An Introduction to Policing 9th Edition

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Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
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 An Introduction
to Policing
Ninth Edition

John S. Dempsey
Captain, New York City Police Department (Retired)
Professor Emeritus of Criminal Justice, Suffolk Community College
Mentor in Criminal Justice and Public Administration, SUNY-Empire State College

Linda S. Forst
Captain, Boca Raton Police Department (Retired)
Professor of Criminal Justice, Shoreline Community College

Steven B. Carter
Sergeant, Modesto Police Department (Retired)

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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 An Introduction to Policing, Ninth Edition © 2019, 2016 Cengage Learning, Inc.
John S. Dempsey, Linda S. Forst, Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
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 Ded ic at ion
This book is dedicated to my late husband, Captain James E. Duke, Jr. (pictured
below), and our beautiful daughters, Brynn and Juleigh, as well as my son-in-law,
Taylor. —L.S.F.

This book is dedicated to my wife Rebecca Lynn Carter, my three daughters, Sarah,
Mellissa and Rebekah and my seven grandchildren – S.B.C.

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HONORING THE MEMORY AND CELEBRATING
THE LIFE OF JOHN S. DEMPSEY (JACK)
Jack Dempsey, senior author of An Introduction to Policing, Introduction to
Investigations, Introduction to Private Security, and POLICE died on Sunday,
August 3, 2014, in New York at the age of 68. Jack was a member of the New
York Police Department from 1964 to 1988, rising through the ranks of police
officer, sergeant, lieutenant, and captain. He received his BA from John Jay
College of Criminal Justice, his Masters in criminal justice from Long Island
University, and his Masters in public administration from Harvard University,
John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Upon his retirement from law enforcement, Jack dedicated his time and
efforts to teaching and mentoring students at Suffolk Community College
and State University of New York, Empire College and across the country. He
was awarded the prestigious “Who Made a Difference Award” from Suffolk
Community College for his dedication to his students.
Jack’s commitment to professional law enforcement was visible in
everything he did. It is impossible to know just how many students and police
officers he influenced and educated as his books are widely read across the
nation. Jack had a magnetic personality and a lot of charisma, making it easy for
him to share his beliefs in ethical and professional law enforcement as well as his
unending desire to serve his community and students in any way that he could.
He was also devoted to his family and was so happy to spend time relaxing
with his wife, children, and grandchildren. He always had pictures to show, sto-
ries to tell and we all knew he was the “Grand Dude.” He was well known for
his infectious laugh, sense of humor, and New York accent!
Law enforcement is more professional, police officers are safer, and society
has benefited due to Jack’s efforts. For those of us lucky enough to know him
personally, he impacted our lives tremendously and we will be forever grateful
for his friendship, kindness, generosity, support, and mentoring. Jack’s legacy
will live on for generations.
Linda Forst

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 Brief Contents

Pa rt 1 Police History and Organization

1 Police History | 2
2 Organizing Public Security in the United States | 39
3 Organizing the Police Department | 71

Pa rt i i The Personal Side of Policing

4 Becoming a Police Officer | 104
5 The Police Role and Police Discretion | 132
6 Police Culture, Personality, and Stress | 161
7 Minorities in Policing | 193
8 Police Ethics and Police Deviance | 230

Pa rt i i i Police Operations
9 Patrol Operations | 266
10 Investigations | 303
11 Police and Their Clients | 332
12 Community Policing | 368
13 Police and the Law | 398

Pa rt i v Critical Issues in Policing

14 Computers, Technology, and Criminalistics in Policing | 464
15 Homeland Security | 532

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Contents

About the Authors | xvi

Preface | xviii

P ART I

Police History and Organization | 1

chapter 1 American Policing: Twentieth

and Twenty-First Centuries | 17
Police History | 2 Policing from 1900 to 1960 | 17
Early Police | 3 Policing in the 1960s and 1970s | 20
English Policing: Our Heritage | 4 You Are There  The Marin County Courthouse
Early History | 4 Incident | 24

Seventeenth-Century Policing: Thief-Takers | 5 Policing in the 1980s and 1990s | 26

Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners | 5 on the JOB History Is All Relative | 27

You Are There  England’s Early Experience with a Civil Policing in the 2000s | 29
Police Department | 6 Summary | 34
Peel’s Police: The Metropolitan Police for Key Terms | 36
London | 6
Review Exercises | 36
You Are There  Sir Robert Peel: The Founder of Modern
End Notes | 36
Policing | 8
American Policing: The Colonial
Chapter 2
Experience | 8
The North: The Watch | 9 Organizing Public Security in
The South: Slave Patrols
and Codes | 9
the United States | 39
American Policing: Eighteenth The U.S. Public Security Industry | 40
and Nineteenth Centuries | 10 Local Law Enforcement | 42
The Urban Experience | 10 Metropolitan Law Enforcement | 43
You Are There  First Urban U.S. Police Departments | 11 You Are There  Some Interesting Facts About Local Police
You Are There  You Decide: Where Does the Term “Cops” Departments | 44
Come From? | 11 County Law Enforcement | 44
Guest Lecture  County Sheriff’s Departments: Working in Rural and Small-Town Law Enforcement | 45
Relative Anonymity | 12 You Are There  Some Interesting Facts About Sheriffs’
You Are There  New York City Police Museum | 14 Offices | 45
The Southern Experience | 15 Indian Country and Tribal Law Enforcement | 48
The Frontier Experience | 15 Campus Law Enforcement | 49

vi

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 Contents vii

Local Law Enforcement and Illegal Ethical Leadership | 75

Immigration | 50 Traditional Organizational Model and
Law Enforcement and Sanctuary Cities | 51 Structure | 75
Law Enforcement in the Era of Reduced Chain of Command | 76
Budgets | 52 Guest Lecture  The Message | 77
You Are There  Reductions in Police Force from Economic Span of Control | 79
Downturn | 52 Delegation of Responsibility
Guest Lecture  A Sound Base and Broad Mind Lead to and Authority | 79
Endless Successes and Countless Opportunities | 53 Unity of Command | 79
State Law Enforcement | 54 Rules, Regulations, and
Federal Law Enforcement | 56 Discipline | 79
Department of Justice | 56 Alternative Organizational Models and
You Are There  Lawsuit Resulting from Structures | 82
Operation Fast and Furious | 61 Organizing by Personnel | 84
Department of the Treasury | 61 The Civil Service System | 84
Department of Homeland Security | 62 Sworn and Nonsworn
Department of the Interior | 63 (Civilian) Personnel | 84
Department of Defense | 63 Rank Structure | 85
U.S. Postal Service | 64 Other Personnel | 88
Other Federal Enforcement Agencies | 64 on the JOB We’re All Working Together | 90
Joint Federal and Local Task Force Lateral Transfers | 90
Approach to Law Enforcement | 64 Police Unions | 91
International Police | 65 Organizing by Area | 92
ON tHE JOB Working Together Toward a Common Beats | 93
Goal | 66 Precincts/Districts/Stations | 94
Summary | 67 Organizing by Time | 94
Key Terms | 67 The Three-Tour System | 94
Review Exercises | 67 Tour Length: 8 Hours,
End Notes | 68 10 Hours, or 12 Hours | 95
Tour Conditions | 95
Steady (Fixed) Tours | 96
Chapter 3
Organizing by Function or Purpose | 97
Organizing the Police Line and Staff (Support) Functions | 97
Department | 71 Police Department Units | 97
Summary | 99
Organizing the Department: Managerial
Concepts | 72 Key Terms | 100
Division of Labor | 72 Review Exercises | 100
Managerial Definitions | 72 End Notes | 101
Managers, Supervisors, . . . or Leaders? | 74

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
viii Contents

P ART II

The Personal Side of Policing | 103

Chapter 4 GUEST LECTURE From Warriors to Guardians | 128

Summary | 129
Becoming a Police Officer | 104
Key Terms | 130
Finding Information on Jobs in Policing | 105 Review Exercises | 130
You Are There  Indiana State Police Qualifications | 106
End Notes | 130
Standards in Police Selection | 107
Physical Requirements | 107
Smoking | 107 Chapter 5

Age Requirements | 108

The Police Role and
Education Requirements | 108
Police Discretion | 132
Prior Drug Use | 110
Criminal Record Restrictions | 110 The Police Role | 133
The Recruitment Process | 111 Crime-Fighting Role | 133
The Job Analysis | 113 Order-Maintenance Role | 135

The Selection Process | 114 Ambiguity of the Police Role | 135

Characteristics of Good Police Officers | 115 Goals and Objectives of Policing | 136
Written Examination | 116 Primary Goals and Objectives | 137
Physical Agility Test | 116 Secondary Goals and Objectives | 137
You Are There  Sample Agility Tests Arlington, Texas, Police Operational Styles | 137
Police Department | 117 Guest Lecture  Trafficking Investigations Can Involve
Polygraph Examination | 117 Expanding Police Roles | 138
Oral Interview | 118 Police Discretion | 141
on the JOB The Oral Interview | 119 What Is Discretion? | 141
Background Investigation | 119 How Is Discretion Exercised? | 143
Psychological Appraisal | 120 Why Is Discretion Exercised? | 143
Medical Examination | 120 What Factors Influence Discretion? | 143
on the JOB Some Advice to Police Candidates | 121 The Ferguson Effect | 146
The Police Training Process | 121 How Can Discretion Be Controlled? | 146
Recruit Training | 121 You Are There You Decide | 147
The Police Academy | 121 on the JOB The Changing View | 148
Field Training | 123 CALEA Standards | 148
Probationary Period | 124 Police Shootings and the Use of Deadly
Firearms Training | 124 Force | 149
Guest Lecture  The Learning Process Continues | 125 Police Use of Force | 149
In-Service, Management, and Specialized Use of Force Policy and Monitoring Police Use of
Training | 126 Force | 149

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
 Contents ix

on the JOB The Public’s Perception | 150 Summary | 186

Number of Citizens Shot by the Police | 151 Key Terms | 187
Do Police Discriminate with Their Trigger Review Exercises | 187
Fingers? | 151
End Notes | 187
You Are There Tennessee v. Garner | 152
Departure from the “Fleeing Felon” Rule | 152 Chapter 7
You Are There Alternatives to the Fleeing Felon
Rule | 153 Minorities in Policing | 193
Firearms Training | 154 Discrimination in Policing | 194
Less-than-Lethal Force | 155 Discrimination Against Women | 194
Summary | 157 Discrimination Against African Americans | 196
Key Terms | 157 National Commissions to
Study Discrimination | 197
Review Exercises | 157
How Did Women and Minorities Strive for
End Notes | 158 Equality? | 197
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 | 198
Chapter 6 You Are There The Path to Equality: Court
Cases | 198
Police Culture, Personality, The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
and Stress | 161 1968 | 198
The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of
The Police Culture or Subculture | 162 1972 | 199
The Police Personality | 165 The Civil Rights Act of 1991 | 199
What Is the Police Personality? | 165 Federal Courts and Job Discrimination | 199
Is the Police Personality Innate or Learned? | 166 Affirmative Action Programs | 200
Police Cynicism | 167 White Male Backlash | 201
The Dirty Harry Problem | 168
You Are There The Walls Come Tumbling Down | 202
Police Stress | 169
Academic Studies on Job Performance of
What Is Stress? | 169 Minorities | 203
Nature of Stress in Policing | 169
Minorities in Policing Today | 207
Factors Causing Stress in Policing | 171
Female Representation | 207
You Are There A Cop’s Suicide by Cop | 174
Guest Lecture  No Prince Charming | 208
Effects of Stress on Police Officers | 174
African American Representation | 210
Stress and Police Families | 176
Hispanic Representation | 211
Police Departments Dealing with Stress | 176
Asian Representation | 213
Police Suicide | 179 Muslim Representation | 213
on the JOB Losing a Good Friend | 180 Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender
Police Danger | 181 Representation | 214
Officers Killed in the Line of Duty | 182 Challenges Persist for Minorities in
Officers Assaulted in the Line of Duty | 183 Policing | 216
Guest Lecture  In the Line of Duty | 184 Challenges for Women | 216
Police and Contagious Diseases | 184 Challenges for African Americans | 220

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x Contents

on the JOB We’ve Come a Long Way! | 221 Other Police Misconduct | 242
Challenges for Other Minorities | 224 Drug-Related Misconduct | 242
Summary | 225 Sleeping on Duty | 242
Key Terms | 225 Police Deception | 242
Review Exercises | 226 Sex-Related Misconduct | 243
Guest Lecture  Sexual Deviance by Police | 244
END NOTES | 226
Domestic Violence in Police Families | 245

Chapter 8 Biased-Based Policing | 247

Police Brutality | 249
Police Ethics and Responses to Police Corruption | 250
Police Deviance | 230 Investigations | 251
Ethics and the Police | 231 Discipline and Termination | 251
Preventive Administrative Actions | 252
The Dilemma of Law Versus Order | 233
Citizen Oversight | 254
You Are There National Commissions Overseeing the
Police | 233 Police Civil and Criminal Liability | 256
Review of the Police | 233 State Liability | 256
You Are There The Knapp Commission Discovers
Federal Liability | 256
Corruption | 234 Reasons for Suing Police Officers | 257
Police Corruption | 235 Effects of Lawsuits on Police Departments and
Officers | 258
Examples of Police Corruption | 236
The Emotional Toll of Police Lawsuits | 259
Reasons for Police Corruption | 237
Types and Forms of Corruption | 238 Summary | 260
Noble Cause Corruption | 239 Key Terms | 261
Effects of Police Corruption | 240 Review Exercises | 261
on the JOB Deviance and the Job | 241 End Notes | 261

P ART II i

Police Operations | 265

Chapter 9 Academic Studies of the Police Patrol
Function | 271
Patrol Operations | 266 From the Foot Beat to the Patrol Car | 272
Traditional Methods of Police Work | 267 on the JOB Rushing to the Scene | 273

Police Patrol Operations | 267 One-Officer Versus Two-Officer Patrol Cars | 274
Activities of the Patrol Officer | 268 Return to Foot Patrol | 275
The Legacy of O. W. Wilson | 268 Patrol Innovations: Working Smarter | 276
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Evidence-Based Policing | 276
Police Work | 269 Predictive Policing | 277
Random Routine Patrol: The Kansas City Smart Policing | 277
Study | 269 Personnel Deployment | 278
Rapid Response to Citizens’ 911 Calls | 270 Directing Patrol Efforts | 278

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 Contents xi

Differential Response to Calls for Service and the Improved Investigation of Past Crimes | 308
911 System | 279 Managing Criminal Investigations (MCI) | 308
Reverse 911 | 280 Mentoring and Training | 309
Smart911 | 280 Crime Analysis and Information
Allocation of Resources | 281 Management | 310
Personnel | 281 Crime Analysis | 310
Vehicles | 282 Information Management | 311
Alternative Strategies | 283 Multiagency Investigative Task Forces | 312
Tactical Operations | 283 Repeat Offender Programs (ROPs) | 313
Internet Registries | 314
Specialized Policing Responses to Individuals with
Mental Illness | 284 Guest Lecture  The Sandy Hook Elementary School
Shooting Investigation and Response | 315
Decoy Vehicles | 285
Global Positioning System (GPS) Technology,
You Are There RADAR at the King County Sheriff’s
Smartphones, and Social Media | 316
Office | 286
Surveillance Cameras | 318
Alternative Vehicle Deployment | 287
Cold-Case Squads | 319
Guest Lecture  Gang Investigation | 288
Proactive Tactics | 320
Police Traffic Operations | 289 Decoy Operations | 321
Video Camera Traffic Enforcement | 291 Stakeout Operations | 321
The Challenge of Distracted Drivers | 292
on the JOB Jogging on the Job | 322
Efforts Against Drunk Drivers and Impaired Sting Operations | 322
Drivers | 292
Cybercrime Investigations | 323
Fighting Aggressive Driving | 294
Undercover Operations | 324
Police Automobile Pursuits | 294
You Are There The Legality of Police Under­cover Drug
Other Police Operational Units | 297 Investigations: Gordon v. Warren Consolidated Board of
SWAT Teams and Police Paramilitary Units | 297 Education (1983) | 324
K-9 Units | 299 Police Undercover Investigations | 325
Summary | 299 Federal Undercover Investigations | 325
Key Terms | 300 Drug Undercover Investigations | 325
Review Exercises | 300 Entrapment | 327
END NOTES | 301 You Are There Jacobson v. United States, 1992 | 328
Summary | 329
Chapter 10 Key Terms | 330
Review Exercises | 330
Investigations | 303
End Notes | 330
Retroactive Investigation of Past Crimes by
Detectives | 304 Chapter 11
Detective Operations | 305
The Investigative Process | 305 Police and Their Clients | 332
What Detectives Do | 306 The Need for Proper Police–Community
The Detective Mystique | 307 Relationships | 333
Alternatives to Retroactive Investigation of Human Relations, Public Relations,
Past Crimes by Detectives | 308 and Community Relations | 334

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xii Contents

Public Opinion and the Police | 335 Chapter 12

You Are There Law Enforcement and Special

Olympics | 336
Community Policing | 368
Police and Minority Communities | 338 Corporate Strategies for Policing | 369
Multiculturalism | 338 The Philosophy of Community Policing and
African Americans | 339 Problem-Solving Policing | 370
Hispanic Americans | 340 Community Policing | 372
Asian Americans | 340 on the JOB Community Policing in the Bronx | 374
Native Americans | 340 Problem-Solving Policing | 375
Arab Americans and Muslims | 341
Successful Examples of Community-Oriented
Jews | 342 Policing | 377
Women | 343
Community Policing Today | 379
The LGBTQ Community | 343
Resident Officer Programs: The Ultimate in
New Immigrants | 344 Community Policing? | 382
Police and Special Populations | 345 on the JOB Community Policing in Florida | 382
The Physically Challenged | 345
The Federal Government and Community
on the JOB Risking All for the American Dream | 346 Policing | 384
The Aging Population | 347 The Crime Bill | 384
Young People | 349
Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
Guest Lecture  Don’t Give Up | 350 (COPS) | 385
Crime Victims | 352 Some Accomplishments of Community
on the JOB Police Exploring | 353 Policing | 387
Victims of Domestic Violence | 354 The Debate Continues on Community
The Mentally Ill | 355 Policing | 389
The Homeless | 356 Guest Lecture  Policing in the Sphere of Illegal
Community Crime Prevention Programs | 357 Immigration | 392
Neighborhood Watch Programs | 358 Homeland Security and the Future of
National Night Out | 358 Community Policing | 392
Citizen Patrols | 359 Summary | 394
Citizen Volunteer Programs | 359 Key Terms | 395
Home Security Surveys and Operation
Review Exercises | 395
Identification | 360
Police Storefront Stations or Ministations | 360 End Notes | 395
Crime Stoppers | 361 Chapter 13
Mass Media Campaigns | 361
Chaplain Programs | 363 Police and the Law | 398
Citizen Police Academies | 363
Crime in the United States | 399
Other Police-Sponsored Crime Prevention
The Judicial Process | 399
Programs | 363
How Do We Measure Crime? | 400
Police and Business Cooperation | 364
Bureau of Justice Statistics | 401
Summary | 365
How Much Crime Occurs in the United
Key Terms | 365 States? | 401
Review Exercises | 366 Arrests in the United States | 402
End Notes | 366 Crime and Punishment | 402

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 Contents xiii

The Police and the U.S. Constitution | 403 You Are There United States v. Leon (1984) | 436
Guest Lecture  A View from the Interior: Policing the The Police and Custodial Interrogation | 437
Protests at the Wisconsin State Capitol | 404 The Path to Miranda | 437
The Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth You Are There Brown v. Mississippi (1936) | 438
Amendment | 406
You Are There McNabb v. United States (1943) and
The Role of the Supreme Court in Regulating the Mallory v. United States (1957) | 439
Police | 407
The Miranda Ruling | 439
The Exclusionary Rule | 407
You Are There  Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) | 440
You Are There Weeks v. United States (1914) | 408
The Erosion of Miranda | 440
You Are There Rochin v. California (1952) | 408
You Are There  Miranda v. Arizona (1966) | 441
You Are There Mapp v. Ohio (1961) | 409
You Are There  Brewer v. Williams (1977) and Nix v.
on the JOB Law Is History: Know Your Facts | 410 Williams (1984) | 442
The Police and Arrest | 411 You Are There  Rhode Island v. Innis (1980) | 443
Probable Cause | 412 You Are There  New York v. Quarles (1984) | 444
Reasonable and Deadly Force in Making You Are There  Moran v. Burbine (1986) | 445
Arrests | 414
The Dickerson Ruling and Beyond | 447
Police Traffic Stops | 415
You Are There  Texas v. Cobb (2001) | 448
You Are There Los Angeles v. Mendez; 581 U.S.
You Are There  Missouri v. Seibert (2004) | 450
___(2017) | 416
Police and Surreptitious Recording of Suspects’
You Are There Delaware v. Prouse (1979) | 416
Conversations | 451
on the JOB Crime and the Community | 418
Police Eyewitness Identification
The Police and Search and Seizure | 419 Procedures | 453
YOU ARE THERE­ The Castle Doctrine in “Stand-Your- Lineups, Showups, and Photo Arrays | 453
Ground” Laws | 420
You Are There  United States v. Wade (1967) | 453
You Are There Katz v. United States (1967) | 421
Other Identification Procedures | 454
Canine Sniffs | 421
You Are There  Winston v. Lee (1985) | 455
The Warrant Requirement and the Search
Summary | 456
Warrant | 423
Key Terms | 458
You Are There Illinois v. Gates (1983) | 425
Exceptions to the Warrant Requirement | 426 Review Exercises | 458
You Are There Terry v. Ohio (1968) | 429 End Notes | 458
You Are There Carroll v. United States (1925) | 436

P ART i v

Critical Issues in Policing | 463

Chapter 14 You Are There  When CAD Systems Do Not Work as

Advertised | 468
Computers, Technology, and Automated Databases | 469
Criminalistics in Policing | 464 Automated Crime Analysis (Crime Mapping) | 470
You Are There  Sample ViCAP Alert—April 2006 | 470
Computer Technology in Policing | 465
Computer-Aided Investigation (Computer-Aided
Computer-Aided Dispatch (CAD) | 466
Case Management) | 471

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xiv Contents

Computer-Assisted Instruction | 473 You Are There Criminalistics and Good Old Detective
Administrative Uses of Computers | 473 Work Find Suspect in Hit and Run | 500

Computer Networks and the Internet | 474 The Modern Crime Lab | 500
Mobile Technology | 475 Crime Lab Accreditation | 504
Guest Lecture  The Evolution of Technology and Child Computer/Digital Forensics | 505
Pornography Investigations | 476 You Are There Credibility of Crime Lab in Question | 505
Fingerprint Technology | 478 DNA Profiling | 508
Basic Categories of Fingerprints | 479 The Science of DNA | 508
You Are There Some Fingerprint Facts | 480 You Are There  The Blooding: The First Use of DNA Typing
You Are There Can a Person Change Fingerprints? | 480 in a Criminal Case | 511

You Are There How to Find and Develop Latent History of DNA in U.S. Courts | 512
Fingerprints | 481 Current Technology | 513
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems | 481 DNA Databases | 513
on the JOB What a Difference Technology Makes | 483 Other Current DNA Issues | 514
You Are There DNA Couldn’t Find the Suspect, but IAFIS Advanced Technology | 517
Did | 484 Biometric Identification | 517
Automated Palm Print Technology | 484 In-Car and Body-Worn Cameras | 518
Less-than-Lethal Weapons | 485 Robotics | 519
Chemical Irritant Sprays | 485 Concerns About Technology and
The Taser and Other Stun Devices | 485 Civil Liberties | 520
Safety and Effectiveness of ­ Summary | 520
Less-than-Lethal Weapons | 486
Key Terms | 521
You Are There  Safer Tasers | 486
Review Exercises | 521
Surveillance Technology | 487
End Notes | 522
Surveillance Vans | 487
Vehicle Tracking Systems | 489
Chapter 15
Night Vision Devices | 490
Global Positioning Systems | 490 Homeland Security | 532
Surveillance Aircraft | 491
Homeland Security | 533
Electronic Video Surveillance | 492
Terrorism | 534
Cell Phone Technology and Searches | 494
International Terrorism | 536
Advanced Photographic Techniques | 494
You Are There Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Killed in
Digital Photography | 495 Somalia | 536
Aerial Photography | 495
on the JOB Involvement in Major Incidents | 539
Mug Shot Imaging | 495
Domestic Terrorism | 539
Age-Progression Photographs | 495
You Are There Some Major International Terrorism Cases
Composite Sketches | 496 Affecting the United States | 540
You Are There Finding Missing Children through You Are There The Hunt for Bin Laden | 540
Age-Enhanced Photos | 497
You Are There The Ohio Defense Force | 542
Modern Forensics or Criminalistics | 497 You Are There “Justice Department” Makes Threats
The CSI Effect | 499 Against UCLA Animal Researcher | 543

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 Contents xv

You Are There The Boston Marathon Bombings | 544 Office of the Director of National Intelligence
You Are There Some Major Domestic Terrorism Cases in (ODNI) | 554
the United States | 545 You Are There Enormous Responsibilities for U.S. Border
Methods of Investigating Terrorism | 545 Protection | 554

Proactive Methods | 545 You Are There They Stopped the Terrorists Before They
Could Attack | 555
Reactive Methods | 545
Other Federal Agencies | 555
You Are There A Domestic Terrorist: The
Unabomber | 547 State and Local Law Enforcement Efforts for
Post-9/11 Response to Terrorism and Homeland Homeland Security | 556
Defense | 548 Local Efforts in Addressing Terrorism | 558
9/11 Commission’s Review of Efforts for Homeland State and Local Training and Awareness
Security | 549 Efforts | 559
You Are There Career Opportunity Areas with the Guest Lecture  Homeland Security | 560
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) | 550 State and Local Law Enforcement and
Counterterrorism | 561
Federal Law Enforcement Efforts for Homeland
Security | 550 on the JOB Increased Security Since September 11,
2001 | 562
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) | 550
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) | 552 Security Versus Civil Liberties | 563
You Are There Seeking a Job with the U.S. Department of Summary | 567
Homeland Security (DHS) | 553 Key Terms | 567
Secure Communities and Priority Enforcement Review Exercises | 568
Program: DHS and FBI | 554
End Notes | 568
Glossary | 574
Index | 585

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About the Authors

JOHN S. DEMPSEY was a member of the New York City state representative, she contributed to the development
Police Department (NYPD) from 1964 to 1988. He served of Florida’s stalking law (one of the first in the nation) and
in the ranks of police officer, detective, sergeant, lieutenant, amended the sexual battery statute to better serve the com-
and captain. His primary assignments were patrol and inves- munity. She received numerous commendations during her
tigations. He received seven citations from the department career, including Boca Raton’s Citizen of the Year in 1994,
for meritorious and excellent police duty. After retiring from and brought home many gold medals in swimming and run-
the NYPD, Mr. Dempsey served until 2003 as Professor of ning from the state and International Police Olympics while
Criminal Justice at Suffolk County Community College on representing Boca Raton.
Eastern Long Island where he won the college’s prestigious Ms. Forst earned her B.A. in criminal justice, M.Ed. in
“Who Made a Difference Award” for his teaching and work community college education, and Ed.D. in adult education
with students. In 2005, he was designated Professor Emeri- from Florida Atlantic University. Her dissertation was on
tus by the college. Mr. Dempsey also served as a mentor at acquaintance rape prevention programs. She is a graduate
the State University of New York, Empire College, where of University of Louisville’s Sex Crime Investigation School
he taught criminal justice and public administration courses and Northwestern University’s School of Police Staff and
and mentored ranking members of law enforcement and Command. Ms. Forst is the author of numerous publica-
criminal justice agencies. tions in magazines, journals, and newspapers, and presents
In addition to this book, Mr. Dempsey was the author regularly at conferences and to community groups. She is
of Introduction to Investigations, Second Edition (Thomson the author of The Aging of America: A Handbook for Police
Wadsworth, 2003), POLICE2 (Delmar/Cengage Learning, Officers (Charles C. Thomas, 2000) and POLICE (Delmar/
2013), and Introduction to Private Security, Second Edition Cengage, 2013). Ms. Forst is a member of Academy of Crim-
(Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011). inal Justice Sciences, the Washington Association of Sheriffs
Mr. Dempsey held A.A. and B.A. degrees in behavioral and Police Chiefs, the International Association of Chiefs
science from the City University of New York, John Jay Col- of Police, the International Association of Women Police,
lege of Criminal Justice; a master’s degree in criminal jus- and the National Association of Women Law Enforcement
tice from Long Island University; and a master’s degree in Executives. She has instructed for Northwestern’s School of
public administration from Harvard University, the John F. Police Staff and Command as well as Palm Beach Commu-
Kennedy School of Government. He was a member of the nity College and Florida Atlantic University. Currently she
Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS), the Interna- is a professor of criminal justice at Shoreline Community
tional Association of Chiefs of Police, ASIS International, College in Seattle, Washington.
the Northeastern Association of Criminal Justice Sciences Ms. Forst is the mother of two daughters and a proud
(NEACJS), and the Criminal Justice Educators Association grandmother of an adorable grandson.
of New York State. He was also honored with the Outstand-
ing Contributor Award from the ACJS Community College STEVEN B. CARTER is a retired police sergeant from
Section in 2004 and the Fellows Award from the NEACJS in the Modesto (California) Police Department. He joined the
2005. department in 1985 as a police reserve and served as a police
Mr. Dempsey was married and had four children and officer, detective, patrol sergeant, training sergeant, admin-
four grandchildren. He passed away in 2014. istrative services sergeant, and acting watch commander.
While a patrol officer, he hosted a weekly live television show
LINDA S. FORST is a retired police captain from the Boca (CrimeLine) on the local cable station and was the recipient
Raton (Florida) Police Services Department. She joined the of a Telly Award for a segment on domestic violence. As a
department in 1977 and served as a patrol officer, investi- detective, he was assigned to economic crimes and burglary,
gator, sergeant, lieutenant, and captain. She spent most of and was a member of the homicide crime scene team, acting
her career in patrol but also worked in investigations, pro- as crime scene manager. He was assigned to the California
fessional standards, training, hiring, and support services. Office of Criminal Justice Planning to assist in the admin-
She was the first female field training officer, sergeant, istration of the 1033 Program for police agencies in Califor-
lieutenant, and captain in the department. She has exten- nia to obtain surplus military equipment. He has presented
sive training in accident investigation, domestic violence, before the California State Assembly Central Valley Legisla-
sexual violence, community policing, and police manage- tive Law Summit on computer crimes and law enforcement
ment, and she served on the board of directors of the local response. As administrative sergeant he supervised back-
battered women’s shelter for many years. Together with a ground investigations, and as training sergeant he proposed
xvi

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 About the Authors xvii

and implemented a departmental five-year training plan and review panel member for the Edward Byrne Grant Funding
started the Leadership in Police Organizations program. He Program through the Department of Justice and served on
is a graduate of the Los Angeles Police Department’s West the City of Modesto Planning Commission. He has authored
Point Leadership Program and is a California POST Master several Cengage textbook supplements and is the author of
Instructor. He retired in 2007. Instructor’s Resource Manual with Test Bank for Introduction
Mr. Carter earned a B.A. from Simpson College and is to Private Security by John S. Dempsey.
a consultant and subject matter expert with Steven Carter & Mr. Carter is married and has three daughters and seven
Associates in Modesto, California. He has served as a peer grandchildren.

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 FOREIGN BODIES IN THE RUMEN AND
RETICULUM.
Common. Harmless or injurious. Perforating objects. Traumatisms of
contiguous organs. Causes; hurried primary mastication, morbid appetite. Bodies
found. Lesions; catarrh, perforations, congestions, ulcerations of mucosa, abscess,
trauma of liver, spleen, diaphragm, abdominal and thoracic walls, lung, pleura,
pericardium, heart. Symptoms; absent, or, indigestion, tympany, eructations,
hepatic, respiratory or circulatory disorder, colics, local tenderness, crepitation,
substernal exudate, costiveness, difficult urination or defecation, bloody fæces,
nervous disorder. Treatment; Prevention; avoidance of causes, gravitation
methods, incision.
These are so frequent that they can hardly be looked on as
abnormal, but they must be accepted as pathological when they
cause serious irritation or digestive disorder. This result is seen
especially in the case of cutting or sharp pointed bodies, which
beside wounding the walls of the rumen, show a marked tendency to
advance to the heart and penetrate it, or to perforate the liver,
diaphragm or abdominal walls and even to cause a fistula through
which the ingesta escapes.
Causes. The common cause in cattle is the habit of swallowing,
after one or two strokes of the teeth, any small object that is mixed
with the provender. Next to this comes the habit of stabled cows, and
of such as suffer from a lack of phosphates or other important
element in the food, of licking, chewing, and swallowing articles that
can in no sense be considered as alimentary.
Among the rounded or smooth bodies found in the rumen and
reticulum may be named coins, rivets, fragments of wood, cords,
pieces of rope, leather, gloves, cloth, small garments like vests or
caps, ribbons, bones, pieces of lead, dried paints, cotton waste used
as packing for machinery, shot, and even small animals such as frogs,
toads, and snakes; also sand and pebbles.
Among sharp or pointed bodies the most common are nails, pins,
needles, baling wire, pieces of iron or other metals, knives, scissors,
forks, fragments of glass, thorns, etc.
 Lesions. These are as varied as the nature of the traumatic agent,
the seat and nature of the trauma. The rounded bodies, if non-
poisonous, act merely by attrition of the walls and tend to induce a
local catarrhal inflammation. Yet even sharp pointed bodies may
prove comparatively harmless. The museum of the N. Y. S. V. College
contains a pocket knife which had remained open in the rumen for a
length of time without producing any visible injury.
Sharp and pointed bodies are especially liable to be entangled in
the cells of the reticulum; so that this viscus is the most common seat
of the resulting trauma. Around this there occur hyperæmia,
exudation, thickening and centrally ulceration, which may lead into a
fistula or abscess, confined it may be to the wall of the viscus, or
continued into the surrounding organs. In this way may be
implicated, the liver, the spleen, the diaphragm, the abdominal or
thoracic walls, the lung, the pericardium or the heart. The pus is
always fœtid and usually mixed with alimentary matter. If it
approaches the surface it may burst and allow exit to the offending
body. If it encroaches on the liver, symptoms of hepatic disorder
supervene. Its progress through the lung or pleura is marked by
objective symptoms of pulmonary or pleural inflammation
(crepitation, flatness or percussion, creaking or friction sounds), but
without the customary amount of hyperthermia, and with some
evidence of gastric disorder. When the pericardium is reached there
are the usual signs of pericarditis, attended by comparatively little
fever, and a doughy swelling beneath the sternum is added to the
objective signs of exudation in the pericardium.
Among the peculiar routes followed by such bodies may be named
the following: to the side of the ensiform cartilage; through an
intercostal space; into a chondro-costal articulation; through the
muscles of the flank; and even in the region of the croup. If the
attendant abscess or fistula bursts into a serous cavity it determines
septic peritonitis or pleurisy, while in the lung it may cause septic
pneumonia. As a rule, however, this is prevented by the excessive
quantity of exudation.
Symptoms. These are extremely variable according to the seat and
nature of the lesion. So long as the foreign body is confined in the
rumen there is usually no symptom. Even when it has penetrated
surrounding organs the symptoms are usually for a time very
obscure. A few years ago a cow entered the prize ring, at the New
York State Fair, was awarded first prize, and died a few minutes later
from a piece of baling wire penetrating the pericardium. When
symptoms are patent there are usually early indications of
indigestion in the rumen, capricious appetite, sluggish and imperfect
rumination, dullness, tardy movements, frequency and fœtor of
eructations, colicy pains, grunting when moved, and wincing under
pressure in the left hypochondrium. Pressure below, to the left of the
ensiform cartilage is sometimes particularly painful.
If the object is advancing toward the heart a broad area or line of
dullness may often be detected by percussion on the left side of the
chest and under the acts of respiration or walking, gurgling sounds
may be heard along this line. The movements of the ribs on the same
side are limited as compared with the other side, and straining in
defecation or urination may be manifestly painful and accompanied
by groaning. For the same reason costiveness is liable to set in.
When the body approaches the skin there is formed a large, hot,
phlegmonous swelling similar to that which marks the advance of an
intercostal abscess.
In special cases there are symptoms of disease of the particular
organ penetrated. Hepatitis, splenitis, and peritonitis are
occasionally seen. Eggeling notes a fatal hemorrhage from the
wounding of the œsophagus by a nail, and Brauer bloody fæces from
penetration of the pylorus by a piece of glass. In other cases fatal
results have followed on trauma, thickening and obliteration of the
pylorus. (Olivier).
In cases of the ingestion of shot, the spray of bullets, white or red
paint or other form of lead, the special symptoms of lead poisoning
supervene. (See lead poisoning).
Treatment. As a rule this is unsatisfactory and especially in cases
implicating the pericardium, as the symptoms may be entirely
overlooked until sudden death occurs. Hence the great value of
preventive measures, and above all the careful removal of all nails
from the vicinity of fodders. Bailed hay is always dangerous, and
when used, each bale should be carefully freed from its wires and any
short pieces removed. Pointed metallic bodies of all kinds should be
removed from the pastures and stables.
 In case the migrating foreign body leads to the formation of a
superficial phlegmon at any point, this should be freely opened and
the offensive agent extracted.
If the lesion in the reticulum has been diagnosed, the combined
methods of Kolb and Schobert should be tried. Turn the animal on
its back with the head and shoulders up hill, and employ strong
pressure, with the foot, in jerks, over the ensiform cartilage. The
object is to slide the foreign body back into the viscus, and success is
claimed in seven cases out of nine.
Failing in such methods there remains only the operation of
rumenotomy and the removal of the offending bodies so far as they
can be reached.
TUMORS OF THE RUMEN AND RETICULUM.

Tumors of different kinds have been found in the walls of these

organs, though by no means frequently. Epithelial hypertrophy and
papilloma have been found in the ox the former undergoing necrotic
changes. Chondroma is reported by Kitt, Sarcoma by Cadeac and
Beylot. There seems to have been a special tendency to invade the
demicanal, and to interfere with deglutition, rumination, and the
passage of food into the third stomach. The impairment and loss of
appetite and of rumination, the presence of tympany, and the general
loss of condition are suggestive. If the disease of the demicanal leads
to antiperistaltic movements of the œsophagus which can be felt by
the hands pressed on the jugular furrows the diagnosis may possibly
be made.
Treatment is manifestly hopeless. To be effective it must be
surgical and would too often entail excision of the affected part of the
viscus and careful suture of its walls. This would be even more
hopeless when the demicanal was the seat of disease.
Temporary palliation might be secured by a sloppy diet, the
withholding of all rough food which would demand rumination, and
the use of common salt, saline laxatives and abundance of water.
 ANIMAL PARASITES OF THE RUMEN AND
RETICULUM.
Infusoria. Amphistomum Conicum. Actinomycosis. Tumors: Papilloma,
Chondroma, Sarcoma. Treatment—palliation or surgical.
Colin describes and figures as many as eight varieties of infusoria
found habitually in the first two stomachs. All appear to be
introduced with the food, in the infusions of which they also appear,
and they find in the fermenting mass of ingesta in the first two
stomachs a favorable medium in which to grow and multiply. It
cannot be shown that they are in any way detrimental and they have
even been supposed to be beneficial to digestion as glycogen has
been demonstrated in their protoplasm. Like the bacterial ferments
they doubtless assist in the disintegration of the mass of food.
Amphistomum Conicum. This is a trematode worm about the size
of an apple-seed (10 millimetres long by 2 millimetres thick),
rounded at both ends, slightly curved on itself, and, as usually found,
of a bright red color. It attaches itself by its sucker (on thick end),
usually in the vicinity of the demicanal. Its life history is closely allied
to that of the distomata, but as it is not known to prove at all
injurious to its host, it possesses no pathological importance.
Actinomycosis of the Rumen and Reticulum. Tumors of this
fungus are sometimes found in the walls of the two first stomachs
projecting in the form of polypi, or imbedded in the thickness of the
coats. Where they are completely covered by the mucous or serous
membrane their true nature is not readily recognized. When incised
they show the characteristic yellow granules made up of club-shaped
cells, though the usual stellate arrangement may be somewhat
imperfect. From the serous surface the growth may invade the
different adjacent organs. It is impossible to diagnose a primary
actinomycosis of the rumen, if unaccompanied by more superficial
lesions, but, if the disease is recognized elsewhere, the same general
treatment with iodide of potassium will dispose of these formations
as well.
 IMPACTION OF THE OMASUM (THIRD
STOMACH).
Definition. Synonyms. Causes, torpid action, defective insalivation, inactive
rumen, fever, inflammation, spinal paresis, dry, fibrous, innutritious food, fungi,
ergot, smut, privation of water, or of succulent food, microbian ferments and their
products, chronic heart disease, dry farinas, extreme changes of diet, brain disease.
Symptoms: slight or violent; ill health, impaired appetite and rumination,
grunting, tympany, diarrhœa, constipation, baked coated fæces, percussion signs,
separation from herd, red eyes, stiffness, agalactia, fœtid eructations, paralysis,
drowsiness, stupor, delirium, nervous symptoms mostly in acute cases. Course in
chronic and acute cases. Diagnosis; from pneumonia, and overloaded rumen.
Lesions; solid impacted omasum, baked contents, shedding of epithelium,
congestion, petechiæ, ulceration, empty, and congested abomasum and small
intestine. Treatment: laxative food, purgatives, stimulants, antiseptics, enemata,
stimulants of peristalsis, counter-irritants, mucilages, laxative diet, tonics.
Definition. This may be defined as a form of indigestion of which
the prominent feature is the drying and impaction of the ingesta
between the folds of the third stomach. It may seem to be a primary
disease, but in very many cases it occurs as a result of some acute
febrile or inflammatory affection.
Synonyms. As the disease has been long popularly known it has
received a variety of popular names which are more or less
characteristic. Dry murrain, Clewbound, Fardelbound, Stomach
staggers, Grass staggers, Vertigo, Chronic dyspepsia, and Chronic
indigestion may serve to illustrate these.
Causes. Torpor of the manifolds and the suppression of secretion
of saliva, together with the absence of a continuous access of waves
of liquid floating the finely divided food from the mouth or rumen to
the third stomach are prime conditions of dessication of the
contents. The third stomach, like the two first, has no provision for
liquid secretion, but is dependent for its supply on constant flushing
from in front. If therefore feeding and rumination are interrupted as
the result of a febrile disease, if the secretion of saliva is in great part
suppressed, if the vermicular movements of the rumen and resulting
overflow into the third stomach are checked, and if in addition the
omasum itself is rendered torpid, the ingesta compressed between its
folds becomes drained of its liquid, and in no great length of time, to
such an extent that it may be rubbed up into a dry powder. All this is
a necessary result of an acute febrile condition, and therefore all
febrile and inflammatory affections tend to drying and impaction of
the contents of the omasum. If therefore the observer were to go no
further than this he would have a very simple pathology, for all or
nearly all fevers and inflammations would be to him simply impacted
omasum. In the great majority of cases this condition is to be looked
on as a secondary and subsidiary affection, while the real primary
disease has still to be sought for.
Some explanation of the special susceptibility of the third stomach
in such constitutional troubles, is found in the source of innervation
of the viscus. Colin and Ellenberger could rouse the movements of
the first two stomachs but not of the third by electric stimulation of
the vagus, while the third stomach was excited to action by excitation
of the spinal cord and of the sympathetic twigs proceeding from this
to the manifolds. Ellenberger indeed avers that the walls of this
viscus are abundantly furnished with ganglionic cells which are
called into action by this sympathetic stimulus. The innervation
being derived from an independent source, derangement of the third
stomach may be quite independent of any primary disorder of the
first, and the omasum deriving its motor supply from sources so
closely related to the vaso-motor ones, may give an additional
explanation of the intimate connection of its disorders with febrile
and inflammatory diseases.
But while acknowledging the controlling influence of torpor or
paresis of the omasum, it would be an error to follow Cadeac in
denying the influence of food as a cause of impaction. It has long
been notorious that impaction of the omasum is preëminently a
disease of winter, or of the period of dry feeding. It occurs in cattle
fed on dry, fibrous, innutritious fodder, and especially when there is
a scarcity of water, or when in connection with severe frost the usual
water supply has been frozen up. It prevails in stock turned in spring
or autumn on pastures in which the fresh green grass grows up
among the dead, dried and withered stems of a previous growth and
tempts them to eat them. It appears when the stock consumes corn
or cornstalks affected with smut or certain other fungi, or the cereals
or grasses suffering from ergot or smut, but this is especially the case
when there is also a privation of water, whereas, with an abundant
water supply or a partial ration of roots, potatoes or ensilage the
danger is greatly reduced. Sometimes a change from soft to very hard
water appears to act as a cause but whether from a special astringent
action or a disinclination to consume the usual amount has not been
made clear.
It must be allowed that the sheep and goat which habitually drink
little, suffer far less from this affection than the ox which drinks
freely, yet allowance must be made for the constitution and long
settled habits of the genus, and we must not forget that it is usually
under privation of water or a restricted supply that the ox suffers.
Among other causes must be named fermented food, the
microbian ferments and their products, serving to render the organ
torpid, but also to produce fever, lessened secretion and an arrest or
retardation of liquid supplies from the mouth or rumen.
Chronic heart disease, causing blood stasis in the omasum,
appears to induce torpor and favor impaction.
The ingestion of lead has a very direct action in producing
paralysis and consequent impaction.
Finally, finely divided dry food like meal or bran, swallowed
hastily, tends to pass in large amount directly into the omasum, and,
before the animal has become accustomed to the ration, is liable to
clog the viscus and induce impaction.
In nearly all cases, the commencing impaction entails a certain rise
of temperature and suppression of secretions, so that the malady
tends to move in a vicious circle, each new step tending to aggravate
the already existing condition. In chronic cases, which are very
common, a careful record of bodily temperature shows oscillations,
above and to the normal, at irregular intervals, each rise tending to
add to the impaction.
The most acute and fatal forms of the affection occur in connection
with a sudden change from dry to rich, luscious, green food in spring,
the unwonted stimulus giving rise to general irritation of the whole
gastric mucosa, with disordered and impaired function of all four
stomachs, but especially of the third. Such cases are usually
congestive and inflammatory and the suspension of the gastric
movements is a grand cause of impaction. In such cases too the brain
or spinal cord, or both, are seriously involved, and the early death is
preceded by torpor, paralysis, violent delirium or convulsions,
following largely the type of acute lead poisoning.
Symptoms. These vary according to the degree of impaction or
gastric torpor, from simple, irregular, or suspended rumination (loss
of cud) to the most severe gastric and nervous disorder.
The slighter or less acute cases are marked by a failure to re-
establish regular rumination on partial convalescence from a fever or
inflammation. The hyperthermia subsides, but the appetite remains
poor and capricious, the muzzle dry, the eyes dull, the spirits low,
breathing quickened and occasionally accompanied by a moan,
especially when moving down hill, slight tympanies of the rumen
may appear and the contents of that organ seem consolidated and
may be felt as solid masses when pressure is made by the hand. The
mouth is hot, clammy and fœtid, and the bowels costive, the fæces
being passed in small amount and in the form of hard, black pellets,
covered by a film of mucus, or streaks of blood, and containing
particles of undigested food. This not unfrequently merges into a
transient diarrhœa to be followed in turn by renewed constipation,
and such alternations may repeat themselves again and again. The
omasum is so deeply seated under the ribs on the right side that
exploration is unsatisfactory, especially in the milder cases, yet
pressure of the closed fist upward and forward below the middle of
the chest will give the impression of a specially solid resistance and
the patient may indicate suffering by a moan. Percussion with the
closed fist has the same effect. There may be slight tremors of the
body, the horns, ears and limbs are cold, and the hair erect in
patches, dry and lustreless.
In cases occurring independently of previous disease, diarrhœa
may be the first symptom noted, the malady being preceded by local
irritation and congestion, but this soon gives place to constipation
with alternating diarrhœa and the general train of symptoms above
mentioned. The animal leaves the herd and is found lying apart on
its left side with the nose in the right flank, the pulse and breathing
quickened, the eyes congested, and a moan emitted occasionally in
expiration. This is increased if the patient is raised and driven,
especially down hill. He walks with stiff, arched back, unsteady gait
and dragging limbs. Appetite may not be entirely lost at first, but
only impaired and irregular, and as rumination ceases, grinding of
the teeth becomes common. The secretion of milk is diminished or
altogether arrested, and emaciation advances day by day. Fœtor of
the eructations, the result of prolonged and septic fermentation in
the rumen, is often a marked symptom.
This form may last from ten to fourteen days and merge finally
into paralysis of the hind limbs, drowsiness and stupor, or delirium
and convulsions.
In the more acute cases resulting from a sudden access of green
food, a change of water, or the ingestion of irritant plants, the
affection partakes more or less of the nature of congestion or
inflammation of the viscus, and may run a rapidly fatal course. The
animal may be seen apart from the herd in the characteristic
recumbent position, with eyes red and glassy, eyelids semi-closed,
and much drowsiness and stupor, but when raised he may still feed
in a sleepy, listless manner. The bowels may be loose or confined, the
pulse and breathing accelerated, the right hypochondrium firm and
tender, and as in the other forms the crepitating sound of
fermentation is slight or absent over the region of the manifolds.
Soon nervous disorder appears, the eyes glare wildly, the animal
seeks relief in motion, it may be in a straight line, or to one side, and
being blind and unconscious of obstacles he may fall into pits, or
ditches, dash against trees, fences or buildings, and if they offer
sufficient resistance he will continue pushing, breaking teeth or
horns, and subject to violent muscular contractions, causing even the
grubs to start from the back. The nervous disorder is often further
shown in loud and terrified bellowing as if chased by a dog or gored
by one of its fellows.
Course. Chronic cases may continue almost indefinitely the victims
showing merely poor health, impaired digestion, and steady loss of
condition. After death the omasum is sometimes found to contain
dried materials, such as the animal has not had access to for from
three to five months.
In those which end in an early recovery there occurs a free and
abundant diarrhœa, the fæces containing solid flattened masses with
black baked or polished surface, the result of the detachment of the
impacted layers from between the folds of the third stomach. The
tympany of the rumen subsides, crepitation is renewed in the rumen
and omasum, there is free rumbling in the bowels, and the appetite
gradually improves. The softening and removal of the dessicated
contents are slow and it may be weeks before there is a complete
restoration to normal conditions.
Diagnosis. The hurried pulse and breathing and the grunting with
expiration may be mistaken for pneumonia or pleurisy, but the
distinction can be made as in impacted rumen. There is at first no
fever, the tenderness is confined to the right side, the percussion
dullness of the chest is in the posterior part and distinctly referrible
to the loaded abdominal viscera, it is attended by no pulmonary
crepitation, indeed crepitation in rumen and omasum is lessened or
abolished, there is no pleural effusion, but there are the
unquestionable signs of gastric and intestinal disorder.
It may be confounded with overloading of the rumen, but in the
latter case the distension occurs rapidly, there is little or no
indication of movement of the viscus, appetite and rumination are
usually early suspended and the gaseous eructations are not putrid.
Postmortem Appearances. These are essentially connected with
the impaction of the omasum. This organ is gorged to twice its
normal size or larger, firm, solid and resistant, not easily taking an
impression of the finger, and having at times an almost stony
hardness. When incised the intervals between the folds are sure to be
packed with dessicated food, often so dry in the upper part that it
may be rubbed down into a grayish powder, and it has been
compared to the cakes of linseed as they come from the press. The
surface of such cakes is smooth and dark, and usually covered by a
layer of epithelium which has detached itself from the surface of the
fold. This is usually quoted as a morbid desquamation, but inasmuch
as we frequently see it in perfectly healthy conditions in animals
killed in abattoirs, it must be admitted to occur also as a normal
physiological exfoliation. The exposed mucosa shows spots and
patches of congestion, extravasation, and even at times ulceration, or
slight areas of necrosis.
The rumen shows the result of torpor and inactivity. The ingesta is
largely packed into solid masses, which have advanced from the
simple acid fermentation, to evident putrefaction with offensive
emanations. The abomasum is empty or nearly so of ingesta, but
contains abundance of mucus and shows patches of congestion as in
prolonged abstinence.
The small intestine is also empty and collapsed, with considerable
redness and congestion. The larger intestine contains a small
quantity of feculent matter, dry, massed in small pellets and with
smooth glistening surface. Mucus is abundant and dense.
Treatment. This must follow the same lines as in impaction of the
rumen with the understanding that the response is less certain and
the result somewhat more tardy in reaching complete convalescence.
In mild and chronic cases a liberal allowance of flaxseed tea, several
bucketfuls per day, will often succeed.
In using purgatives those are usually the best which lead to
drinking abundantly. For the ox a pound each of Epsom and
common table salt, with an antiseptic stimulant like aqua ammonia
(3 to 4 drachms) or oil of turpentine (2 oz.) will often act favorably.
The sodium chloride is antiseptic, and induces ardent thirst and if
there is free access to water, tepid or not too cold, purgation is early
secured and the impacted cakes in the manifolds are slowly softened,
detached and removed. But unless water is given freely the salt will
prove irritating and even injurious.
In obstinate cases, and in the absence of indications of gastric or
cerebral congestion the addition of 20 croton beans or 20 drops of
croton oil will be excellent. Nux vomica (½ drachm) is also of value
in rousing the torpid nervous action. Injections are always in order,
and it is recommended to use these cold so as to rouse the muscular
action of the intestine and stomach.
Some of the newer remedies which rouse the contractility of the
digestive organs and at the same time stimulate secretion serve an
excellent purpose in these cases. Eserine 1½ grain, veratrine 1 grain,
barium chloride 10 to 15 grains, or pilocarpin 3 grains may be given
hypodermically in addition to the usual purgative. The pilocarpin is
theoretically the best as its tendency is to cause free secretion from
all mucous surfaces, and even a slight secretion from the omasal
folds will greatly favor detachment and discharge of the impacted
plates. These as well as the stimulants may be repeated as the effects
pass off. The purgatives on the other hand should be given at first in
a large dose, and not repeated except under the stress of necessity as
their constant repetition in small doses seems to nauseate the animal
and even to retard action. In the case of profuse secretion from the
kidneys however it may be supposed that the saline agents have
passed off in that way and a purgative may be safely repeated. It may
be well however to use one which is less likely to stimulate the
kidney, such as castor, olive, or raw linseed oil or senna.
The patient may be several days or even a week without alvine
discharge and yet do well. If there are fever and other indications of
gastric congestion a blister to the right hypochondrium may be of
value. Rub well with oil of turpentine and then with a pulp of the best
ground mustard and tepid or cold water and cover with sheets of
thick paper to prevent evaporation.
If nervous, symptoms are manifested by dilated pupils, blindness,
congested conjunctiva, hot horns and ears, and drowsiness, or
excitability apply cold water or an icebag to the head and continue as
long as may be needful. If the patient should become violently
delirious he may be fastened to a beam overhead in the centre of the
stall so as to prevent him from injuring himself or others.
In these cases the more violent and irritant purgatives are to be
avoided, and decoctions of slippery elm, linseed or gum may be given
to sheathe and protect the irritated membrane.
Even though a free action of the bowels has been secured it is not
to be assumed that all impacted material has been removed. A
specially laxative diet of roots, ensilage, or succulent green food, with
a liberal supply of salt, and free access to water should be kept up for
some weeks to secure a complete softening and expulsion of the
impacted material. Repeated small doses of laxative medicine may be
requisite to bring this about. As a rule a course of tonics, and above
all of nux vomica is valuable in re-establishing the normal tone of the
stomachs and intestines.
 INFLAMMATION OF THE OMASUM.
Involved in rinderpest, Texas fever, malignant catarrh, etc. Diphtheritis,
Tuberculosis, Irritant poisons, Traumatisms, Impactions, change to green food,
etc. Lesions: Congestion, ramified redness, petechiæ, desquamation, softening,
necrosis, false membranes, ulcerations, pigmentation, papillary growths,
impaction. Symptoms: those of impaction with fever. Course, Treatment:
demulcents, laxatives, blisters, bismuth, eserine, veratrine, pilocarpin, electricity,
careful diet.
Like the rumen the omasum is the seat of local inflammatory
lesions in certain specific fevers. Thus in Rinderpest, and Texas fever
it is almost always the seat of patches of congestion and blood
extravasation, and in the latter of necrosis and perforation of the
folds. Similar lesions sometimes appear in malignant catarrh and
anthrax. Dieckerhoff describes exudates, ulcerations and even
perforations in pseudo-diphtheritis, and Brückmüller, congestions
and ecchymoses in connection with a cutaneous rash. Tuberculosis of
the organ is somewhat rare and is held to be due to the swallowing of
bronchial secretions in cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Cases of primary inflammation are rare, in keeping with the soft
finely divided condition in which the food reaches the organ. It may,
however, occur in case of the ingestion of arsenic and other irritant
poisons, or of goring, kicks and other injuries on the right
hypochondrium, or from the irritation attendant on impaction, or
again from the stimulus of a sudden change to rich green food.
The lesions in such a case are congestion of the folds with patches
of ramified redness, blood extravasations, desquamation, softening
or even gangrene. False membranes, perforating ulcers, and erosions
are sometimes present. In the chronic forms grayish or slate colored
pigmentation of the mucosa, congestions and papillary growths are
common.
In both acute and chronic forms the congestion entails loss of
contractility and thus impaction and drying of the ingesta between
the folds of the organ are constant.
Symptoms. These are the symptoms of impaction of the manifolds,
impaired appetite and rumination, formation of solid masses in the
rumen, tympany, tenderness or pressure on the right
hvpochrondrium, irregularity of the bowels, arching of the back and
grunting when made to walk. The addition of fever, as evidenced by
rectal hyperthermia, hot horns, ears, legs and muzzle, serves to
diagnose it from simple impaction.
The course of the malady is the same as in impaction, but with an
even greater tendency to aggravation and a fatal result as the
inflammation entails a paresis of the walls of the viscus which favors
a constant accumulation and dessication of the interlaminar
material.
Treatment. This must be largely on the same line as in impaction,
laxatives of sulphate of soda, a diet of flaxseed or barley gruel, and
drinking water rendered demulcent with slippery elm. These must be
supplemented by a mustard or other blister to the right
hypochondrium, by soothing doses of nitrate of bismuth (½ ounce),
and hypodermic injections of eserine (1½ grain), veratrine (1 grain),
or pilocarpin (3 grains). A current of electricity sent through the right
hypochondrium once or twice a day, will further be desirable. When
convalescence has set in, mashes of wheat bran and middlings may
be allowed, to keep up the flagging vigor, and the patient should be
returned to solid, fibrous food by slow degrees only.
 TUMORS OF THE OMASUM.
Papilloma. Sarcoma. Actinomycosis.
Tumors of the omasum have been seen only as papilloma, and
sarcoma.
The papillomata result from hypertrophy of the normal papillæ,
and their general appearance resembles those of the pharynx, gullet
and paunch. They sometimes grow to the size of the fist or larger,
with a cauliflower appearance, their increase and the formation of
pedicles being favored by the active contractions of the muscular coat
of the manifolds. They may be red and vascular if recent, are usually
white if older, and may become somewhat horny on the surface, but
soft and friable within. When they attain a large size they may
obstruct the passage to the fourth stomach, tending to impaction of
the manifolds and arresting digestion and nutrition.
Sarcoma of the third stomach has been recorded by Paule, Kitt
and Schütz as developing in the subserous tissue and forming a layer
on the surface of the organ. This bulges out in rounded swellings of
irregular sizes, and may show various degenerations—caseous, calcic
or necrotic. The structure shows fusiform and rounded cells more or
less numerously imbedded in a fibrous stroma.
 ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE ABOMASUM.

This has been seen once by Professor Axe. Its true nature is
unrecognizable during life, but if other formations of the same kind
betray the nature of the lesion, the treatment by iodide of potassium
may be resorted to with good hope of success.
 INDIGESTION OF THE ABOMASUM.
Causes: excess of water—ice cold, or after privation. Symptoms: colicy pains,
local perspirations, right flank gurgling, diarrhœa, arched back, anorexia, or
nervous symptoms. Prevention: Treatment: stimulants, carminatives, exercise,
electricity, friction, stimulants of peristalsis.
This has been observed as the result of ingestion of an excess of
water, and especially ice cold water, by work oxen, or overdriven
animals which have been long exposed to the heat of the sun and
subjected to violent exertions without drink. The habit of allowing
water only at long intervals, though it is being abundantly eliminated
not only by kidneys and bowels, but also by the accelerated breathing
and the sudation, causes consuming thirst, and when brought to the
drinking place, the subject drinks inordinately before eating. Much of
this liquid is passed at once into the abomasum, which with a
capacity of 20 to 25 quarts, becomes overdistended and irritated.
Much of the water passes speedily into the bowels, rousing these also
into unwonted action. The sudden distension appears to cause
spasmodic contractions of the abomasum, which are aggravated if
the liquid is cold, and a violent though transient suffering is induced.
Symptoms. These appear suddenly after the drinking of the cold
water and consist in the most violent colicy pains, twisting of the tail,
kicking at the belly, lying down and rising at short intervals,
moaning, looking at the flanks, anxious countenance, and the
breaking out of perspirations around the ears, on the neck or belly.
There is no tympany of the rumen but there are some fullness and
active gurgling on the right side of the abdomen. The attack does not
usually exceed one or two hours in length, and a profuse diarrhœa
brings relief, the alvine discharges being very watery with
considerable mucus and some undigested food principles.
In exceptional cases it has lasted for six hours and even in the
more transient cases, there is liable to remain for a time dullness and
prostration, advancing of the hind legs under the body, anorexia and
suspended rumination. Cruzel records two cases in which the small
intestine was ruptured as the result of too vigorous driving of the
patients. Other cases have perished from the coexistent diarrhœa.
Nervous symptoms also may appear as in other gastric disorders.
The usual result is recovery after a very transient illness. This short
and favorable course, and the evidence of cause and symptoms
sufficiently identify the disease.
Treatment. Prevention should be sought by avoidance of cold
water in excess, when the animal is heated, fatigued and thirsty. A
little food, an occasional mouthful of water, or a drink of warm water
and meal will act prophylactically. When the animal is attacked
alcoholic drinks, ammonia, carminatives (pepper, ginger, fennel,
caraway, peppermint, chamomile) or even strong tea or coffee may
be used to advantage. Careful walking exercise is also useful with
friction to the abdomen, or the use of electricity. Cadeac advises
stimulants of the peristalsis—eserine, veratrine or pilocarpin
subcutem; senna, podophyllin, or castor oil by the mouth.