Illustrating Books with Engravings

Print Quarterly Publications
Illustrating Books with Engravings: Plantin's Working Practices Revealed

Author(s): Karen L. Bowen
Source: Print Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 1 (MARCH 2003), pp. 3-34
Published by: Print Quarterly Publications
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Illustrating Books with Engravings:
Plantin's Working Practices Revealed
Karen L. Bowen
When consideringthe illustration of sixteenth-beforethewearon itwouldnecessitate havinga new

century books,theeasy,logicalassumption is thatall one made.1This was caused by the greatpressure
copiesof a particulareditionbear the same illustra- appliedtotheplatesbyan intaglio press,andwasclearly
tions.Such circumstances were,indeed,likelywhen a problemifa printer wantedto producemorethana
wereprintedwiththethencommon thousandcopiesofa singlepublication
theillustrations - eitherina sin-
mediumof woodcut.Cut in thickblocksfromhard glerun,or as a combination ofseveraldistinct editions
wood, woodcutscould not onlybe set and printed ofthesametext- as Plantindidwithmanyofhismore
together(inrelief)withthetypeforthetext,butthey populartexts.2Consequently, a numberof Plantin's
readilywithstood the ofa
pressure typographer's print- publications with engraved illustrationsappear to be
ingpress.Thus,theycouldprovideessentially uniform illogicallyinconsistent,as theselectionofplatesusedto
impressions ofthedesiredimagefromthefirst to the printtheillustrationsvariesfromcopytocopy.
lastsheetprintedofan entireeditionofthetext,ifnot In orderto highlight theseissuesand demonstrate
ofseveralsubsequent editions.In thecase ofengraved howtheycan,incertaincases,actually be clarified with
bookillustrations,however, circumstances weresignifi- significant I willexaminethecase ofPlantin's
results,
cantlydifferent.In themid-to-late sixteenth century, production ofBenitoAriasMontano'sHumanae salutis
whenChristopher Plantinwas working in Antwerp- monumenta , whichPlantinfirst printedin 1571.To date,
thena leadingcentrefortheproduction ofengravings bothPlantin'sproduction ofthisworkand itsillustra-
- engraved bookillustrations werestilla costlynovelty. tionhave puzzledscholarsfromvariousbranchesof
The thinner metalplateshad to be printedseparately study, and haveconfounded theirattempts to arriveat
fromthetypeon an intaglio press(orrollerpress),often a definitive description ofPlantin'seditions ofthetext.3
at an independently run printworkshop.Moreover, In thisarticle, I willbeginbyclarifying severalessential
according to Plantin's own estimates,he could count aspects of Plantin's production of Arias Montano's
on gettingonlya thousandimpressions froma plate Monumenta in generaland theprinting oftheillustra-
I would liketothank DirkImhof andMargit Thofner fortheir mid-i56os in Voet'sbookThePlantin Press(1555-1589):A

patient andcareful reading ofthisarticle. Thefollowing archival ofthe
Bibliography WorksPrintedandPublished Plantin
byChristopher
documents arecited inthecourse ofthistext (where MPMisan atAntwerpandLeiden,Amsterdam 1980-83, cat.nos.1352-54,
abbreviationforthePlantin-Moretus Museum ofAntwerp and 1357,1370and1371 (forbooks ofhours);and22,24,1476, 1478,
Arch, isanabbreviation forarchive): MPMArch. 14:Livre decaisse
, 1484,2168-70,2173 and2174 emblem
(for books).Henceforth,
1576-1589;MPMArch. 16:Grand Livre, 1568-1573; MPMArch. 18: from
toentries
allreferences this
bibliography willbeindicated
GrandLivre,
1571-1582; MPMArch. 20:Grand Livre,1582-1589; MPM simplybytheprefatory abbreviation 'PP'.
Arch. 22,Envoisdelivres II 1571-1576;
à Philippe MPMArch. 29,Livre 3. Although isknown
Plantin tohaveprinted editionsofthis
text
decaisse, MPMArch.
1571; 31:Livresdesouvriers
, 1563-1574; MPM inboth andquarto,
octavo I will
focus ontheoctavo
exclusively edi-
Arch. desouvriers
32:Livres - 1579;
, 1571 MPMArch. 33:Livresdesouvri- tions here.LeonVoet's account oftheoctavoeditions(seePP588
ers,
1580-1590;MPMArch. 91:Recudís Carlo
delettres: Pesnot-Theodorus andPP589)isthemost commonly cited,although Voethimself
Pulmannus;MPMArch. 122:Missale etBreviarium, 1572-1576; MPM admits with
todifficulties it(see,forexample, n.3ontheillus-
Arch. 490:Inventairelivres
Anvers-Francfort,1602;MPMArch. 756: inPP588).Foranalternative
trations presentationoftheillus-
etgraveurs,
Relieurs 1565-1569. trationoftheoctavo
editions,seeM.Mauquoy-Hendrickx, Les
i. SeeMPMArch. 122,p.73,for this reference,which reads: 'Est estampesdesWierix,Brussels 1982, pp.438-39andpp.
111.1,
praetereaconsiderandum typos talium figurarum nonposse 497-504. this
Henceforth, catalogue willbereferred toasM-H
reddereultra milleexemplaria figurarum quinsitdetritus while
Wierix, entriesfrom itwillbeprefaced withtheabbrevia-
('Moreover, onemust considerthat theplates forsuch illustration'M-H'.In Mauquoy-Hendrickx's 'Observations
article,
tions[i.e.,engravings]canyield nomore than1,000 impres- dequelques
surlesillustrations ouvrages éditésparPlantin',
sionsoftheillustrationbeforetheplate isworn out. . .'). Livre
etl'Estampe,
1971,nos.65-66, p.71,she,too,citesproblems
2. Consider, forexample, LeonVoet s description01some01 withVoet's ofthecopies.
division
editions
Plantin's ofbooks ofhours andemblem books from the
PRINT XX, I
2OO3,
QUARTERLY,

4 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
tionsinhis1571editioninparticular. I will greater,
Specifically, and similarly theresulting puzzlesforscholars.
demonstrate that,first,contrary to other accounts, However, a careful examination of thedefining char-
Plantinproducedexactlythreedistinct editionsofthis acteristics of the typesetting and the illustrations of
textin octavo (in 1571,1575and 1581);4 second,theillus- eventhesecopiesdemonstrates howremarkably con-
trationswereadded to thepreviously printedsheets sistenttheillustration of theMonumenta actuallywas.
of textat disparatemomentsof time;third,distinct, Consequently, ratherthansimplyannoyingly defying
unvarying setsof plateswereused to printthemain one'sexpectations, theseinconsistent copiesprovidea
illustrationsat each of thediscretemomentsin time; rare,exceptionally revealingviewofPlantin's printing
and fourth, the resulting definableand datable- at practices.
leastinrelative terms- patterns ofillustrationestablish In 1568theKing ofSpain,PhilipII, senthischap-
a chronological overviewofthereuseand replacement lain,theeruditebiblicalscholarand orientalist Benito
ofoldplatesand theintroduction ofnewones.Plotting Arias Montano (BenedictusArias Montanus) to
theseresultstogether withotherrelatedfindings, as is Antwerp. He was to overseetheproduction ofa mon-
donein Table 1,reveals,forexample,theunexpected- umental,scholarly,polyglotBible by Christopher
lysteady, ultimate replacement ofengravings byPieter Plantin,withfunding providedbyPhilip.5 Whilethus
Huysand an anonymous engraver withengravings by engaged,AriasMontanotookadvantageoftheclose
JanWierix. working relationshipandfriendship thathe soondevel-
Once theseaspectsofPlantin'sproduction ofArias oped withPlantinto havesomeofhisownworkspub-
Montano'stexthavebeenclarified, itwillthenbe pos- lishedas well.6Amongthefirst oftheseto appearwas
sibletoreturn tothetopicwithwhichI began,namely, the1571editionofhisHumanae salutis
monumenta, a series
someunanticipated implications of producingmulti- of71 complexLatinpoemson subjectsfromtheOld
ple,highly similareditions ofa textwithengraved illus- and New Testaments. Printedin graceful italicletters,
trations.Essentialhereisrecognizing thatmanycopies eachpoemwas complemented byan engraving ofthe
ofAriasMontano'sMonumenta consistofsectionsthat subjectconcerned.The resultwas an exceptionally
wereprintedand illustrated at disparatemomentsin richly illustrated,highly learned,theological-devotion-
time,someseparatedbyjusta fewmonths, othersbyas al work(seefigs2, 5 and 10).Despiteitscosdyillustra-
muchas tenyears.Regardlessofprecisely howmuch tions and elevated content,Plantin'sinitial (and
timeseparatedtheoriginalprinting runs,eachhasdis- subsequent) production oftheMonumenta was,in fact,
tinctivevisualtraits, evidentin thesetting ofthetype, widelyinfluential and isjustifiablyrenowned today.To
the selectionof theengravings used and therelative scholarsstudying AriasMontano'swritings, Plantin's
strength oftheimpressions pulledfromthoseengrav- werethefirst ofa longseriesofeditions ofthistext.7 To
ings.When the time between printing runswas mini- those interested in the and
evolving growing publica-
mal, visuallyconsistentexamplesof printingand tionofemblematic literaturein thesixteenth century,
illustrationcouldresult.Whenthesectionsmakingup thisbookrepresents a newtypeofdevouttheological
a singlecopywerecompletedin moredisparateperi- emblematic textthatwouldsoon be imitatedbyoth-
ods, the visual discrepancies within that copy are ers.8
And to historians ofprintsand illustrated books,
4. WhileVoetdescribes justtwoeditions(onefrom andthe

1571 oftheseries
Laciudad deDios
, RealMonasteriodeElEscorial,
otherfrom 1581;seePP588and589respectively), Mauquoy- January-April 1998,pp.233-34
Hendrickxsuggeststhat foureditions
were printed,
addingtwo 8. See,forexample, J.Landwehr, French,
Italian,
Spanish,and
editions
from c.1575tothetwonoted byVoet (seeM-HWierix, Portuguese booksofDevices
andEmblems. ABibliography
1534-1827: ,
m.i,pp.438-40). Utrecht1976,p.1;J.-M. 'Lirepourcoire:
Chatelain, misesen
5. On AriasMontano, see B. Rekers, BenitoAriasMontano, textede l'emblème et artde méditer au XVIIesiècle',
1327-1^8, London andLeiden1972. On Plantin's
Polyglot Bibliothèquedel'Ecole
desChartes,
150/2, 1992,p. 329;andS.
see,for
Bible, example, PP644,which includesextensive
bibli- Hänsel,DerSpanische
HumanistBenitoArias
Montano (1527-1^8)
ographicreferences(onpp.312-13). unddieKunst
,Münster 1991,pp.73-83.Contrarytowhat these
6. SeePP577-91 all
for oftheworks AriasMontano published authors however,
suggest, this
wasnotthefirst
time that
a reli-
withPlantin. emblem
gious bookwasprinted.Ashasrecently beendiscov-
7. Inadditiontohisthree octavo Plantin
editions, alsopnnteda dis- ered,thathonour goestothefirst edition
ofGeorgette de
illustrated
tincdy edition inquarto
in1583(PP590).Plantin
then Montenay's popular Christian emblem
(Protestant) book,
thetext
reprinted oftheMonumenta without ina
illustrations Emblemesoudevises
chrestiennes
(Lyon whichisalsoillustrat-
1589editionofArias Montano's collected
poems tided:
Poemata edwith (seeA.Adams, '1567),
LesEmblemes
oudevises
chresti-
engravings
inquatuortomos distincta(PP591).Forlatereditionsofthe ennes
deGeorgette deMontenay: Edition de1567', Bibliothèque
Monumenta,see,forexample, G.Morocho Gayo, Avance
dedatos d'HumanismeetRenaissance
,Lxii/3,
2000, pp.637-39).
parauninventario
delasobras yescritos
deArias ccxi,no.1
Montano,

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 5
i. Pieter
Huys, ofB.AriasMontano's
title-page Humanae
salutis
monumenta
,Antwerp, Plantin,
Christopher 1571, 170
engraving,
X114mm(Leuven, Universiteit
Katholieke vande Faculteit
Bibliotheek
Leuven, R38T ARIAHUM
Godgeleerdheid,
I571)-

6 PLANTIN' PRACTICES
S WORKING
2. JanWierix, BustofChrist
(M-H2147), Ode
accompanying
l,fols.A$vandA4r,inHumanae monumenta
salutis ,Antwerp
1571,engraving, 87 mmdiameter Katholieke
(Leuven,
UniversiteitLeuven,Bibliotheekvan de Faculteit
Godgeleerdheid, R38T ARIAHUM 1571).
3. Ode l,fol.A$vinHumanae monumenta

salutis ,Antwerp
1575
(Antwerp, MuseumPlan
tin-Moretus,A 387).
4. (1 ) JanWierix,
opposite BustofChrist
(M-H2147a),accompa-
nying Odel,fols.A%vandA4r,inHumanaesalutis
monumen-
ta,
, Antwerp 1581, 87mmdiameter
engraving, (Antwerp,
Museum R 55.23).
Plantin-Moretus,

PLANTIN'S PRACTICES
WORKING 7
Plantin'sfirsteditionof it represents a stunning and above,thebetter-known assessmentsofthenumberof

innovative exampleof theuse of engravings as book octavo editionsPlantinprintedoftheMonumenta range
illustrations.
For here,engravedimagesand borders fromthetwodocumented byLeon Voet(of1571and
executedby suchesteemedartistsas Jan Wierix, Jan 1581) to the four proposed by Marie Mauquoy-
Sadelerand PieterHuyswerecombinedto offerthe Hendrickx(on thebasisoftheillustrations), all dated
perfectcomplement totheaccompanying and similar- between1571and 1581.10Myresearch, basedon a care-
lyrefined Latinverses.9 fulexaminationof variouscopies,in additionto an
But despitethejustifiable interestin thiswork,all analysisofpaymentrecordsfortheprinting and illus-
attempts toachievea definitiveaccountofPlantin's ini- trationof the text,indicatesthatPlantinproduced
tial,trend-setting
production ofithavebeenfrustratedthreeoctavo in 1571,1575and 1581respectively.
editions,
bynaggingquestionsand inconsistencies. These diffi- The essentialdifferencewiththe above-mentioned
cultiesderivefromseemingly conflictingdata about accounts of the editionsis the determination that
thetimingoftheprinting ofPlantin'sfirsteditionsof exactlyone new editionwas printedin 1575.Each of
thetext(all printedin octavo) and the executionand thesethreeeditionscan be distinguished fromtheoth-
printing of the corresponding As noted ersbythesetting
illustrations. ofthetype,as wellas bytheselection
9. Itisregularly
acknowledged thatPlantin
playedanimportant copiesoftheMonumenta (aswellas itsvisualcounterpart,
rôleinthegeneral ofengravings
introduction as
(oretchings) Plantin's Horae
1570 Beatissimae Mariae
Virginis (PP1365-1368))
bookillustrations. for
See, example, The
J.Harthan, History of apart is then
the
technically rare
combination ofindependent-
theIllustrated
Book: TheWestern ,London
Tradition 1981,p.98;D. lyprinted, borders
engraved andmain incertain
illustrations
Bland,AHistory ofBook
Illustration:
TheIlluminated and
Manuscript copies.
thePrinted London
Book, andN.Levarie,
p.161;
1969, TheArtand 10.Op.cit.,
notes
3and4.
HistoryofBooks
, NewYork 1968,
pp.204-06.What setssome

8 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
ofthemainillustrations and borders. In additionto substantiatingwhen,approximately,
I willstartwiththearchivalevidence.It isclearfrom copiesoftheMonumenta wereillustrated, thepayments
records ofpayments madetoPlantin's compositors and made to Liefrinckalso documentwhen (and how
pressmen between1571and 1581thatPlantinhad three many)copieswereprovidedwithborders.According
distincteditionsof Arias Montano's textprintedin toVoet,thesubdivision betweencopieswithandwith-
thisperiod:one betweenMay and August1571;one outborderswas simply madeon an edition-by-edition
betweenFebruary and March1575;and one inthefirst basis:the 1571 editionwas printedwithbordersand
weekof October1581.11An examinationof archival the1581editionwasleftwithout. The division between'
recordspertaining to theillustration
oftheMonumentacopieswithand without borderswas morecomplicat-
notonlysupports thisview,butalsoclarifies
someofthe ed,however. The 1571editionwas,infact,splitintotwo
'inconsistencies' thathavetroubled otherauthors. This distinctissues:onewithborders{avecvignettes),forwhich
dataconsists ofrecordsofpayments madeto Mynken Liefrinckwas paid fourflorinsper 100 illustrated
(Willemyne) Liefrinck, oftheLiefrinck family ofprint sheets;and one withoutborders{sansvignettes ), for
publishers(Willemand Hans) and widow of the whichLiefrinck waspaid twoflorins per 100 illustrated
engraver FransHuys.By 1571,MynkenLiefrinck was sheets.Regrettably,I haveyetto be able to examinea
overseeing a printworkshop inAntwerp thatwould,by completecopywithoutborders,althoughMauquoy-
herdeathin 1593,boastat leastthreeor fourpresses Hendrickx citesoneina privatecollection inBrussels.14
forprinting images.12 These recordsdocumentthat Examplesofindividualgatherings ofthe 1571edition
Liefrinck waspaidforhavingtheillustrations (andbor- without bordersarepresentintheGhentand Chicago
ders,insomecases)printed forcopiesoftheMonumentacopiesdiscussedbelow.The illustration oftheremain-
inthreeextended periods,eachofwhichclearly follows ingtwoeditionswas morestraightforward. All copies
(albeitoccasionally witha fewmonths'timelag)one of of the 1575editionwere embellishedwithborders,
thethreeperiodsduringwhichthetextitself wasprint- whilenonewas added to anyofthecopiesofthe1581
ed. The approximate numbersof copiesdeliveredin edition.The same distinction in priceforsheetswith
each of the generalperiods are, first,389 copies andwithout borderswassimilarly appliedtotheprint-
betweenAugustand October 1571 and another165 ing of the illustrations for both of these editions,
copiesbetween JulyandAugust1572;second,30 copies because,Liefrinck chargedfourflorins per 100sheets
in 1575and c. 386 in 1576;and third,100 copies in forthe illustration of the 1575editionand just two
February 1582,200 copiesin March1582and possibly florins per100sheetsforthe1581edition.15 1willreturn
an additional500 copies in September1582.13It is below to the distinction in printing sheetswithand
clearlyevidenthere(as well as in the recordsof the without borders.
illustrationofmanyotherPlantineditions)that,while Allofthepreceding archivalevidenceis corroborat-
thetextwas printedin itsentirety withinone to three ed bythecopiesofPlantin'seditionsofthistext.For,
months, fullyillustratedcopieswerecompletedin dis- amongall of the copiesthatI have examined,only
paratebatches,sometimes months, ifnotas muchas a threedistinct settingsofthetypehaveemerged(seefigs
year,following theprinting ofthetext. 2-4 and 10-12).In figs2-4, one can compare,for
h. Seetheconcluding Appendix forthedetails

oftheprinting of cites
thenumber ofpresses
Mynken Liefrinck
hadatherdeath).
eachofthese editions.Theprinting ofthese
editions
ofArias 13.Forthese seetheconcluding
records, Appendix. Regrettably,
Montano's Monumenta must bedistinguished
from theprinting therecords for
theprintingoftheillustrations
in1575-76 arenot
ofgatheringsA-Fofa 'monumenta' inDecember 1576(see more dated.
precisely Thelastpayment noted fortheillustra-
MPMArch.32,fol.242r).Thisrepresents theprinting of tionofthe1581 edition(made inSeptember 1582)issuspect,
Ludovicus Hillessemius' Sacrarum
(Hillesheim's) antiquitatumsimply becauseifthe500extra areaddedtotheinitial
copies
monumentaof1577 (PP1335). 300itwould anunusually
represent increase
large inthesizeof
12.UntheLietnnck tamiiy01print ingeneral,
publishers see,tor Plantin's
editions
ofthistext.
Thispayment may alsoalludeto
example,A.Rouzet, Dictionnaire
desimprimeurs,
libraires
etéditeurs theillustration
ofsome copiesofPlantin's
1583quartoedition
of
des
Belges Xve etXVIe siècles
,Nieuwkoop 1975,
pp.125-27.Onthe theMonumenta.
PrintedbytheendofAugust 1582 (seepayments
importance oftheLiefrincks(andHansinparticular)asprint madetoHansStroosnijder on11August 1582inMPMArch.
publishersinAntwerp, seeD. LandauandP.Parshall, The there
fol.57r),
33, areotherwise noclearrecords
for theprinting
Renaissance
Print
, NewHavenandLondon 1994,pp.220-23. oftheillustrations
forthisedition.
Theirremarks areallthemore significant
givenJanVander 14.M-HWierix ,111.1,
p.438.
Stock's
proposal thatMynken Liefrinckworkedwithherbroth- 15.aeetneconcludingAppendix lorthenumber 01copies 01each
erHansprior tohisdeath in1573 JanVanderStock,
(see Printing sortthatwereprinted andforreferences to thepertinent
inAntwerp.
Images TheIntroduction ina City:
ofPrintmaking Fifteenth archivalrecords.
to1585,
Century Rotterdam p.67,where
1998, VanderStock also

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 9
example,theprinting oftheline CHRISTOLIBERA- help resolveone final,commonlycitedproblemin
TORIS. In figs10-12,itis easiesttocomparetheprint- accounts of Plantin'seditionsof the Monumenta :
ingòfthetextIESV NAZARENO... at thebottomof whethera 'smaller' edition,alluded to in letters
thepage.16 Ofthesethreedistinct typesettings,one(that exchangedby Plantinand Arias Montanobetween
from1571)existswithand without borders(figs5 and October1575and February 1576,waseverpublished.20
6); ohe (that from 1575)consistently
appears withbor- Because the correspondence referringto thisedition
ders(figs8 and 11);andone (thatfrom1581)consistent-post-dates theprintingrecordsofthe1575edition,this
lyappearswithout borders(figs9 and 12). clearlycannotbe the'smaller'one referred to.Rather,
Such a subdivision ofthecopiesofone editioninto I believethatthe1581editioncitedabovewas theulti-
twoissues,one withand the otherwithoutborders, materesultof Plantin'spromises.21 Considerthedis-
hás.alreadybeendocumented forPlantin's1570Horae tinctwaysinwhichtheknowneditions wereillustrated.
Beatissimae VirginisMariae.11
This meansofvarying the Althoughthe1571 editionconsistsofcopiesbothwith
illustration of a singleeditionwas notuncommonto and withoutborders,the 1575editioncomprises only
booksillustrated withwoodcuts.Plantin'sapplication copieswithbordersaroundeach ofthemainillustra-
ofitto booksillustrated withengravings was,bycon- tions,whilethecopiesofthe1581editionall bearjust
trast,a novelstepin thehistory of book illustration.themainillustrations and no borders.Consequently,
Plantinand his successorswould continueto create together theselasttwoeditionsrepresentwhatPlantin
visually of
(instead textually) issues
distinct ofseveralof had produced with thetwo issues
of hisfirsteditionof
theirmorepopulartextswithgreatsuccessforyearsto the Monumenta , namely,one granderpublicationin
come.18 whichall oftheimageswereframed withborders, and
Becausethesettings ofPlantin's1571 and 1575edi- onethatwaslesselaborateandhencelesscostly. Recall,
tionsoftheMonumenta areveryclose,copiesofthe1575 forexample,howLiefrinck chargedtwiceas muchfor
editionarecommonly assumedtobe copiesofthe1571 theillustration ofcopieswithbordersthanforcopies
edition.This is one reasonbehindthevisualinconsis- without.
tenciesobservedbysomescholarsforgroupsofcopies The advantageofnotproducing thesetwovariants
thatwereall(erroneously) identified
as examplesofone simultaneously was thatthetextcouldbe setindepen-
edition,insteadof beingrecognizedas copiesof two dentlyin each case,accordingto whether widermar-
distinct editions, printedand illustratedsomefourto gins were needed for the inclusionof borders.
fiveyearsapart.19 Consider,forexample,the relativeplacementof the
Thesefindings - concerning thevarying incorpora- capitalletterE belowand slightly to therightof the
tionofbordersin thedecorationof thisbook- may engraving ofSt Matthewin figs6 and 9, representing
16.Seetheconcluding Appendix fora sampling ofthedistinguish- Moretuses (DeBoekillustratie

ten van
tijde deMoretusseň
),editedbyD.
ingfeatures ofthecomposition ofeachedition andanaccom- Imhof,Antwerp 1996,pp.38-39, cat.nos.7,8 andTableD (p.
panying list(peredition)
ofallofthecopies I haveexamined. 181).
17.SeePP 1365-68 forVoet'sdescription ofthistext. Asisdis- 19.Theconfusion between copies
printed in1571and1575 isevi-
cussedingreater detailbelow,thisbook ofhours wasdecorated dent, forexample,inMauquoy-Hendrickx's cataloguing (and
with many ofthesamecompositions, ifnotthevery same entries onecopy
for) inGhent (Res.1027) (seeM-HWierix, 111.1,
engravings,that were usedtoillustratePlantin's 1571editionof which
pp.438-39ff.), (asisdiscussed ingreater detailbelow)
theMonumenta. consists
ofonegathering (A)from the1581 edition, whilethe
18.Foranexample ofPlantinapplying such practices tothepro- rest
ofthegatheringsarefrom the1571 edition,some printed
duction ofbooks with woodcutillustrations, seemydiscussion with bordersandsome without.Voet's concern(seePP588,n.
oftheprinting ofanoctavo andduodedmo bookofhours in1565 3)regardingtheappearanceofplates dated1572 inhissample
(PP1351 andPP1352) inK.L.Bowen, Christopher Books
Plantin's copyofthe1571 edition
(MPM: A387)canbeexplained bythe
ofHours: Illustration
andProduction
, Nieuwkoop 1997, pp.74-75 simplefactthat
thatcopy wasactually printedin1575.
and222-23. Hereafter,Plantinandhissuccessors would vary 20.ForPlantin's toprint
promises another (smaller)editionofthe
thisconcept slightly
bysystematically subdividing editionsof Monumenta c.1575-76,
seeCorrespondance deChristopherPlantin
,
theirliturgicalanddevotional texts intponeswith engraved compiled byM.Rooses andJ.Denucé, v,Antwerp 1915,no.
illustrations
andones with
woodcut illustrations,
therebysimul- 664(from 29October p.46,where
1575), hestates:'Humanae
taneously creating,with
justonesetting ofthetype, a costly,
lux- salutis
Monumenta quamprimum potero minori forma recud-
urious issue with engravedillustrationsanda cheaper, more am.'('Iwill
publishtheHumanae salutis
Monumenta ina small-
ordinary issuewith woodcut illustrations.Forexamples ofthis erformat as soonas possible').
Seealsotheremarks onthe
among Plantin's seePP 1680,
editions, 1685, 1686,1688-90, edition
'missing'
potentially inMorocho Gayo1998, op.cit
.,
1697,1699-1702 andPP1770
(allmissals), andPP1775 (booksof p.230.
hours).Forevidence ofPlantin's
successors, theMoretuses, con- 21. Voetdraws similar
conclusions,
although hedidnotknow ofthe
tinuing thispractice,seeTheIllustration
ofBooks bythe
Published oftheseparate
existence 1575edition (seePP598,p.185).

IO PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
5. JanWierix
after
Peeter
vander StMatthew
Borcht, (M-H2222), PH 2 engraved
withborder byPieter
Huys,accompanying
Ode XXX,fols.D8yandEir,inHumanaesalutis
monumenta
, Antwerp1571, 113x 73mm(Leuven,
engraving, Katholieke
Universiteit
Leuven,Bibliotheek
vandeFaculteit R38T ARIAHUM 1571).
Godgeleerdheid,
6. JanWierix Peeter
after StMatthew
vanderBorcht, (M-H 7. JanWierix
after
Peeter StMatthew
vanderBorcht, (M-H
2222),accompanyingOde XXX,fol.Eir,in Humanae 2222),withborderAnon.2, p. [53]in HoraeBeatissimae
salutis
monumenta
, Antwerp1571, 113x 73mm
engraving, Marìae,Antwerp,
Vtrginis ChristopherPlantin,1570,
(Gent,Universiteit
Gent,Centrale Dept.of
Bibliotheek, 113x 73 mm(Antwerp,
engraving, MuseumPlantin-
andRareBooks,
Manuscripts Res.1027). Moretus,
8-595).

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 11
8. JanWierix
after
Peetervander StMatthew
Borcht, with
(M-H2222), PH 1engraved
border byPieter
Huys,accompanying
Ode XXX,fols.D8z>andEir,inHumanae
salutis
monumenta
, Antwerp
1575, 113x 73mm(Antwerp,
engraving, Museum
A 387).
Plantin-Moretus,
9. Anonymous after
engraver Peeter
vander StMatthew
Borcht, D8z;andEir,
Ode XXX,/o¿y.
(M-H2222a),accompanying
inHumanae
salutis
monumenta
,Antwerp1581, 115x 74mm(Antwerp,
engraving, Museum R 55.23).
Plantin-Moretus,

12 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
the 1571 and 1581 typesettings respectively. Even of scholarlycuriosity and presumedartistichonour
though theborders were not always added to copies of to establish theorder in whichtheseplateswereexe-
the1571edition, thepossibilityhad tobe accountedfor. cuted,thatis, whichis the 'original'engraving and
Consequently, the type(includingthe letterE noted whichare thecopies.Giventhatthevastmajority of
here)wassetbeyondtheareareserved fortheinclusion theseplatesare notdated,a relativedatingofthemis
ofa border, as isseeninfigs5 and6. In the1581edition, onlypossiblevia the datingof the bookstheyillus-
no allowanceforbordershad to be made,so thetype trate.24 Thisisthesecondreasonwhyitwouldbe useful
(itselfsmallerin scale)was set morecompactly, as is to establisha moreaccuratechronology fortheexe-
evidentin fig.9, whilea new,reducedtitle-page was cution and illustration of Plantin'seditionsof the
engraved.22 The resultwas the productionof Arias Monumenta.
Montano's text in a smallersize, as Plantinhad In ordertoachievethesegoals,theillustration ofthe
promised hisfriend somesixyearsbefore. booksthemselves mustbe reconsidered in conjunction
It is clear,therefore, fromboth archivalevidence withthepayments made to MynkenLiefrinck. All of
and thecopiesthemselves, thatPlantinprintedthree the platesunderconsideration appear to have been
distinct octavo editionsofAriasMontano'sMonumenta.madefortheillustration oftheMonumenta or Plantin's
Withthisin mind,it is now possibleto arrangethe 1570HoraeBeatissimae Maria.Thus,theresulting
Virginis
knowncopiesin a moreaccuratechronological order chronology oftheorderin whichtheengravings were
and reconsider theselectionofplatesusedto illustrate used to illustrate thesebooksshouldalso indicatethe
thesebooks.Thisisofinterest forthefollowing reasons. orderinwhichtheplateswereexecuted.25
Assuggested above,thisnewarrangement ofthecopies Out ofall ofthecopiesoftheMonumenta thatI have
willhelpclarify previously confusing variation in the examined thus far- fifteenof the 1
157 edition,fourof
selectionof engravings being used to illustrate what the 1575 edition and eight of the 1581edition- eight
were(inaccurately) regardedas uniform copiesofthe distinct patterns ofillustration are evident:twoforthe
sameeditionofthetext.Distinctgroupsofengravings 1571,twoforthe1575and fourforthe1581edition.All
were,infact,necessary tocompletetheillustration ofa eightofthesedistinct groupsofillustrations are char-
single edition of theMonumenta . This is due to the prob- acterized in theAppendix and Table 1 by selection
the
lemwithwhichI began,namely, thepotential inequal- ofplatespresent, andareidentified as TypeA-TypeH.
itybetweenthenumberofimpressions thatcouldbe The notablygreaternumberof distinctgroupsof
madefroma singleplateand thenumberofbooksthat engravings usedto illustratecopiesofthe1581edition
one wouldliketo illustrate withit. Plantin'ssolution is mostlikelythedirectresultoftrying touseworn-out
was to havethecompositions thathe neededforthe platesfortheillustration ofthenumerous copiescom-
illustration ofextrabooksre-engraved. Gonsequendy, prising thisedition.Presumably, someplateshad tobe
of the 71 illustrations includedin the Monumenta , 21 replacedin thecourseofLiefrinck's illustration ofthe
were engravedtwo, three,or (in the case of the sheetsoftext.Forthe1571and 1575editions, however,
Annunciation and the Visitation, forexample)evenfour thenumberofdistinct setsofillustrations corresponds
timesfortheillustration of thisand othertexts(as is withthegeneralrhythm ofLiefrinck's delivery ofillus-
discussedin greaterdetailbelow).23 The artists Plantin tratedcopies of the text.As notedabove,Liefrinck
initiallyemployedto execute these numerousen- completed copiesin twoperiodsfollowing theprinting
gravings -Jan and Hieronymus Wierix,PieterHuys ofthe1571 edition,and in anothertwobatchesfollow-
and Abrahamde Bruyn(and possiblyan additional ingthecompletion of the 1575edition.This suggests
anonymousengraver) - were importantfigures in that each of the four discretegroupsof plates,Type
the burgeoning worldof sixteenth-century Antwerp A-TypeD, can be associatedwithone oftheperiods
printmaking. Forthisreason,it has becomea matter duringwhichLiefrinck deliveredcompletecopiesof
22.Theplateusedfor
thetitle-pages
ofthe1571and1575
editions twooftheLast - onedated
Judgement 1570andtheother1572
170x 114mm,
measures whilethat
usedforthe1581
edition
is (M-H2221 andM-H2221 A,respectively).
148xQQmm. 25.Thisclaimisjustified
ontwocounts: thefewrecordsofpay-
23.These arelisted
21subjects inTable1,along
withreferences
to ment fortheexecution
ofthese that
engravings areknown all
which
specifically version
ofa given wasusedin
composition datebetween and1571,
1569 when Plantinwasworkingonthe
whichbook.Thevastmajority ofthese were
compositions ofthese
publication andthere
texts; isnoevidencethatanyof
byPeeter
designed vanderBorcht. these wasusedinother
plates publications
priortotheappear-
24.Ofthe55engravings inTable1,only
represented three
arefully anceofPlantin's Horae
1570 B.V.M.
(whichisdiscussed
ingreater
dated, oneoftheCrucifocion
namely, dated1572 and
(M-H2209) detail
below)and1571
Monumenta.

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 13
thetext,althoughitremainsimpossible toprovethese dersin a givencopyoftheMonumenta maybelongto
relationships conclusively.A closerexamination ofthe one ofthesubgroups notedabove,an occasionalpage
bordersusedtoembellish copiesofthe1571Monumenta , mayhavebeendecoratedwithyetanotherborder.But
however, does substantiate a relativedating- which as willbe demonstrated below,ratherthandiscrediting
onecamebeforetheother- ofthetwopatterns ofillus- myhypothesis thattheknowncopiesfallintodistinct
tration commonto thecopiesofthatedition,TypeA subgroups accordingto theirillustration,theseexcep-
andTypeB. tionsactuallyhelpsubstantiatethisview.
As is detailedin Table 2, themajority ofthecopies As discussedabove,payments to Liefrinck indicate
examinedofthe1571Monumenta wereillustrated witha thatshe added the illustrations to the sheetsof text
varyingselectionof seventeendistinct engravedbor- makingup the1571editionin twoblocksoftime- one
ders;fivesignedwiththePH initials ofPieterHuys,six between3 Augustand3 October1571andonebetween
signedwiththeISD monogram ofjanSadelerI, andsix Julyand August1572.The two distinct setsof main
anonymousengravings.26 A carefullistingof exactly illustrations observedforthe 1571Monumenta , TypeA
whichborderswereincludedin whichcopiesof the and B, may correspondwiththesetwo periods.28 A
1571Monumenta revealsthatall ofthecopiestendedto similarcorrespondence may existfor the four distinct
be embellished withoneoffourdistinct subsetsofthese sub-groups ofbordersnotedabove.Forwithin thegen-
borders:PH 1-4;PH 5, Anon.2, 4 and 6 (alone,as in eralblocksoftimeduringwhichthecopiesofthe1571
theWashington copy,or in combination withPH 1-4, Monumenta was illustrated,
copiesweredeliveredand
as in the Barcelonacopy);PH 1, 3-5, together with paid forat fourdistinct moments:on 3 August1571,
Anon.2,4 and 6; and ISD 1-6,together withAnon.1 between30 Augustand 30 October1571,on 24July
and3. The first andsecondgroupsofbordersarecom- 1572and on 13 August1572.Althoughimpossibleto
monto copiesillustrated withtheTypeA setofmain prove,it is similarly tempting to associateeach ofthe
(see thefirstsevenentriesunderthe 1571 foursubgroupsof borderscommonto copiesof the
illustrations
Monumenta in Table 2). The thirdand fourth groupsof 1571Monumenta withone oftheseperiods.Whatcan be
bordersarecommontocopiesillustrated withtheType documentedvisuallyamong the copies of the 1571
B setofillustrations (seethenexteightentries ofTable Monumenta examinedhere,however, is theprogressive
2).The secondandfourth groupings ofbordersarealso wearoftheborderplatesovertime(and regardless of
noteworthy, because theyreplicate the two subgroups when,precisely, Liefrinckswitchedfrom one set ofbor-
ofbordersusedto illustrate copiesofthe1570Horae.21derplatesto another).The contrast betweenstronger
Specifically,as is chartedin Table 2, whileone ofthe earlyimpressions andweakerlaterimpressions isoften
copiesof the 1570Horaewas decoratedwiththe six readilyapparentbetweencopiesand sometimes even
Sadelerborders,togetherwithAnon. 1 and 3, two withina singlecopy.
othercopies were decoratedwiththe subgroupof Considerthemeansby whichthesheetsof paper
bordersPH 5 and Anon.2, 4 and 6. This supports the thatwereto make up the individualcopiesof these
hypothesis that,atleastinthesetwoinitialpublications, bookswereillustrated. As was commonforPlantin's
certainborderplatestendedto be used together as a editionswithengraved thesheetsofpaper
illustrations,
group,regardless ofthe stateofthe individual It
plates. withthe typographicallyprinted weretakento an
text
isalsoevident fromTable2 that,whilemostofthebor- independent printworkshopforthe additionof the
26.SeetheintroductoryremarksforTable2fora briefcharacter- groups ofborderswerethemselves

combined withfouraddi-
ization
ofeachofthese Eachborder
borders. patternisidenti- tional
border that
plates werespecially
designedfortheillus-
bytheinitials
fied oftheengraverpresentontheborder (or tration
oftheleft-hand
pagesofthis Theseplates
edition. are
'Anon.'fortheanonymous borders)andthen a number. As here
notdiscussed because
theywere notneeded forthedeco-
notedintheremarks for Anon.
Table2,borders 7andAnon. 8 rationoftheMonumenta inwhich
editions, onlyright-hand
areactually
later oftwoSadeler
states borders,
namely ISD 6 pageswere embellished
with andborders.
illustrations
andISD5 respectively. this
Regrettably, mode ofanalysiscan- 28.Naturally, remains
thepossibility thattheswitchfromonesetof
notbeapplied totheotherMonumenta editions.
The1581 edi- platestoanotherfortheprintingofthemainillustrations
tionsimplyhasnoborders, whilethefewcopies ofthe1575 occurred It may,forexample,
sooner. haveoccurred in
edition
thatI haveexamined havea very similarselection
of September 1571, ofanadditional
totheillustration
prior 100
borders.Theanonymous engraverresponsibleforsomeof copiesofthetext
by3 October 1571,whichwould havebeen
theseorothersimilarbordersexecutedatthistime maybea mark
tothehalf-way
closer ofthetotal
intheillustration num-
certain
DanieldeBruyn, whowaspaidfor engraving animage berofthecopies Evenso,thegeneral
printed. chronologyfor
andoneborder
oftheCircumcision by23June 1571(seeMPM oftheknown
theillustration copiesthatisgivenbelowwould
Arch.2%fol.39r,forthis I have
payment). yettobeabletofind remain andonly
unchanged thespecific
timingoftheswitchof
information
anyadditional onthisartist. would
theplates alter.
27.AsisnotedinTable2,inthecaseofthe1570 Horae,thesesub-

14 PLANTIN'S PRACTICES
WORKING
illustrations. The overlappingimpressionsof the Leuvencopymusthavebeenprinted first,fortheyare
engraving ofPentecost and its accompanying engraved strikinglystrongimpressions, rich in tone, whilethose
borderina copyofPlantin's1570Horae(fig.13)demon- in theNew Yorkcopyare clearlyweaker.This implies
stratethatthemainillustrations and theborderswere thatthe Leuvencopywas printedpriorto theNew
printedontothesheetsofpaperin twodistinct runs, Yorkcopyand, hence,thatthe groupof engravings
one forthemainillustrations and one fortheborders. usedtoillustrate theLeuvencopy(TypeA) wasthefirst
Whileonlyone impression of each main illustrationsetto be used (and hencecompleted)byAugust1571,
was neededper book,sucha luxurywas notpossible whilethe engravings presentin the New Yorkcopy
(or necessary) whenit came to printing theborders. weremostlikelyused for(and executedpriorto) the
Rather,as isdiscussedingreaterdetailbelow,a limited July-August 1572printings.
numberofborderplateswerereusedanywhere from In orderto makethischronology as completeand
eight to eighteen times in order to the
illustrate 70 accurateas possible, the illustration of Plantin's1571
pages of each copyof theMonumenta whereborders editionof theMonumenta mustbe consideredin con-
weredesired.29 It is notsurprising,then,thattheplates junctionwiththeillustration oftwoofPlantin'sbooks
used to printthebordersworeout morequicklyand of hours.These are his 1570HoraeBeatissimae Virginis
visibly thanthoseusedtoprintthemainillustrations in Maña,thefirst ofPlantin's publications to containany
thesamebooks. oftheseengravings, and his1573Officium BeataeMariae
In thecase ofthe1571 edition,theacceleratedwear Virginis, forwhichJan Wierixengravedmanynew
ofthebordersusedto embellish thecopiesofthisedi- plates afterthe same old compositions. Although
tioncan be used to determine whichof thetwopat- Plantinprintedanother, comparablyillustrated book
ternsof illustration mostlikelycame first: TypeA or ofhoursin 1575,thiswillnotbe discussedhereforvar-
TypeB. Severalborders(PH 1,3, 4 and 5, and Anon. iousreasons.In contrast withthetwopreceding books
2, 4 and 6) were systematically used to adorn books ofhours,the of
illustration thisedition is notuniform,
bearingtheTypeA groupof illustrations and books butvariesfromcopyto copy.Hence,itis impossible to
illustrated withtheTypeB illustrations. AlthoughPH establish a patternofillustration, as has beendonefor
5 and thethreeanonymous borders(alongwiththesix all oftheothereditions(including all oftheMonumenta)
Sadelerborders)hadbeenusedpreviously fortheillus- represented in Table i.31Furthermore, as of 1574,a
trationof Plantin's1570Horae(as is documentedin subset of the subjects under discussion- the
Table2),theremaining bordershad notbeenandwere Annunciation , theVisitation
, theNativity,theAdorationofthe
new.30Thus, one can easily compare the relative Magi, theResurrection and Pentecost - wereperiodically
strength oftheimpressions ofthenewborders(PH 1,3 combinedwithotherengravings fortheillustration of
and 4). Compare,forexample,theLeuvencopy(rep- some of Plantin'seditionsof missalsand breviaries.
resenting the Type A groupof illustrations) and the This is documented byknowncopiesofoctavo missals
NewYorkcopy(representing theTypeB groupofillus- printedin 1574and 1577,a foliomissalfrom1574,and
trations).The resultisunequivocal.The bordersinthe bya 1587quarto breviary.32A similar reuseofengravings
29.When included, were

borders printed around eachofthemain Liefrinck's
work).
illustrations
exceptthatoftheBust ofChrist
(onfol.A4r),which 31.Theillustration
ofallofthebooks ofhours notedabove - the
accompanies theintroductoryode. 1570 Horae
(PP1365-68) andthe1573 and1575 editions
Officium
30.In fact,
payments toHuysdocument anearly reworking of (PP1770 andPP1775, inmyarti-
isalsodiscussed
respectively)
some oftheborders usedtoillustratethe1570Horae,soonafter cle:'WierixandPlantin:AQuestion ofOriginals
andCopies',
theprinting oftheillustrationsforthatbookwasbegun (in Print ,xrv,
Quarterly 1997,pp.131-50.
November andDecember 1570) (seeMPMArch. 64r,for 32.lorthe1574and1577
31,fol. octavo
missals,seeťť iböößandrr
payments forfirst
twoand then six refaictes'
Vignettes ('borders 1697 A.These observations
arebaseduponcopies oftheseedi-
reworked')atthreeflorins
perpiece). thescarcity tions
Regrettably, seenintheCultura FondsCollectioninBrussels(seeC.
anddisparate locations
oftheknown copiesofthisbookwith Sorgeloos,Labore ACollection
etConstantia: of510Editions
issued
by
engravedborders makeitdifficulttodeterminepreciselywhich Plantin
Christopher from7555till Brussels
158g, nos.331and
1990,
bordersHuys reworked.Payments toHuys alsodocument the andMunich,
332,respectively), BayerischeStaatsbibliothek,
executionofeight newborders (atfiveflorins
perpiece)by21 Liturg.842andLiturg.842a(both ofthe1577 Forthe
edition).
October 1571,atwhichtime Huys wasalsopaideightflorinsfor 1574 foliomissal,see TrinityCollegeLibrary,Cambridge
engraving thetitle-plate
fortheMonumenta. Presumably, this Forthe1587
(E.3.56). quarto seePP832B.
breviary, Fortheextra
payment waslatebecause Mynken Liefrinckhadalready illus- usesofthese
potential inthemid-i57os,
engravings seePP823A
atleast
trated 389copiesofthis book(339with borders and50 (J575 quarto PP824A(1577
breviary), octavo andPP
breviary),
by3October
without) 1571 (seeMPMArch. for
31,foi647- these 1690(1575quartomissal).
payments toHuys, andtheAppendix belowfordetails of

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 15
ofthesecompositions seemsplausibleforseveralother - in orderto completetheillustration ofthatbookof
editionsofthesetextsprintedin thesameperiod,but hours.35 A similar pattern isevidentamongtheborders
forwhichtherearecurrendy no knowncopies.Thisis usedtoembellish thecopiesoftheMonumenta. As noted
likely copiesofeachoftheseeditionsare above (and as is evidentin Table 2), all but fourof
because,first,
knownto have been printedwithengravedillustra- the seventeendistinct border-platesused to decorate
tions;and second,the knowncopies withwoodcut copiesoftheMonumenta wereoriginally usedtoembell-
illustrationswereillustrated withcomparablyscaled ishthesame1570Horae.
woodblocks thathad previously beenusedto illustrate And yet,ifone looksmorecloselyat whichplates
some copiesof the booksof hoursunderdiscussion (andnotsimply whichcompositions) wereusedtoillus-
here (forexample,the 1573 and 1575 editionsof tratethe 1570Horaeand thetwomainprinting runs
Plantin'sOfficium).Recognizing thatthissetofwood- of the 1571 Monumenta , a morerevealingaccountof
cutshadpreviously beenexchangedfortheengravings the introduction and reuse of engravings emerges.
in questionincreasesthe likelihoodthat a similar Specifically, whenLiefrinck beganillustrating copiesof
exchangeof images occurredfor the copies with the1571 Monumenta withtheTypeA groupofillustra-
engravings fromthelatereditionsofmissalsand bre- tionsbyAugust1571,tenoftheplatesusedto illustrate
viaries.33Due tothescantand incomplete informationthe1570Horaewerereusedandfivewerereplacedwith
presendy availableon the illustrationoftheseeditions, newengravings after thesamecompositions. Whenshe
it is impossibleto trackaccuratelyand fullywhen introduced the Type B groupof illustrations byJuly
specificplateswereintroduced and re-usedfollowing 1572,fourmoreoftheplatesoriginally usedtoillustrate
Plantin's production ofthe1573Officium. the1570Horaehad beenreplacedwithnewengravings
The results ofmyproposednewchronology forthe afterthe same subjects.The factthatno significant
execution oftheplatesconcernedarechartedinTable alterations in thecompositions weremade whenthe
i. This tablecomprisesall ofthesubjectsfromArias new engravings wereexecuted,suggests thatthenew
Montano's Monumenta editions, wheretheselectionof plateswerenotorderedsimplyto satisfy demandsfor
the specificplate used to printthe image varies new compositions, but ratherto replaceplatesthat
betweenindividual copiesoreditions oftheMonumenta.wereno longeryielding satisfactory
impressions.36
EventhoughTable 1wasdevisedwiththeprimary goal The evolvingselectionofplatesis highlysuggestive
ofclarifying thevariation intheillustration ofPlantin's ofthecomparative valueofparticular engravers' work
editionsof theMonumenta , it is that
striking the vast in terms of the relative wear and of
durability their
majorityof thesevaryingengravings wereoriginally engravings. Forwhatwas,inthe1570Horae , a seeming-
used to illustratePlantin's1570Horae.Specifically, of lyunbiasedmixofplatesbydifferent engravers - six
the 21 subjectsfromtheMonumenta thatare charted engravings by Pieter Huys,eightbyJan Wierixand
here,all butsix had previously appearedin the 1570 threeanonymous plates- was,by thetimethesame
Horae , theillustration
ofwhichwas completedshordy compositions appearedintheTypeB groupofillustra-
beforePlantin printedthe firstedition of Arias tions for the 1571 Monumenta , a selectedgroup of
Montano'sMonumenta .34In Plantin's1570Horae , thefif- engravingsbyjustAbrahamde BruynandJanWierix.
teenrepeatedsubjectswerecombinedwithjust two Specifically, whenLiefrinck begantoillustrate copiesof
others- imagesofKingDavidand theDeathoftheVirgintheMonumenta in 1571,twoanonymous engravings (the
33.Fortheextra potential usesofthese engravingsinthemid- ofKing DavidEnthroned

with
hisHarp(onfol.
D3r,oppositeOde
seePP823A(1575
15708, quarto PP824A(1577
breviary), octavo XXIIII).Oneengraving ofeachsubject- bothofwhichwere
andPP1690(1575
breviary) quarto
missal). designed Peeter
vanderBorchtandengravedbyAbraham de
34.Thesixsubjects aretheBust ofChrist
(M-H2147); Ladder Bruyn
Jacob's - by
wasusedfortheillustration
ofallknown copiesof
(M-H2172andanindependent engravingbyP.Huys); Ecce Plantin'soctavo
editions
oftheMonumenta.
Several
otherengrav-
Homo (M-H2208); theDescent from theCross
(M-H2210); the ingsofthe1570 HoraeimageofKing
David wereusedsimultane-
Entombment
(M-H221 1);andtheLast Judgement
(M-H2221). The ously fortheillustration
ofotherPlantineditions,
namely,the
lastpaymentmadetoLiefrinck fortheillustration
ofcopies of missal andbreviary
editions
alludedtoabove,aswellasother
the1570Horae dates toMarch 1571(seeMPMArch. 16,Jo/.136 editionsofPlantin's
booksofhours.
(right
side)). 36.Itisimportanttonote, that
however, alloftheplates
virtually
35.Fortheengravings ofKing DavidandtheDeath ofthe see
Virgin, thatwerereplaced inthecourseoftheprinting ofthe1571
M-H2178 copy 'a' andM-H2218, While
respectively. thelatter Monumenta would bereworked
ultimately andreused forthe
subjectwasnever included inArias Montano's twoinde-
text, illustration
ofother texts,
includingthe1581editionofthe
pendent engravings ofKing Davidwere:DavidRebuked Nathan
by Monumenta,asisdocumentedinTable1.
C8r,
(onfol. opposite OdeXXIIII)anda more traditional
image

l6 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
io. Hieronymus
Wierixafter
Peetervander Entombment
Borcht, (M-H2211A),withborderPH 1engraved
byPieter
Huys,
Ode
accompanying '2v
LXIIII,7öfo. and1 in
3r, Humanaesalutis
monumenta
, 1, 114x73mm(Leuven,
157 engraving,
Antwerp
Katholieke
Universiteit
Leuven, Bibliotheek
vandeFaculteit R38T ARIAHUM 1571).
Godgeleerdheid,
Ii. Hieronymus
Wierix
after
Peeter
vander (M-H2211A),withborder
Entombment
Borcht, PH 1engravedbyPieter
Huys,
OdeLXIIIIJ0&.
accompanying 12z;and13?-,
inHumanae
salutis
monumenta
,Antwerp1575, 114x73mm(Antwerp,
engraving,
Museum A 387).
Plantin-Moretus,

PLANTIN'S PRACTICES
WORKING 17
Peeter
after
12.JanWierix vander
Borcht, (M-H2211),accompanying
Entombment inHumanae
Ode UHlll,fols.i2vandi%r,
monumenta
salutis ,Antwerp1581, 116x 76mm(Antwerp,
engraving, Museum A 387).
Plantin-Moretus,
Annunciation and theFlight intoEgypt),twoHuysengrav- werenewlyengravedbyJanWierixfortheillustration

ings(theVisitation and theNativity) and one engraving ofthisedition.38
byJan Wierix(Pentecost), wereall replacedwithnew Was therea consciousdecisionto systematically
engravings by Abraham de Bruyn after the same com- all oftheengravings
replace,at leastinitially, executed
positions. When Liefrinck continued her of
illustration by PieterHuys (and theanonymous engraver)forthe
thebookwiththeTypeB groupofengravings in 1572, 1570HoraeiOr did Plantinsimplyobserve,as is sug-
threemoreHuysengravings (theAdoration oftheMagi, gestedbythesequencechartedinTable 1,thatcertain
- thosebyHuysand theanony-
theRaising ofLazarus and the Betrayal) one more engravings primarily
and
Circumcision were mous engraver - woreoutmorequickly thanthoseexe-
anonymous engraving (the ) replaced
withnew platesof the same compositions, thistime cutedbyothers, andbyjanWierixinparticular? Given
of
executedbyJanWierix.Thiscycle apparently selec- what is known about when these were
editions illus-
tivereplacement was completed, in manyways,with tratedand inwhatquantities, itis evenpossibletoesti-
thepublicationof Plantin's1573Officium , whichfea- matehowmanyimpressions weremade ofindividual
turedall but two of the subjectsintroducedwith platesbeforetheywerereplaced.Approximately 365
Plantin's 1570Horae, inadditiontofourothersubjects.37copieswereprintedof the 1570Horae . Thus, at least
As I haveshownelsewhere (and as is chartedin Table thatmanyimpressions musthavebeen made of that
1),all oftheengravings used to illustrate thisnew book originalset ofplates before theillustrationofthe1571
ofhours,be theynewcompositions or recurring ones, Monumenta editionwas begun.39 As notedabove,five
37.While images (M-H2203)andtheDeath

oftheBetrayal ofthe 39.Thesenumbersmust
remain as estimates, no-one
because
(M-H2218)
Virgin werenotincludedinthe1573 , the
Officium knows
howmany extra
impressionsmight have for
beenmade,
following were
subjects added theTree
totheoldseries: ofJesse forproof
example, orforthecorrection
prints For
oferrors.
(M-H2177), inthe
thePresentation (M-H2188),
Temple theAssump- records made
ofpayment for
toLiefrinck ofthe
theillustration
ofthe
tion Virgin andtheLast
(M-H2219), (M-H2221).
Judgement 1570 ,seeMPMArch.
Horae 16, side).
fol.136(right
inmyarticle:
isaddressed
38.Thisissue op.cit.
andPlantin',
'Wierix

l8 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
1570Horaeand the1571Monumenta , onlysixwereable

toproducethec.920 impressions requiredfortheillus-
trationof thesetwo editionscombined,beforethey,
too,werereplacedwithnewengravings fortheillustra-
tionofthe 1573Officium. This is strikingly closeto an
estimatein the Plantinarchivesfromthemid-1570s,
that1,000impressions could be made froma plate
beforeitwouldhavetobe replaced.40 Notably, thesesix
-
engravings images of the ,
Crucifixion the Resurrection
and portraitsofthefourEvangelists - weresixofthe
sevenplatesthatJanWierixhadoriginally madeforthe
of the 1570Horae.The remaining
illustration Wierix
an
engraving, image of Pentecost
, was replaced withan
engraving of the same composition by Abraham de
Bruynbythetimetheillustration ofthe1571Monumenta
was begun.41
Thus,oftheengravers represented in Plantin's1570
Horae,JanWierixappearsto haveproducedthemost
durablework.Unfortunately, itremainsimpossible to
determine preciselywhythiswas thecase,or whether
thiswasthereasonwhyPlantinaskedhimalonetoexe-
cutethefullseriesofengravings neededtoillustrate his
1573Officium. As I have arguedelsewhere, however,
whileJan Wierixdoes appearto havebeen Plantin's
choiceforan engraver
first bythistime(1573),thiswas
notthecaseinitially.
Consequently, hisengravings were
notalwaysthefirst to be executedafterthecomposi-
tionsconcerned.42 The truechronological order,at
leastforthoseengravings executedbetween1569- the
13.JanWierixafterPeetervanderBorcht, Pentecost
(M-H in whichWierixwas paid forengraving thefour
2216),withan anonymous border,p. [160]in Horae year firstused in the Horae - and
Beatissimae Mariae
Virginis ,Antwerp, Plantin,
Christopher Evangelist portraits 1570
1570,engraving, 115 x 73 mm (Antwerp, Museum 1573, when Plantin's Officium completedwith
was
Plantin-Moretus,
8-595). Wierix's new engravings,is recordedinTable i.43
Having argued for such a certain,defensible
plateswerereplacedat thisstage.Duringor afterthe chronology fortheintroduction ofvariousillustrations
completionof c. 389 illustrated copies of the 1571 and borders in Plantin's 1571 edition of Arias
Monumenta in October1571,an additionalfourengrav- Montano's Monumenta , it is now timeto clarifythe
ingswerereplaced,presumably the deceptiveexceptionsto the patternsnoted above.
priortoillustrating
finalc. 165copiesofthateditionin 1572. Theseconcluding remarks willnotonlystrengthen the
Reversing thesearguments, one can observethat,of arguments presented, butwillconsequently enhance
alloftheengravings ofboththe ourunderstanding
usedfortheillustration ofthecopiesas theycomedownto
40. Seen.1forthefull
citation
ofthisestimate.
Thedating ofitis fications
aretheresult oftheimproved definition
hereofthe
basedontheselection ofbooks citedelsewhere inthesame ofArias
editions Montano's Monumentaandtheorder inwhich
document. individual
copieswere printedandillustrated.
Please
compare,
41.Seetheentriesfor
these (M-H2209,
subjects M-H2212, M-H inparticular,thedataforthefollowing theNativity
subjects:
2222-25andM-H2216, inTable1.
respectively) (M-H2184); theAdorationofthe
Magi (M-H2186);theFlight
into
42.Formyearlier argumentsconcerning theissueofpriorityin Egypt(M-H2190); andtheLast (M-H2221).
Judgement
terms ofJanWierix'sengravingsforPlantin, seemyarticle 43.Thefullcharge (attenflorins for
perpiece) thefour
Evangelist
'Wierix op.cit.A careful
andPlantin', comparison ofthe (M-H2222-25)
portraits wasrecorded on22October 1569in
chronological ofthe
presentationengravings in thatarticle
with MPM Arch. This
756,jòl.1791*. recordisalso inM-
transcribed
what inTable1here
ispresented willreveala few corrections H Wierix, p.534,asdocument
111.2, 12.Liefrinck
waspaidfor
tomyearlierwork,which wasitself
a correctionofMauquoy- illustrating
copiesofthe1573 inJune
Officium 1573(seeMPM
Hendrickx's ofmany
cataloguing oftheseplates.Thesemodi- Arch. 16,
fol.214(right
side)).

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 19
us. In orderto achievethisgoal, I willelucidatethe appearedon therecto oftheoriginalsheetofpaperand
oftenunimagined intricacies and complications inher- halfwouldhaveappearedon theverso . Thus,forgath-
entto theproduction ofbookswithengravedillustra- eringsB-I, in whichillustrations wereprintedon the
tions.It is thereforeessential to stepbackand consider recto ofeach leaf,thismeantthatfourillustrated pages
how,precisely, a bookliketheMonumenta was actually wereon therecto oftheoriginalsheetofpaperand four
printedand illustrated. In bibliographic terms,these wereon theverso. Forgathering A, whereillustrations
editionsoftheMonumenta are octavo in format (orsize), appearedonly on the latterhalf of the leaves,there
with nine-and-a-half gatherings(or groupingsof wouldhavebeentwoillustrated pageson therecto and
'leaves')forthesectionofodesandillustrations andtwo twoon theverso.*6 This data clarifies,
forexample,why
or threeadditionalgatherings of commentary at the groupsof eitherfouror eightdistinctborderswere
end.Each gathering is 'signed'(ormarked)witha let- oftenusedto illustrate thesecopies,fora minimum of
ter:A-K forthefirst nine-and-a-half gatherings and A, fourborders was needed to fullyillustrateone side of
B andpossibly C forthelastthree.44 Exceptforthehalf- theoriginalsheetofpaper.Havingeightborderplates
gathering K, each gathering comprisessixteenpages availablemighthave sped up theprocessifLiefrinck
oreight'leaves'(whichareoftenreferred toasfolios and was usingtwopressessimultaneously fortheproject,
abbreviated asfol(s).).*0
By definition, an octavoformat is for one
example, group ofborder platesatonepressfor
one in whichtheoriginalsheetofpaperwouldhave the rectos of thesheetsand anothergroupat another
beenfoldedin half,thenin halfagainacrossthepre- pressfortheversos*1
viousfold,and in halfonce moreacrossthelastfold. Theseratiosoffourillustrated pagespersideofone
The resultis thatthe originalsheetof paper is then sheetofpaperformostofthegatherings inthebookalso
subdividedintoeightleaves,or sixteenpages,when helpclarify howLiefrinck chargedforherworkofillus-
countingthe recto and verso of each leaf.Because the trating thesecopies.As notedabove,she chargedtwo
Monumenta was structured such thateach gathering florins forevery100sheetssheillustrated withjustthe
comprised exacdy sixteen this in
pages, meant, practi- main illustrations
and four florinsper 100 sheetsfor
cal terms,thatwhenthetextwas printed, exactlyone copieswithborders.This worksout to one florinfor
fullsheetofpaperwas neededfortheprinting ofeach everytimea sheetwas runthrough thepress:onceper
gathering. Or,inotherwords,thatthetextand illustra- sideforcopieswithjustthemainillustrations and twice
tionscontainedin one gathering werealwaysprinted persideforcopieswithborders - for,
as notedabove,the
together as a singlecontainedunit,separatefromeach bordersand themainillustrations wereprintedsepa-
oftheothergatherings. Becauseno distinction
rately. wasmadeinthepayment
Althoughit is impossibleto determineprecisely records forthehalf-gatheringK, withjusttwoillustrated
whichpageswereadjacenttoone anotherintheorigi- pages,or gathering A, withonlyfourillustrated pages
nal layoutofthetype,itis clearfromstandardrecon- insteadoftheusualeight, thisimplies thattherateofone
structions ofthelayoutofan octavo textthattherecto of florinper printrun was a sortof averagethatwas
theoriginal fullsheetofpaperwouldcontainhalfofthe chargedregardless ofpreciselyhowmanyplateshad to
odd-numbered pages (or rectos) and halfof the evenbe inkedfora givenrunthrough thepress.48
numberedpages (or versos). Because the illustrations Having establishedthat each gatheringof the
(and borders,ifincluded)werealwaysprintedon the Monumenta would have filledthe frontand back of
rectosof the individualleavesin the Monumenta , this exactlyone sheetofpaper,thisimpliesthatall ofthe
impliesthathalfofthepageswithillustrations in one pagesin thatgathering wouldhavebeenprintedonto
gathering (the equivalent of one sheet) would have thesheet ofpaper in fourbatches:twiceeach foreach
while
44.Specifically, the1571and1575 editionshavejusttwoextra 48.Thesearguments bythefact
aresupported thatsimilar
conclu-
gatherings ofcommentary, signedAandB,the1581 edition
has canbedrawn
sions from anexaminationofLiefrinck's
pay-
threeextra gatheringsofcommentary, signed a,b andc. mentsfortheillustration
ofthe1570 Horae, whichisalsoan
45.Here, I havebeenusing theabbreviation lfoVtorepresentthe book
octavo withvaryingnumbersofillustrations
pergathering.
recto
andverso ofa single
leafina gathering. from
Thisisdistinct Similarly
printedwith onewith
twoissues, andtheother with-
theuseoftheterm astheformat
ifolioi orsizeofbooks made up outborders,
Liefrinck thesamerates
charged oftwoandfour
ofsheets ofpaper foldedinhalf. per100sheets,
florins dependent
simplyuponwhether ornot
46.Itismore difficult
topredictthelayoutofgathering K because hadtobeprinted
borders andnotaccording tothespecific
itwasonly a half-gathering, justa half
filling a sheetofpaper. numberofplatesthathadtobeprintedona given sheet.
See
47.Although I donotknow howmany presses Liefrinckhadin MPMArch.16,fol.136(right side),forthese paymentsto
1571,shedidhavethree tofour atherdeath in1593 (seen.12). Liefrinck.

20 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
sideofthesheetofpaper,becausetheactualprinting recordbooks,however, itis obviousthatPlantin'ssuc-
mechanism ofthepresscouldonlycoverhalfthelength cessors,theMoretuses, placed a real monetary value
oftheoriginalsheetofpaper.49 In thecase ofillustrated on the'defects'stillintheirpossession. Thisis clearest,
texts,thetypeof illustrations determined whenthey perhaps,in a 1602inventory oftheMoretuses'stockof
were added. While woodcutillustrations could be books.Not onlyis one storageplace simplyidentified
printedtogetherwiththe type,engravedor etched as the'Defectsolder' (atticforimperfects), butthereare
illustrationshad to be printedseparately, usually once also periodic references to reams of imperfect sheets,
the textwas printed.As discussedabove, for the somewithand somewithout illustrations,butall with
Monumenta , the additionof the illustrations required a valueassignedto them.52 The mosttellingreference,
twoextraprintings (oneforeach groupofillustrationshowever, concernseightcopiesofthePolyglot Bible,or
on eachsideofthesheetofpaper)in thecase ofcopies BibliaRegia , thework that brought Arias Montano to
withoutborders.Fourextraprintings wererequired Antwerpin thefirst place.Recordedin 1602,some30
forthosecopies withbordersbecause the borders, yearsfollowing itscompletion, theseeightcopieswere
were printedseparatelyfromthe main illustrations.designatedas 'vendibilores'(saleable) and were
Consequently, in thecase oftheMonumenta , each sheet describedas: '8 BibliaRegia quasi entiereset aultres
(makingup a gathering) would have been wet and pieces des Biblestoutesramasseesdes imperfections
impressed withinkedtypeorplatessixtimesforcopies . . . fl.500 st.-' (8 BibliaRegia,virtually completeand
withoutbordersand eighttimesforcopieswithbor- otherpartsofBibles,all compiledfromimperfects ...
ders,beforeitwas readytobe foldedand usedtoform 500 fl.).53
a book.It is therefore all themoreimpressive forbooks Thus,imperfect copies,liketheordinary ones,were
such as thesethatas manysheetswere successfullyworthnotingin a generalinventory of a bookseller's
printedfromstartto finish,as the sales recordsand stock,and could evenbe regardedas saleableitems
existingcopiessuggest. withmonetary valueapproximately 30 yearsafterthey
Andyet,how'perfect' werethecompleted copies?It had been printed.What these records do notrevealis
is evidentfromthe recordsof the PlantinPressthat whatmadethesesheets'imperfect', orwhatthebooks
numerous'defects'(imperfect) copies of the missals, compiledfromimperfects wouldhavebeenlike.Were
breviaries and booksofhoursthatPlantinprintedin thereactualprinting errorson thepages,or werethe
thethousandsfortheSpanishcourtin theearly1570s sheetssimplyleftovers fromthecompilation ofearlier
werethemselves sentto Spain,together withtheordi- copies?Overall,the striking lack of copies of books
narycopies.50 In someshipments, itis clearthatsome withobviousprinting errors, on theone hand,and the
of the 'defects'also containedengravedillustrations,clear evidence(discussedbelow) of 'mixed sheets'
likecopiesofAriasMontano'sMonumenta?1 Regrettably,amongthesecopies of theMonumenta , on the other,
it is impossible to determine fromtheserecordswhat supportsthe second interpretation. It is commonly
monetary valuewas placedon thesecopies,ifany,or assumedthatthe numberof successfully completed
whytheseimperfect copiesweresentat all. In other sheetsforeach sectionof a book would have been
49. Forbooks inwhich thetype wasprinted inboth redandblack losdefettos delasHorasgrandes in8° cumfigdecobre . . .'
ink(aswascommon forPlantin's texts,
religious including the ('Fourpackets oftheimperfect missals inlarge 40,engraved
books ofhoursdiscussed here),thenumber oftimestheorigi- illustrations;onepacket ofimperfect books ofhours inlarge 8°,
nalsheet ofpaper wasprinted would havebeendoubled to withengraved illustrations ...').
-
eightfour for
printings eachcolour. Fora more detailed
dis- 52.Forexamples ofthese references, seeMPMArch. 490,fei3z/,
cussion ofthisprocess, seeL. Voet,TheGolden Compasses, forthecontents ofthe'Defectsolder';^/. ivforitems that were
Amsterdam 1972,11, in
pp.129-41particular. designated as 'minus vendibiles' ('lesssaleable'),
including '24
50. Foran overviewoftheaccounts keptofthese transactions
and Rames d'imperfections tant a figures queaultres a fl.2 p[er]
thequantities
ofbooks concerned, seeDirk Imhof'sdiscussion rame '
. . .fl.48st. ('24reams ofimperfects,with and
ofMPMArchs. figures
5 and22,inChristoffel Plantyn endeIberische others, at2fl.perream [comes to]48fl.');andfol.2r,for items
Wereld Plantin
(Christophe etleMonde edited
Ibérique), byD.Imhof, thatweredesignated as 'vendibiles magis'(better sellers),
Antwerp 1992,cat.nos.95and96,respectively (pp.227-30). including '17Rames dediverses cartes
feuilles, etlivresa figures
Foranexample ofpackages of'defects'
(pacquets) being sent etsans figures, de bonne et de longue vente a fl.
10 le rame ...
along with therest,see,forexample, thedescription ofcrate fl.170st. ' ('17reams ofvarious sheets,maps andbooks with
ï35>
registeredon6April 1573,inMPMArch. fol.i8r.
22, illustrations andwithout illustrations, that sellwellandfora
51.See,forexample, MPMArch. 22,fel.560,under crate65, while,at10fl.perream . . . [comes toi170ft.').
recorded inJanuary 1575:'Quarto pacquettesdelosdefettos53.MPMArch. 490, fol.y.
délosmissalesin40grande, figurasencobre; Unpacquette de

PRACTICES
WORKING
PLANTIN'S 21
unequal,as thereweresimplytoomanyopportunitiesally,betweenthefirst and thelastofa largenumberof

forerrors.54 These couldoccurat anypoint,fromthe impressions. These differences wereespeciallyappar-
initialcounting ofthesheetstobe printed, through the ent in the borders because, as noted above,forevery
fourormorestepsrequiredtoprintan illustrated text. impression made oftheseriesofmainillustrations for
In addition, therewasa constant shiftingandsorting of one book,as manyas eightto eighteenimpressions
stacksof sheetsthatcould easilyhave disturbedthe wouldhavebeen made oftheborders(dependingon
originalsequencein whichthe sheetswereprinted. thenumberofborderplatesbeingused).Although the
This would occur,forexample,around the places inevitable deterioration in theengravedplatesusedto
wheretheprinted sheetsweredriedand stored. illustratebooksliketheMonumenta couldclearlycom-
In thecase oftheMonumenta , however, theseoppor- plicatetheproduction process,italsoprovides valuable
tunitiesforcreating disorder werecompoundedbythe information the
concerning appearance of individual
staggered additionofengraved illustrations byMynken copies.Forexample,I havealreadyused thedeterio-
Liefrinckand the subsequentreturnof the then ratingstrength of impressions of thebordersto help
illustratedbatchesofsheetsto Plantin'sgathering and identify whichgroupofillustrations werefirst usedfor
storage areas. correspondence
Finally, from the period the illustration ofthe 1571 edition ofthe Monumenta. It
revealsthatitwasnotuncommon forcopiesofbooksto is also possibleto use therelativestrength ofthebor-
arriveincomplete, missing somegathering orother.For ders withina singlecopy to determinethe general
example,in a letterdated3 March1571(a fewmonths orderin whichthesheetscomprising thatcopywere
beforePlantincompletedhis firstedition of the illustrated. In theBolognacopyofthe1571Monumenta ,
Monumenta ), theteacherHenricusGoracopetrawrote forexample,the bordersclearlyget weakeras one
to TheodorusPulmannus, a friendof Plantin's, com- movesfromthebackto thefront ofthebook,suggest-
plaining thata copyofa HebrewBiblethatPlantinhad ing thatwhen thiscopy was illustrated the printer
senthimwas incomplete. Goracopetra observed: 'It began with gathering K and worked backwards to
surprises me thatPlantin,who is so carefulin virtually gathering A.56
everything, didnotpaymoreattention to thecollation If such visualvariationis evidentwithinwhatis
ofthesheetsofthebookshe printed.'55 Consequently,otherwise a generally homogenous copy,imaginewhat
foreveryeditiontherewereseveralopportunities for results if a true mixing of sheets printedat distinct
not
producing onlyunequal amounts ofeach gathering moments of time occurs. The clearestexamplesofthis
ofthetext,butalso formixingearlyand lateprintings phenomenon are indicatedin Table 2 bythenotation
ofthetextandillustrations inthecourseofcollating the ofborderpatterns thatappearonlyonceortwiceinan
bookand preparing itforsale. entire book. A consideration ofthecopiesofthe1571
the
Ordinarily, mixing earlyof and late printings of Monumenta reveals that,at least amongthisrandom
thesheetswas ofno consequencein termsofthetext, selectionof books,thepracticeof mixingsheetswas
fortherewas usuallyno difference, visually,between morecommonthannot.For,ofthefifteen copieslisted,
thefirst and thelastprinting ofa formeoftext(assum- onlyfive- thosein collectionsin Leuven,Namur,
ingno alterations weremadein thesetting duringthe Washington, Barcelonaand theArsenal(Paris)- were
courseofprinting). It was a completely different mat- consistently decoratedwithjust one subsetofborders
ter,however, when engraved illustrations and borders throughout. In theremaining copies,an occasionalleaf
wereused,as intheMonumenta. The fine,thinlinesthat wouldbe decoratedwitha borderthatwas notused
defined theimageswereincrementally, butrelentlessly,anywhere elseinthatbook.In Table 2,theseleavesare
flattened witheveryprinting of theplate due to the notedwithan abbreviation, forexampleA2, which
extrapressureappliedby an intaglio press. The result indicates that the 'exceptional border'appearson the
wasa systematic weakening oftheimpressions madein secondleafofgathering A. Whatis bothstriking and
thecourseofprinting and a significant difference, visu- revealing is the fact thatall of the exceptional borders
54.See,forexample, toBibliography
ANewIntroduction
P.Gaskell, , was,
copies
plete a common
infact, Seetheir
occurrence. book,
NewYork andOxford1972,p.144. ofthe
TheComing TheImpact
Book. ,London
1450-1800
ofPrinting,
55.SeeMPMArch. 91,p.519,forthisletterandthecited
text, andNewYork p.222.
1990,
which 'Mirum
reads: mihividetur,quodDn.Christophorus 56.Onecancompare,for thevarying
example, 01border
strength
cumsitinaliisfere
Plantinus, nonmaiorem
diligentissimus, PH4,asitappearsonfols.
C3r,G4r,andlyrintheBologna
curam
adhibit librorum
incolligendis foliis.'
a seimpressorum copy.
L.Febvre Martin
andH.-J. that
assert theshipmentofincom-

22 PLANTIN'S PRACTICES
WORKING
withina givenbookappearonly withina singlegather- gatherings fromdifferent editions werealsocombined.
ing thatwas embellished exclusively(ornearlyso) with This demonstrates that some copieswerecomposed
exceptional borders.57This supports the idea thatthe several years after the initial printing of some of the
selectionofborderswas specific to an entiregathering sheetsconcerned.As arguedabove,itis notsurprising
(or sheet).Thus I wouldarguethattheseexceptional thattherewereleftover sheets(gatherings) fromeachof
sheets(orgatherings) do notsimply representan occa- the editions ofthe Monumenta that Plantinprinted.And
sionallapseintheotherwise rhythmic printingofa run itwas, a
evidently,logical,thrifty and common practice
ofsheetswithone subsetofborders.Rather,I believe to saveand subsequendy use up as manyoftheseleft-
thattheyrepresent thecollationof thebook withat oversas possible.Becausethebasic disposition ofthe
least one sheet that was illustrated at a differenttextand illustrations was thesamein each ofPlantin's
momentin timefromtheothersheetsmakingup that octavo editionsoftheMonumenta , Plantincouldmixand
copy. matchgatherings fromdistincteditionswithoutany
These arguments are perhapsbestexemplified by lossofcontent.The visualimplications werequitedif-
theHarvardcopy.Here,allofthemainimagesarecon- ferent, however, and in boththeGhentand Chicago
sistentwiththoseassociatedwiththeTypeB groupof copies,an odd mix of gatherings withand without
exceptthatoftheBustofChrist
illustrations, onfol.A4r. bordersaddsto theconfusion inbothbooks.
This engraving, in whichChristlooks to the right In thecase ofthe'1571'Ghentcopy(Res. 1027),an
insteadoftheleft,is commonto theTypeA groupof examinationof the settingof the typeindicatesthat
illustrations.
Thisdiscrepancy in themainillustrationsgathering A (whichdoesnothaveborders)waspartof
is consistentwiththatin theselectionofborderspre- the1581edition.The typesetting ofalloftheremaining
sentinthisbook.Specifically, whilethebulkofthetext gatherings indicatesthattheywere printedin 1571,
bearsbordersISD 1-6 and Anon.1 and 3, gatherings althoughonlythreeof these(gatherings B, C and I)
A and K do not.Whilethebordersprintedin gather- wereprinted withborders, whiletherest(gatherings D,
ingK (PH 5 andAnon.4) arecommonto othercopies E, F,G, H and K) wereleftwithout. Alloftheborders
withtheTypeB groupofillustrations (thatis,thosein and themainillustrations ingatherings B-K, however,
New York,Leipzigand theArsenal),theborderspre- agreewiththeTypeB groupofillustrations anda selec-
sentingathering A (PH 1-4)arenot.Rather, thesebor- tionofbordersfeaturing theISD 1-6engravings thatis
ders,liketheplateused in theHarvardcopyforthe commonto otherTypeB illustrated like
copies, those
printingoftheimageofChrist,is typicalofcopieslike at Harvard,Bostonand theSorbonne.
thoseinLeuvenand Namur,withtheTypeA groupof The Chicago copyis even morecomplicated. An
illustrationsand PH 1-4 borders.It therefore appears examination of thetypesetting indicatesthatgather-
thatthefirstsheetoftheHarvardcopy(consisting of ingsA and D came fromthe 1575printingof the
gathering A) was printedearlier(together with,for Monumenta (all copiesofwhichwereprintedwithbor-
example,theLeuvencopy)thanthebulkofthesheets ders),whilealloftheremaining gatherings arefromthe
makingup thisbook.58 original1571 edition.In thiscase,gatherings E and I
The precedingexamplewas takenfroma book in came fromsheetsleftwithoutborders,while the
whichthesettingof thetypeindicatesthatall of the remaining gatherings (B, C, F,G, H and K) havebor-
gatherings concerned,regardlessof the bordersor ders.These observations alone help accountforthe
mainillustrations usedto decoratethem,belongedto unusualpresenceofanonymous reworkings oftwoof
the initialprinting of the textin 1571. In two other theSadelerborders(Anon.7 and Anon.8), on leaves
cases,however- forbooksin Ghentand Chicago- A8 and Di, respectively, in the 1575gatherings. As is
57.Onlyinthecases
oftheNewYorkandLeipzig isjustone
copies erwith theA gatherings
in,forexample, theBarcelona or
ofthetwoborders
ingathering
K unusual.
Thehighly unusual Washington which
copies, alsobeartheType Agroup ofillus-
oftheChicago
composition copyisdiscussed
below. trations. thesame
Although bordersarealsopresentintheNew
58.Similar canbeapplied
arguments totheBasel,
Bologna and York, andArsenal
Leipzig a different
copies, engravingofthe
Vienna ofthe1571
copies Inthese
Monumenta. theconsis-
cases, BustofChrist
ispresent
ineachofthese books (asiscommon to
tencyintheselection
oftheplate
usedfortheprintingofthe copieswith
theTypeBgroup ofillustrations).
Seetheinforma-
Bust
ofChrist with
,together theselection
ofexceptional
borders tioninTable1ontheimage oftheBust ofChrist
, andthat in
usedfor A(PH5,Anon.
gathering 2,4and6),support
theclaim Table2ontheselection
ofbordersinthesecopies.
that
theAgatherings inthese
found were
copies printedtogeth-

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 23
indicated inTable2,bothoftheseborderswereusedto (TypesA-F) differ fromeach otherbythree,fiveor six
illustratethefewcopiesI havebeenable toexamineof engravings.59 Is itnotpossiblethatthetwocopiesrep-
the 1575edition,and thatin Vienna in particular. resenting theTypeG groupofillustrations wereactu-
Apparendy, by thetimethe 1575editionwas printed allya seriesofgatherings illustratedwiththeTypeH
some,ifnotall, oftheSadelerbordershad been sig- set of illustrations, withgathering E takenfromthe
nificantly reworked. Type E or Type printings? else,a seriesofgather-
F Or
In addition,however,as was the case with the ingswiththeTypeF setofillustrations and onlygath-
Harvardcopy,an inconsistency intheselection ofmain eringI takenfromtheTypeH setofprintings?60 While
illustrationsin the Chicago copy- in thiscase, the a detailedexamination ofadditionalcopiesofthe1581
engraving of theRaising ofLazarusonfol.G5r - goes editionmightadd somecredencetoone ofthesetheo-
handin handwiththeoccurrence ofexceptional bor- ries,therearetoofewextantcopiestoforma definitive
dersin theverysame gathering. These twoobserva- answerto thequestion.
tionssupportone anotherand theconclusionthat,of What distinguishes the practiceof mixingsheets
all thesheetsmakingup thisbook,onlyone,thatcom- (and consequently gatherings) in thecase of the 1571
prisinggathering G, has both a main illustration and edition ofArias Montano 's Monumenta in particular,
is
theborders(PH 1-4)thataretypicalofcopieswiththe thefactthatitcan be so readilydetectedthrough the
TypeA groupofillustrations. All theothergatherings varyingselectionand statesof the engravedborders
withthe1571typesetting (gatherings B, G, E, F,H-K) usedto decoratetheseinitialcopies,in additionto the
beartheTypeB groupofillustrations and theISD 1-6 main illustrations. For,in contrastwithdurableand
group ofborders thatis common to copies illustrated in readily reusable woodcuts, therelatively quickdecline
thatperiod.The Chicago copy is thusan extreme in the stateof engravedplatesmeantthatfarfewer
exampleofthemixingofgatherings, withtwofromthe copiesofa textcouldbe illustrated witha singlesetof
1575 edition (A and D), while the restwere drawn from borders and text illustrations before tell-talesignsof
at leastthreedifferent phases of the illustration of the wear to
began appear. Thus, theneed to switchplates
1571edition:oneearlyprinting withborders(gathering (or reworkthem)arose muchsoonerin theprinting
G) and twolaterprintings, one withborders(gather- process,particularly in thecase of therepeatedly re-
ingsB, C, F, H and K) and the other without (gather- used border plates. The resulting, initiallyconfusing
ingsE and I). tracesof variationin the engravedillustrations and
Nevertheless, as themajority ofthepreserved copies bordersconsequently represent a rare,unexpectedly
ofthe1571editionreveal,a 'mixand match'approach usefulsourceofinformation. Not onlydo theyenable
to putting together copies of this book was common. one to reconstruct the order in whichdistinct editions
The Chicagoand Ghentcopiessimilarly indicatethat wereillustrated yearsapart from one another, but they
suchpractices werealsoappliedtosheetsfromthe1575 also enable one to discernthe subtler,month-by-
and 1581editionsofthistext.Forthe1581edition,this monthalterationsin the illustration of individual
phenomenon wouldhelpclarify theappearanceofsev- copies. Despite the extra costs and complications
eralpatterns ofillustrationthatdiffer onlyslightly from incurreddue to theuse of engravedillustrations, the
one another. An examination ofTable 1,forexample, books of hours and editionsof Arias Montano's
revealsthattheTypeG setofillustrations differs from Monumenta discussedherewereevidendyworthprint-
theTypeH setbyonlyone engraving in gathering E ingand illustrating in a comparablefashiontimeand
(that ofSt The
Luke). Type groupG of illustrations sim- again. And itis precisely becauseofthisthatthebooks
ilarlydiffersfrom theType F set one
byonly engraving, that were such a great success forPlantinhave now
thistimethatoftheEntombment ingathering I. Bycon- becometreasured collectors' itemsandsuchintriguing,
trast,themajority oftheremaining setsofillustrationsinstructive, academicpuzzlesforus today.
byjusttwo
differ
59.OnlytheTypeF andH setsofillustrations forthe1581
tions Monumenta, thenumber setsof
ofdistinct
engravings,
namely, ofStLuke
those andtheEntombment. forthisedition
illustrations aswith
would, the1571and1575
60.Ifthis
hypothesis andtheType
istrue was
Gsetofillustrations editions,
agree thenumber
with ofdistinct ofpayments
groups
never usedbyLiefrinck
really setofillustra-
asanindependent made for
toLiefrinck ofthe1581
theillustration edition.

24 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
Appendix
of AriasMontano'sHumanae= fol.B8roftheconcluding
theeditions
Distinguishing commentaryinthe1571edition.
monumenta
salutis andthecopiesexamined thatinBarcelona.
Fora copywiththispage,see,forexample,
Asdiscussed inthepreceding text,copiesoftheoctavo editions The 1571 octavo editionoftheMonumenta :
of AriasMontano's Humanae salutismonumenta printed by I. TheTypesetting:
Christopher Plantin canbe distinguished from oneanother A. Collation: A-I8,K4,A-B8
inthree ways:bythesetting ofthetext; bytheselection ofthe B. Printingthetext:
mainillustrations; andbytheborders present. In thefollow- G. Spangenberg waspaidfortheprinting ofgatherings A-G
ing,thedefining characteristics oftheseaspects arepresent-from 5 to 19May1571andforgatherings A-B ofPlantin's
ed foreachofthethreeeditions underdiscussion, andare subsequently addedexplanatory remarks on31August 1571.
followed bya listofallofthecopiesexamined ofeachedition. Hansde Zee setatleastgathering B ofthelatter on31Aug
62
Additional copiesthatI havenotyetbeenabletoseearelist- 1571. 1haveyettofindrecords oftheprinting orthesetting
ed after thedescription ofthe1581edition. This,inturn, is oftheremaining gatherings.
followed bya listofallofthesubjects included intheseedi- C. Characterizing the setting ofthe text:
tions oftheMonumenta. I haveincluded thisfulllistofillustra-(1)Eachgathering issigned onlyonthefirst pageofthatgath-
tions,which isgenerally omitted from discussions ofthistext, ering, andthenata slight distance from themainillustration,
inordertocomplete thedescription ofthetextandtoput suchthattheletter wouldappearalongtheouteredgeofthe
intoperspective thediscussion ofthevarying selection of border, ifadded(seefig.5).
engravings evident amongthecopiesexamined. (2)Specifictraitspergathering
Assuggested here,whenendeavouring toidentify a copy -fol.A3y(facing theillustration ofChrist) (seefig.2):
ofAriasMontano's Monumenta ,itisbesttostart with ananaly- heading:CHRISTO (allsamesizecapital letters)
sisofthetypesetting ofeachgathering ofthecopy, andto istline: Laudes (with capital L)
determine thereafter whichseriesofillustrations arebeing 2ndline: Aggredimur (Awitha longtailonleft)
used.One canthenusean examination oftheselection of 4thline: gesta (with a roundV instead ofa longf)
borders '
(ifanyarepresent) to supplement theinformation 8thline: Creditag ('queat theendis abbreviated andnot
derivedfromthe othertwoaspectsof thebook.Con- written outinfull)
the following listsof distinguishing '
sequently, although 9thline: sidibusg ('que at theendis abbreviated and not
features ofthetypesetting werederived fromsimilar lists written outinfull)
appended toMauquoy-Hendrickx's discussion oftheseedi- -fol.B2r. heading abovetheengraving: TTSTIMONIVM
tions, I havemadetwofundamental alterations toherpre- (vs.TESTIMONIVM)
sentation of theinformation.61 First,I havereducedthe -fol.B70: nthlineoftheverse:Viri . . . (vs.Diri. . .)
number ofeditions discussed tothethree documented inthe -fol.C6r: 2ndlineoftheverseaboveill.:Tempore , nisiquicre-
preceding discussion; andsecond, I havefocussed ondistin- didit& studuit? (vs.Tempore, virnisi. . . )
guishing thesetting ofindividual gatherings versus charac- -fol.C70: 19thlineoftheverse reads:Succumbens propriiscadit
,
terizing thesetting ofspecific odes.Thus,whilesomeofthe isfollowed by a blank line,andthen: Felix qui metu-
sametraits -
arenoted theerroneous spelling oftheword itvigil ...
TESTIMONIVMin the 1571edition,for example- -foi.Diz;: number XXII iserroneously printed attheendof
Mauquoy-Hendrickx and I haveidentified it differendy. thesecondlineoftheheading, forthenumber of
Specifically,whileMauquoy-Hendrickx liststhisas a trait of ode23
OdeVII,I haveidentified itasa traitofthesetting ofthesec- -fol.D6z;: 14th lineoftheverse: Etpriscig (vs.justPriscig)
ondleafingathering B (orfol.B2r).I havedonesobecause, -fol.Eiv: letter 'e' attheendofa linehasanextralongtail
as I havearguedabove,a fullunderstanding oftheprinting (see,forexample, 'mare'(5th lineoftheverse)and
andillustration ofanycopynecessitates thecorrect identifi- 'volumine ' lineoftheverse))
(17th
cationofthetypesetting andillustration ofeachgathering-fol.Fiv: letter 'e' atendoVatheri (line2oftheverse) hasan
comprising thecopyunder consideration. A careful compar- extra long tail
isonofthefollowing listswiththosecompiled '
byMauquoy- -fol.F2r. huminurrì iswritten outinfullanddoesnothave
Hendrickx willalsoreveal thatI haveperiodically altered her theabbreviated 'ö' attheend
ofspecific andsupplemented ' '
herlistin -fol.G2r. tantais written outin full(vs.havingthe'an'
presentation traits,
ordertoprovide atleastonedistinguishing feature foreach abbreviated as '¿ž')
gathering containing illustrations.Finally, as notedabove, -fol.Hip: istwordoftheverse: COECO (vs.C^ECO)
additional differences between the1571 and1575editions can -fol.l2v: heretherearean extrafivelinesoftextat the
besurmised from a listof'errata' thatwasprinted onp. [31] bottom ofthepage,withthefirst andlastlines
61.SeeM-HWierix,
111.1,
pp.503-04. Arch.32,fol.4 (right andMPMArch.
side); 32,fol.31(right
62.Forthese seeMPMArch.
payments, 31fol.178(left MPM
side); side),
respectively.

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 25
reading:IESV NAZARENO PRO MVNDI fol.F2r. The Circumcision (M-H2185A; signed IHWandP
NOXIS OCCISO, I ... I BREVE. EX DIV (presumably forPB))
CONS.DESTINAT.EST. fol.F3r. TheAdoration ofthe
Magi(M-H2186;signed IHW
-folly: 15thlineof theverse,reads:Casibus lethi
hunc, andPB)
meriti
actriumphi. . . (with 'hunc') fol.G^r. TheRaisins, ofLazarus(M-H2107;signed IHWand
-fol.Kir ^zelustfhasa lowercase'z' (vs.a capital'Z'). IP (presumably forPB))
II. TheMainIllustrations fol.H2r. TheBetrayal (M-H2203;signed IHWandPB)
Mynken Liefrinckoversaw theprinting ofthemainillustra- OfthecopiesI examined, thefollowing beartheTypeB
tionsontothepreviously printed sheets oftextintwogener- illustrations:Boston,Chicago,Ghent,Harvard,Leipzig,
al periodsoftime:between 3 August and3 October1571, NewYork, Paris(Arsenal) andParis(Sorbonne).66
during which atleast389copiesofthisbookwereillustrated See Table1 foran overview ofthevarying selection of
(339withborders and50without); andbetween 24July and platesusedinthis, aswellas otherrelatedPlantin editions.
13August 1572,whenanadditional 165copieswereillustrat-III. TheBorders
ed (40withborders and 125without).63 Although thevast Although notallcopiesofthe1571edition wereembellished
majority ofthe71engravings usedtoillustrate thesecopies withborders, allofthecopiesthatI haveexamined thusfar
werereused between thesetwoprintings, five
plateswerenot. bearborders onsome,ifnotall,oftheillustrated pages.For
Thus,theparticular selection ofthesefive platescanbeused an overview ofwhichborders wereusedtodecorate which
todetermine inwhichgeneral periodthemainillustrations seeTable2.Asitindicates,
copies, thosecopieswith theType
wereaddedforthecopy(orindividual gatherings)undercon- A groupofillustrations tendedtobe decorated either with
As is demonstrated
sideration.64 above,an analysis ofthe borders PH i-PH 4,orwithborders PH 5,Anon.2,Anon.4
selectionofborders present inthevarious copiesconsideredandAnon.6 (occasionally incombination withborders PH
indicatesthatthe'TypeA' groupofillustrations wasused i-PH 4).ThosecopieswiththeTypeB groupofillustrations
prior tothe'TypeB' group. tended tobe decorated withborders
either PH 1,PH 3-PH
TheTypeA groupofillustrations ischaracterized bythe 5,Anon.2,Anon.4 andAnon.6,orwith bordersISD 1-ISD
followingselectionofplates: 6,Anon.1andAnon.3.
fol.A4r. BustofChrist (M-H2147;signed IHW) IV Copies
examined:
fol.F2r. TheCircumcision (M-H2185a; anonymous) (arranged bycity,
alphabetically with
thenumber ofthebook inparen-
fol.F3?: TheAdoration ofthe Magi(M-H2186a; signed PH theses)
andPB) Basel,Universität Basel,ÖffentlicheBibliothek(AN V 5);67
fol.G5r. TheRaising ofLazarus (M-H2197a; signed PHand Bologna, BibliotecaUniversitariadi Bologna(A.V M. XI.
PB) 30);68Boston,MA, BostonPublicLibrary(G.404.48);69
fol.H2r. TheBetrayal (M-H2203a; signed P//and PB) Barcelona, Bibliotecade Catalunya,UntatGràfica (096Ari
OfthecopiesI examined, thefollowing beartheTypeA 80);70 Chicago,IL, theNewberry Library (W 0143.04);71
illustrations:
Barcelona,65 Basel,Bologna,Leuven,Namur, Ghent, UniversiteitGhent, Centrale Bibliotheek
Washington, DC andVienna. (Department ofManuscripts andRareBooks)(Res.1027);72
TheTypeB groupofillustrations is characterizedbythe Cambridge, MA, HarvardUniversity, Houghton Library
followingselectionofplates: (TYP 530.71. Namur,Facultés
158);73 Universitaires Notre-
fol.A47-: BustofChrist (M-H2147a; signedIHW (upside- Damedela Paix,Bibliothèque Moretus
Universitaire Plantin
down)) (R.XVI.A.154);74 Leuven,Bibliotheek van de Faculteit
63.SeeMPMArch. 16fols.177(rightside)and214(right for

side), gathering wasillustrated
earlierin 1571,together withthe
thepertinent recordsofpayment toLiefrinck. copieswith theType Thisclarifies
Asetofillustrations. why an
64.Seebelow listofallofthesubjects
fora full inthis
illustrated impression ofM-H2197a fortheimage oftheRaising
ofLazarus
text. appearshere, instead
ofthatcitedfortheType Bsetofillustra-
65.IntheBarcelona copy,animpression ofM-H2147a (inwhich tions.
Christlooks totheleft)appears intheplaceoftheusualType 67.Thiscopy lacksleafK4andtheconcluding commentary.
Aplate for oftheBust
theillustration ofChrist.Asdiscussed in 68. Thiscopy lacks andleaves
thetitle-page A6(with theillustra-
thetext above, thismayindicate thatthisgathering (A)was ofAdam
tion andEve),
B3(with theillustration Ladder
ofJacob's ),
actually ina different
illustrated period thantheremaining B6(with ofMoses
theillustration Hiding the
Body ofthe
Egyptian)
gatherings ofthiscopy. andB7(with ofMoses
theillustration the
Before Burning
Bush), as
66.Asdiscussed above,severalofthese copies deviateinthefirst wellasleafB8(with intheconcluding
theerrata) commentary.
gathering (A)from theType B group.IntheHarvard copy,an 69. Thiscopy lacksleafB8(withtheerrata)intheconcludingcom-
impression ofM-H2147(inwhich Christ lookstotheright) mentary.
appears intheplaceoftheusual Type B platefortheillustra-70.Thiscopy lacksleaves
I7(with ofPentecost
theillustration ) and
tionoftheBust ofChrist.
Asisdiscussed above,thismay indicate K2(with oftheLast
theillustration Judgement).
thatgathering A wasactually ina different
illustrated period 71.Thiscopy lacksleafK4andtheconcluding commentary.
from theremaining gatheringsofthiscopy.IntheGhent copy, 72.Thiscopy lacksleafB8(with ) intheconcluding
theerrata com-
gathering Acame from Plantin's1581editionoftheMonumenta. mentary.
intheChicago
Finally, copy, gatheringA(along with gathering73.Thiscopy lacksleafB8(withtheerrata)intheconcludingcom-
D) came from Plantin's
1575 editionoftheMonumenta. Inaddi- mentary.
tion(andasisdiscussed above),theselection ofborders and 74.Thiscopy lacksleavesK2-K4(including ofthe
theillustration
main ingathering
illustrations G ofthis copyindicatethatthis LastJudgement)andtheconcluding commentary.

26 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
Godgeleerdheid (R 38 T ARIA HUM 1571);75 Leipzig, NOXIS OC- I ... I CONS. DESTINAT.EST.
Deutsches Buch-undSchriftmuseum (iy 12,36);™ NewYork -fol.I30: theword4hunc ' wasnotincluded inthe15th line
City, NY, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and (Casibus meriti
lethi, actriumphi . . .).
TildenFoundation (Spencer Collection, Netherlands 1571);77 -fol.Kir: ^/ítf^hasa capital4Z'(vs.oneinlowercase).
Paris,Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal (40 T 676 Rés);78 Paris, II. TheMainIllustrations
Bibliothèquedela Sorbonne (RBA25in-8);79 Vienna,Öster- As withthe1571 edition, Mynken Liefrinck waspaidfor
reichischeNationalbibliothek (74.H.8hs.);Washington, DC, adding theillustrationstothepreviously printed sheetsoftext
Library ofCongress (Rosenwald Collection PA8457.A4 H8 in twodistinct periods: thefirstin 1575,at whichtimeshe
•571)- illustrated 30copiesoftheMonumenta (allwithborders); and
thesecondin1576, whenshewaspaidforillustrating approx-
The 1575octavo editionoftheMonumenta : imately 386additional copies(allwithborders).81 Although
I. TheTypesetting
: thevastmajority ofthe71engravings usedtoillustrate these
A.Collation:
A-F,K4,A-B8 copieswerereusedbetween thesetwoprintings, sixplates
B. Printing
the
text: werenot.82 Thus,theparticular selection ofthesesixplates
Thepressman Guillaume Riviere waspaidforprinting gath- canbe usedtosubdivide copiesintotwogroups, which pre-
4
eringsA-B and A-I, K V2of the molemente between 5 sumably correspond withthe1575and1576printings ofthe
February and 12March1575.80 I haveyettofindpayment illustrations. Regrettably, incontrast withthe1571edition, I
records forthecomposition ofthetext. haveyettodetermine which ofthesetwogroups ofillustra-
C. Characterizing
the setting ofthe text: tions(TypeC orTypeD) wasusedfirst.
(1)Eachgathering issigned onlyonthefirst pageofthatgath- TheTypeC groupofillustrations ischaracterized bythe
ering,andthenata slight distance from themainillustration, following selection ofplates:
suchthattheletter wouldappearalongtheouteredgeofthe fol.Ein StMatthew (M-H2222;signed IHWandPB)
border (seefig.8). fol.E2r: StMark (M-H2223;signed IHWandPB)
(2)Specifictraits pergathering fol.E3r. StLuke (M-H2224;signed IHWandPB)
-fol.A$v°(facing theillustration ofChrist) (seefig.3): fol.E4r. StJohn (M-H2225;signed IHWandPB)
heading:'CHRISTO LIBERATORIS.' (C is extralarge, fol.E7r. The Visitation (M-H2182a; signed ADBandPB)
theremaining letters areallthesamesizecapitals)fol.I7r. Pentecost (M-H2216a; signed ADBandPB)
istline: laudes iswritten witha small'I' Itisimportant tonotethatwhilethisgroup ofplatesisalso
2ndline: Aggredimur , withordinary capitalA' (nolongtail foundintheTypeA setofillustrations, theaccompanying
onleft) typesetting differs(inaddition totheprinting oftheimages
4thline: gefta witha long'/' (instead ofa round's') citedaboveforthecharacterization oftheTypeA set).Thus,
8thline: Creditaque (4que'is written outin fulland is not as is demonstrated bya comparison offig.5 (from the1571
abbreviated) edition andtheTypeA group ofillustrations) andfig. 8 (from
9thline: sidibúsque ('que'is written outin fulland is not the1575edition andtheTypeC groupofillustrations), the
abbreviated) typesetting canbe usedtodistinguish theoneseries ofillus-
-folBzr. TESTIMONIVMhere(vs.TTSTIMONIVM) trations from theother forthosesubjects.
-fol.B7Z;:Diriprogenies . . . here(vs.Viri . . .) OfthecopiesI examined, thefollowing beartheTypeC
-fol.C6r Tempore, virnisiqui. . . (with 'vir'vs.noneincluded: illustrations: Antwerp, LondonandUtrecht.
Tempore, nisiqui. . .) TheTypeD groupofillustrations ischaracterized bythe
-fol.C*]v:20thlinehereisnotblank, butcontains thetext: following selection ofplates:
Etdamnata sibi. . . fol.E ir: StMatthew (M-H2222A; signed IHWandPB)
-foiDiz;: thenumber oftheodeiscorrect (XXIII) fol.E2r. StMark (M-H2223A; signed IHWandPB)
-fol.D6z>:14th linebegins simply withPriscig (andnolEť) fol.E3r. StLuke (M-H2224A; signed IHWandPB)
-fol.Eiy: letter 4e'attheendofa linehasnoextratailhere fol.E4r. StJohn
4 (M-H2225A; signed IHWandPB)
-fol.Fiv: letter 'e' atendofathere' (line2oftheverse) hasno fol."Esjr. The Visitation (M-H2182;signed IHW)
extratail fol.I7r. Pentecost (M-H2216;signed IHWandPB)
-fol.F2r. huminã isabbreviated as such(vs:huminum) OfthecopiesI examined, onlythatinUtrecht bearsthe
-fol.G2r. tataisabbreviated as such(vs:tanta) TypeD illustrations.
-fol.Hip: istlinebegins withG¿ECO(notCOECO) See Table1 foran overview ofthevarying selection of
-fol.l2v: heretheextratextwasprinted insixlinesatthe platesusedinthis, aswellas other related Plantin editions.
bottom ofthepage,withthefirst andlastlines III. TheBorders
reading:IESV NAZARENO PRO MVNDI In contrast withthe1571and1581editions, allcopiesofthe
75.Thiscopy
lacks
leafK4andtheconcluding
commentary. 79.Thiscopy
lacksleafB8(with theerrata
) intheconcluding
com-
76.Thiscopy
lacks
leafB8(with
theerrata)
intheconcluding
commentary.
mentary. 80. SeeMPMArch. 32,fol.1^ (right for
side), thesepayments.
77.Thiscopy
lacks
leafB8(with
theerrata)
intheconcluding
com- 81.SeeMPMArch. 18fol.158(right for
side), thesepayments.
mentary. 82.Seebelowfora full
listofallofthesubjectsillustrated
inthis
78.Thiscopy
lacks
leafB8(with
theerrata)
intheconcluding
com- text.
mentary.

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 27
1575edition wereembellished withborders. Theselection of trated withthem, itis notsurprising thattheillustrationof
borders usedhereismosteasily distinguished bytheperiod- thisedition varies
more, presumably duetoa greater needto
ic useofAnon.5,Anon.7 andAnon.8, whereAnon.7 is replaceexcessively wornplatesin thecourseofprinting.
actually a laterstateofISD 6 andAnon.8 isactually a later Regrettably, incontrast withthe1571edition, I haveyetto
stateofISD 5. In the1575edition, thesethree borders were establish a chronological orderforthesefoursetsofillustra-
thencombined witha sampling ofthefollowing borders, all tions(TypeE, TypeF,TypeG andTypeH).
ofwhich hadbeenusedforthe1571 edition, butnotinthe The TypeE groupofillustrations ischaracterized bythe
samecombination: PH 1,PH 3,ISD 1,ISD 3,Anon.1,Anon. following selectionofplates:
2,Anon.3 andAnon.6. fol.E3r. StLuke (M-H2224;signed IHWandPB)
IV.Copies examined: fol.F4r. The Flight toEgypt (M-H2190;signedIHW and
(arrangedalphabetically with
bycity, thenumber ofthebook inparen- PB)
theses) fol.Iir. TheCrucifixion (M-H2209A;signed IHWandPB)
Antwerp, Plantin-Moretus Museum(A 387);83 London,the fol.I3r. TheEntombment (M-H2211;signed IHW)
British Library Utrecht,
(C.125.C.22); Universiteit Utrecht, Ofthecopiesofthisedition thatI haveexamined, thefol-
CentraleBibliotheek, KostbareWerken(AB: Rariora lowing beartheTypeE illustrations: Antwerp andLeuven.
oct 286);84Vienna, Österreichische NationalbibliothekThe TypeF groupofillustrations is characterized bythe
(74.W.176). following selection
ofplates:
fol.E3r. StLuke (M-H2224;signed IHWandPB)
The 1581octavo editionoftheMonumenta : fol.F4r. TheFlight toEgypt (M-H2190b; signed PB)
/.TheTypesetting: fol.I ir. The Crucifixion (M-H2209;signedIHW andPB
A.Collation: A-F,K4,a-b8,c4 anddated1572)
B. Printingthetext: fol.I3r. The Entombment (M-H2211A; signed HRWand
The compositor Adriaen vandeVeldesettheentire book PB)
between 30 September and7 October1581.The pressman Ofthecopiesofthisedition thatI haveexamined, thefol-
Hans Stroosnijder printedthe85 entirebook between30 lowing beartheTypeF illustrations: Ghent andHarvard.
September and21October 1581. TheTypeG groupofillustrations ischaracterized bythe
the
C. Characterìzing ofthe
setting text: following selectionofplates:
Inthecaseofthe1581edition, thetypesetting isbestcharac- fol.E3r. StLuke (M-H2224;signed IHWandPB)
terizedbyhowthegatherings aresigned. Inboththe1571 and fol.F4r. TheFlight toEgypt (M-H2190b; signed PB)
1575editions oftheMonumenta , eachgathering issigned just fol.Iir. The Crucifixion (M-H2209;signedIHW andPB
onitsfirst pageandthenata slight distance from themain anddated1572)
illustration,suchthatthesignature oftheleafwouldappear fol.I3r. TheEntombment (M-H2211;signed IHW)
alongtheouteredgeoftheborder, ifadded(seefigs 5,6 and Of thecopiesofthisedition thatI haveexamined, the
8). In the1581edition, however, manymoreoftheleaves following beartheTypeG illustrations: Amsterdam and
bearing illustrationsweresigned, specifically: A2 and A5, Cambridge, King'sCollegeLibrary.
B-B5,C-C5,D andD2, E-E5,F andF2,H-H4,1-I3and TheTypeH groupofillustrations ischaracterized bythe
K-K3.Inallcases,thesignature appears immediately under following selectionofplates:
thecaption belowtheillustration (seefig.9). fol.E3r. St Luke(anonymous engraving afterthesame
II. TheMainIllustrations composition asM-H2224,butnotincluded inM-
Inthecaseofthe1581 edition,
Mynken Liefrinck waspaidfor H Wierix)
adding tothepreviously
theillustrations printed sheetsoftext fol.F4r. TheFlight toEgypt (M-H2190b; signed PB)
inthree distinctperiods:on7 February 1582, whenLiefrinckfol.lir: The Crucifixion (M-H2209;signedIHW andPB
waspaidforillustrating 100copiesoftheMonumenta (allwith- anddated1572)
outborders); on9 March1582,whenshewaspaidforillus- fol.I3r: TheEntombment (M-H2211;signed IHW)
tratinganadditional 200copies(allwithout borders); andon Of thecopiesofthisedition thatI haveexamined, the
23 September 1582,whenshewaspaidforillustrating 500 following bear the Type H illustrations: Utrechtand
morecopies(allwithout borders).86 Although thevastmajor- Washington, DC.
ityofthe71engravings usedtoillustrate these copieswerere- See Table1 foran overview ofthevarying selectionof
usedthroughout thesethreeprintings, four plateswerenot.87platesusedinthis, aswellas other related Plantin editions.
Thus,theparticular ofthese
selection four platescanbeused III. TheBorders
tosubdivide copiesamongthefourdistinct setsofillustra-Noneofthecopiesofthisedition wasembellished withbor-
tions thathaveemerged sofar.Asdiscussed above,given the ders.
wornstateoftheplatesusedandthenumber ofcopiesillus-
83.Thiscopylacksleaves
A4(with oftheBust
theillustration twopayments
of 86.Thefirst toLiefrinckarerecordedinMPM
andA5 (with
Christ) ofMoses
theillustration withtheTen Arch.
18,70/. side),
430(right whilethefinal
payment toheris
Commandments). inMPMArch.
noted 20,fol.119(right
side).
84.Thiscopy leafB8intheconcluding
lacks commentary. 87.Seebelow listofallofthesubjects
fora full inthis
illustrated
85.Forthese
payments,seeMPMArch. 33fol.19r,tortheformer; text.
andMPMArch. 33fol.560, thelatter.
for

28 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
IV.Copiesexamined: The mainsubjectsusedtoillustrate Plantin'soctavoedi-
(arranged
alphabetically with
bycity, thenumber ofthebook inparen- tionsofAriasMontano'sHumanae salutismonument (Ode
theses) number;subject;91 leafon whichitappears):
Amsterdam, Rijksprentenkabinet D
(inv.3381;325 24); [I.]BustofChrist A4r]
'fol.
Antwerp, Plantin-Moretus Museum(R 55.23);Cambridge,II. Moses withtheTenCommandments 'fol.
A5r]
King's College Library(M.38.83);88 Cambridge, MA, III. Adam andEve[orImage ofOriginal
Sin]'fol.
A6r]
HarvardUniversity, Houghton Library (TYP 530.71.157);IV GodCurses the Snake . Ayr]
{fol
Ghent, UniversiteitGhent, Centrale BibliotheekV Noah's Sacrifice
'fol.
A8r]
(Department ofManuscripts andRareBooks)(Res.1082); VI. Departure ofAbraham 'fol.Bir]
Leuven, Bibliotheek vande Faculteit Godgeleerdheid (R 38 VII.Abraham andIsaac'fol.B2r]
T); Utrecht, UniversiteitUtrecht, Bibliotheek van de Will.Jacob'sLadder 'folB3r]
Letteren (LB-KUN:RAR LMY ARIAS I); Washington,IX.Jacob's (aliasIsrael)Testament'fol.B4r]
DC, Library ofCongress, RareBooks(Rosenwald Collection X. Finding ofMosesfol. B57]
PA8457.A4H81572).89 XI. MosesHiding theBody oftheEgyptian 'fol.B6r]
V.Additional yettobeexamined
copies, XII. MosesbeforetheBurning Bushfol.B7r]
A. Mostlikely the1571 edition: XIII. Flight
from Egypt fol.B8r]
Madrid,Biblioteca Nacionalde España (ER/1465and XIIII. Flooding of theRedSeafol.Cir]
R/1308);Rome,Biblioteca Casanatense (P.VIL26CCC); XV Moses ReceivingtheTenCommandments fol.C2r]
Wolfenbüttel, HerzogAugust Bibliothek(Uk59). XVI. Gatheringof Mannafol.C3r]
B. Mostlikely the1575edition: XVII. CrossingtheJordan fol.C47]
Darmstadt, HessischeLandes-und Hochschulbibliothek XVIII.FallofJericho fol.C5r]
(31/218); Göttingen, Niedersächsische Staats- und XIX.Allotment ofLandinthe PromisedLandfol.C6r]
Universitätsbibliothek(8° P. Lat. ree.I, 4660);Nürnberg,XX. Priest oftheOldCultfol.Oyř]
Stadtbibliothek (2 an Math. 681.4); Pisa, Biblioteca XXI.DavidRebuked byNathan fol.C8r]
Universitaria (S.R.5.20); Stuttgart, Württembergische XXII. ProphetSamuel fol.Dir]
Landesbibliothek (B graph.157105);Toledo,Biblioteca XXIII.Prophet Nathan fol.D2r]
Publicadel Estado(S.L. 3763);Toulouse, Bibliothèque de XXIIII.King Davidfol.D3r]
Toulouse (Res D XVI 34-1); Warsaw,BibliotékaXXV King Solomon fol.D47]
Uniwersytecka (Sd.608.420);Warsaw, BibliotékaNarodowa XXVI.Prophet Isaiahfol.D57]
(BN.XVLO.2067). XXVII.Prophet Jeremiah fol.D6r]
C. Either the1571 or1575edition: XXVIII.Prophet Danielfol.D77]
Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Centrale XXIX.Prophet Ezrafol.D8r]
Bibliotheek (Band1 D 19);Cracow, BibliotékaJagiellonska;XXX.StMatthew fol.Eir]
Florence, BibliotecaNazionale Centrale diFirenze (Palatini XXXI.StMarkfol.E2r]
and
10.6.2.42 23.3.2.7); Passau, Staadiche Bibliothek (Yge XXXII.StLukefol.E3r]
118);Venice, Biblioteca
Nazionale Marciana (88.d.i24). XXXIII.StJohn fol.E4r]
D. Mostlikely the1581edition: XXXIIII.Annunciation toZachariah
Universiteit van Amsterdam, Centrale XXXVAnnunciation fol.E57]
Amsterdam,
Bibliotheek(1517 G 36); Besançon, BibliothèquesXXXVI. Visitation E6r] fol.
Bibliotheek derSt.- XXXVII.Birth fol.E77]
Municipales (235495);Dendermonde, of StJohn theBaptistfol.E8r]
Pieters-en Paulusabdij; Edinburgh, NationalLibraryof XXXVIII.Nativity
Scotland(Nha.T357 (i)); Rome,Biblioteca Casanatense XXXIX.Circumcision fol. Fir]
fol.F2r]
(a.1.8);Toledo,BibliotecaPublicadel Estado(1/4206); XL.Adoration ofthe Magi fol.F^r]
Warsaw, BibliotékaUniwersytecka (Sd.608.415 adi.). XLI. Flightinto
E. No indicationofedition: Egypt fol.F47]
XLII. intheTemple
Tournai,GrandSéminaire; Valencia,Biblioteca Nicolau XLIII.Finding
StJohn
ofJesus
theBaptist Preaching
fol.F5r]
intheWilderness
Primitiu fol.F6r]
(V N.P.XVI-424);Valencia,Biblioteca Serrano XLIIII.Baptism of Christ fol.F7r]
Morales delAyuntationes (V BM. SM. 3/258(1)). XLV Temptation ofChrist fol.F8r]
88. Mythanks
toDrDavid McKitterick
ofTrinity
College Library,90. Forfurtherreferences
tocopies
ofthese seethose
editions, list-
for
Cambridge, this
examining copy forme. edunder PP588,PP589andinMauquoy-Hendrickx, Wierix
,
89.Thiscopyis uniqueamong all ofthecopiesofthe1581 m.i,pp.438-40.
I have
Monumenta seenthus because
far, it
(onfol.B3r) alone
has 91.In a few when
cases, thecommon generalidentification
of the
animpression
ofthePHengraving oíJacob's
Ladderinstead
of subject doesnotagree
portrayed withthetitle
giventothesub-
theWierix ofthe
engraving subject (M-H2172) that
iscommon jectintheaccompanying intheMonumenta
text ,theidentifica-
toallother ofthe1581
copies edition. tion ofthesubject
inthetext
isgiven
insquarebrackets.

PLANTIN'S PRACTICES
WORKING 29
XLVI.Marriage atCana'fol.Gir] LIX. Flagellation
'fol.H6r]
XLVII.Christ Preaching 'fol.G2r] LX. Christ
BeforethePeople [orBarabbasPreferredtoChrist]
'fol.
XLVIILChrist Calling hisApostles G37]
[fol. H7r]
XLIX.Miracle ofLoaves andFishes G4r]
{fol. LXI. Pilate
WashinghisHands[orChrist LedAway] 'fol.H8r]
L. RaisingofLazarus [fol.G57] 'fol.Iir]
LXII. Crucifixion
LI. Entryinto
Jerusalem [orChrist namedasKing 'fol. LXIII.Descent
ofJerusalem] fromtheCross 'fol.I2r]
G6r] LXIIII.Entombment'fol.'^r'
LII. LastSupper 'fol.Gyr] LXV Resurrection . I47]
[fol
LIII. Christ
arrivingatthe Mount ofOlives [orChrist HimselfLXVI. Christ
offers Reveals
Himself totheApostles
'fol.I57]
uptobeSacrificed] fol.G8r] LXVII.AscensionofChrist fol.I6r]
LÜH.Christ inPrayer 'fol.Hir] LXVIII.Pentecost
'fol.I7r]
LV Capture ofChrist 'fol.H2r] LXIX.StPeter Preachingabout the ofChrist
Divinity 'fol.
I8r]
LVI.Christ before Caiaphas 'fol.H37] ofSaul'fol.Kir]
LXX. Conversion
LVn.Christ beforePilate 'fol.H4r] LXXI.LastJudgement 'fol.K2r]
LVIII.Christ beforeHerod 'fol.H5r]
Table 1
The Reuseand ReplacementofEngravings Editionsof
in Plantin'soctavo
B. AriasMontano's Humanae monumenta
salutis
TABLE 1:The reuseand replacement ofengravings in Bruyn; IHW:JanWierix; HRW:Hieronymus Wierixand

Plantin'soctavo editionsof AriasMontano's Humanae PH: Pieter Huys.Withtheexception ofthefirst
twosubjects
monumenta
salutis (theBustofChristandJacob's Ladder), allofthecompositions
ThisTableprovides an overviewofallofthesubjects from listedherehavebeenattributed to PietervanderBorcht.
AriasMontano's Monumenta wheretheselection of Consequendy, no noteis made of whether his initials
editions, are present on a specific This information is
thespecific
plateused to the
print image variesbetween indi- engraving.
vidualcopiesoreditions oftheMonumenta.As inthe noted in Mauquoy-Hendrickx's catalogue for
entries these
preced-
ingtext,eachdistinct subgroup (representedengravings.
ofillustrations
thistablealsodocuments theuseofthesesame
bya column intheTable)hasbeenlabelled 'TypeA'- 'Type Finally,
forthe of
illustration two of Plantin'sbooksofhours: a
H'. Thedistinguishing ofeachgroupof
features illustrationsplates
arealsohighlighted intheaccompanying Within 1570HoraeBeatissimae Mariae(PP 1365-1368)
Virginis anda
Appendix. 92
eachgroupofillustrations, thespecific Beatae
Ï573Officium
platesusedarelisted has
MariaeVirginis(PP1770).The 1570Horae
abovetheleaforpageonwhich Theseareiden- been included because the vast majority oftheengrav-
they appear. herefirst incopiesofthisbook.
first,
tified, the
by catalogue number forthe it ings
plate(if exists) The represented appeared
in MarieMauquoy-Hendrickx's Lesestampes des 1573Officiumhasbeenincluded becausetheselection
catalogue,
Wierix 1982),
(Brussels, prefacedbyM-H; and second, bythe ofplatesusedtoillustratealloftheknown copiesofthisbook
oftheengraver
initials forthe or elsethe of hoursrepresents a singlesweeping introduction of a
responsible plate, new set of after the old Vander Borcht
abbreviationAnon.'foran anonymous engraving. The fol- complete plates
lowing engravers arerepresented here:ADB: Abraham de compositions.93
92.I have
examinedthefollowing
copiesofthese The
twoeditions: RoyalLibrary (RP));Chicago,
(II 64.581 IL, theNewberry
1570Horae Plantin-Moretus
: Antwerp, Museum An-
(R55.27); (CaseC. 864.572).
Library
twerp, Museum
Plantin-Moretus (8-595);Brussels, discussion
theRoyal 93.Fora detailed ofbothofthese
oftheillustration
Library(RP3007A);TheHague,Koninklijke Bibliotheek books ofhours, with
together another,comparablyillustrated
The
(1708.C.7); Hague,Museum Meermanno-Westreenianum Plantin from
Officium (PP
1575 1776),seeK. L. 'Wierix
Bowen,
(Museum vanhetBoek) London,
(2.E.23); theBritish
Library op.cit.Asnoted
andPlantin', above(seen.42),Table1also
Madrid,
(C.29.f.i8); BibliotecaNacional (R 3584);Paris, documentsa fewimportant totheinformation
corrections
Bibliothèque (Rés.Velins
Nationale Washington,
1540); DC, inthisarticle
presented concerningthechronology forthe
Library (BX2080.
ofCongress A2.1570 under
(alsocatalogued ofplates
execution ofthefollowing theNativity
subjects: (M-H
Rosenwald The1573
no.1193)).
Collection, Berkeley, 2184);
Officium'. ofthe
theAdoration Magi(M-H2186); into
theFlight Egypt
CA,Bancroft Library(TYP.AA52.C3B6. the
Brussels,
1573); (M-H2190);and theLast (M-H2221).
Judgement

30 WORKING
PLANTIN'S PRACTICES
Copies:- ► 1570Horae 1571Monumenta 1573Officium

Subjects:j (allcopies) TypeA TypeB (allcopies)
BustofChrist MH 2147(IHW) MH 2147a(IHW)
fol.Plat fol.Aat
Jacob's PH
Ladder94 fol.B3r
StMatthew MH 2222(IHW) MH 2222(IHW) MH 2222A (IHW)
p. [53] fol.Eir p. 394
StMark MH 2223(IHW) MH 2223(IHW) MH 2223A (IHW)
p. [56] fol.E2r p.412
StLuke MH 2224(IHW) MH 2224(IHW) MH 2224A (IHW)
p-fsoi f°LEy Eil?!
StJohn MH 2225(IHW) MH 2225(IHW) MH 2225A (IHW)
P-f47l fil-E4r p.442
Annunciation MH 2181c (Anon.) MH 2181b (ADB) MH 2181(IHW)
p. [112] fol.E6r p. [32]
Visitation MH 2182b (PH) MH 2182a (ADB) MH 2182(IHW)
p. [140] fol.E7r p. 66
Nativity MH 2184b (PH) MH 2184a (ADB) MH 2184(IHW)
p. [162] fol.Fir p.90
Circumcision MH 2185a (Anon.) MH 2185a (Anon.) MH 2185A (IHW) MH 2185(IHW)
p. 185 fol.F2r fol.F2r p.98
Adoration MH2i86a(PH) MH2i86a(PH) MH 2186(IHW) MH 2187(IHW)
oftheMagi p. [178] fol.F3r fol.F3r p. 105
toEgypt MH 2190b (Anon.)
Flight MH 2190a (ADB) MH 2190(IHW)
p. 194 fol.F4r p. 119
Raisingof MH 2197a (PH) MH2i97a(PH) MH 2197(IHW) MH 2197A (IHW)
Lazarus p. 268 fol.G5r fol.G5r p. 189
Betrayal MH 2203a (PH) MH 2203a (PH) MH 2203(IHW)
p. [i&' foiH2r fol.H2r
EcceHomo MH 2208a (PH)
fol• H7r
Crucifixion MH 2209A (IHW) MH 2209A (IHW) MH 2209(IHW)
P-!9I fil'Ilr p. 313
Descentfromthe MH 2210(IHW)
Cross fol.I2r
Entombment MH 2211A (HRW)
fol.I3r
Resurrection MH 2212(IHW) MH 2212(IHW) MH 2212A (IHW)
P-fafosl fil-14r p.454
Pentecost MH 2216(IHW) MH 2216a (ADB) MH 2216A (IHW)
p. [160] fol.I7r p. 323
LastJudgement MH 2221(IHW) MH 2221A (IHW)
fil.K.2r p. [495]
I havecharted
94.Specifically, theborders
usedinthefollowing Nacional
(R3584),andWashington,DC,Library ofCongress
copies:
Antwerp, Plantin-Moretus
Museum Brussels,
(8-595); (BX2080.A2.1570).
AlthoughI havebeenunabletonote
pre-
theRoyal (RP3007A)and(FSXI 6A).Eachofthese
Library which
cisely borders
wereusedinthese I amgrateful
cases, to
books
alsobearsfouradditional which
borders, wereusedto Jutta of
Fliege theStaatsbibliothek
of Cristina
Berlin, Guillén
embellish
theleft-hand
pages.Threeadditional
copiesofthe BermejooftheBiblioteca
NacionaldeEspaña inMadrid,
and
Horae
1570 withbordersareinthefollowing
collections:
Berlin, Phoebe Avery, at theNational
formerly GalleryofArtin
Staatsbibliothek
(Lib.imp.rari8° 279),Madrid,
Biblioteca DC,for
Washington, confirmingformethatinthepreceding

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 31
Table 1(cont.)
Copies:-► 1575Monumenta 1581Monumenta

Subjects:
J, TypeC TypeD TypeE TypeF TypeG TypeH
BustofChrist MH 2147a(IHW) MH 2147a(IHW)
fol.A4r fol.A4r
Jacob's PH MH 2172(IHW)
Ladder95 fol.B fol.Bßr
StMatthew MH 2222(IHW) MH 2222A (IHW) MH 2222a (Anon.)
fol.Eir fol.Eir fol.Eir
StMark MH 2223(IHW) MH 2223A (IHW) MH 2223a (Anon.)
fol.E2r fol.E2r fol.E2r
StLuke96 MH 2224(IHW) MH 2224A (IHW) MH 2224(IHW) Anon.97
StJohn MH 2225(IHW) MH 2225A (IHW) MH 2225A (IHW)
Annunciation MH 2181b (ADB) MH 2181c (Anon.)
fol.E6r fol.E6r
Visitation MH 2182a (ADB) MH 2182(IHW) MH 2182b (PH)
Nativity MH b
2184 (PH) MH 2184b (PH)
fol.Fir fol.Fir
Circumcision MH 2185A (IHW) MH 2185a (Anon.)
fol.F2r fol.F2r
Adoration MH 2186b (Anon.) MH 2186(IHW)
oftheMagi fol.F3r fol.F3r
toEgypt
Flight MH 2190b (Anon.) MH 2190 MH 2190b (Anon.)
fol.F4r (IHW) fol.F4r
fol.F4r
of
Raising MH 2197(IHW) MH 2197a (PH)
Lazarus fol.G5r fol.G5r
Betrayal MH 2203(IHW) MH 2203A (IHW)
fol.H2r fol.H2r
EcceHomo MH 2208a (PH) MH 2208(IHW)
fol.H7r fol.H7r
Crucifixion MH 2209(IHW) MH 2209A MH 2209(IHW)
fol.Iir (IHW) fol.Iir
fol.Iir
Descent MH 2210(IHW) MH 2210A (IHW)
fromtheCross fol.I2r fol.I2r
Entombment MH 2211A (HRW) MH 2211 MH 2211A MH 2211(IHW)
fol.I3r (IHW) (HRW) fol.I3r
fol.I3r fol.I3r
Resurrection MH 2212A (IHW) MH 2212(IHW)
fol.I4r fol.I4r
Pentecost MH 2216a (ADB) MH 2216(IHW) MH 2216(IHW)
fol.I7r fol.I7r fol.I7r
LastJudgement MH 2221A (IHW) MH 2221A (IHW)
fol.K2r fol.K2r
books thethree
(like books ofthefirst
inTable2),none
charted tionfromthat inMH2172
represented not
andisconsequently
PHborders
four wereused. inM-HWierix.
listed
95.ThePHengravingofthis
subject composi- 96. Ibid.
a different
isafter

32 PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES
Table 2:
Bordersusedin Plantin'soctavo
Editionsof
AriasMontano'sHumanae salutis
monumenta
g 1570Horae TypeA illustrations

Monumenta,
1571
'§•
u
fl3 ^ ~ œ S C4
-g g* & c ^ g §> §
â S., allai» i I 1 g I 1
i ISS ^ j eg J g I tg
PH i X X X X X X
PH 2 X X X X X X
PH 3 X X X X X X
PH 4 XXX X X X
PH 5 X X A8 A5 A5 X X
ISDi X
ISD2 X
ISD3 X
ISD4 X
ISD 5 X
ISP 6 X
Anon.i X
Anon.2 X X Aj A7 A7 X X
Anon.3 X ~ ~ "
Anon.4 X X ? A8 A8 X X
Anon.5 ~ "
Anon.6 X X A7 A6 Ã6 X X
Anon.7
Anon.8
TABLE 2: Bordersused in Plantin'soctavo editionsof tionfortheengraver responsible fortheborder, ifknown:

AriasMontano'sHumanae salutis
monumenta 'PH' forPieter
Huys,'ISD' forjanSadelerI, andAnon.'for
ThisTableprovides anoverview ofalloftheborders usedto an anonymous artist.
Eachborder cangenerally be distin-
embellish 1571and1575editions
Plantin's ofAriasMontano's guished bythesequence ofobjectsfound inthebottom strip
Monumenta. His 1581edition
hasbeenomitted herebecause oftheborder, moving from left
toright,andtheplacement of
noborders wereincludedinit.Plantin's
1570HoraeBeatissimaetheengraver's initials(ifincluded).The following borders
Mariae
Vìrginis (PP1365-1368) hasbeenincluded becausethe appearinthe1571 and1575editions oftheMonumenta :
majorityoftheborders discussed usedtodecorate PH i: strawberries,
werefirst birdonan apple,rose(PH inthelower
somecopiesofthisbook.97Thedecoration ofeachcopyislist- right)
(compare ISD 1andfigs 8, 10and11).
ed individually, thatthegivenborder PH 2:finch,
wherean 'x' indicates frog, owl,hoopoe(PH inthelowerright) (com-
regularly
appears inthecorrespondingcopy. leaf pareISD 2 andfig.
Ifa specific 5).
ofthecopyis noted(forexample, A8 or¿2), thisindicates PH 3: pheasant?, flower,parrot onberries (PH inthelower
thatthegivenborder appears onlyontherectoofthatpartic- right)
(compare ISD 3).
ularleafandnotthroughout thecorresponding book.Each PH 4: goose,largeflower, peacock(PH in thelowerright)
borderis identified
bya number, preceded byan abbrevia- (compare ISD 4).
97.Althoughalloftheengravingslisted
hereforthissubject
are sible
toknowwhether
leafA6wouldalsohavebeenillustrated
after
thesamecomposition, theanonymous engraving cited withan'exceptional'
border asAnon.
(such 4),liketheother
undertheType H groupofillustrations
forthe1581Monumenta leaves
with
borders
inthis andlike
gathering thecopiesinBasel
isnotcatalogued
inM-HWierix. andVienna.
98.Thiscopyismissing
leaves
A6,B3,B6andB7.Thus, itisimpos-

PLANTIN'S
WORKING
PRACTICES 33
PH 5:catandmouse, radishesorbeets,turkey(Pin theupper border appearstobe a later
stateofthisone.
H intheupperright)
left, (compare Anon.1). ISD 6: foxwitha birdinhismouth, henandchicks, stork
or
birdonanapple,rose(ISD inthelower crane(ISD inlowerright
ISD 1:strawberries, ofbottom strip,abovethechicks)
right)
(compare PH 1). (compare Anon.4 and5).TheAnon.7 border appearstobe
ISD 2:finch, owl,hoopoe(ISD inthelower
frog, (com- a laterstateofthisone.
right)
parePH 2). Anon.1:catandmouse, radishesorbeets, turkey
(compare
ISD 3:pheasant?,flower,parrotonberries(ISD inthelower pH 5)-
right)
(compare PH 3). Anon.2: lion,sheep,dog,allwithout obvious tonguesand
ISD 4: goose,largeflower,peacock(ISD inthelowerright) withnooutline ofa hilldrawn inbehind them. In addition,
(compare PH 4). thewings ofthebirdintheupperright touchthelineindi-
ISD 5:finchona thistle,
wolf a sheep,
attacking storkorcrane cating theouteredgeofthecomposition (compare Anon.3
witha frog(ISD,inbottom abovetheheadsofthewolf andfig.7).
strip,
andsheep). incontrast
Finally, withthecomparable Anon.6 Anon.3:lion,sheep, dog,allwithtongues clearly out.
sticking
border,thefaceofthebatintheupperright oftheright side In an initial thereis no oudineofa hillbehindthem
state,
stripfacesfrontally,
withbotheyesvisible. The Anon.8 (see,forexample, KBR:LP 3007A,a copyofthe1570Horae).
Table2 (cont.)
1571Monumenta
, TypeB illustrations" Monumenta
1575 :100
•| 1 TypeC ills.J,
<3 TypeD J,
£ M . Ü
£
ojfe 73 o 4_>
q U I P
PH i X X X Ki A7 G4,G7 X XX
PH 2 K2 K2 A6 GI,G2
PH 3 X X X A5 G5,G6 X X
PH 4 X X X A8 Ki G3,G8
PH 5 X X X Ki 16,17
ISD i XXXXXXXX
ISD 2 X X X X X
ISD 3 XXXXXXXX
ISD 4 X X X X X
ISD 5 X X X X X
ISD 6 X X X X X
Anon,i XXXXA6XXX
Anon.2 X X X I4J5 X
Anon.3 XXXXA7XXX
Anon.4 X X X K2 I2,13
Anon.5 X X X
Anon.6 X X X K2 Ii,I8,K2 D6, Ki D5,H2 D7,Ii X
Anon.7 A8 H8 H2 X
Anon.8 Di X X X
99.I amgrateful
toDariusA.Spiethfor
collecting for
information bordersAnon. 7andAnon. 8inthiscopy,for
thesebordersare
meontheselection ofborders intheHarvard
present and common tocopiesofthe1575 Monumenta (asindicated
edition
Boston FortheGhent
copies. copy, recall
please thatonly
gath- inthis
Table),while
onlytheirearlier
states, byISD
represented
B,C andI haveborders,
erings whilegatheringA isfromthe arepresent
6 andISD 5 respectively, incopiesofthe157 1
1581Monumentaeditioninsteadofthe1571 edition.Forthe Monumenta.I amgratefultoMargaret KulisoftheNewberry
Chicago copy,
please that
recall E andI donothave
gatherings Library,
Chicago,forhervaluablehelpinresolving I
questions
anyborders.Inaddition,
while ofthegatherings hadconcerning
themajority thebordersusedtoillustrate
thisbook.
inthiscopywereprinted in157 A andD were 100.I have
1,gatherings notyet beenabletogatherthenecessary on
information
printed Thisexplains
in1575. theexceptionalappearanceof thebordersintheLondon copy ofthe1575Monumenta.

34 PLANTIN'S WORKING PRACTICES
In a laterstate,
theoutline
andshading oftheground upon contrast withthecomparable ISD 5 andAnon.8 borders, the
which theystandhasbeenadded(compare, forexample, the faceofthebatin theupperright oftheright sidestripis
Antwerp copyofthe1575Monumenta). Finally,in all states turnedtothelefthere,with justoneeyevisible.
there isnowa little
roombetween theouter edgeofthecom- Anon.7:foxwitha birdinhismouth, henandchicks (witha
positionandthewings ofthebirdintheupper right(compare beetle drawn inabovetheir headswhere theISD initials
were
Anon.2). intheISD 6 border),
stork orcrane(compare Anon.5).This
Anon.4: foxwitha birdinhismouth, henandchicks (with appears tobea laterstateoftheISD 6 border.
nothing abovetheir heads),storkorcrane(compare ISD 6, Anon.8:finch ona thistie,
wolf a sheep(with
attacking a but-
Anon.5 and7). abovetheirheadswheretheISD initials
terfly wereinthe
Anon.5:foxwitha birdinhismouth; henandchicks (with a ISD 5 border),stork
orcranewitha frog. incontrast
Finally,
moth orbutterflyabovetheir stork
heads), orcrane(compare with thecomparableAnon.6 border, thefaceofthebatinthe
ISD 6,Anon.4 and7). upperrightoftheright sidestrip facesfrontally,
withboth
Anon.6:finch ona thistie,
wolf a sheep(with
attacking noth- eyesvisible.
Thisborder appears tobea laterstate
oftheISD
ingabovetheir stork
heads), orcranewitha frog.Finally, in 5 border.
The Cries of London by Paul Sandby

and Thomas Rowlandson
Mark Bills
The firstknownprintedimagesofLondon'sstreet The outwardformof the printedsetsof London

criesdate fromaround1600.' Althoughtheirinitial streetcries that outlinedthe typesand individuals
appearancein Englandowedalmosteverything to the foundtradingon theLondonstreets changedradically
Continentalmodelson whichtheywere based, the throughout threecenturies.Despite this,theyoften
universalthemeof itinerant streettraderswas devel- containthesamecharacters plyingtheirtrades,albeit
oped in Londonwithitsown uniquecharacteristics,transformed in costumeand sophisticationof depic-
throughout the seventeenth, eighteenthand nine- tion.The cryitself, or thestreetverseassociatedwith
teenthcenturies. The largenumberofserialimagesof the trader,frequendy remainedunchangedthrough
streetcriesproducedbyanonymous, as wellas known, centuries,
and in somecasesappearsas thesametide
artiststestifiesto their enduringpopularity.The forprintsof different periods.These oftenfollowed
numerous itineranttraders
whowanderedtheLondon musicalphrasingand providedthebasisforcomposi-
characterized
streets, by theirindividualstreetcries, tionsfromcomposers suchas OrlandoGibbons(1583-
offered artistsa richand oftencolourfulsubjectfor 1625).If ^e archetypes remainedremarkably consis-
theirart.Costume,gesticulation and thecriesthem- tent,theoutwardaccoutrements changedmarkedly, as
selvescombinedto providesubject-matter thatused did the varyingsophistication of the images and
languageandmusicalintonation alongsidevisualspec- approachofindividual artists.
Audiencesoftheprints,
tacle.Theywerefascinating and entertaining, bothto consistingmosdyof the higherechelonsof society
theartistswhodrewand createdprintsafterthemand whosecontactwiththelessaffluent classeswaslimited
totheaudiencewhoassiduously consumedthem. mosdyto streettraders,wantedto recognizethose
Sincethis
article
waswritten,
SeanShesgreen's
book, ofthe theprints
Images considered
here.
Outcast:
TheUrban
PoorintheCries
ofLondon
, Manchester has i. K. Beali,
2002, Cries
andItinerant ABibliography,
Trades: Hamburg
1975,
beenpublished:
itcontains
illustrations
anddiscussions
ofseveral
of pp.117-24.
PRINT XX,
QUARTERLY, I
2OO3,


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Illustrating Books with Engravings: Plantin's Working Practices Revealed

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When consideringthe illustration of sixteenth-beforethewearon itwouldnecessitate havinga new

I would liketothank DirkImhof andMargit Thofner fortheir mid-i56os in Voet'sbookThePlantin Press(1555-1589):A

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4. WhileVoetdescribes justtwoeditions(onefrom andthe

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3. Ode l,fol.A$vinHumanae monumenta

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Plantin'sfirsteditionof it represents a stunning and above,thebetter-known assessmentsofthenumberof

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h. Seetheconcluding Appendix forthedetails

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16.Seetheconcluding Appendix fora sampling ofthedistinguish- Moretuses (DeBoekillustratie

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26.SeetheintroductoryremarksforTable2fora briefcharacter- groups ofborderswerethemselves

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29.When included, were

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33.Fortheextra potential usesofthese engravingsinthemid- ofKing DavidEnthroned

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Annunciation and theFlight intoEgypt),twoHuysengrav- werenewlyengravedbyJanWierixfortheillustration

37.While images (M-H2203)andtheDeath

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1570Horaeand the1571Monumenta , onlysixwereable

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unequal,as thereweresimplytoomanyopportunitiesally,betweenthefirst and thelastofa largenumberof

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63.SeeMPMArch. 16fols.177(rightside)and214(right for

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TABLE 1:The reuseand replacement ofengravings in Bruyn; IHW:JanWierix; HRW:Hieronymus Wierixand

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Copies:- ► 1570Horae 1571Monumenta 1573Officium

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Copies:-► 1575Monumenta 1581Monumenta

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g 1570Horae TypeA illustrations

TABLE 2: Bordersused in Plantin'soctavo editionsof tionfortheengraver responsible fortheborder, ifknown:

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The Cries of London by Paul Sandby

The firstknownprintedimagesofLondon'sstreet The outwardformof the printedsetsof London

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