to change,
have the capacity to change, and are able to bring about change:
 Explanation: This principle recognizes the agency and resilience of marginalized
communities. It affirms that despite facing systemic oppression and exploitation,
community members have the inherent capacity to envision and enact positive change in
their lives and communities.
2. COPAR should be based on the interest of the poorest sector of the community:
 Explanation: This principle prioritizes the needs and interests of the most vulnerable and
marginalized members of the community. It ensures that development efforts are
inclusive, equitable, and responsive to the realities and priorities of those who are most
affected by poverty and injustice.
3. COPAR should lead to a self-reliant community and society:
 Explanation: This principle emphasizes the importance of building the capacity and
resilience of communities to address their own needs and challenges independently. It
aims to empower communities to become self-reliant, self-sufficient, and capable of
shaping their own development trajectories.
 Over time, the community becomes less reliant on external aid and more capable of
managing and adapting to environmental threats, leading to greater self-reliance and
sustainability.

Critical Steps
Each of these critical steps in COPAR is essential for empowering communities, fostering participation,
and achieving sustainable development.
1. Integration:
 Explanation: Integration involves bringing together various stakeholders, resources, and
perspectives to address community issues comprehensively. It ensures that diverse voices
and interests are considered in the decision-making process.
2. Social Investigation:
 Explanation: Social investigation involves gathering data, conducting surveys, and
analyzing community conditions to understand root causes of problems and identify
opportunities for intervention.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 3. Tentative Program Planning:
 Explanation: Tentative program planning involves developing initial strategies, goals, and
activities based on the findings of social investigation and input from community
members.
4. Groundwork:
 Explanation: Groundwork involves laying the foundation for community mobilization
and action, including building relationships, establishing trust, and creating awareness
about the program goals.
5. Meeting:
 Explanation: Meetings provide opportunities for community members to come together,
share information, discuss issues, and make decisions collectively.
6. Role Play:
 Explanation: Role play activities allow participants to simulate real-life scenarios,
explore different perspectives, and practice new skills in a safe and interactive
environment.
7. Mobilization or Action:
 Explanation: Mobilization or action involves implementing planned activities, engaging
community members in collective action, and advocating for change.

8. Evaluation:
 Explanation: Evaluation involves assessing the impact, effectiveness, and sustainability
of program activities, identifying strengths and areas for improvement, and adjusting
strategies accordingly.
9. Reflection:
 Explanation: Reflection provides opportunities for participants and organizers to pause,
review experiences, share insights, and learn from successes and challenges.
10. Organization:

 Explanation: Organization involves formalizing structures, roles, and responsibilities

within the community to sustain initiatives and empower ongoing participation.

PHASES OF COPAR
COPAR has four phases namely:
1.Pre-Entry Phase,

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
2. Entry Phase,
3.Organization-building phase, and
4. Sustenance and strengthening phase.
1. PRE-ENTRY PHASE
- it is the initial phase of the organizing process where the community organizer looks for
communities to serve and help.
Activities include:
Preparation in Pre-Entry phase in the community
1. Train faculty and students in COPAR:
 Explanation: This involves providing training sessions or workshops to educate faculty
members and students about the principles, methodologies, and techniques of COPAR
(Community Organizing and Participatory Action Research). It aims to equip them with
the necessary knowledge and skills to effectively engage with communities.
2. Formulate plans for institutionalizing COPAR:
 Explanation: This step involves developing strategies and policies within the institution
to integrate COPAR principles and practices into its academic programs, research
initiatives, and community engagement efforts on a long-term basis.
3. Revise/enrich curriculum and immersion program:
 Explanation: This involves reviewing and updating the institution's curriculum and
immersion programs to incorporate COPAR principles, methodologies, and real-world
applications. It aims to provide students with experiential learning opportunities and
practical skills for community engagement.
4. Coordinate participants of other departments:
 Explanation: This involves collaborating with departments across the institution to
mobilize resources, expertise, and support for COPAR initiatives. It aims to foster
interdisciplinary collaboration and maximize the institution's impact in addressing
community needs.

5. Site Selection

a. Initial networking with local government:

 Explanation: This step involves reaching out to local government officials or authorities
to establish communication, gather information about potential communities, and seek
support or guidance for the project.

b. Conduct preliminary special investigation:

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Explanation: This step involves conducting an initial assessment or investigation to
gather baseline data, identify key issues, and assess the feasibility of implementing the
project in different communities.

c. Make long/short list of potential communities:

 Explanation: Based on the findings of the preliminary investigation and consultation with
stakeholders, a list of potential communities is compiled. This list may include
communities that demonstrate the greatest need, readiness, and potential for successful
project implementation.

d. Do ocular survey of listed communities:

 Explanation: An ocular survey involves visiting potential communities in person to assess

their suitability for the project, gather additional information, and engage with
community members.
Criteria for Initial Site Selection:
The criteria for initial site selection outline specific characteristics that are important for identifying
suitable communities for a development project.
a. Must have a population of 100-200 families:
 Explanation: This criterion ensures that the selected community has a sufficient size to
support the project's objectives and engage a meaningful number of participants. It also
indicates a level of community cohesion and potential for collective action.
 Rationale: A community of this size allows for meaningful engagement with residents
while ensuring that resources are effectively utilized
b. Economically depressed. No strong resistance from the community:
 Explanation: This criterion focuses on targeting communities facing economic
challenges, where the project's interventions are likely to have a significant impact.
Additionally, it ensures that there is no strong opposition or resistance from community
members towards the proposed project.
 Rationale: Selecting an economically depressed community ensures that the project
targets populations most in need of assistance and support.
 However, it's crucial to avoid communities with strong resistance as it can hinder
progress and sustainability.
c. No serious peace and order problem:
a. Explanation: This criterion prioritizes safety and security in the selected community,
ensuring that project activities can be implemented without disruption or endangering
the well-being of participants and project staff.
 Rationale: Peace and order are essential for the success of community engagement
initiatives. By selecting communities with relatively peaceful conditions, the project can
focus on its objectives without being impeded by security concerns or disruptions.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 d. No similar group or organization holding the same program:
a. Explanation: This criterion avoids duplication of efforts and ensures that the selected
community can fully benefit from the project's interventions without competing with
similar programs or initiatives.
 Rationale: By selecting communities without similar ongoing programs, the project can
fill existing gaps in services or address unmet needs more effectively.
6. Identifying Potential Municipalities:
Identifying potential municipalities involves creating a list of locations that could serve as suitable
sites for implementing a development project.

1. Make a long/short list of potential municipalities:

Explanation: This step involves conducting research, gathering data, and analyzing various factors to
identify municipalities that align with the project's objectives and criteria. It may include considering
demographic information, socio-economic indicators, infrastructure availability, geographic location, and
community readiness.
Rationale: Making a long/short list of potential municipalities allows project planners to systematically
evaluate and prioritize locations that offer the greatest potential for impact and success. It helps focus
resources and efforts on municipalities that have the necessary infrastructure, community support, and
conducive environments for project implementation.
7. Identifying Potential Communities:
a. Do the same process as in selecting municipality:
Explanation: This step entails replicating the process used for selecting municipalities but at a smaller
scale, focusing specifically on identifying communities within the chosen municipalities that align with
the project's objectives and criteria.
b.Consult key informants and residents:
Explanation: This step involves engaging with key informants and community members to gather
insights, local knowledge, and perspectives on potential communities. Key informants may include
community leaders, local activists, healthcare providers, educators, and other stakeholders who have in-
depth knowledge of the community..
Rationale: Consulting key informants and residents provides valuable firsthand insights into the socio-
economic, cultural, and environmental context of potential communities
c.Coordinate with local government and NGOs for future activities:
Explanation: This step involves establishing partnerships and collaboration with local government
agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other relevant stakeholders to support and

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
Rationale: Coordinating with local government and NGOs is essential for leveraging existing resources,
expertise, and infrastructure to maximize the impact and sustainability of project activities
Government Agencies:
1. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD): DSWD is responsible for social
welfare programs and services aimed at improving the well-being of disadvantaged individuals
and communities.
2. Department of Agriculture (DA): DA focuses on agricultural development and rural livelihood
programs.
3. Department of Education (DepEd): DepEd plays a crucial role in education and may
collaborate on projects related to school-based initiatives, youth development, and adult
education programs within communities.
4. Local Government Units (LGUs): Municipal or barangay-level government units are
instrumental in community development efforts. They provide essential services, infrastructure,
and governance at the grassroots level. Collaboration with LGUs ensures local ownership and
sustainability of projects.

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):

Examples:

a. Save the Children: Save the Children is an international NGO dedicated to promoting children's
rights, providing education, healthcare, and protection to vulnerable children and their families.
They often work in partnership with communities to implement programs focused on child
welfare, education, and health.

b. World Vision: World Vision is a global humanitarian organization that works to address poverty
and injustice, particularly focusing on child well-being. They engage in community development
projects such as livelihood support, education programs, health initiatives, and disaster response.

c. Habitat for Humanity: Habitat for Humanity is an NGO focused on housing and shelter needs.
They collaborate with communities to build safe and affordable housing, improve shelter
conditions, and provide housing-related services such as infrastructure development and disaster
resilience training.

d. Oxfam: Oxfam is an international confederation of NGOs working to alleviate poverty and

inequality worldwide. They implement programs in various sectors including livelihoods, gender
equality, water, sanitation, and humanitarian assistance, often in partnership with local
communities and organizations.
LOCAL NGOs
Certainly, engaging with local NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) is often crucial for community
development initiatives as they have a deep understanding of local contexts, cultures, and needs.

a. Environmental Conservation Groups: Local NGOs focused on environmental conservation and

sustainability can be valuable partners in community development efforts. They may engage in

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 initiatives such as reforestation, waste management, and eco-tourism development to promote
environmental stewardship and enhance livelihood opportunities.

b. Health and Wellness Organizations: NGOs dedicated to improving healthcare access,

promoting public health, and addressing specific health issues within communities can contribute
to community development. They may conduct health education campaigns, provide medical
services, and advocate for policies that support community well-being.

c. Educational NGOs: Local NGOs focused on education and youth development can collaborate
on projects aimed at improving educational outcomes, enhancing school facilities, and providing
extracurricular activities for children and youth. They may also offer scholarships, mentorship
programs, and vocational training to empower individuals and strengthen the local workforce.

d. Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): MFIs provide financial services such as microloans, savings
accounts, and business training to low-income individuals and small businesses. Partnering with
local MFIs can help promote entrepreneurship, create livelihood opportunities, and alleviate
poverty within communities by facilitating access to capital and financial resources.

e. Community-Based Organizations (CBOs): These are grassroots-level organizations formed by

community members to address specific local issues. Examples include women's groups, youth
clubs, and farmer cooperatives. CBOs play a vital role in mobilizing community resources,
advocating for local needs, and implementing development projects tailored to the community's
priorities.

f. Arts and Culture Organizations: NGOs dedicated to preserving and promoting local arts,
culture, and heritage play a vital role in community development by fostering cultural identity,
social cohesion, and economic opportunities. They may organize cultural events, heritage
conservation projects, and arts education programs to enrich community life and stimulate
creative expression.

g. Human Rights and Advocacy Groups: Local NGOs focused on human rights, social justice,
and advocacy can be important allies in community development initiatives, particularly in
marginalized or vulnerable communities. They may work to empower marginalized groups,
promote inclusive governance, and address issues such as gender equality, land rights, and
indigenous rights.
8. Choosing the Final Community
Choosing the final community for a development program involves several steps:

a. Conduct informal interviews with community residents and key informants:

 Example: Sit down with community members, local leaders, and key stakeholders for
casual conversations to gather insights into the community's strengths, challenges, and
aspirations. Ask open-ended questions about their experiences, priorities, and needs.
 Rationale: Informal interviews provide valuable qualitative data and help build rapport
with community members, allowing for a deeper understanding of their perspectives and
concerns.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 b. Determine the need of the program in the community:

 Example: Conduct a needs assessment through discussions, observations, and data

analysis to identify specific gaps, issues, or opportunities within the community.
 Rationale: Understanding the community's needs ensures that the program addresses real
challenges and makes a meaningful impact

c. Take note of political development:

 Rationale: Political stability and community dynamics can influence the success and
sustainability of development programs.

d. Develop community profiles for secondary data:

 Rationale: Community profiles provide a comprehensive overview of the target area,

aiding in program planning, resource allocation, and monitoring. They serve as reference
documents for understanding the context and dynamics of the community.

e. Develop survey tools:

 Example: Design survey questionnaires or assessment tools to collect quantitative data on

specific topics or indicators relevant to the program's objectives. Ensure that the
questions are clear, concise, and culturally sensitive, and pilot test the survey tools to
refine them as needed.
 Rationale: Surveys help gather systematic data on community needs, preferences, and
perceptions, complementing qualitative insights from informal interviews.

f. Pay courtesy call to community leaders:

 Example: Arrange meetings with local government officials, traditional leaders, and
influential community members to introduce the program, discuss potential collaboration,
and seek their input and support. Express respect for their authority and willingness to
work in partnership.

g. Choose foster families based on guidelines:

 Rationale: Foster families play a crucial role in hosting program participants, providing
accommodation, support, and cultural immersion experiences. Selecting appropriate
foster families ensures the safety, well-being, and positive experience of program
participants during their stay in the community.
9. Identifying Host Families
Identifying suitable host families for community programs involves considering various factors to
ensure a positive experience for both the participants and the host family.
Examples for each criterion:

a. House is strategically located in the community:

 Example: The house of the potential host family is centrally located within the
community, easily accessible to participants and other community members. It may be

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 situated near key community facilities such as schools, health centers, or gathering
places..

b. Should not belong to the rich segment:

 Rationale: Selecting a host family from a similar socio-economic background helps foster
a sense of relatability and cultural understanding between the participants and the host
family, reducing potential barriers and enhancing the immersion experience.

c. Respected by both formal and informal leaders:

 Rationale: A respected host family serves as a role model and ambassador for the
community program, enhancing its credibility and acceptance among community
members. Their endorsement can also facilitate collaboration with local leaders and
stakeholders.

d. Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the house:

 Rationale: A hospitable and open environment encourages participation and engagement

from both program participants and community members, fostering a sense of belonging
and trust within the community.

e. No member of the host family should be moving out in the community:

 Rationale: Ensuring the stability and continuity of the host family's presence in the
community minimizes disruptions and uncertainties for the program participants. It also
allows for sustained interaction and support from the host family throughout the program
duration.
10. Choosing Final Community
Choosing the final community involves a series of steps to carefully assess and select the most suitable
location for implementing a development program
a.Conduct informal interviews with community residents and key informants:
 Explanation: Informal interviews provide an opportunity to engage directly with
community members and gather insights into their needs, concerns, and priorities. Key
informants, such as community leaders or elders, can offer valuable perspectives and
facilitate access to local knowledge.
b.Determine the need of the program in the community:
b. Explanation: Assessing the specific needs of the community is crucial for ensuring
that the program addresses relevant challenges and contributes to meaningful impact.
This step involves analyzing data, conducting needs assessments, and consulting with
stakeholders.
c.Take note of political development:
c. Explanation: Political dynamics within a community can influence the success and
sustainability of development initiatives. Understanding local governance structures,

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 power dynamics, and community leadership is essential for effective program
implementation.
d.Develop community profiles for secondary data:
d. Explanation: Creating community profiles involves compiling secondary data and
information from existing sources such as census reports, government records, and
academic studies. These profiles provide a comprehensive overview of the
community's demographics, socio-economic status, infrastructure, and development
indicators.
e. Develop survey tools:
a. Explanation: Developing survey tools allows for systematic data collection and
measurement of key indicators related to the program's objectives. Surveys can help
quantify community needs, preferences, and perceptions, providing valuable insights
for program design and evaluation.
f. Pay courtesy call to community leaders:
a. Explanation: Building relationships and rapport with community leaders is essential
for gaining trust, securing cooperation, and fostering local ownership of the program.
Paying a courtesy call demonstrates respect and appreciation for community leaders'
roles and insights.
g. Choose foster families based on guidelines:
a. Explanation: Foster families play a crucial role in supporting program participants,
facilitating community engagement, and promoting program sustainability. Selecting
foster families based on established guidelines ensures that they meet specific criteria
and can fulfill their responsibilities effectively.
11.Identifying Host Family
Identifying a suitable host family is crucial for community-based programs as they play a central role in
facilitating engagement, trust-building, and collaboration with community members.
a.House is strategically located in the community:
 Explanation: The host family's residence should be centrally located within the
community to ensure accessibility and visibility. This enables easy interaction with
community members and participation in program activities.
b.Should not belong to the rich segment:
 Explanation: It is important for the host family to have a socio-economic status that is
representative of the broader community to foster relatability and trust among community
members. Selecting a family from the lower or middle-income segment helps avoid
perceptions of privilege or elitism.
 Example: the host family is chosen from a middle-income household.
c.Respected by both formal and informal leaders:

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Explanation: The host family should command respect and influence within the
community, both formally and informally, to garner trust and support from various
segments of the population. Their credibility and reputation contribute to the credibility
and acceptance of the program.
d.Neighbors are not hesitant to enter the house:
 Explanation: The host family's residence should be perceived as welcoming and
approachable by neighbors, fostering an open-door policy that encourages community
members to engage freely and participate in program activities without hesitation.
 Example: the host family's home is known for its warm hospitality and open atmosphere.
Neighbors feel comfortable visiting the family for social gatherings, informal
discussions, or seeking assistance, creating a sense of community cohesion and
inclusivity.
e.No member of the host family should be moving out in the community:
 Explanation: It is preferable for the host family members to have deep roots and stable
ties to the community, without plans for relocation or significant absences, ensuring
continuity and commitment to their role in supporting the program.
2. ENTRY PHASE:
The Entry Phase, also known as the social preparation phase, is a critical stage in community
organizing where organizers establish rapport, build trust, and familiarize themselves with the chosen
community. This phase is essential for determining the most effective strategies for community
engagement and ensuring the success of subsequent activities.
Success of the activities depend on how much the community organizers has integrated with the
community.
Explanation:
 The Entry Phase involves the initial interactions between community organizers and
members of the chosen community. It focuses on laying the groundwork for effective
engagement by understanding community dynamics, needs, and priorities. During this
phase, organizers establish relationships, assess readiness for change, and gather
information to inform the development of tailored strategies for community organizing.
Guidelines for Entry
The guidelines for entry provide a framework for community organizers to effectively integrate into the
chosen community during the Entry Phase.
1. Recognize the role of local authorities by paying them visits to inform them of their
presence and activities:
 Explanation: This guideline emphasizes the importance of acknowledging and respecting
the authority and leadership structures within the community. Organizers should seek to
establish communication and collaboration with local authorities, such as village chiefs,
council members, or religious leaders, to gain their support and endorsement for their
activities.
Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 2. Her appearance, speech, behavior, and lifestyle should be in keeping with those of the
community residents without disregard for their being role models:
 Example: A community organizer working in an urban neighborhood dress modestly and
respectfully, in line with local norms and customs. She uses language and communication
styles that are familiar and relatable to community residents, avoiding jargon or
expressions that may be unfamiliar or off-putting. Through her actions and behavior,
she models humility, empathy, and inclusivity, earning the respect and trust of community
members.
3. Avoid raising the consciousness of community residents; adopt a low-key profile:
 Explanation: This guideline advises organizers to adopt a non-intrusive and understated
approach during the initial stages of engagement with the community. Organizers should
prioritize building relationships, listening, and observing, rather than imposing their
agendas or attempting to catalyze change prematurely.
Activities in the Entry Phase
Activities in the Entry Phase are essential for community organizers to immerse themselves in the
community, build trust, and gain a deeper understanding of local dynamics.
1. Integration: Establishing rapport with the people in a continuing effort to imbibe
community life:
 Explanation: Integration involves actively engaging with community members,
participating in community events, and building relationships to become a trusted and
respected member of the community.
 Example: A community organizer joins local festivals, religious ceremonies, and social
gatherings to interact with residents, learn about their customs, and share experiences.
2. Living with the community:
 Explanation: Living within the community allows organizers to experience daily life
firsthand, deepen relationships with residents, and gain insights into their needs,
challenges, and aspirations.
3. Seeking out to converse with people where they usually congregate:
 Explanation: Actively seeking opportunities to converse with community members in
their natural settings, such as markets, community centers, or places of worship,
facilitates informal interactions and builds rapport.
4. Lending a hand in household chores:
 Explanation: Assisting with household chores demonstrates solidarity with community
members, fosters mutual respect, and strengthens interpersonal connections.
 Example: A volunteer participating in a community development project helps elderly
residents with tasks such as fetching water, cooking meals, or tending to livestock. By

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 offering practical support, the volunteer builds trust and rapport, paving the way for
deeper engagement and collaboration on community initiatives.
5. Avoiding gambling and drinking:
 Explanation: Maintaining a lifestyle consistent with community norms and values,
including abstaining from activities such as gambling and excessive drinking, reinforces
credibility and respect among community members.
6. Deepening social investigation/community study:
 Explanation: Conducting in-depth social investigations and community studies enables
organizers to gather comprehensive data, identify key issues, and inform program
planning and implementation. By collecting qualitative and quantitative data, they gain
insights into community needs, assets, and priorities, shaping the design of targeted
interventions.
7. Verification and enrichment of data collected from initial survey:
 Explanation: Validating and augmenting data collected from initial surveys through
further investigation and consultation ensures accuracy and reliability for informed
decision-making.
8. Conducting a baseline survey by students, with results relayed through a community
assembly:
 Explanation: Engaging students in conducting baseline surveys empowers them to
actively participate in community development efforts while providing valuable data for
program evaluation and monitoring. Sharing survey results through community
assemblies promotes transparency, accountability, and community ownership of
initiatives.
Core Group Formation
--Core group formation is a crucial step in community organizing, as it involves identifying
influential individuals who can serve as leaders, connectors, and advocates for community
development initiatives.

a. Leader spotting through sociogram:

 Explanation: A sociogram is a visual representation of social relationships within a

community, depicting connections and interactions between individuals. Leader spotting
involves identifying individuals who occupy central positions in the sociogram,
indicating influence, respect, and prominence within the community.

b. Key Persons. Approached by most people:

 Explanation: Key persons are individuals who are frequently approached by others in the
community for information, support, or assistance. They serve as important connectors
and mediators, facilitating communication and collaboration among community
members.

c. Opinion Leader. Approached by key persons:

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Explanation: Opinion leaders are individuals who wield influence and credibility within
the community, shaping attitudes, opinions, and behaviors of others. They are often
respected and admired by key persons and hold sway over community decision-making
processes.
 Example: A respected elder in a tribal community is regarded as an opinion leader, as his
wisdom, experience, and moral authority command respect and admiration from others.

d. Isolates. ( individuals who are never or hardly consulted)

 Explanation: Isolates are individuals who are marginalized or disconnected from social
networks within the community, often lacking influence, support, or recognition. They
may be overlooked or excluded from community decision-making processes.
 Example: A newcomer to a neighborhood who keeps to herself and rarely interacts with
neighbors may be considered an isolate.
3. ORGANIZATION -BUILDING PHASE
--Entails the formation of more formal structure and the inclusion of more formal procedure of
planning, implementing, and evaluating community-wise activities. It is at this phase where the organized
leaders or groups are being given training (formal, informal, OJT) to develop their style in managing their
own concerns/programs.
Key Activities
1.Community Health Organization (CHO)
2.Preparation of legal requirements
3.Guidelines in the organization of the CHO by the core group
4. Election of officers
5.Research Team Committee
6. Planning Committee
7. Health Committee Organization
8. Formation of by-laws by the CHO

Key Activities in the Organization-building Phase are instrumental in establishing formal structures,
procedures, and capacities within the community.
1.Community Health Organization (CHO):

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Explanation: Establishing a CHO involves forming a dedicated group focused on
promoting health and well-being within the community. This organization may engage in
activities such as health education, disease prevention, and advocacy for improved
healthcare services.
 Rationale: By forming a CHO, the community can take ownership of health-related
initiatives, prioritize local health needs, and mobilize resources to address health
disparities. This organized approach enhances community engagement, empowers
individuals to take control of their health, and fosters a culture of collective responsibility
for well-being.
2. Preparation of Legal Requirements:
 Explanation: This involves fulfilling legal obligations such as registering the
organization, obtaining permits, and complying with relevant regulations to ensure
legitimacy and accountability.
 Rationale: Meeting legal requirements enhances the credibility and legitimacy of the
organization, instills trust among stakeholders, and ensures adherence to legal standards
and regulations.
3. Guidelines in the organization of the CHO by the core group:
 Explanation: The core group, comprising community leaders and representatives,
develops guidelines and operational procedures to govern the functioning of the CHO,
including decision-making processes, membership criteria, and roles and responsibilities.
 Rationale: Developing guidelines promotes clarity, consistency, and coherence in the
organization's operations, facilitating effective decision-making, communication, and
coordination among members
4. Election of Officers:
 Explanation: The election of officers involves selecting individuals to hold leadership
positions within the organization, such as president, vice president, secretary, treasurer,
and committee chairs, through a democratic voting process.
 Rationale: Electing officers promotes inclusivity, representation, and democratic
decision-making within the organization. It enables members to have a voice in selecting
leaders who will advocate for their needs.

5. Research Team Committee:

 Explanation: The Research Team Committee is tasked with conducting studies, needs
assessments, and evaluations to inform evidence-based decision-making and program
planning within the community.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  Rationale: Establishing a Research Team Committee enhances the organization's
capacity for data-driven decision-making, program evaluation, and evidence-based
practice.
6. Planning Committee:
 Explanation: The Planning Committee is responsible for developing strategic plans,
action plans, and project proposals to guide the organization's activities and initiatives.
 Rationale: Establishing a Planning Committee fosters systematic, participatory, and goal-
oriented planning processes within the organization. It enables stakeholders to align
resources, set objectives, and monitor progress towards achieving desired outcomes.
7. Health Committee Organization:
 Explanation: The Health Committee Organization focuses on coordinating health-related
activities, mobilizing resources, and advocating for improved health services and
infrastructure within the community.
 Rationale: Establishing a Health Committee Organization strengthens the community's
capacity for health promotion, disease prevention, and health system strengthening.
8.Formation of By-laws by the CHO:
Explanation:
 By-laws are rules and regulations established by an organization to govern its internal
operations, decision-making processes, and conduct of members.
 By-laws provide clear guidelines and rules that govern the operations and conduct of the
CHO.
 By-laws ensure that the CHO operates in accordance with relevant legal requirements
and regulations.
 By-laws outline the rights, privileges, and responsibilities of CHO members, including
criteria for membership, voting rights, and participation in decision-making processes
 By-laws establish procedures for financial management, budgeting, and fiscal
accountability within the CHO
 By-laws include provisions for resolving conflicts, disputes, or disagreements that may
arise within the organization

4. SUSTENANCE and STRENGTHENING PHASE

--occurs when the community organization has already been established and the community
members are already actively participating in community-wide undertakings. At this point, the different
committee’s setup in the organization-building phase is already expected to be functioning by way of
planning, implementing and evaluating their own programs, with the overall guidance from the
community-wide organization.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 -Key Activities in community health programs are crucial for ensuring the successful
implementation, monitoring, and sustainability of initiatives aimed at improving health outcomes within a
community.
Key Activities typically undertaken during this phase:
1. Training of CHO for monitoring and implementing community health programs:
 Explanation: This activity involves providing comprehensive training to members of the
Community Health Organization (CHO) on various aspects of program implementation,
monitoring, and evaluation related to community health initiatives. Training sessions may
cover topics such as disease prevention, health promotion, sanitation practices, first aid,
and community mobilization techniques.
 Rationale: Training of CHO members is essential for building their capacity to address
health challenges, deliver health services, and engage community members in health
promotion activities.
2. Identification of secondary leaders:
 Explanation: Secondary leaders are individuals within the community who exhibit
leadership potential and can support the efforts of the primary leadership team, such as
the CHO, in implementing health programs and initiatives. Identifying secondary leaders
ensures broader participation, representation, and support for community health activities.
 Rationale: Engaging secondary leaders expands the reach and impact of community
health initiatives, as they can mobilize their respective networks, facilitate
communication, and advocate for health promotion within their spheres of influence.
3. Linkaging and networking:
 Explanation: Linkaging and networking involve establishing partnerships,
collaborations, and alliances with external stakeholders, such as government agencies,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), healthcare providers, academic institutions, and
community-based organizations, to leverage resources, expertise, and support for
community health programs.
 Rationale: Linkaging and networking enhance the CHO's capacity to address complex
health challenges by tapping into external resources, expertise, and networks.

4. Conduct of mobilization on health and development concerns:

 Explanation: Mobilization involves raising awareness, mobilizing community members,
and rallying support around key health and development issues affecting the community.
It encompasses advocacy, community engagement, and social mobilization strategies to
foster collective action, behavior change, and community participation in addressing
health challenges.
 Rationale: Mobilization is essential for generating awareness, fostering community
ownership, and catalyzing action on health and development concerns.
Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
  By engaging community members in dialogue, participation, and advocacy, the CHO
builds momentum, fosters social cohesion, and empowers individuals to become agents
of change in addressing shared health challenges.
 Mobilization efforts enhance community resilience, promote social justice, and contribute
to sustainable development outcomes.
5. Implementation of livelihood initiatives:
 Explanation: Livelihood initiatives aim to improve socio-economic conditions and
enhance community resilience by providing income-generating opportunities, skills
training, and support for sustainable livelihoods. These initiatives complement health
programs by addressing underlying determinants of health, such as poverty, food
insecurity, and unemployment.
 Rationale: Implementation of livelihood initiatives contributes to holistic community
development by addressing socio-economic disparities and promoting economic
empowerment. By diversifying income sources, enhancing skills, and fostering
entrepreneurship, livelihood programs strengthen community resilience, reduce
vulnerability to health risks, and improve overall well-being.
6. Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the impact
of community projects and initiatives, as well as assessing progress towards long-term goals and
objectives. This may involve conducting regular assessments, surveys, or focus group discussions
to gather feedback from community members and stakeholders, as well as documenting lessons
learned and best practices for future reference.
Here are the key reasons why M&E is essential during this phase:

a. Accountability: M&E mechanisms help ensure accountability to both internal and external
stakeholders, including community members, funders, government agencies, and other partners.
By regularly assessing progress and outcomes, communities can demonstrate their commitment
to achieving their stated goals and objectives, as well as their responsible use of resources.

b. Learning and Improvement: M&E provides opportunities for communities to reflect on their
experiences, identify strengths and weaknesses, and learn from both successes and failures. By
documenting lessons learned and best practices, communities can improve their approaches,
strategies, and decision-making processes over time, leading to more effective and sustainable
outcomes.

c. Evidence-Based Decision Making: M&E data provides evidence to inform decision-making at

various levels, from day-to-day project management to long-term strategic planning. By
collecting and analyzing data on project activities, outputs, and outcomes, communities can make
informed decisions about resource allocation, programmatic adjustments, and future directions.

d. Stakeholder Engagement: M&E processes facilitate ongoing dialogue and engagement with
community members, stakeholders, and partners. By soliciting feedback through assessments,
surveys, and focus group discussions, communities can ensure that the needs, priorities, and
perspectives of all stakeholders are taken into account, fostering greater ownership and support
for community initiatives.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 e. Resource Mobilization: M&E data can strengthen the case for continued funding and support
from external donors, government agencies, and other stakeholders. By demonstrating the impact
and effectiveness of their projects and initiatives, communities can attract additional resources
and investment to sustain and scale up their efforts over time.

f. Adaptive Management: M&E enables communities to adapt and respond to changing

circumstances, contexts, and challenges. By regularly monitoring progress and assessing the
relevance and effectiveness of their strategies, communities can make timely adjustments and
course corrections to ensure that they remain on track towards their long-term goals and
objectives.

1. Resource Mobilization:
Explanation: Identifying and mobilizing resources, both financial and non-financial, to support
community development efforts. This may involve exploring funding opportunities from
government grants, private donors, corporate sponsors, or international development agencies, as
well as leveraging local resources and expertise within the community.

Rationale: Engaging with different funding sources often requires building partnerships and
collaborations with external stakeholders such as government agencies, NGOs, philanthropic
organizations, and businesses. These partnerships can provide not only financial resources but
also technical expertise, networks, and access to additional resources, enhancing the overall
effectiveness and impact of community development efforts.

2. Financial Sustainability:
Explanation: Community development initiatives often require financial resources to implement
projects, provide services, and support ongoing activities. By identifying and mobilizing financial
resources from various sources such as government grants, private donors, corporate sponsors,
and international development agencies, communities can ensure the financial sustainability of
their efforts beyond the initial stages.

Rationale: Sustainability Planning: Developing sustainability plans to ensure the continuity and
long-term viability of community projects and initiatives. This may involve identifying
alternative
sources of funding or income generation, building local capacities for project management and
maintenance, and integrating environmental sustainability principles into project design and
implementation.

3. Celebration and Reflection: Celebrating achievements and milestones reached by the

community, as well as reflecting on challenges and lessons learned along the way. This may
involve organizing community events, festivals, or ceremonies to recognize the contributions of
individuals and groups, as well as fostering a culture of continuous learning and improvement
within the community.
Importance or Rationale
1. Recognition and Motivation: Celebrating achievements and milestones provides a sense of
recognition and validation for the efforts and contributions of individuals and groups within the
community. It acknowledges their hard work, dedication, and perseverance, which can boost
morale, motivation, and a sense of pride among community members.

Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor
 2. Community Cohesion and Solidarity: Celebratory events and ceremonies bring community
members together, fostering a sense of belonging, unity, and solidarity. They provide
opportunities for social interaction, bonding, and shared experiences, strengthening social ties and
relationships within the community.

3. Reflection and Learning: Reflection allows community members to pause and critically
evaluate their experiences, both successes and challenges, along their development journey. It
provides an opportunity to identify what worked well, what could have been done differently, and
what lessons can be learned for future endeavors.

4. Empowerment and Agency: Celebrating achievements empowers community members by

highlighting their agency and ability to effect positive change in their own lives and surroundings.
It reinforces the notion that community members are active agents of their own development,
capable of identifying priorities, setting goals, and taking collective action to address challenges
and achieve desired outcomes.

5. Inspiration and Aspiration: Celebratory events serve as sources of inspiration and aspiration for
the community, demonstrating what is possible through collective effort, perseverance, and
determination. They showcase success stories, role models, and exemplary initiatives that inspire
others to envision and pursue their own goals and aspirations.

…………………………………………………………..oOo………………………………………………
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Prepared by:

Julita Javellana Rodriguez, RN MSN

Clinical Instructor