Prediction of emission and exposure of Polycyclic

Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a petroleum refinery for

providing a suitable control methode

Student name

Warqaa abdulretha kadhem

Supervisor name
Dr. leila khazini

Date 3rd of september/2023

 Problem statement

Air Emissions VOC PAH

The substances - compounds that -group of organic

emitted into the have a high compounds with
atmosphere by vapour pressure two or more fused
human and natural and low water aromatic rings.
activities which can solubility. -produced by
cause many current - indoor air quality incomplete
and potential (IQA) and outdoor combustion.
environmental air pollution
problems (OAP)
 ROBLEM STATEMENT
1st goal :
the emissions of polycyclic hydrocarbons compound
from light oil units ( Naphtha unit, LPG unit , hydrogenat
ion unit, isomerization unit,) and industrial wastewater
ponds (specially petroleum industry) is the main research
topic problem , prediction, control, treating and reducing
emissions of PAHs as much as possible
2nd goal:
Is choosing the better treatment unit with better adsorbent
material , The methodology is usually chosen depending upon
the temperature, composition and volumetric flow rate of the
emission stream, space constraints and allowable installation
and operational costs
 benzo(b)fluoranthene
benzo(k) fluoranthene

benzo(a)anthracene
Types of
PAHs chrysene

indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene

benzo(a)pyrene
dibenzo(a,h) anthracene
Sources of PAHs
 Sources of PAHs

-power generation - Oil tanker

ships - Volcanicn
- Cement
- Heavy,light eruption -coal cocking
manufacturing
- Petroleum weight - Forest -wood burning
industry vichel fire - Tobacco ,
- Various exhaust - moorland cigarte smoking
chemical - Air craft fire
manufacturing exhaust
 PAHs emission in refineries

 incomplete combustion of fossil fuels

leakage of the units flanges

Sources
Of PHAs waste water ponds emissions

emissions
Light oil units emissions

(towers, furnaces, heat exchangers,

pipes, tanks) emissions
 PAHs impacts & risks

Neurological
Eye irritation Hearing problem
effects

Developmental Lung &breast

Skin irritation
toxicity cancer

Breakdown of red Human Abdominal

blood cells carcinogens problems
controlling and treatment of PAHS
Reduction and treatment of PAHS emissions are
generally accomplished by:

Condensation , Adsorption ,Absorption / Scrubbing ,

Thermal incineration, Catalytic incineration , Flaring ,
Biological treatment ,Odor modification , Air dilution ,
Membrane separation ,UV treatment , Ozone catalytic
oxidation
 Methods of controlling emissions

Methods of controlling PAHs emissions

Process& equipment
PAH sources
modification

adsorption
Add to control
techniques recovery condensation
absorption

destruction
Thermal oxidation Membrane

separation
Biological oxidation

catalytic Non-
catalytic

Biofilter bioscrubber

Biotrickling filter
 The best method for controlling PAHs
emissions
- Adsorption is a recognized effective technique for
removing PAHs from produced water.
-The adsorbed material can be either recovered or
incinerated. Regeneration is usually accomplished by
heating or extraction / displacement.
Types of adsorbents
granular Activated carbon

Zeolites

biochair (sludge)
combustible Silica gel
green synthesized nano particales
Polymer adsorbents (PA)

stevensite and sepiolite (clays)

 Literature survey
Year author journal work

1-
2022 Xianjun niu, Royal society Increasing the selectivity of zsm-5 zeolite for the
yang Bai open science poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) by
hydrothermally synthesized zsm-5 ziolite with
silica sol.
2-
2022 Rekha PMC(pub provides deep insight into bio filtration
Pachaiappan, medical technologies engaged in the removal of volatile
a Lorena center) organic compounds and heavy metals in the
Cornejo- wastewater treatment process with
Ponce, a efficiency (91-98%).
Rathika
Rajendran,
3- 2021
Sara Satouh MDPI adsorption capacity of natural (Mt),
1,Julia Martín (Journals synthetic (Na-Mica-4), modified with
2,ORCID,Marí Awarded (ODA-Mt, ODA-Mica-4, and ODTMA-Mt
a del Mar Orta Impact
and ODTMA-Mica-4)) clays were assessed
,Santiago Factor)
for removal of 16 PAHs. The effective PAH
Medina-
Carrasco adsorbents, close to 100%,it is low cost
ORCID,Nabil and highly effective.
Messikh

4- 2021
Krystyna chemical biofiltration efficiency was performed
Lelicińska- Engineering using pilot two-stage biofilters
Serafin, Piotr Research and membrane to determine the relationship
Manczarski Design
between the technological parameters of
the teste device, the efficiency removal
of VOCs from 89% (WWTP)
5-
2020 Anna Chemical using pilot two-stage bio filters including
Rolewicz- Engineering conventional bio filtration and purification on
Kalińska Research and a membrane filter for removing VOC and
Design determine the relationship between the
technological parameters of the tested device .
in three industrial plants: mechanical-
biological municipal waste treatment (MBT),
food industry (FI) and wastewater treatment
(WWTP) plants.
6-
2019 Hua Xu, ACS an effective and economical adsorption material
Ming-Xiu puplications, making from wheat straw via water vapor
Zhan*, Peng- energy &fuels activation AC was submitted to PAH adsorption
Tao Cai, exploratory testing by using a fixed bed
Long-Jie Ji*, adsorption reactor to analyze the mechanism of
Tong Chen, the PAH
and Xiao- adsorption process . the total removal efficiency of
Dong Li PAHs decreased from 29 to 51% when the
7-
2019 Rinawati1,a , Journal of adsorption is a promising technique for
D ,idayat1,b , Physics: removing organic pollutant from
R ,DF Conference environment. The present study proposes
erman a1,d Series
a low-cost activated carbon from rice
and Yunita1,
husk and its potential as an adsorbent for
removing PAHs , it has future perspective
of low- cost adsorbents which effectively
removes PAHs from the aquatic
environment.
8-
2018 Saad S.M IOP science Using green synthesized iron oxide Nano
Hassan,Hussei particals for removal of PAHs
n abdel-shafy (benzo(a)pyrene Which are carcinogenic
even in low concentrations.
9-
2018 D.E.gonz Cambridge Evaluated experimentally the capacity of
alez university stevensite and sepoilite to adsorb
press Phenanthrene experimentally by batch
testing
10-
2017 Xueyang Journal of developments of VOC adsorption onto a
Zhang , Hazardous variety of carbonaceous adsorbents, including
Bin Gao , Materials activated carbon, biochar, activated carbon
Anne fiber, carbon nanotube, graphene and its
Elise derivatives, carbon-silica composites, ordered
Creamer , mesoporous carbon Due to their large specific
Chengch surface area, rich porous structure, and high
eng Cao , adsorption capacity.
Yuncong
Li
11- 2010
E.M. Ramirez- ELSEVER selection of optimum biofilter efficiency. from
Lopez a Bio Peanut shells are an agricultural byproduct
, J. Corona-
resource available in large quantities at a low price in most
Hernandez a
Technology
, F.J. Avelar- tropical and sub-tropical countries. A previous,
Gonzalez b physically and chemically suitable for bio
, F. Omil c , F.
Thalasso filtration. methanol is the air pollutant. The bio
filter showed a good result (rates of up to 30 kg
MeOH/m3 d with an empty bed residence time of
19 s)
12- 2002
Lin-Chi Wang 1, Environ sci study a potential method for reducing PAH
Wen-Jhy Lee, Techno, pub emissions from the incineration , one directly
Perng-Jy Tsai,
Med incinerating biological sludge, and the other
Shui-Jen Chen
adding the waste TPA as a co-fuel during the
biological sludge incineration process biological
sludge by adding a suitable and available waste
as a co-fuel.
14
2009 Lin-Chi PUB MED study investigated the emissions of
Wang 1, (National polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Long- center of from two fluidized bed incinerators
Full Lin, biological (FLBI_A and FLBI_B) and one fixed bed
Soon- information) incinerator (FIBI) disposing biological
Onn Lai sludge generated from the petrochemical
industries in Taiwan. The results of 21
individual PAHs (including low (LM-
PAHs), middle (MM-PAHs) and high
molecular weight PAHs (HM-PAHs)) were
reported. Lower total-PAH emission
factor
2007
Lin-Chi PUB MED investigated the emission of (PAHs) from
Wang 1, I- (National stack flue gas and air pollution control
Ching center of device (APCD) effluent of the liquid
Wang, Juu- biological injection incinerator (LII) disposing the
En Chang, information) petrochemical industrial wastewater, and
Soon-Onn PAH removal efficiencies of wet
Lai, Guo- electrostatic precipitator (WESP) and wet
Ping scrubber (WSB). the use of both WESP and
Chang- WSB shows insignificant PAH removal
efficiencies, and 99.4% of total-PAHs was
directly emitted to the ambient air through
the stack flue gas
13-
2014 Francesco Inorganica heterogeneous catalytic wet air oxidation
Arenaa,b, Chimica Acta (of several classes of industrial
Roberto Di pollutants ) is considered the most
Chioa,
promising technology for large-scale
Bianca
application to wastewaters, provided that
Guminab,
Lorenzo robust, effective and cost-effective
Spadarob, catalysts are available. Its an effective
Giuseppe process for removing pollutant in specific
Trunfi limits.
 Research questions

1 Types of PAH semission in refinery

2 What are the concentrations of PAHs

Research
questions 3 Main emission sources in refinery

4 The most effective treatment process

5 The best adsorbent could be used

 REREARCH HYPOTHESES
1 PAH emissions differs through the seasons.

Adsorption is a recognized effective technique for

2 removing PAHs from produced water.

Carbon materials such as biochar,

3 activated carbon, graphene, and carbon
nanotubes are effective adsorbents

VOCs (PAHs) evaporating or emissions

from light oil units (naphtha, kerosene,
hydrogenation), and waste water
4 treatment ponds (physical treatment
basin, mechanical basin, biological
treatment basin, API basin) could be
controlled.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Taking SYSTEMATIC samples from emission gases around
the light oil units and WWTP twice a year
2. Analysing the concentration profile
3. Proposing the PAH guidelines
4. Sampling and Analysing the waste water samples
5. Design treatment laboratory pilot based on adsorption
process.
6. Select a different mixture of adsorbent
7. Perform pilot test
8. Analyse the result
9. Conclusions and dessertations development.
 suggested treatment pilot plant
Inlet pollutant air analyzing points of input :

1- waste water pon (API pone,biological pone,

physiochemical pone)

Vacume pump 2- light oil units (kerosen unit, hydrogenation unit)

outlet clean air

adsorber\1 adsorber\2
 Research Innovation
1 This research is the 1st one that deals with PAH
pollutants in Iraqi refineries

2 The research topics would be addressed in advance

the direct and cumulative effects of PAH.

Mixture of adsorbent (such as nano activated

3
4 carbon with biochair and organics synthesis)
would be used for treatment processes due to its
high efficiency, low cost and availability in Iraqi
refineries

 In this research PAH guidelines (limitations)

4
whould be suggested for Iraqi MOE
Suggested Paper Titles

1
 Pollution prevention and
2 management strategies for PAHs in
petroleum industrial environment
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