sBaØaNeGLasÞk³

sBaaNeGLasI
karviPaKbegáagrbs;Fñwm
Elastic Concept: Flexural
Analysis of Beams

karsnμt
eRKOgbgÁúMsMNg; GacKNnaeday viFIEdl Ep¥kelI sBaØaNeGLasÞIk. viFIenHehAfa
viFIkMlaMMgeFVIkar (working
( ki stress))/ viFIbnÞat;;Rtg;; (straight
( i h line li method)h d)/
viFIbnÞúkbMerI (service load method) rW viFIbnÞab; (alternate design
method). karviPaKeGLasÞIk Ep¥kelI karsnμtdUcteTA ³
• muxkat; rkSaépÞrab mun nig eRkaykardak;bnÞúk.
• TnakTng
TMnak;TMng klagépÞ
kMlaMgép-vrUvirbkm
bkmμ KKW bnÞ
bnat;at kñkgEdnkM
úgEdnknt
nt; rbsklagépÞ
rbs;kMlaMgépGnBaati
GnuBaØatþ.
• PaBFn;Tajrbs;ebtug minKit sMrab;muxkat;eRbH ehIy EdkTTYlyk kMlaMgTaj
TaMgGs; EdlbNþalBIbegáag.
2

1
 karsnμt
• muxkat;EdkTaj RtUvCMnYseday épÞTajsmmUlrbs;ebtug EdlesμInwg n dg
épÞmuxkat;rbs;Edk Edl n Ca rgVas;eGLasÞIkeFob (n=Es/Ec : modular
ratio).

• rgVas;eGLasÞIkrbs; EdkKW Es = 200000MPa.

• rgVas;eGLasÞIk rbs;ebtug GacykesμInwg
Ec = 0.043W 1.5 f 'c

• W = 2420 kg/m3.

sBaØaNmuxkat;bMElg
• sMrab;bnÞúkGefr ry³eBlxøI/ c,ab; GUk Gnuvtþn_)an TaMgebtug nig Edk eBlEdl
kMlaMgépÞ tUcCag kMlaMgépÞGnuBaØatþi.
1- lMnwg³ kMlaMgkñúgEdk RtUvEtesμInwg kMlaMgkñúgrbs;muxkat;bMElgCaebtug
As f s = Atr ftc
As : épÞmuxkat;Edk
fs : kMlaMgépÞkñúgEdk
Atc : épÞmuxkat;bMElgCaebtug
ftc : kMlaMgépÞkñúgmuxkat;bMElg
4

2
 sBaØaNmuxkat;bMElg
2- smIkarcuHsMrug³ virUbkmμÉkta RtUvEtdUcKña
fs f Ec f s
= tc → f tc = f s =
Es Ec Es n

nig f s = nf tc

sMrab; épÞmuxkat;
As f s
Atc = = nAs
ftc

m:Um:g;eRbH
1- eBlEdl kMlaMgépÞTaj ft tUcCag fr enaH muxkat;TaMgmUlmineRbH ehIy
RTbnÞúkeRkA eday EdkTajmineFVIkar rW GacminKit)an. kñúgkrNIenH/ kMlaMgépÞ
rbs;ebtug GacKNnatam f = Mc c
I g
2- eBlEdl kMlaMgépÞTaj ft=fr/ sñameRbHcab;epþImelceLIg ehIy m:Um:g;ehAfa
m:Um:g;eRbH Mcr. f = 0.62 f ' nig M = f Ic
r c cr r
g

3- eBlEdl m:Um:g;eRkAFMCag m:Um:g;eRbH Mcr/ muxkat;køayCaeRbH ehIy

ebtugkñúgtMbn;Taj mineFVIkar rW RtUvminKit. kMlaMgépÞrbs;Edknig ebtugRtUvKNna
edayeRbImuxkat;eRbH bMElg.
6

3
 m:Um:g;eRbH
kMlaMgépÞ GnuBaatþi RtUv)ankMnt; eday bTdæan ACI sMrab; ebtug nig Edk
eBlrgbegáag
f ca = 0.45 f 'c

f sa = 140 MPa sMrab;Edk fy=276MPa nig fy=345MPa

f sa = 170 MPa sMrab;Edk fy ≥414MPa

muxkat;ctuekaNmanEdkTaj
smIkarlMnwgBIr EdlRtUv eKarBKW
k- kMlaMgTajesμInwg kMlaMgsgát; C = T ; 1 f bKd = A f c s s
2
x- m:Um:g;kñúg esμInwg plKuNkMlaMgTaj rW kMlaMgsgát;CamYynwg édeXñaH
M = C ( jd ) = T ( jd )
1- kMBs;GkS½NWRtBIEKmsgát; Kd GacKNnatam b ( Kd )
2

− nAs ( d − Kd ) = 0
2
2- édeXñaHm:Um:g; jd GacKNnatam j =1 −
K
3
1 ⎛1 ⎞
3- m:Um:g;kñúg M GacKNnatam M c =
2
f c bKd ( jd ) = ⎜ f c Kj ⎟ bd 2 = Rbd 2
⎝2 ⎠
M t = As . f s . jd 8

4
 muxkat;ctuekaNmanEdkTaj
4- m:Um:g;niclrbs;muxkat;eRbH GacKNnatam
⎛b⎞
I cr = ⎜ ⎟ ( Kd ) + nAs ( d − Kd )
3 2

⎝3⎠
5- lkçxNÐtulüPaB ekItmaneBlEdl EKmebtugsgát; dl; kMlaMgépÞsgát;GnuBaØatþi
fca RsbnwgeBlEdl EdkTajdl; kMlaMgépÞGnuBaØatþi fsa/ dUecñH
f ca
Kb =
f ca + f sa
Kb
jb = 1 −
3
kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg/ eyIgEtgKNnasMrab; lkçxNÐtulüPaB kñúg viFIeGLasÞIk.
9

muxkat;ctuekaNmanEdkTajnigsgát;
kMBs;GkS½NWRtBIEKmsgát; GacKNnatamsmIkar
( kd )
2

b + ( 2n − 1) As' ( kd − d ') − nAs ( d − kd ) = 0

2
m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;eRbHKW
⎛b⎞
I cr = ⎜ ⎟ ( Kd ) + nAs ( d − Kd ) + ( 2n − 1) A 'S ( kd − d ')
3 2 2

⎝3⎠
eyIgGacKNnakMlaMgépÞdUcxageRkam
f =M c
kd
≤f sMrab;ebtugsgát;
ca
I
M ( d − kd )
fs = n ≤ f sa sMrab;EdkTaj
I
M ( kd − d ')
f 's = 2 n ≤ f sa sMrab;Edksgát;
I 10

5
 muxkat;GkSret
kMralebtug nig FñwmCanic©kalcak;tMNalKña ehIybegáItCa GkSret. TTwgRbsiTæiPaB
rbs;søabKW b = min ⎜⎛ L ;16t + b ; s ⎟⎞
eff w b
⎝4 ⎠
krNImuxkat;GkSreteRbH/ kMBs;GkS½eNWRtGacKNnatam
( kd − t ) − nA d − kd = 0
2
⎛ t⎞
bt ⎜ kd − ⎟ + bw s( )
⎝ 2⎠ 2

m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;;eRbHKW
t ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ( kd − t ) ⎤
3
⎡ bt 3 ⎛
2

⎥ + nAs ( d − kd )
2
I cr = ⎢ + bt ⎜ kd − ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢bw
⎢⎣ 12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
11

muxkat;GkSret
krNImuxkat;GkSretmineRbH
kMBs;GkS½eNWRtGacKNnatam
( kd − t ) − b ( h − kd ) = 0
2 2
⎛ t⎞
bt ⎜ kd − ⎟ + bw w
⎝ 2⎠ 2 2

m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;;mineRbHKW
t ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ( kd − t ) ⎤ ⎡ ( h − kd ) ⎤
3 3
⎡ bt 3 ⎛
2

I cr = ⎢ + bt ⎜ kd − ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢bw ⎥ + ⎢bw ⎥
⎣⎢ 12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ ⎢
⎣
3 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ⎢ 3 ⎥⎦

12

6
 PaBdab
• eRkayeBlEdl vimaRtrbs;eRKOgbgÁúM RKb;RKan;sMrab;Tb;nwgm:Um:g;eRkA/ eRKOgbgÁúMRtUv
manrbuwgRKb;RKan;edIm,IFanalkçxNÐbMerIkar sñameRbH nig PaBdab.
• PaBdabPøam (deflection) KWCa PaBdabbNþalBI bnÞúkefr nig mYycMEnk
énbnÞúkGefr/ va ekItman RsbeBlEdlmankarGnuvtþn_bnÞúkPøam². PaBdabPøam
GacKNnatam RTwsþI viPaKeRKOgbgÁúM.
• rgVas;eGLasÞIk rW rgVas;PaByWt (modulus of elasticity) KWCaemKuNb:H
elIExSekag kMlaMgépÞ-virUbkmμ. rgVas;PaByWt GacKNnatamrUbmnþ³
Ec = 4780 f 'c ( MPa)
13

PaBdab
• m:Um:g;niclPaB (moment of inertia) KWCa lkçN³rbs;muxkat; Edl bBa¢ak;
BIsmßPaBbegáag rbs;muxkat;. bEnßmelI rgVas;PaByWt/ vak¾bBa¢ak; BI rbuwgbegáag
rbs;muxkat;.
• BiesaFn_bbBa¢ak;fa PaBdabEdlekItman eRkayeBleRbH/ RtUvKNnaedayeRbI
m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiTæiPaB Edl eFVIenAelImuxkat;ebtugl¥ ¬sl;BIeRbH¦ nig Edk.
Branson )an bgðajrUbmnþ dUcxageRkam³

⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3 ⎤
Ie = ⎜ ⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ I cr ≤ I g
cr

⎝ a ⎠
M ⎢
⎣ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦
M

14

7
 PaBdab
⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3 ⎤
Ie = ⎜ ⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ I cr ≤ I g
cr

⎝ a ⎠
M ⎢
⎣ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦
M
Edl
Ie : m:Um:g;RbsiTæiniclPaB effective moment of inertia
Mcr : m:Um:g;eRbH cracking moment

fr : PaBFn;Tajbegagrbs;
j á ebtgu ¬ebtgFnmFüm¦u u ü modulus
odu us oof rupture
up u e oof
concrete
f r = 0.623 f 'c
Ma : m:Um:g;GtibrmasMrab;KNnasñameRbH maximum moment for crack
determinations
15

PaBdab
⎛ M cr ⎞
3
⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3 ⎤
Ie = ⎜ ⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ I cr ≤ I g
cr

⎝ a ⎠
M ⎢⎣ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎥⎦
M
Edl
Ig : m:Um:g;niclPaBmuxkat;dul edayminKitEdk moment of inertia of gross
section neglecting the reinforcement.

Icr : m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;eRbHbMElg moment of inertia of cracked

transformed section

Yt : cMgayrvagGkS½eNWRtrbs;muxkat; nwg EKmTaj distance from

centroidal axis of cross section to the extreme fiber in tension.

16

8
 PaBdab
• m:Um:g;niclPaB (moment of inertia) RtUveKarBtamEdnkMnt; rbs;bTdæan
1- sMrab;FñwmCab;bnþ/ m:Um:g;RbsiTæniclPaB RtUvykmFümPaKrvag m:Um:g;niclPaBén
muxkat;rbs; m:Um:g;viC¢man nig GviC¢man.
2- PaBFn;Tajbegáag sMrab;ebtugRsal f = 0.465 f '
r c

sMrab;ebtgxSac;
srabebtu gxSacRsal
Rsal f = 0.53
r 0 53 f ' c

3- m:Um:g;RbsiTæniclPaB mantMélrvag m:Um:g;niclelImuxkat;dul nig muxkat;eRbH.

17

PaBdab
4- sMrab;FñwmCab;bnþ ¬FñwmkNþal¦/ m:Um:g;RbsiTænicl (effective moment of
inertia) KNna tam Average I = 0.70 I + 0.15 ( I + I )
e m e1 e2

sMrab;Fñwmekon Average I = 0.85I + 0.15 ( I )

e m con

Edl
Im ³ Ca mU m:m:gRbsTæ
g;RbsiTninclkNþ
clkNalElg
alElVg
Ie1, Ie2 ³ Ca m:Um:g;RbsiTæniclcugFñwm
Icon ³ Ca m:Um:g;RbsiTæniclRtg;TMrCab;

18

9
 PaBdabyUr (long-time deflection)

PaBdabrbs;Fñwmebtug bnþdabeRkamGMeBI bnÞúkyUr tameBledayyWt². karrYmnig

virUbkmμgM CabuBVehtumYy én PaBdabenH.
ζ
λ=
1 + 50 ρ '
ρ’ ³ (= A’s/bd) sMrab; muxkat;kNþalElVg rbs;Fñwm
ζ ³ Ca emKNGaRsy½
emKuNGaRsyngnwg bnÞ
bnkyr
úkyUr
emKuNsMrab;PaBdabyUr
ry³eBl ¬Ex¦ 1 3 6 12 24 36 48 60

ζ 0.5 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 19

PaBdabyUr (long-time deflection)

PaBdabyUrbEnßm KW Δ = λ × Δ
lt i ,long −timeload

Δlt ³ Ca PaBdabbEnßmeRkambnÞúkyUr

Δi,long-time load ³ Ca PaBdabPøameRkamGMeBIbnÞúkyUr

PaBdab srubKW
Δ t = Δ i + Δ ltl
Δt ³ Ca PaBdabsrub

20

10
 EdnkMnt;énPaBdab rWPaBdabGnuBaØatþi
PaBdabrbs;rcnnasm<næ½ minRtUvFMCag PaBdabGnuBaØatþi edaybTdæan (ACI)
1- L/180 sMrab; PaBdabPøam Edl bNþalBIbnÞúkGefrrbs;dMbUl
2- L/180 sMrab; PaBdabPøam Edl bNþalBIbnÞúkGefrrbs;kMral
3- L/480 sMrab; PaBdabsrubEdl bNþalBIbnÞúkefr/ Gefr nig bnÞúkyUr rbs; kMral
rrW dbU
dMbl EdlRTeRKOgbgÁ
EdlRTeRKOgbgMúGacxU
acxcxat.
cxat.
4- L/240 sMrab; PaBdabsrubEdl bNþalBIbnÞúkefr/ Gefr nig bnÞúkyUr rbs; kMral
rW dMbUl EdlRTeRKOgbgÁúMminGacxUcxat.
21

PaBdab énbnSMbnÞúk
ebIFñwmmYy rgbnÞúkRbePTepSg²Kña dUcCa bnÞúkrayesμI/ bnÞúkcMnuc rW kMlaMgKUr enaH
PaBdab KCa
KWCa plbkBI
plbUkBCKNt
CKNit én PaBdabnmY
PaBdabnImy² y² eRkambnÞ
eRkambnkedayELk².
úkedayELk². PaBdab én
RbePTbnÞúk eGaytamtaragxag eRkam³
w
5 wL4
Δ max = ×
A B 384 EI
L
Pa 2b 2
P ΔC =
a b 3EIL
B Δ x ,max = PL ⎡⎢ 3a − 4 ⎛⎜ a ⎞⎟ ⎤⎥ ; a ≥ b
3 3
A C 48 EI ⎢⎣ L ⎝ L ⎠ ⎥⎦
L
at x = a ( b + L ) / 3 22

11
 PaBdab énbnSMbnÞúk
eRkamkMlaMgKUr
ML2
MA MB Δ max,midspan
d = ;M = MA = MB
8 EI
A
B M A L2
L Δ midspan = ;MB = 0
16 EI

a P b Pa 3 ⎛ 3b ⎞
Δ B ,max = ⎜1 + ⎟
A 3EI ⎝ 2a ⎠
B
x C P
L Δx = ⎡⎣ 2a 3 − 3a 2 x + x 3 ⎤⎦
6 EI
Pa 3
ΔC =
3EI 23

PaBdab énbnSMbnÞúk
FñwmlaneRkambnÞúkrayesμI
wL4
Δ B ,max
max =
w 8 EI
A B w
x Δx = ⎡⎣ x 4 − 4 L3 x + 3L4 ⎤⎦
L 24 EIL

24

12
 sñameRbH
• karsikSaBI dMeNIrkekItsñameRbH/ criklkçN³sñameRbH eRkamkMenInbnÞúk nig
karRttBi
karRtY tBntüsñ
nitüsameRbH
ameRbH KCa
KWCa Rbkarca)ac
RbkarcaM)ac; srabkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁ
sMrab;karKNnaeRKOgbgMúsMNgNg; Bebtu
BIebtg.
g.
kñúgeRKOgbgÁúM/ sñameRbH vivtþ eRkamGMeBIrbs; bnÞúkbMerIkar. sñameRbHekItman eBl
Edl kMlaMgépÞTajenAEKm elIsBI PaBFn;Tajbegáag.
• sñameRbH GacbNþalBI
1-kMlaMgeRkA dUcCa kMlaMgTajcMGkS½/ kMlaMgkat;/ begáag rW rmYl
2- karrIkrYm nig GMeBIgM
3- karrImaDxagkñúg bNþalBI klçN³rbs; Fatubgár.
25

RbePTsñameRbH
• CaTUeTA/ sñameRbHmanBIrRbePT KW sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM nig sñameRbHcMbg.
• sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM KWCa sñameRbHy:agtUc² Edl krekIteLIg kñúgdMNak;kal
dMbUg énkareRbH. va bNþalBI karrIkrYmmaDkñúg rbs;Fatubgár nig bNþalBI kMlaMg
Tajbegáag eRkamGMeBI bnÞúkefr. sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSMmanbIRbePTKW
1-eRbHedayrMhYtTwk
2- eRbHedaybegáagbnÞab;bnSM
3- eRbHedayeRcH
26

13
 RbePTsñameRbH
• sñameRbHcMbg KWCa sñameRbHEdl krekIteLIg kñúgdMNak;kal yWtCag
karkrekIténsñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM. va bNþalBI PaBxusKña rvagvirUbkmμ
rbs;Edk nig rbs;ebtug Rtg;muxkat;sikSa.
• TTwgrgVHeRbH³ TTwgrgVHeRbH nig KMlatsñameRbH GaRsy½nwg kkþaCaeRcIn
rYYmman PaKryEdk/ r)ayEdk/ kMlaMgépÞÞrbs; Edk/ RRsTab;karBar nig
lkçN³rbs;Fatubgá ebtug.

27

TTwgrgVHeRbH
• rUbmnþBiesaFn_ sMrab;KNnasñameRbHGtibrma enARtg;kMritEdkKW
W = 11.0 β f s 3 Adc ×10−6 ; ( mm)
Edl
A (mm2) ³ épÞebtughMBTæ½r)aEdknImYy²
f (MPa)
s ³ klagépÞ
kMlaMgéprbs;
rbsr)aEdk
r)aEdk
β ³ KWCa pleFobrvag cMgayBIGkSeNWRteTA EKmTaj nig eTA p©itEdkTaj

d (mm)
c ³ kMras;ebtugKitBIEKmTajeTAp©itEdkEdlCitCageK.
28

14
 kMritGnuBaØatþiénTTwgrgVHeRbH
• karkrekItsñameRbH elIeRkOgbgÁúMebtugminGacCasputeT eTaHCaman
karRbugRby½½tñ xøaMgk¾¾eday. EPñ
E kTeT GacemIIleXIIj sñameRbH Edlman
E
TTwg 0.15mm. TTwgrgVH eRbHRtg;Edk GnuBaØatþisMrab; lkçxNÐRbQm
dUcxageRkam³
0.25-0.40 mm ³ sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMxagkñúg

0.15-0.25 mm ³ sMrab;eRKOgbgÁúMxageRkA

29

kMritGnuBaØatþiénTTwgrgVHeRbH
tarag TTwgrgVHeRbHGnuBaØatþi
lkçxNÐRbQm TTwgrgVHeRbH
Exposure conditions Crack width in
mm
Dry air or protective membrane 0.41
Humidity moist air,
Humidity, air soil 0 30
0.30
Deicing chemicals 0.18
Seawater, wetting and drying 0.15
Water retaining structures 0.10
30

15
 karRtYtBinitüsñameRbH
• sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM
sñameRbHRbePTenHGackat;bnßy)an eday Binitü brimaNl,aysuIm:g;/
pleFob TwkelIsuIm:g;/ CMrabrbs;RKYs/ GRtaciBa©wm/ karrIkrYm nig lkçxNÐTMr.
• sñameRbHcMbg
sñsameRbHcM
ameRbHcbgbg Gackatbnß
Gackat;bnyeday
yeday kntklagépÞ
kMnt;kMlaMgépkgEdk
kñúgEdk/ PaBbnSú
PaBbnSI/ r)ayEdk/
r)ayEdk
Ggát;p©it rbs;Edk/ PaKryEdk/ kMras;RsTab;karBar nig rUbFatupSMebtug.

31

bTbBa¢arrbs;bTdæan ACI
1- sMrab;EdkcMbg eyIgRtUveRbI EdkfñaMgGMeBA
2- EdkTajRtUvdak;enArayesμI kñúg tMbn;Taj
3- eBlEdl søabFñwm sßitenAtMbn;Taj enaH EdkcMbgmYycMEnk rayelIsøab
RbEvgTTwgsøabRbsiTæPaB rW 1/10énRbEvgElVg. mYycMEnkeTot rayelI
EpkeRkA
Epñ keRkA rbssø
rbs;sab.
ab.
4- kMlaMgépÞKNna rbs;EdkminRtUvFMCag 560MPa.

32

16
 bTbBa¢arrbs;bTdæan ACI

5- KMlatEdkGtibrma enAEpñkTaj kñúgFñwmebtug rW kMralmYyTis RtUvkMnt;

eday s=
95000
− 2.5C ; (mm)
c
f
Edl
s

f in MPa
s ³ kMlaMgépÞEdk eRkamlkçxNÐbMerI
M
fs = ; jd = 0.87
0 87 d
As ( jd )
Cc in mm ³ RsTab;karBarRslH

33

bTbBa¢arrbs;bTdæan ACI
6- bNþajEdképÞxag (skin reinforcement)
sMrab;FñwmkMBs;x<s; Edlman kMBs;RbsiTæPaB FMCagrWesμInwg 900mm/ EdkRtUv
dak; elIépÞQrTaMg sgxag elIRbEvg d/2 KitBIEKmTaj. tMélGb,rma rbs;
EdképÞxagKW
Ask = d − 762 ; mm 2 //m,side
id
d in mm

34

17
35

18