Sure, let's go through each question one by one.

### Question One

#### (a) Explain five reasons that make C# a widely used professional programming
language.

1. **Versatility and Rich Library Support:**

- C# is a versatile language used for a variety of applications such as web,
desktop, mobile, games, and enterprise software.
- It has a rich set of libraries provided by the .NET framework, which
simplifies many programming tasks like database access, network communications, and
more.

2. **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):**

- C# fully supports OOP, which helps in managing large codebases, improves code
readability, and allows for reuse and modularity.
- Features like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation are well supported.

3. **Integrated Development Environment (IDE):**

- Visual Studio, the primary IDE for C#, offers robust tools for development,
debugging, and deployment, making the development process more efficient.
- Features such as IntelliSense, code refactoring, and integrated source control
are highly beneficial.

4. **Cross-Platform Development:**
- With the introduction of .NET Core (now .NET 5 and above), C# can be used for
cross-platform development, meaning you can write applications that run on Windows,
macOS, and Linux.
- This cross-platform capability has significantly increased its adoption.

5. **Strong Community and Support:**

- C# has a large and active community, with numerous forums, tutorials, and
documentation available online.
- Microsoft provides extensive support and regular updates, ensuring the
language stays current with industry trends and needs.

#### (b) Explain three features of C# programming language.

1. **Language-Integrated Query (LINQ):**

- LINQ allows querying of various data sources (like arrays, collections,
databases) directly within C# code in a type-safe manner.
- It enhances readability and maintainability of code that deals with data
manipulation.

2. **Asynchronous Programming:**
- C# provides async and await keywords to simplify asynchronous programming.
- This makes it easier to write code that performs I/O-bound operations without
blocking the main thread, improving application responsiveness.

3. **Automatic Memory Management:**

- C# utilizes garbage collection to automatically manage memory allocation and
deallocation.
- This reduces the likelihood of memory leaks and other memory-related issues,
making it easier for developers to focus on core logic.

#### (c) Explain the parts that makeup the basic structure of a C# program.

1. **Namespace Declaration:**
 - The `namespace` keyword is used to declare a scope that contains a set of
related objects. It helps in organizing code and avoiding naming conflicts.
- Example: `namespace HelloWorldApplication { ... }`

2. **Class Declaration:**
- Classes are the blueprint for objects. The `class` keyword is used to define a
class.
- Example: `class HelloWorld { ... }`

3. **Main Method:**
- The `Main` method is the entry point of a C# application. It is where the
program starts execution.
- It is declared as `static` and `void`, and typically takes an array of strings
as arguments.
- Example: `static void Main(string[] args) { ... }`

4. **Statements and Expressions:**

- These are the actions that are performed by the program. Statements are
written inside the methods and are executed sequentially.
- Example: `Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");`

5. **Using Directive:**
- The `using` directive is used to include the namespaces in the program, which
allows access to the classes and methods defined in those namespaces without fully
qualifying their names.
- Example: `using System;`

### Question Two

#### (a) Explain the concept of Object Oriented Programming.

- **Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)** is a programming paradigm based on the

concept of "objects," which can contain data and code to manipulate the data. The
main principles of OOP are:

1. **Encapsulation:** Bundling the data (attributes) and methods (functions) that

operate on the data into a single unit called a class.
2. **Abstraction:** Hiding the complex implementation details and showing only
the necessary features of the object.
3. **Inheritance:** Allowing a new class to inherit the properties and methods of
an existing class, promoting code reuse.
4. **Polymorphism:** Allowing objects to be treated as instances of their parent
class rather than their actual class. It enables a single function to operate on
different types of objects.

#### (b) The C# program below was presented to Sarah who was applying for a C#
programming job to answer a few questions about it. Study it carefully and answer
the questions that follow it.

```csharp
1. using System;
2. namespace HelloWorldApplication
3. {
4. class HelloWorld
5. {
6. static void Main(string[] args)
7. {
8. // my first program in C#
9. Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
10. Console.ReadKey();
11. }
12. }
13. }
```

1. **What does the `using System;` directive do?**

- The `using System;` directive allows the program to use the classes and
methods defined in the `System` namespace, such as `Console`.

2. **Explain the purpose of the `Main` method.**

- The `Main` method is the entry point of the application. It is where the
program starts execution. It is a static method that can be called without creating
an instance of the class.

3. **What does the line `Console.WriteLine("Hello World");` do?**

- The line `Console.WriteLine("Hello World");` prints the string "Hello World"
to the console.

4. **What is the purpose of the `Console.ReadKey();` statement?**

- The `Console.ReadKey();` statement waits for the user to press a key before
closing the console window. This allows the user to see the output before the
program terminates.

These answers should cover the questions provided in the image. Let me know if you
need any further assistance!
### Question One

#### (b) Explain the meaning of each of the statements numbered 1 to 7.

1. **`using System;`**
- This directive allows the program to use the classes and methods defined in
the `System` namespace. It enables access to essential classes such as `Console`
without needing to fully qualify their names.

2. **`namespace HelloWorldApplication`**
- This line declares a namespace called `HelloWorldApplication`. Namespaces are
used to organize code and prevent naming conflicts by grouping related classes and
other types.

3. **`class HelloWorld`**
- This line declares a class named `HelloWorld`. A class is a blueprint for
creating objects, and it encapsulates data and methods that operate on the data.

4. **`static void Main(string[] args)`**

- This is the main method, which is the entry point of the program. It is
declared as `static` so it can be called without creating an instance of the class.
The method returns `void` (no value) and takes an array of strings as its
parameter.

5. **`/* my first program in C# */`**

- This is a multi-line comment. It is used to include remarks in the code that
are not executed. Comments are useful for explaining code and making it more
readable.

6. **`Console.WriteLine("Hello World");`**
- This statement outputs the string "Hello World" to the console. The
`WriteLine` method is a part of the `Console` class, which is used for standard
input and output.
7. **`Console.ReadKey();`**
- This statement waits for the user to press a key before closing the console
window. It is useful for keeping the console window open so the user can see the
output before the program terminates.

#### (c) Using code examples, explain the two types of comments used in C#.

1. **Single-Line Comments:**
- Single-line comments start with `//` and continue until the end of the line.
- Example:
```csharp
// This is a single-line comment
Console.WriteLine("Hello World"); // This comment is also valid
```

2. **Multi-Line Comments:**
- Multi-line comments start with `/*` and end with `*/`. They can span multiple
lines.
- Example:
```csharp
/*
* This is a multi-line comment.
* It can span multiple lines.
*/
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
```

### Question Three

#### (a) Define a variable as used in C# programming.

- A **variable** in C# is a storage location identified by a name that holds data

that can be modified during program execution. Variables have a type that
determines what kind of data they can hold, such as integers, floating-point
numbers, characters, and more.

#### (b) State three categories of variables as used in C#.

1. **Local Variables:**
- These are declared within a method and can only be accessed within that
method.
- Example:
```csharp
void ExampleMethod() {
int localVar = 10;
}
```

2. **Instance Variables (Fields):**

- These are declared in a class and represent the state or attributes of an
object. They are accessible by all methods in the class.
- Example:
```csharp
class MyClass {
int instanceVar = 20;
}
```
3. **Static Variables:**
- These are declared with the `static` keyword and belong to the class itself
rather than any instance. They are shared among all instances of the class.
- Example:
```csharp
class MyClass {
static int staticVar = 30;
}
```

#### (c) Define identifier as used in C# programming.

- An **identifier** is a name given to a variable, method, class, or other elements

in a C# program. Identifiers must begin with a letter or an underscore (`_`) and
can be followed by letters, digits, or underscores. They are case-sensitive.

#### (d) Explain three class naming conventions in C#.

1. **Pascal Casing:**
- Class names should follow Pascal casing, where the first letter of each word
is capitalized.
- Example: `MyClass`, `CustomerOrder`.

2. **Meaningful and Descriptive:**

- Class names should be meaningful and describe the purpose or functionality of
the class.
- Example: `InvoiceManager`, `DataProcessor`.

3. **Avoiding Prefixes:**
- Do not use prefixes like `C` or `T` for class names. Modern naming conventions
avoid such practices.
- Example: Instead of `CInvoice` or `TCustomer`, use `Invoice` or `Customer`.

#### (e) In C# programming, there are a number of Keywords. These are reserved
words predefined to the C# compiler and cannot be used as identifiers. State seven
of such words.

1. **int**
2. **class**
3. **static**
4. **void**
5. **namespace**
6. **public**
7. **private**

These answers should cover the questions provided in the image. Let me know if you
need further assistance!
### Question Four

#### (a) Explain four different literals available in C# programming language.

1. **Integer Literals:**
- Represent whole numbers without a fractional part.
- Example: `int a = 10;`

2. **Floating-Point Literals:**
- Represent numbers with fractional parts.
- Example: `float b = 10.5f;` or `double c = 20.5;`
3. **Character Literals:**
- Represent a single character enclosed in single quotes.
- Example: `char d = 'A';`

4. **String Literals:**
- Represent a sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes.
- Example: `string e = "Hello, World!";`

#### (b) Examine four types of operators used in C#.

1. **Arithmetic Operators:**
- Used for performing basic arithmetic operations.
- Example: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/`, `%`
- Usage: `int sum = a + b;`

2. **Relational Operators:**
- Used to compare two values.
- Example: `==`, `!=`, `>`, `<`, `>=`, `<=`
- Usage: `bool isEqual = a == b;`

3. **Logical Operators:**
- Used to perform logical operations.
- Example: `&&` (AND), `||` (OR), `!` (NOT)
- Usage: `bool result = (a > b) && (c < d);`

4. **Assignment Operators:**
- Used to assign values to variables.
- Example: `=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`
- Usage: `a += 5;` (equivalent to `a = a + 5;`)

### Question Five

#### (a) Explain the difference between public and static modifiers.

- **Public Modifier:**
- The `public` keyword is an access modifier that makes a class, method, or
variable accessible from any other class.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
public int MyPublicVariable;
public void MyPublicMethod() { }
}
```

- **Static Modifier:**
- The `static` keyword means that the member belongs to the class itself rather
than to any specific instance of the class. Static members can be accessed without
creating an instance of the class.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
public static int MyStaticVariable;
public static void MyStaticMethod() { }
}
```

#### (b) State the difference between an Array and ArrayList.

- **Array:**
- Fixed in size, meaning the number of elements must be specified at the time of
creation and cannot be changed.
- Example:
```csharp
int[] myArray = new int[5];
```

- **ArrayList:**
- Dynamic in size, meaning it can grow and shrink as elements are added or
removed. It is part of the `System.Collections` namespace.
- Example:
```csharp
ArrayList myArrayList = new ArrayList();
myArrayList.Add(1);
myArrayList.Add("Hello");
```

#### (c) Explain the following C# Programming concepts:

(i) **An object:**

- An instance of a class that contains data and methods defined by the class.
Objects are created using the `new` keyword.
- Example:
```csharp
MyClass myObject = new MyClass();
```

(ii) **A constructor:**

- A special method in a class that is called when an object of the class is
instantiated. Constructors are used to initialize objects.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
public MyClass() {
// Constructor code here
}
}
```

(iii) **Jagged Array:**

- An array of arrays, where each element is itself an array. The inner arrays
can be of different lengths.
- Example:
```csharp
int[][] jaggedArray = new int[3][];
jaggedArray[0] = new int[2];
jaggedArray[1] = new int[3];
jaggedArray[2] = new int[1];
```

(iv) **Serialization:**
- The process of converting an object into a format that can be stored or
transmitted and later reconstructed. Commonly used formats include XML, JSON, and
binary.
- Example:
```csharp
[Serializable]
public class MyClass {
 public int MyProperty { get; set; }
}
```

(v) **Interface class:**

- An interface defines a contract that classes can implement. It can contain
method signatures and properties but no implementation.
- Example:
```csharp
public interface IMyInterface {
void MyMethod();
}

public class MyClass : IMyInterface {

public void MyMethod() {
// Implementation here
}
}
```

### Question Six

#### (a) Explain a structure as used in C#.

- A **structure** in C# is a value type that is used to encapsulate small groups of

related variables. It is similar to a class but is usually used for simpler,
lightweight objects.
- Example:
```csharp
public struct MyStruct {
public int MyField;
public void MyMethod() {
// Method code here
}
}
```

#### (b) Explain three differences between a class and a structure.

1. **Type:**
- Class: Reference type, allocated on the heap.
- Structure: Value type, allocated on the stack.

2. **Inheritance:**
- Class: Supports inheritance (can inherit from other classes).
- Structure: Does not support inheritance (cannot inherit from other structures
or classes).

3. **Default Constructor:**
- Class: Can have a parameterless constructor defined by the user.
- Structure: Cannot have a parameterless constructor defined by the user; it
automatically has a default parameterless constructor.

#### (c) With C# code illustrations, write the structure of the following
conditional statements:

(i) **if-else:**
```csharp
int a = 10;
 if (a > 5) {
Console.WriteLine("a is greater than 5");
} else {
Console.WriteLine("a is not greater than 5");
}
```

(ii) **do-while:**
```csharp
int a = 0;
do {
Console.WriteLine(a);
a++;
} while (a < 5);
```

(iii) **while:**
```csharp
int a = 0;
while (a < 5) {
Console.WriteLine(a);
a++;
}
```

These answers should cover the questions provided in the image. Let me know if you
need further assistance!
### Question

#### (a) Explain four principles of OOP.

1. **Encapsulation:**
- Encapsulation is the principle of bundling data (variables) and methods
(functions) that operate on the data into a single unit or class. It restricts
direct access to some of an object's components, which is a means of preventing
accidental interference and misuse of the data. Access to the data is typically
provided through public methods.
- Example:
```csharp
public class Person {
private string name;

public void SetName(string name) {

this.name = name;
}

public string GetName() {

return name;
}
}
```

2. **Inheritance:**
- Inheritance is the mechanism by which one class (child or derived class) can
inherit properties and methods from another class (parent or base class). This
promotes code reuse and establishes a natural hierarchical relationship between
classes.
- Example:
```csharp
 public class Animal {
public void Eat() {
Console.WriteLine("Eating...");
}
}

public class Dog : Animal {

public void Bark() {
Console.WriteLine("Barking...");
}
}
```

3. **Polymorphism:**
- Polymorphism allows methods to do different things based on the object it is
acting upon, even though they share the same name. It can be achieved through
method overriding (dynamic polymorphism) and method overloading (static
polymorphism).
- Example (Method Overriding):
```csharp
public class Animal {
public virtual void MakeSound() {
Console.WriteLine("Some sound...");
}
}

public class Dog : Animal {

public override void MakeSound() {
Console.WriteLine("Bark");
}
}
```

4. **Abstraction:**
- Abstraction involves hiding the complex implementation details and showing
only the necessary features of an object. It helps in reducing complexity and
allows the programmer to focus on interactions at a high level.
- Example:
```csharp
public abstract class Shape {
public abstract void Draw();
}

public class Circle : Shape {

public override void Draw() {
Console.WriteLine("Drawing a circle");
}
}
```

#### (b) Mention three access modifiers supported by C#.

1. **public:**
- The `public` access modifier allows a class, method, or variable to be
accessible from any other class or method.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
public int myField;
 }
```

2. **private:**
- The `private` access modifier restricts access to the containing class only.
Members declared as private cannot be accessed outside the class.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
private int myField;
}
```

3. **protected:**
- The `protected` access modifier allows access to the containing class and any
derived classes. It is used when inheritance is involved.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
protected int myField;
}
```

#### (c) State the difference between static and dynamic polymorphism.

1. **Static Polymorphism:**
- Also known as compile-time polymorphism.
- Achieved through method overloading and operator overloading.
- The decision of which method to call is made at compile time.
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
public void Display(int a) {
Console.WriteLine(a);
}

public void Display(string b) {

Console.WriteLine(b);
}
}
```

2. **Dynamic Polymorphism:**
- Also known as run-time polymorphism.
- Achieved through method overriding, where a base class method is overridden in
a derived class.
- The decision of which method to call is made at run time.
- Example:
```csharp
public class Animal {
public virtual void MakeSound() {
Console.WriteLine("Some sound...");
}
}

public class Dog : Animal {

public override void MakeSound() {
Console.WriteLine("Bark");
}
 }
```

#### (d) Explain function overloading as used in C# programming.

- **Function Overloading:**
- Function overloading allows multiple methods in the same class to have the same
name but different parameters (type, number, or both). It is a type of static
polymorphism.
- The compiler determines which method to invoke based on the method signature
(the method name and the parameter list).
- Example:
```csharp
public class MyClass {
public void Display(int a) {
Console.WriteLine(a);
}

public void Display(string b) {

Console.WriteLine(b);
}

public void Display(int a, string b) {

Console.WriteLine(a + " " + b);
}
}
```

In this example, the `Display` method is overloaded with different parameter lists.
The correct version of the method is called based on the arguments passed during
the method invocation.