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The Middle East 14th Edition, (Ebook PDF) full chapter instant download
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Index
Contents
Boxes, Figures, Tables, and Maps
About the Editor
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
I. OVERVIEW
1. The Making of the Modern Middle East
Background: Early Islamic History
The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
Changing Contexts
End of the Old Regime and the New Middle East
States, Nations, and Debates about the Way Forward
Al-Naksa and Its Ramifications
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
2. Social Change in the Middle East
Modernization, Development, and Globalization
Urbanization and Demographic Transitions
Labor Force Growth, Employment Challenges, and Social
Inequalities
Education and Human Development
The Family, Family Law, and Sexuality
Dynamics of Social Change: Focus on Women’s Rights
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
3. The Political Economy of Development in the Middle East
Measuring Development in the Middle East
Varieties of Political Economies in the Middle East
The Economic Costs of War and Protracted Conflict
Development Paths in the Middle East
Development Challenges in the Middle East
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
4. Institutions and Governance
The State
Regime Types
Understanding Regime Breakdown and Reform
Key Institutions
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
5. Religion, Society, and Politics in the Middle East
Religious Diversity
Religiosity
State and Religion
Religion and Civil Society
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
6. Actors, Public Opinion, and Participation
Citizen Attitudes in the Arab World
Formal Avenues of Political Participation
Social Movements
Informal Political Participation
Revolutionizing Political Participation: New Channels of
Activity
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
7. The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Emergence of the Conflict
Consolidation of the Conflict
The Arab State Dimension
Reemergence of the Palestinian Dimension
Israel and the Territories
The Intifada
The Oslo Peace Process
New Actors, Continuing Conflict
Suggested Readings
8. International Relations
Conceptualizing the International Relations of the Middle
East
The Power Structure of Regional Politics
Historical Periods
Conclusion: Potential Transformative Forces
Suggested Readings
II. PROFILES
9. Algeria
History of State Formation
Changing Society
Institutions and Governance
Actors, Opinions, and Participation
Religion and Politics
Protest and Social Conflict
Political Economy
International and Regional Politics
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
10. Egypt
History of State Formation
Institutions and Governance
Parties and Movements
Religion and Politics
Political Economy
Regional and International Politics
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
11. Iran
History of State Formation and Political Change
Institutions and Governance
Elites, Public Opinion, Parties, and Elections
Social Changes and Challenges
Religion and Politics
Political Economy
Conflict
International Relations
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
12. Iraq
History of State-Building: The Making of the Contemporary
State
Social Change
Political Regimes and Governance
Political Participation
Regional and International Relations
Domestic Armed Conflict
Religion and Politics
Political Economy of Development
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
13. Israel
History of State-Building
Religion and Politics
Institutions and Governance
Political Participation: The Left-Right Spectrum, Political
Parties, and Civil Society
Political Economy
Israel’s Regional and International Relations
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
14. Jordan
The Making of the Contemporary State
Societal Changes and Challenges
Religion
Institutions and Governance
Actors, Opinion, and Participation
Political Economy
Regional and International Relations
Suggested Readings
15. Kuwait
History and State-Building
Demographic and Social Transformation
Religion and Politics
Institutions and Governance
Domestic Conflict
Political Economy
Foreign Policy
Future Prospects
Suggested Readings
16. Lebanon
Making of the Contemporary State
The Civil War: 1975 to 1990
The Taif Agreement
The Postwar Period: 1990 to 2005
From the Syrian Withdrawal to the Arab Uprisings: 2005 to
2011
Surviving the Syrian Civil War: 2011 to the Present
Societal Changes and Challenges
Institutions and Governance
Actors, Opinion, and Participation
Religion and Politics
Political Economy
Regional and International Relations
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
17. Libya
Introduction
History of State-Building
The Political Economy of Development
Social Change
Political Institutions and Participation
Religion and Politics
Regional and International Relations
Domestic Conflict and Rebel Governance
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
18. The Lower Gulf States
Common Themes
The United Arab Emirates
Oman
Qatar
Bahrain
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
19. Morocco
Historical Overview
Social Transformation and Challenges
Political Institutions
Political Economy
Political Participation in Morocco
Regional and International Relations
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
20. Palestine
History of State-Building: The Creation of a Quasi-State
Social Transformation: Displaced Elites, Missing Territorial
Constituencies, and Fragmentation
Religion and Politics: Evolving Relations
Development of PA Institutions
Political Participation
Domestic Conflict: Fatah-Hamas Divide
Political Economy
Regional and International Relations: Wars on Gaza Instead
of Peace Negotiations
Suggested Readings
21. Saudi Arabia
History of State Formation
Political Economy
Changes and Challenges in Society
Institutions and Governance
Actors, Opinion, and Political Participation
International and Regional Politics
Religion, Politics, and Domestic Conflict
Suggested Readings
22. Sudan
History of State Formation
Institutions and Governance
Religion and Politics
Actors and Participation
Debt Situation and Economic Sanctions
Societal Change and Challenges
Domestic Conflict and Security Developments
Regional and International Relations
Conclusion: Looking Forward
Suggested Readings
23. Syria
History of State Formation
Changing Society
Institutions and Governance
Actors and Participation
Political Economy
Domestic Conflict and Rebel Governance
Regional and International Politics
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
24. Tunisia
Overview of Tunisia’s Transition
Interim Tensions
History of State-Building
Social Change in Tunisia
State Institutions and Governance
Actors and Participation
Religion, Society, and Politics in Tunisia
Political Economy
Foreign Relations
Domestic Conflict
Conclusion: Democratic Consolidation or Reversal?
Suggested Readings
25. Turkey
History of State Formation
Changing Society: Turkey’s Tumultuous Modernization and
Contestations
Political Institutions and Governance
Actors, Opinion, and Political Participation
Turkey’s Political Economy
Regional and International Relations
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
26. Yemen
The History of State-Building: Development of the Republic
of Yemen
Societal Challenges
Institutions and Governance
Actors, Opinion, and Participation
Domestic Conflicts
Religion, Society, and Politics
Political Economy
International Relations and Security
Outlook
Suggested Readings
Notes
Index
Boxes, Figures, Tables, and Maps
Boxes
3.1 Economic Liberalization, Stabilization, and Structural Adjustment
144
4.1 Lebanon’s Weak State 165
4.2 What is a Regime? 168
4.3 Classifying Regimes 169
8.1 Regional Institutions 374
9.1 Algeria’s Main Political Parties 419
11.1 The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988 466
11.2 A History of the Shi‘i-Sunni Split 476
Figures
3.1 Workers’ Remittances by Region, Percentage of GDP, 2014 109
3.2 Emigrants as Percentage of Total Labor Force 110
3.3 Industrialization in MENA Countries 111
3.4 Government Spending as Percentage of GDP by Global Region
114
3.5 Adult Literacy Rates in the Middle East (percentage of population
age 15+), 2013 115
3.6 Per Capita GDP Growth by Global Region 116
3.7 Overall and Female Literacy Rates by Global Region (percentage
of population age 15+), 2014 117
3.8 Youth Unemployment by Global Region, 1991–2013 118
3.9 Rule of Law Scores in Middle Eastern Countries, 2010 122
3.10 Repression in the Middle East, 2010 123
3.11 Political Freedoms and Rights in the Middle East, 2010 124
3.12 DPT and Measles Immunization in Iraq and Syria (percentage of
Children Ages 12–23 Months) 129
3.13 Secondary School Enrollment in Iraq and Syria (percentage of
Gross) 130
3.14 Total Debt as Percentage of GDP in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and
Tunisia, 1980–1995 145
3.15 Economic Growth in the MENA Region and in Other Regions of
the World, 1960–2010 148
3.16 Per Capita GDP Growth in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia
(annual percentage) 150
3.17 Governance Indicators in Different Global Regions (Average
Percentile Rank), 2010 155
3.18 Political Regime Classifications by Region 156
4.1 Media Sustainability Index for Middle East and North African
Countries, 2009 201
5.1 The Importance of God in the United States and Selected Countries
in the Middle East and North Africa Region 212
5.2 Percentage of Population in the United States and Selected
Countries in the Middle East and North Africa Region That Consider
Themselves Religious 213
5.3 Percentage of Population in the United States and Selected
Countries in the Middle East and North Africa Region That Regularly
Attend Religious Services 214
5.4 Seats Won by Islamic Parties/Coalitions in Selected Recent
Elections (percentage of parliament seats) 235
10.1 Distribution of Seats in Egyptian People’s Assembly, 2012 436
10.2 Unemployment in Egypt by Age Group, 2006 441
10.3 Comparison of Gross Domestic Product per Capita of Egypt and
South Korea, 1950–2005 441
10.4 Growth in Egypt’s Exports, 1960–2007 442
10.5 Composition of Egypt’s Exports, 1965–2007 443
10.6 Inequality in Egypt and the United States Compared 444
10.7 U.S. Aid to Egypt and Israel, 1998–2008 445
10.8 Egypt’s Official Reserve Assets, 2009–2015 (millions of dollars)
446
11.1 Gross Domestic Product of Iran, 1965–1979 (Billion Iranian
Rials, 1997 Prices) 458
11.2 Structure of Power in Iran 462
12.1 Iraq’s Oil Production, 1970–2012 513
13.1 Population of Israel According to Religious Affiliation, 1922–
2010 (in thousands) 524
14.1 GDP per Capita, Annual Growth Rate, 2000–2014: Jordan and
the Middle East 560
15.1 Kuwait Ruling Family Succession 580
18.1 Qatari Workforce by Citizenship and Sector, 2007 651
18.2 Bahraini Workforce by Citizenship and Sector, 2009 651
20.1 Palestine: A Chronology 715
22.1 Poverty Rate by State, 2009 767
22.2 Education Level of Household Heads 768
22.3 Poverty Headcount Rates and Education of Household Heads 768
23.1 The Rise of the Ba‘th Party: A Chronology 790
23.2 Syria’s Regime Structure 791
23.3 The Peace Process between Syria and Israel: A Chronology 804
Tables
1.1 Dates of Independence of Middle Eastern and North African
Countries 40
2.1 Factors Contributing to the Arab Spring and Its Outcomes 75
2.2 Population and Urbanization in the Middle East and North Africa
82
2.3 Cities with Populations of More Than One Million in the Middle
East and North Africa, 2014 82
2.4 Fertility Rates and Ages at Marriage in the Middle East and North
Africa 85
2.5 Labor Force Data from Selected Countries in the Middle East and
North Africa 88
2.6 United Nations Development Programme Human Development
Index (HDI) Rankings for Countries of the Middle East and North
Africa, 2014 91
2.7 Poverty and Inequality in the Middle East and North Africa 92
2.8 Enrollment Rates in Primary, Secondary, and University Education
in the Middle East and North Africa 94
2.9 Internet and Facebook Usage, circa 2010 96
2.10 Women in National Parliaments in the Middle East and North
Africa, 2015 103
3.1 Gross Domestic Product, Oil Rents, and Country Classifications in
the MENA Region, 2010 108
3.2 Human Development Index Rankings: Middle East and North
Africa, 2013 113
3.3 Political Economies of the Middle East 120
3.4 Public Spending on Health and Education (as a Percentage of
GDP) in MENA Countries at Their Peak and Bottom Levels, Various
Years 142
4.1 Fragile States Index for Middle East and North African States,
2015 163
4.2 Classifications of Regimes in the Middle East and North Africa
171
4.3 Longevity of Rulers in Regimes in the Middle East and North
Africa, as of July 2015 172
4.4 Regime Type, Mobilization, and Resilience during the Arab
Uprisings, 2011–2012 187
4.5 Legislative Constraints on the Executive Index, according to Index
Scores 193
4.6 Citizen Trust in Parliament 195
4.7 Citizen Trust in Political Parties 197
4.8 Rule of Law in the Middle East and North Africa Region, 2013
199
5.1 Religion and State in the Middle East 218
8.1 Major Wars, Interventions, and Conflicts 378
9.1 Parliamentary Elections in Algeria, 1997–2012 412
9.2 Algeria’s Labor Force by Sector, 2009 417
11.1 Elections in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1979–2013 470
13.1 Selected Knesset Election Results, 1951–2015 535
14.1 Foreign Aid to Jordan 561
18.1 Ruling Families and the State in the Lower Gulf Monarchies 647
19.1 Turnout for Legislative Elections in Morocco since 1963 692
20.1 The Palestine Liberation Organization vs. the Palestinian
Authority, Today 719
20.2 Level of Aid Given to the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS),
1993–2013 730
21.1 Saudi Arabia: A Demographic Snapshot 745
21.2 The Kings of Saudi Arabia 747
22.1 Sudan’s External Debt and Debt Service Ratio 765
22.2 National, Rural and Urban Poverty Rates and the Distribution of
the Poor, 2009 767
24.1 Political Parties in Tunisia 828
24.2 Political Mobilization of Civil Society around Issues 833
24.3 Tunisian Presidential and Parliamentary Election Winners, 1959–
2014 835
24.4 Major Economic Indicators for Tunisia 845
24.5 Tunisia’s Major Demographic Indicators 847
25.1 Elections in Turkey: Years, Laws, and Types of Governments 873
25.2 Votes for Turkish Political Parties, 1950–2015 875
26.1 Election Results for Recent Yemeni Elections 910
Maps
1.1 The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire 6
1.2 The Safavid Empire 9
1.3 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire 21
1.4 The Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Mandates 29
7.1 Jewish Land Ownership in Palestine, 1947 298
7.2 United States General Assembly Partition Plan, 1947 302
7.3 The Armistice Lines of 1949 303
7.4 Israel and Occupied Territories 312
7.5 Israeli Settlements in the West Bank, 1982 336
9.1 Algeria 405
10.1 Egypt 427
11.1 Iran 457
12.1 Iraq 490
13.1 Israel 519
14.1 Jordan 548
15.1 Kuwait 572
16.1 Lebanon 592
17.1 Libya 616
18.1 Lower Gulf States 645
19.1 Morocco 675
20.1 Occupied Palestinian West Bank 721
20.2 West Bank Barrier Route, July 2011 732
21.1 Saudi Arabia 741
23.1 Syria 784
24.1 Tunisia 814
24.2 2014 Legislative and Presidential Election Results, by
Governorate 837
25.1 Turkey 856
25.2 Local Municipal Election Results in Turkey, 2014 872
26.1 Yemen 897
About the Editor
Ellen Lust
is a professor in the department of political science at the University of
Gothenburg and Founding Director of the Programs on Governance
and Local Development at the University of Gothenburg and Yale
University. Her publications include Structuring Conflict in the Arab
World (Cambridge University Press, 2005), and numerous volumes,
including most recently Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of
Arab Activism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) coedited with
Lina Khatib. She has also published articles in such journals as
Perspectives on Politics, Comparative Politics, Comparative Political
Studies, International Journal of Middle East Studies, and Politics and
Society. She was an associate founding editor of the newly
interdisciplinary journal, Middle East Law and Governance, and now
chairs its board of directors. Lust has studied, conducted research, and
led student and alumni groups in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Israel,
Palestine, and Syria.
Contributors
LAHOUARI ADDI,
author of the chapter on Algeria, is a sociologist who teaches political
sociology at the Institute of Political Science, University of Lyon,
France. He is a member of the Research Centre Triangle, UMR CNRS
5206. Addi has published many books and papers on Algeria, among
them Les Mutations de la Société Algérienne (Editions La Découverte,
1999) and Deux anthrologues au Maghreb: Sociologie et
Anthropologie chez Pierre Bourdieu (Web log, 2002). His most recent
books are Ernest Gellner et Clifford Geertz (Les Editions des Archives
Contemporaines, Paris, 2013), and Radical Arab Nationalism and
Political Islam (Georgetown University Press, July 2016).
HESHAM AL-AWADI,
author of the chapter on Kuwait, is professor of history and
international relations at the American University of Kuwait. His
recent publications include The Muslim Brothers In Pursuit of
Legitimacy: Power and Political Islam in Egypt Under Mubarak (I. B.
Tauris, 2014).
LIHI BEN SHITRIT,
author of the chapter on Israel and coauthor of the chapter “Religion,
Society and Politics in the Middle East,” is an assistant professor at the
School of Public and International Affairs, University of Georgia,
Athens. Her research focuses on religion, politics, and gender in the
Middle East. She is the author of Righteous Transgressions: Women’s
Activism on the Israeli and Palestinian Religious Right (Princeton
University Press, 2015).
MEHRZAD BOROUJERDI,
author of the chapter on Iran, is professor and chair of the department
of political science at Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of
Citizenship and Public Affairs, where he is also the Provost Fellow for
Internationalization. He is the author of Iranian Intellectuals and the
West: The Tormented Triumph of Nativism (Syracuse University Press,
1996), and editor of Mirror for the Muslim Prince: Islam and Theory
of Statecraft.
LAURIE A. BRAND,
author of the chapter on Jordan, is the Robert Grandford Wright
Professor of International Relations and Middle East Studies at the
University of Southern California, where she directs the Middle East
Studies Program. She is a former president of the Middle East Studies
Association, a four-time Fulbright scholar to the Middle East and
North Africa, and a Carnegie Corporation scholar from 2008 to 2010.
She is the author of Palestinians in the Arab World (Columbia
University Press, 1988), Jordan’s Inter-Arab Relations (Columbia
University Press, 1994), Women the State and Political Liberalization
(Columbia University Press, 1998), Citizens Abroad: States and
Emigration in the Middle East and North Africa (Cambridge
University Press, 2006), and Official Stories: Politics and National
Narratives in Egypt and Algeria (Stanford University Press, 2014).
MELANI CAMMETT,
coauthor of the chapter on the political economy of the Middle East, is
a professor in the Department of Government at Harvard University.
She is the author of four books: A Political Economy of the Middle
East (with Ishac Diwan, Alan Richards, and John Waterbury,
Westview Press, 2015); Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and
Sectarianism in Lebanon (Cornell University Press, 2014), which won
the 2015 APSA Giovanni Sartori Book Award and the Honorable
Mention for the 2015 APSA Gregory Luebbert Book Award; The
Politics of Nonstate Welfare (coedited with Lauren Morris MacLean,
Cornell University Press, 2014); and Globalization and Business
Politics in North Africa: A Comparative Perspective (Cambridge
University Press, 2007, 2010). She has received a variety of
fellowships and awards and has published articles in scholarly and
policy journals. Her current research focuses on governance, welfare,
and identity politics in the Middle East and North Africa.
BENOÎT CHALLAND,
coauthor of the chapter on Palestine, is associate professor in sociology
at the New School for Social Research, New York. He works on the
politics of foreign aid in Arab countries and on comparative analyses
of the Arab revolts, with a focus on Tunisia. Recent publications
include Palestinian Civil Society: Foreign Donors and the Power to
Promote and Exclude (Routledge, 2009), The Myth of the Clash of
Civilizations (with Chiara Bottici, Routledge, 2010), and has coedited
the volume The Struggle for Influence in the Middle East: The Arab
Uprisings and Foreign Assistance (with Frederica Bicchi and Steven
Heydemann, Routledge, 2016).
LARYSSA CHOMIAK
is a political scientist and the director of the Centre d’Etudes
Maghrébines à Tunis since 2011. She is finalizing her book on the
politics of dissent under Ben Ali’s Tunisia based on doctoral field-
based research in Tunisia between 2008 and 2010. Her work has
appeared as book chapters and journal articles in Middle East Law and
Governance, The Journal of North African Studies, Portal 9, and
Middle East Report. Her most recent chapter, “The Architecture of
Resistance in Tunisia,” appeared in the volume Taking to the Streets:
The Transformation of Arab Activism, edited by Lina Khatib and Ellen
Lust (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014). In 2012, she drafted the
Freedom House Report following the Revolution in Tunisia.
JULIA CHOUCAIR-VIZOSO,
author of the chapter on Iraq, is vice chair of the Center for Middle
Eastern Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Her research
focuses on authoritarian regimes and political networks in the Middle
East.
JANINE A. CLARK,
coauthor of the chapter on Actors, Public Opinion and Participation, is
an associate professor in political science at the University of Guelph,
Canada. She is the author of Islam, Charity and Activism: Middle-
Class Networks and Social Welfare in Egypt, Jordan, and Yemen
(Indiana University Press, 2004) and the co-editor of Economic
Liberalization, Democratization and Civil Society in the South
(Macmillan/St. Martin’s Press, 2000). Her work on Islamism and on
civil society has been published in Comparative Politics, Comparative
Political Studies, International Journal for Middle East Studies,
Middle East Law and Governance, Mediterranean Politics, and
Ethnopolitics, among other journals and books. She recently finalized
her book Local Politics in Jordan and Morocco: Strategies of
Centralization and Decentralization and co-edited a volume entitled
Doing Political Science Research in the Middle East and North Africa:
Methodological and Ethical Challenges.
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