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Notes on Contributors
The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (7th edn)

Alison Liebling, Shadd Maruna, and Lesley McAra
p. xxi Notes on Contributors

Alison Liebling, Shadd Maruna and Lesley Mcara
Katherine M. Auty is Senior Research Associate at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge.
Andy Aydın-Aitchison is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at the University of Edinburgh School of Law.
Nick Blagden is Professor in Criminological Psychology at the University of Derby, former Head of the
Sexual Offences Crime and Misconduct Research Unit at Nottingham Trent University, and co-founder and
trustee of the Safer Living Foundation.
Mary Bosworth is Professor of Criminology and Fellow of St Cross College, University of Oxford.
Ben Bowling is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the Dickson Poon School of Law at King’s
College London.
Ben Bradford is Professor of Global City Policing and Director of the Centre for Global City Policing at the
Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London.
Avi Brisman is a Professor in the School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University, an Adjunct
Professor in the School of Justice at Queensland University of Technology (Australia), and an Honorary
Professor at Newcastle School of Law and Justice and a University Fellow at the Centre of Law and Social
Justice at the University of Newcastle (Australia).
Mirza Buljubašić is Postdoctoral Research Associate at Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and
Law Enforcement (NSCR) and Senior Assistant at the Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security
Studies, University of Sarajevo.
Michele Burman is Professor of Criminology in the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research at the
University of Glasgow.
Paolo Campana is Associate Professor in Criminology and Complex Networks at the Institute of
Criminology, University of Cambridge.
Victoria Canning is Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Bristol.
Ryan Casey is Interdisciplinary Research Fellow in Digital Society & Economy at the University of Glasgow.
Page 1 of 5
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personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice).
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Neil Chakraborti is Professor in Criminology and Director of the Centre for Hate Studies at the School of
Criminology, University of Leicester. He is also Director of the Institute of Policy at the University of
Leicester.
Amy Clarke is a Research Fellow for the Centre for Hate Studies at the School of Criminology, University of
Leicester.
Ben Collier is Lecturer in Digital Methods at the University of Edinburgh.
p. xxii ↵ Adam Crawford is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Leeds and
Professor of Policing and Social Justice at the University of York. He is also Co-Director of the ESRC
Vulnerability and Policing Futures Research Centre.
Ben Crewe is Deputy Director of the Prisons Research Centre and Professor of Penology & Criminal Justice
at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge.
Danica Darley is completing a PhD at the University of Sheffield and conducts research with and about
children in care and the youth justice system.
Bill Davies is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at Leeds Beckett University.
Susan Donkin is Research Fellow in European Urban Security at the University of Leeds.
Ron Dudai is Senior Lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Ben-Gurion University.
Rod Earle is Senior Lecturer in the School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care at The Open University.
Manuel Eisner is Wolfson Professor of Criminology and Director of the Institute of Criminology, University
of Cambridge.
Katja Franko is Professor of Criminology at the University of Oslo.
Alistair Fraser is Professor of Criminology in the Scottish Centre of Crime & Justice Research, University of
Glasgow.
Pete Fussey is Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex.
David Gadd is Professor of Criminology in the School of Social Sciences at the University of Manchester.
David Garland is the Arthur T. Vanderbilt Professor of Law and Professor of Sociology at New York
University.
Loraine Gelsthorpe is Professor Emerita of the Institute of Criminology; Deputy Director of the Centre for
Community, Gender & Social Justice; and a Fellow at Pembroke College, University of Cambridge.
Evi Girling is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at Keele University.
Hannah Graham is Senior Lecturer in Criminology and an Associate Director of the Scottish Centre for
Crime and Justice Research at the University of Stirling.
Chris Greer is Pro-Vice-Chancellor (Research) and Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex.
Page 2 of 5
Adrian Grounds is an Honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge.
Keith Hayward is Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Law, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Paddy Hillyard is Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Queen’s University, Belfast.
p. xxiii ↵ Dick Hobbs is Emeritus Professor, University of Essex.
Barbora Holá is Senior Researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law
Enforcement (NSCR) and Associate Professor at the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology at Vrije
Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
David Honeywell is Lecturer in Criminology at Arden University.
Mike Hough is Emeritus Professor in the School of Law, Birkbeck, University of London.
Alice Hutchings is Professor of Emergent Harms at the Department of Computer Science & Technology,
University of Cambridge, Director of the Cambridge Cybercrime Centre, and Fellow of King’s College,
Cambridge.
Martin Innes is lead Co-Director of the Security, Crime and Intelligence Innovation Institute <https://
www.cardiff.ac.uk/security-crime-intelligence-innovation-institute> and a Professor in the School of Social
Sciences, Cardiff University.
Yvonne Jewkes is Professor of Criminology at the University of Bath.
Darrick Jolliffe is Professor of Criminology at The School of Law and Criminology, University of Greenwich.
Trevor Jones is Professor of Criminology in the School of Social Sciences at Cardiff University.
Nicola Lacey is Professor of Law, Gender, and Social Policy at the London School of Economics and Political
Science.
Cheryl Lawther is Reader in Law at Queen’s University Belfast.
Michael Levi is Professor of Criminology in the School of Social Sciences at Cardiff University.
Alison Liebling is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice, and Director of the Prisons Research
Centre at the University of Cambridge.
Ian Loader is Professor of Criminology at the University of Oxford and Honorary Professorial Fellow at the
University of Melbourne.
Nicholas Lord is Professor of Criminology at the University of Manchester.
Shadd Maruna is Professor of Criminology at Queen’s University Belfast and President of the American
Society of Criminology.
Ben Matthews is Lecturer in Social Statistics and Demography at the University of Stirling.
Lesley McAra is Professor of Penology in the Law School at the University of Edinburgh and Co-Director of
the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime.
Page 3 of 5
Kieran McEvoy is Professor of Law and Transitional Justice and Theme Leader (Rights and Justice) at the
Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Justice and Security at Queen’s University Belfast.
Eugene McLaughlin is Professor of Criminology in the School of Policy and Global Affairs at City,
University of London.
p. xxiv ↵ Fergus McNeill is Professor of Criminology & Social Work at the University of Glasgow where he
works in Sociology and in the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research.
Susan McVie is Professor of Quantitative Criminology in the School of Law at the University of Edinburgh.
Tim Newburn is Professor of Criminology and Social Policy at the London School of Economics and
Political Science.
Ailbhe O’Loughlin is Senior Lecturer in Law at York Law School, University of York.
Nicola Padfield is Emeritus Professor of Criminal and Penal Justice at the University of Cambridge and a
Life and Honorary Fellow of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.
Alpa Parmar is Assistant Professor in Criminal Law and Criminal Justice at the Faculty of Law, and a Fellow
at Clare College, University of Cambridge.
Jill Peay is Emeritus Professor of Law at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Coretta Phillips is Professor of Criminology and Social Policy at the London School of Economics and
Political Science.
Jo Phoenix is Professor of Criminology at the University of Reading.
Gosia Polanska was Postdoctoral Research Associate at Keele University.
Lidia Puigvert is Professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona.
Robert Reiner is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at The London School of Economics and Political
Science.
Julian V. Roberts is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at the University of Oxford, and Executive Director
of the Sentencing Academy.
Gwen Robinson is Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Sheffield.
Paul Rock is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at the London School of Economics and Political Science.
Meredith Rossner is Professor of Criminology at the Australian National University.
Bethany E. Schmidt is Assistant Professor of Penology at the University of Cambridge.
Ed Schreeche-Powell is a Lecturer in Criminology at The University of Greenwich and Associate Lecturer in

Social and Forensic Psychology at The Open University.
Toby Seddon is Professor of Social Science and Head of the UCL Social Research Institute at University
College London.
Page 4 of 5
Joe Sim is Emeritus Professor of Criminology, Liverpool John Moores University and a Trustee of the
charity INQUEST.
Oliver Smith is Associate Professor (Reader) in Criminology at the University of Plymouth.
Nigel South is Emeritus Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Essex, and Honorary
Visiting Professor in the Institute for Social Justice and Crime at the University of Suffolk.
p. xxv ↵ Richard Sparks is Professor of Criminology in the School of Law at the University of Edinburgh.
Alex Stevens is Professor in Criminal Justice at the University of Kent.
Cyrus Tata is Professor of Law and Criminal Justice at the Law School, University of Strathclyde, Scotland.
Steve Tombs is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at The Open University.
Maria Ttofi is Associate Professor in Psychological Criminology at the Institute of Criminology, University
of Cambridge.
Beth Weaver is Professor of Criminal and Social Justice and an Associate Director of the Scottish Centre for
Crime and Justice Research at the University of Strathclyde.
Christine A. Weirich is Research Fellow with the ESRC Vulnerability and Policing Futures Research Centre
and is based at the University of Leeds.
Belinda Winder is Professor of Forensic Psychology and Research Director of the Centre of Crime,
Offending, Prevention and Engagement (COPE) at Nottingham Trent University. She is a co-founder of the
Safer Living Foundation charity.
Lucia Zedner is Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College and Professor of Criminal Justice at the
University of Oxford, as well as Conjoint Professor at the University of New South Wales Sydney.
Page 5 of 5
Guide to the Online Resources

p. xxvi Guide to the Online Resources

The online resources that accompany this book provide students and lecturers with ready-to-use teaching
and learning materials. These resources are free of charge and are designed to enhance the learning
experience.
www.oup.com/he/liebling-maruna7e <http://www.oup.com/he/liebling-maruna7e>
Student Resources
Selected Chapters from Previous Editions <http://

www.oup.com/he/liebling-maruna7e/prevedchapters>
In-depth material on topics from previous editions of the text, including the development of criminology
as a discipline, and key issues, such as punishment and control, and crime reduction, are provided in
electronic format for additional reading.
Please note that these chapters are only available directly through the hyperlink above.
Useful Websites <https://learninglink.oup.com/access/

liebling-maruna7e-student-resources#tag_useful-websites>
Links to useful websites for each chapter point you in the direction of important research, statistical data,
and classic texts, keeping you informed of the developments in criminology both past and present as well
as providing a starting point for additional research and reading.
Page 1 of 2
Guide to the Online Resources
Essay Questions <https://learninglink.oup.com/access/

liebling-maruna7e-student-resources#tag_essay-questions>
Written by the contributors, the essay questions that accompany each chapter encourage you to fully
consider the key criminological issues. These essay questions help you to reflect on your reading and
provide an opportunity to assess your understanding of each topic.
Guidance on Answering Essay Questions <https://

iws.oupsupport.com/ebook/access/content/liebling-maruna7e-
student-resources/liebling-maruna7e-guidance-on-answering-
essay-questions?options=showName>
Guidance on approaching essay questions and structuring your answers is available from the Handbook
editors, to help you demonstrate your knowledge and critical understanding of criminology.
p. xxvii Lecturer Resources
Figures from the Text

Figures from the text are available to download in high resolution format, for use in teaching material, or
p. xxviiiassignments and exams. ↵
Page 2 of 2
Introduction: The renewed vision

p. 1 Introduction: The renewed vision

https://doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198860914.003.0044
Published in print: 21 September 2023
Published online: August 2023
Abstract
This chapter reviews developments in the field of criminology in the context of the fundamental shifts that have occurred over
the past seven years in almost every aspect of society, caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, the global economic down-turn,
rising geo-political tensions, and the impact of activist movements such as #MeToo and Black Lives Matter. It argues that these
shifts highlight the continued relevance of British criminology as currently practised, with its expanding knowledge-base,
inter-disciplinary insight, and diverse array of methodological tools, all contributing to a better understanding of the
conditions necessary to support just social orders. The chapter pays tribute to the previous editorial team and to those that
criminology has lost since the last edition. The changing of the generations is reflected in this volume: it constitutes a living
archive—a marked step in the life narrative of the field and a celebration of its growing strengths and popularity as a subject.
Keywords: theory, teaching, new generations, legacy, crime, social justice, universities, criminological imagination,
intellectual currents
The three of us are deeply honoured to open this seventh edition of the Oxford Handbook of Criminology, our
second volume since taking over the reins from founding editors Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert
Reiner in 2015. Their path-breaking and dedicated editorship lasted 18 years, with editions appearing in
1994 (the first), 1997 (the second), 2002 (the third), 2007 (the fourth), and 2012 (the fifth). By the time we
took up editorship, nervously aware of the responsibilities and privilege of inheriting such a successful
franchise, the Handbook was well established as a constitutive and agenda-setting ‘state-of-the art’
collection and an indispensable archive of the evolving state of criminology. Our plan in the last edition
was to maintain the standing of the book, whilst widening its scope and diversifying its authorship. We did
this by slightly shortening, but increasing the number of, contributions and encouraging co-authorship,
Page 1 of 13
especially with younger scholars. We were delighted with the volume’s reception when it was published in
2017 as the sixth edition and enjoyed thinking together about the state of our field as well as working with
a wide range of talented authors doing outstanding work.
For this edition, we continue this trend with further diversification of subject matter and authors. It
remains the case that nearly every invitation we made has been accepted, contributions have all been
produced to time (almost) despite our new conditions, and our deliberations with authors about content
have been productive and professional. Perhaps the hardest aspect of putting together this new edition has
been trying to capture the immense changes in the field and in the wider world that have occurred since
the last edition went to press. As an antidote to the kind of ‘vertigo’ Jock Young once described, we felt the
need to renew and restate our vision of what criminology is and what it could do whilst also trying to come
to terms with the new world we are living in.
From its early immigrant origins our field has always blended empirical science with social and legal
philosophy in order to explore, interrogate, or refine the concepts of crime and justice. Questions of
citizenship, belonging, and borderlands are built into our history. The introduction of criminology in the
UK largely resulted from the pioneering efforts of three post-Second World War émigrés—Hermann
Mannheim, Max Grunhut, and Leon Radzinowicz—around the middle of the twentieth century (see
Garland 2002). It is striking that at times of global upheaval, and movement of people across borders, the
intellectual life sometimes breathes with new energy and determination as a result of its relevance (see
Cumhaill and Wiseman 2022).
p. 2 The New World We Live In
The period since 2015 has felt particularly tumultuous with fundamental shifts across nearly every aspect
of social life in the UK and beyond. Most of these changes have had substantial impacts on the core subject
matter of criminology. This is, as a result, much more than an updated edition.
Most obviously, a global pandemic beginning in spring 2020 brought public life to a virtual standstill,
shutting down criminal justice functions from courts to therapeutic communities, at least temporarily.
Universities closed their doors too, although they swiftly adapted to online delivery before most staff were
prepared for this. Prisons, remarkably, largely avoided closures despite being known as places of severe
contagion risk. Indeed, prisons in England and Wales saw hardly any of the urgent decarceration strategies
seen in other parts of the world, although Scotland and Northern Ireland fared somewhat better in that
regard (see Maruna, McNaull, & O’Neill 2022). Like National Health Service (NHS) staff, those remaining
working in prisons during this fraught time were celebrated as heroes, yet (like in the NHS), their visible
working conditions were exposed as utterly unacceptable.
The pandemic gave unprecedented powers to government control in every walk of life including the
imposition of full community lockdowns, consisting of previously unthinkable restrictions on movement
and contact with families and friends. Questions of compliance, state authority, and the proper limits of
the law were played out on motorways, in neighbourhoods, and in homes across the world. The policing of
parties and gatherings played a key role in bringing down Boris Johnson’s controversial reign as Prime
Page 2 of 13
Minister. Protracted debates about ‘Partygate’ and the ‘Barnard Castle scandal’ undermined the early
spirit of unity brought on by the pandemic and created a sense that there was one set of rules for the
general public and very different rules for the people in charge who created those rules.
Socially, the pandemic seemed to strengthen both localism and globalism. Isolating at home, many of us
re-discovered the importance of strong communities. Community members would look out for vulnerable
or elderly neighbours, offering to do their shopping if needed, and many of us applauded the NHS from
safe social distances on our doorsteps. Yet, confined to our living spaces, we also entered a brave, new
world of video conferencing where suddenly we found ourselves giving lectures or sitting in meetings in
far flung places as if we were in the same room (except when accidentally ‘on mute’). From a
criminological perspective, the lockdown led to significant decreases in many forms of crime, like house
burglary, but created opportunities for others, like cyber crimes (see Collier and Hutchings, this volume),
and recorded incidents of domestic violence visibly increased (see Gadd, this volume, Walklate, Godfrey, &
Richardson 2022). The pandemic and the subsequent lockdown also had a measurable impact on mental
health, well-being, and child development (e.g., increased rates of self-harm, anxiety, depression, PTSD,
especially among young people) in ways that are likely to have longer term criminogenic effects (see
McAra, this volume). Politically, Covid-19 further polarized a population, already divided over issues like
Brexit, into new camps based on concern for public health and the economy. Covid also fuelled a pandemic
of conspiracy theories and anti-science populism, stoking fears of vaccines and undermining medical
advice.
The cost-of-living crisis, exacerbated by the war in Ukraine, has intensified already existing social
p. 3 inequalities. At the time of writing, the Conservative Government is ↵ proposing substantial tax cuts
for the UK’s richest taxpayers, yet households are having to choose between heating and eating in ways
that have not been seen in decades. The realities of Brexit have begun to emerge since the publication of
the last volume, and many of the grimmer predictions about the impact on the movement of people and
goods have materialized, threatening peace and stability in Northern Ireland and further exacerbating the
inflation crisis. Continuing austerity measures have devastated the public sector with declining
workforces, deteriorating wages, high attrition rates, and widespread dissatisfaction amongst nurses,
teachers, dockworkers, train drivers, and other professions deemed ‘essential’ during the pandemic.
Prisons, probation, and the police have all faced staggering staff shortages, impacting on the functioning
of the justice system. In universities, wages have stagnated and pensions have been cut dramatically,
leading to years of industrial actions, burnout, and a decrease in the sort of professional good will
necessary to sustain (largely unpaid) systems of peer review and external examination. Almost all of the
critical issues facing higher education discussed in our 6th edition introduction have intensified, including
the threats faced by those working in the humanities and social sciences.
The last seven years have seen the exponential rise of the international movement, known broadly as Black
Lives Matter (BLM), given increased momentum in the wake of the killing of George Floyd by police
officers in May 2020 in Minneapolis. With slogans such as, ‘abolish the police’, the movement has sparked
a conversation about the role and purpose of policing in contemporary societies that has reverberated
across the world. In the UK, the Metropolitan Police Service has come under sustained scrutiny since the
last edition, most dramatically in the policing of the vigil following the murder of Sarah Everard by the Met
Page 3 of 13
police officer Wayne Couzens. Under the Conservatives, policing has become increasingly politicized with
ministerial and media hysteria about police officers ‘taking the knee’ in support of BLM or dancing at gay
pride parades as if such gestures undermined crime fighting capacity. In a related development, the
#MeToo movement has led to radical changes in gender politics. A pushback inspired by social media,
#MeToo has drawn attention to the widespread culture of sexual harassment and sexual violence in
workplaces, schools, universities and throughout society and has raised questions about due process for
the accused (see Grounds, Ttofi, and Puigvert, this volume). Debates about climate justice have also
intensified as scientific predictions of climate catastrophes, ranging from wildfires to flooding, have
become daily realities around the globe (see Brisman and South, this volume). Disruptive activism by
environmental groups like Extinction Rebellion has increased in an effort to call attention to state crimes
linked to environmental devastation such as the burning of the Amazon Rainforest (see Canning, Hilliard,
and Tombs, this volume). University campuses have, predictably, become key sites for working through
some of these conflicts, occasionally including the forcible removal of statues or changing the names of
campus buildings. ‘Decolonizing’ the university has become a rallying cry, including a rapidly growing
movement to ‘decolonize criminology’ (Moosavi 2019) and decentre the influence of white, Northern,
male authors from the curriculum.
As such, we are editing this Handbook in a time of profound change and ontological insecurity with the
post-war European ‘project’ largely under threat, or losing its claim to legitimacy. British politics have
seen a dramatic shift to the political right, but unlike a similar period of conservative leadership in the
1980s, the Government has been anything but stable. Since the last edition, the United Kingdom has had
five different prime ministers (all Conservatives), eight different justice secretaries, and ten different
prisons ministers. Little wonder this period has been experienced by so many as chaotic and
p. 4 ↵ fraught. A similar sense of political precarity and turmoil can be found across the globe with the rise
of openly authoritarian regimes in several of the world’s largest countries. Russia’s protracted war in the
Ukraine, and the violent attack on the US Capital on 6 January 2021 all threatened the very foundations of
democracy and the rule of law. In short, if criminology’s main focus, or raison d’etre, is understanding the
relationship between law-breaking, law-making, social order and justice, then there has never been a
greater need of it. Several of the chapters to follow in the Handbook address the scope of criminology.
Loader and colleagues (this volume) for instance, argue that ‘shifting lenses from the sometimes limiting
purview of the fear of crime towards ideas of harm, safety, and security that are at once broader and less
prescriptive, yet more embedded and grounded in the context of everyday experience, is part of what is
involved in developing a contemporary, responsive, and relevant criminological field’. These are precisely
the words we would use to describe our aspirations as editors of this new edition.
British Criminology’s Role in Fraught Times
While the social, economic, and political contexts just described have had profound effects on universities
as places of education and research, they also demonstrate the increasing relevance of social science
research—and especially of criminology. We can see why students continue to be drawn to the field.
Criminology’s expanding subject matter includes questions of citizenship and democratic living; the
nature and consequences of crime control and penal practice; the genesis and outcomes of poverty, trauma
Page 4 of 13
and other social and environmental harms; atrocity crimes, migration and transitional justice.
Criminology, at its best, pays systematic attention to the nature, causes, and trajectories of crime, fear,
and violence. Longitudinal studies, however expensive, remain a state-of-the-art methodology for
achieving the kinds of understanding we need. Criminology also addresses changing responses to crime,
which so often cause harm in their own right. Our vision of the field holds these topic areas in productive
tension, seeking to explain, and where possible, find ways of reducing, new and old forms of harm.
Our discipline’s collective knowledge base, inter-disciplinary insights and our diverse array of
methodological tools, seek to contribute to better understanding of the conditions necessary to support
more just social orders. Sometimes, criminological research even contributes directly to such related
improvements to practice. What other social science could claim the sort of impact evident in Phil
Scraton’s (2013) research on the Hillsborough tragedy, for instance? Or trigger a change in the age of
1
criminal responsibility for children in Scotland? Or a transformation in the design of a prison for women
2
in Ireland, to take some recent examples? This real-world relevance suggests that criminology remains a
p. 5 live, urgent, and engaged field of study, with all the risks and ↵ complexities inherent in doing that sort
of applied work (see, e.g., Jewkes’s 2022 use of the term ‘dirty work’ as she questions whether helping to
design new prisons with no bars on windows counts as a success or contributes to the legitimation of new
prison building). Criminology’s proximity to state power poses both opportunities and risks.
None of this is to assert that criminology is a settled field. The past seven years have seen further
diversification and transformation in some of the basic assumptions and ideas at work within the
discipline. A key example is the major advances made in green criminology—with its interrogation of the
symbiotic harms contributing to the climate crisis and the destruction of planetary health, and
explorations of the contexts and action needed to enable human and non-human species to flourish (see
Brisman and South, this volume). A further example is in the contribution of zemiology to contemporary
knowledge production, including its substantive development of taxonomies of social harms (see Canning
et al., this volume).
The past seven years have also seen a re-emergence of some of the longstanding intellectual battlegrounds
in our discipline. Is it still meaningful to talk about a ‘British Criminology’ (a question we have grappled
with in both the 6th and 7th editions of the handbook), particularly since many of the contemporary
developments to which our discipline is responding (both in the UK and beyond), are transnational or
global in orientation? There have been legitimate challenges to the hegemony of scholarship from the
global north. Criminology has seen impressive growth in southern criminological scholarship, calls to
embrace the epistemic disruption of decoloniality (replacing false universalism with what de Sousa Santis
(2014) has called ‘border’ or ‘intercultural’ thinking’), and greater critical acknowledgment of the role of
empire and coloniality in early and later histories of global north criminology (see also Chakraborti and
Clarke, this volume, Brisman and South, this volume). We welcome the publication of the Palgrave
Handbook of Criminology and the Global South (Carrington et al. 2018) and we look forward to a reshaping
of the field of criminology in the light of these and other developments.
There has been an associated rise in activist scholarship, in particular from early career researchers and
academics, reflecting some of the deep dissatisfactions with power structures both within the discipline, or
academy, and beyond. One key example is the emergence of the Black Criminology Network, founded in
Page 5 of 13
2020 by a doctoral researcher at Birmingham City University and an associate lecturer at the University of
Northampton. The network aims to be a global hub for students and academics of Black heritage, providing
mentoring and support, as well as running a series of skills workshops and seminars. A reinvigorated
activism has also found expression in feminist criminology with the rise of so-called ‘fourth wave
feminism’, premised on the sharing of lived experience, intersectionality and the use of internet tools to
drive a praxis predicated on empowerment and transformational justice. Here there have been fierce
debates around what role (if any) criminal justice and other state sponsored institutions should play in
tackling gender-based violence and inequalities, the extent to which trans and gender diverse experiences
are respected or have voice, and the emergence of queer criminology as a framework for new forms of
knowledge production and action (see Copson and Boukli 2022, Burman and Gelsthorpe, this volume,
Phoenix, this volume). This scholarship differs from the critical criminology of the 1960s and 1970s with
its focus on state and structural injustices, by paying closer attention to matters of gender, identity and
diversity.
It is clear that nurturing the next generation of scholars requires more transparent opportunity structures
p. 6 and more diverse role models within higher education. The ↵ salience of criminolgy as an academic
field—its knowledge-base and innovatory practice in terms of theory and method—constitute powerful
reasons for investment by universities. There has been continued expansion of criminology as both an
undergraduate and taught postgraduate subject, with 814 undergraduate degree programmes on offer
across 132 universities, and 239 masters programmes across 89 universities (WhatUni 2022). This has been
mirrored in increased sales for the Handbook as a core text, especially for postgraduate education. The
demand for professional education is increasing, as seen, for example, in the continuing provision of two
Master of Studies Programmes at Cambridge, albeit with a move towards on-line delivery in some cases.
Criminological practice and teaching is diversifying, whilst senior leadership in most institutions of higher
3
education remains overwhelmingly white and male. The landscape is turbulent, presenting both risks and
opportunities for criminologists and our field as a whole.
Doing criminology in a changing climate

The ways in which we do criminology have had to adapt to these new challenges.
The creativity and resilience of researchers were particularly tested by the impacts of the Covid-19
pandemic, with successive lockdowns necessitating major changes to the conduct of empirical research.
Many sites (for example, prisons and other residential settings) could not be visited in-person. Most
fieldwork was either suspended or moved on-line; ethical issues became correspondingly more complex.
Access to administrative data (for example, on criminal convictions) became more difficult, as staff
shortages and redeployment to tackle the impacts of the pandemic, meant that criminal justice agencies
had limited capacity to deal with researcher requests. The intensification of inequalities that the pandemic
brought and the ways in which it exposed a justice gap (with regard to disproportionate policing, rights
violation in prisons, for example), have become a focus of research in their own right (see McVie 2020,
Maruna et al. 2022). They also highlight ongoing sensitivities in undertaking research with potentially
traumatised populations (both those who come into conflict with the law as well as those within
institutions of criminal justice trying to adapt rapidly to a situation of great uncertainty).
Page 6 of 13
On the other hand, we celebrate the rise of mixed methodological approaches, participatory action
research, and other more inclusive or democratic approaches to knowledge creation (see Liebling et al.,
this volume; Loader et al., this volume). Sometimes this encompasses forms of data collection involving
the arts, or more deliberative approaches to analysis, such as citizens’ assemblies. In particular, there has
been renewed emphasis on ‘lived experience’ not only in terms of those who come into conflict with the
law, but also in terms of practitioners and policy makers (see Earle et al., this volume; Weaver et al., this
volume). Such research methods require slow forms of scholarship—in particular, time to build
relationships and mutual understanding, to gain trust. The curation of the participatory research
p. 7 experience ↵ raises questions for academics around ways of undertaking research which promote
‘generative justice’: a form of praxis aimed at increasing social solidarity in communities with experience
of crime or punishment (see Maruna 2016); and about our responsibilities when projects come to an end. It
also demands particular qualities of researchers in terms of active listening, and operating with a sense of
humility, whilst also striving to build a credible knowledge base. There is a relationship between
criminology’s mission and the methodologies employed. Loader and colleagues talk about ‘the intimate
relation between enquiries into public safety (however conceptualized) and the quality and future
possibilities of a shared democratic life’, arguing that ‘the modes of inquiry that seem most compelling
nowadays need to be more oriented towards dialogue, creativity, and co-production than those that were
applied (including by us) in the past’ (this volume).
Alongside these creative and person-centred efforts in the field, there has been a simultaneous expansion
in big data analytics—both as a mode and a site of criminological enquiry: themes which run through a
number of chapters in the Handbook (see especially Bradford and Fussey, Crawford et al., Jones et al., this
volume). Whilst technological advances both in terms of data capture, linkage and analysis enable
researchers to draw on new forms of data—such as social media scraping—this development raises new
ethical challenges for criminology as well. Researchers need to be mindful of issues related to consent,
privacy, surveillance and data ownership. Big data analysis requires computing infrastructure—which is
both expensive to run and energy intensive. Skills in data handling and coding are a necessary prerequisite,
with implications for researcher training. One concern is that many universities and bodies holding data,
such as the police, are increasingly relying on business developers and data scientists to address
operational questions, or drive research agendas. These researchers have tremendous technical skills, but
they may not be familiar with criminological theory, data collection methodologies, or the realities on the
ground in these justice contexts. Such a technologically driven development risks a future of theory-free
data harvesting and false interpretations based on partial understandings of complex real-world processes
like ‘recidivism’.
Losses and Acknowledgments
Since our last edition, British criminology has lost some of its trailblazers and much-loved characters,
including Jackie Tombs and Roger Matthews, with the latter dying after contracting Covid-19 in April
2020. In books like Realist Criminology and What Is To Be Done about Crime and Punishment?, Matthews came
to represent the hugely influential tradition of ‘left realism’. Through her leadership roles in the Central
Page 7 of 13
Research Unit of the then Scottish Office, and the early days of the Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice
Research, Tombs played a key role in ensuring that research evidence infused policy debates in Scotland
(long before ‘evidence-based policy’ became a UK mantra) and in building criminological capacity.
Globally, too, criminology has lost some of the most transformative figures in the history of the field, like
David Matza, Nils Christie, Elmar Weitekamp, Joan Petersilia, Nicole Hahn Rafter, Hans Toch, Jim B.
Jacobs, M. Kay Harris, Charles Tittle, Ed Latessa, Bob Bursik, Ray Paternoster, Travis Hirschi, and David
Bayley. Although associated with universities overseas, several of these scholars made an outsize impact
on the development of criminology in the UK. (Indeed, one of our struggles with the concept of
p. 8 ↵ ‘British’ criminology is how to categorize the work of scholars like Christie, Matza, and Rafter with
their evident global influence).
However, no one on that list has shaped British criminology like Donald West (9 June 1924–31 January
2020) or Roger Hood (12 June 1936–17 November 2020). Both West and Hood directed major centres of
Criminology, in Cambridge and Oxford, respectively, with Hood serving for nearly three decades. Both
were highly influential in legal reform, lived to a ripe age (95 and 84 respectively), and were still active in
their research areas as long as they could work and travel. Perhaps there is some relationship between
these facts. In any case, we wish to celebrate and record their contributions here.
Donald West, a psychiatrist, joined the newly established Institute of Criminology in Cambridge in 1960 as
assistant director of research, and spent the rest of his career there, as lecturer, reader, and then professor
of clinical criminology. He was director of the Institute from 1981 to his formal retirement in 1984. He
became a Fellow of Darwin College and was promoted to a personal professorship in Clinical Criminology,
while also providing an outpatient clinic at Addenbrooke’s Hospital as an (unpaid) honorary consultant
psychiatrist. He started the best known of his contributions to criminological research, the Cambridge
longitudinal study in delinquent development, in 1961. He was joined in 1969 by David Farrington, and
their project became one of the major, continuing, prospective longitudinal studies internationally in the
field of developmental criminology (see Chapter 5 in this volume). The study commenced as a prospective
survey of 411 London boys, aged 8, who have since been interviewed at intervals throughout their lives
(including most recently in their late 60s). Their children, and grandchildren, have also been interviewed
in more recent years, enabling a rich range of findings about antecedents and causes of criminality and
desistance. Major books arising from the study include Who becomes Delinquent (1973), The Delinquent Way
of Life (1977), and Delinquency, Its Roots, Careers and Prospects (1982). West also served as a founding
member of the parole board. His work (including his book Homosexuality, published in 1955) contributed to
the decriminalization of homosexuality. He was pioneering, courageous, and left behind many close
friends.
Roger Hood’s career-length research on the death penalty, likewise, was instrumental in the abolitionist
campaign. During his degree in Sociology at LSE, he attended an optional course given by Hermann
Mannheim, the ‘grand old man’ of criminology, who asked for help preparing a paper about the Homicide
Bill, which eliminated the death penalty for so-called crimes of passion. ‘Mannheim was so pleased with it
that he asked me if I would be his research assistant,’ Hood recalled (The Times obituary 2020). In 1967 he
joined the Institute of Criminology at the University of Cambridge, with a fellowship at Clare Hall. His work
on the history of criminal law with Sir Leon Radzinowicz, the ‘old fox’ of British criminology (Zapatero,
Page 8 of 13
obituary 2020), is masterful (see A History of the English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750). He
also published Borstal Reassessed and Key Issues in Criminology (1970, with the ‘older’ Richard Sparks)
during this period. In 1973 he became the founding director of the Centre for Criminology at the University
of Oxford with a fellowship at All Souls College, a position he held until 2003. All who knew him remember
with considerable fondness his supportive, exacting, generous, and gentle style. A new Death Penalty
Research Centre, established in his honour, and led by his young colleagues, was launched the day before
his memorial service in 2021. His book, The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective (1989), remains one of
p. 9 the best-known on the subject. He will ↵ be remembered as a ‘champion of justice’ (Garrett 2020) and
as a wise advisor and friend to younger colleagues.
As third generation criminology scholars, we are aware of the privilege of having studied under the
original giants, and of the historically extraordinary nature of a person-and legal-centred discipline. The
people who established our field were intellectual and political activists as well as outstanding scholars.
The humanitarian preoccupations of our field remain central.
So where do we go from here? The new edition of the Handbook illustrates a changing of the guard, an
opening up of the discipline, and an effort to build a bridge between the old and the new. We retain our
commitment to the best scholarship, whilst recognizing that the boundaries of our discipline, and its
locations, are becoming harder to maintain.
What Is New in the New Edition?
The Handbook has a new look, a new structure, and every chapter has been updated and revised for the
contemporary context. In addition, we specifically commissioned a series of new chapters to better capture
the changing zeitgeist in British criminology, including types of crime or approaches to criminology that
have emerged in the past few decades. As part of our refresh, we have invited a number of new authors to
cover a range of traditional topics that have appeared in previous editions of the Handbook. These include
Nicky Padfield and Cyrus Tata on penal decision-making; Manuel Eisner on comparative criminology;
Darrick Jolliffe and Katherine Auty on developmental and life course criminology; and Beth Weaver,
Hannah Graham, and Shadd Maruna on desistance from crime.
We have expanded our coverage of types of crime with four newly commissioned chapters. First, a chapter
on sex offending (by psychologists Neil Blagden and Belinda Winders), which contains important insights
about compassion and trauma-informed therapeutic approaches to dealing with those who come to the
attention of the criminal justice system for sexual assault, and offences against children. Secondly, a
chapter on hate crime (by Neil Chakraborti and Amy Clarke) which explores the processes (social, political,
and economic) which sustain power dynamics between dominant and subordinate groups predicated on
prejudice and hostility, the nature of the harms caused and the ways in which hate crime might be best
responded to. Thirdly, Ben Collier and Alice Hutchins examine the challenges posed by the rapidly
exploding and technically complex field of cybercrime for the first time, describing the ecology and
subcultures of online offending, the harms and methods involved, and the labours of increasing types of
diverse personnel working in enforcement and control. Cybercrime now justifiably constitutes a sub-field
in its own right. Finally we commissioned a new chapter by Andy Aydın-Aitchison, Mirza Buljubašić, and
Page 9 of 13
Barbora Holá on atrocity crimes. This chapter develops and encourages criminology’s engagement with
the forms of mass violence associated with war, armed conflict, and political repression as well as with
efforts to pursue, or describe and define, justice for victims. Importantly, the themes of trauma and the
harms of injustice are also addressed in another newly commissioned chapter on ‘victimology’ in an age of
#MeToo by Adrian Grounds, Maria Ttofi, and Lidia Puigvert. Their account of voice and power shows that
understanding suffering is a concept that ‘merits more attention in criminology’.
p. 10 ↵ Paolo Campana applies network thinking to criminology, including in the analysis of violence and
organized crime. The transmission of risky phenomena across communities with diverse social structures
has been vividly illustrated as we witness infections exploiting webs of social relations to increase their
spread across individuals and places. He argues that relations matter in explaining phenomena of interest
to criminologists and that these can have an effect over and above individual characteristics. Pathogens
have well ‘understood’ the power of relations underpinning human networks. Criminology has much to
learn from the analysis of social structures and connections in understanding the formation and operation
of gangs, patterns of victimization and the broader structure of violence.
The Oxford Handbook has never before had a chapter on penal abolitionism’s role in British criminology,
although, as Sim (this issue) points out in this fascinating chapter, abolitionism has a long tradition in
Britain. Support for abolitionism and sustained decarceration has grown demonstrably in recent years,
spurred on by the parallel push to ‘abolish the police’ inspired by the Black Lives Matter movement and the
extreme threats faced by those in prison during the Covid-19 pandemic. For the first time ever, the
Handbook also includes a chapter on the concept of ‘convict criminology’ or criminological research that
centres lived experience and is produced mainly by those with first-hand experience of the justice system.
Convict criminology has been around in US criminology since the late 1990s, but the idea has very much
come to the fore in Britain in the past few years. Rod Earle and colleagues provide one of the most
sophisticated, up-to-date discussions of the now ubiquitous new concept of ‘lived experience’ and its
implications for the study of criminology.
There is also extended coverage of security and place as a thematic. Ian Loader and colleagues, revisit their
work on crime and social change in middle England (Girling et al. 2000), in the context of a more recent
project in the same locale, with a meditation on the relationship between democratic politics and security.
The chapter highlights the importance of co-production in researcher-participant relationships, and the
need for deliberative methods to capture in more granular ways the lived experience of (in)security, and
the conditions necessary for social change. By contrast Ben Bradford and Pete Fussey explore the dynamics
of ‘informational capitalism’ and the digital society and the ways in which they have transformed crime,
security, surveillance and policing, within the context of ‘smart cities’. Here there is emphasis on the ways
in which new technologies can increase vulnerability to crime at the same time as enhancing social
control, with some efforts aimed at enhancing security, paradoxically increasing feelings of insecurity.
The Handbook is a living research project and its various editions function as an archive of some of the best
and most influential scholarship within British Criminology, however loosely defined and problematic that
term now feels. As ‘guardians’ of the Handbook, we are aware that our protégé is now a fully-fledged and
independent adult making its way in a treacherous—contested, uncertain, economically precarious—
Page 10 of 13
world. The unique strengths of criminology as a discipline give us a strong belief in the opportunity for
renewal. We hope this new edition provides some of the energy for a dialogue about what social order and
justice might look like by the time the eighth edition of the Handbook is in preparation.
p. 11 References
Carrington, K., Hogg, R., Scott, J., and Sozzo, M. (2018), The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and the Global South,
Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan.
Carrington, K., Hogg, R., and Sozzo, M. (2018), ‘Southern Criminology’, The British Journal of Criminology, 56(5): 1–20.
Copson, L. and Boukli, A. (2022), ‘Queer Utopias and Queer Criminology’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, 20: 5.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820932210 <https://doi.org/10.1177/1748895820932210>
Cumhaill, C. M. and Wiseman, R. (2022), Metaphysical Animals: How Four Women Brought Philosophy Back to Life,
London: Chatto and Windus.
de Sousa Santis, B. (2014), Epistemologies of the South: Justice against Epistemicide, NY: Routledge.
Garland, D. (2002), The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, Chicago: University of
Chicago Press.
Garrett, B. (2020). https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/2020/11/remembering-roger-hood-a-champion-of-justice-and-

international-leader-in-criminology/ <https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/2020/11/remembering-roger-hood-a-champion-of-
justice-and-international-leader-in-criminology/>
Girling, E., Loader, I., and Sparks, R. (2000), Crime and Social Change in Middle England: Questions of Order in an English
Town, Adingdon: Routledge.
Hood, R. (1965), Borstal Reassessed, London: Heinemann.
Hood, R. (1990), The Death Penalty, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Hood, R. and Sparks, R. (1970), Key Issues in Criminology, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Jewkes, Y. (2024, in press), Beneath the Yellow Wallpaper: A Memoir of Prison and Home London: Scribe.
Maruna, S. (2016), ‘Desistance and Restorative Justice: It’s Now or Never’, Restorative Justice, 4(3): 289–30.
Maruna, S., McNaull, G., and O’Neill, N. (2022). ‘The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Future of the Prison’, Crime & Justice,
51–103.
Matthews, R. (2014), Realist Criminology, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Matthews, R. (2016), What Is to Be Done about Crime and Punishment?, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
McVie, S. (2020), Data Report on the Police Use of Fixed Penalty Notices during the Coronavirus Regulations in Scotland.
https://www.understanding-inequalities.ac.uk/sites/default/files/
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Data%20report%20on%20Police%20Use%20of%20FPN%20190820.pdf <https://www.understanding-
inequalities.ac.uk/sites/default/files/Data%20report%20on%20Police%20Use%20of%20FPN%20190820.pdf>.
Moosavi, L. (2019), ‘Decolonising Criminology: Syed Hussein Alatas on Crimes of the Powerful’, Critical Criminology,
27(2): 229–242.
Radzinowicz, L. and Hood, R. (1991), A History of the English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750., Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
Scraton, P. (2013), ‘The Legacy of Hillsborough: Liberating Truth, Challenging Power’, Race & Class’, 55(2): 1–27.
Universities UK and the National Union of Students (2019), ‘Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic Attainment at UK
Universities’ #closingthegap, https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/sites/default/files/field/downloads/2021-07/bame-
student-attainment.pdf <https://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/sites/default/files/field/downloads/2021-07/bame-student-
attainment.pdf>.
Walklate, S., Godfrey, B., and Richardson, J. (2022), ‘Changes and Continuities in Police Responses to Domestic Abuse
in England and Wales During the Covid-19 ‘Lockdown’, Policing and Society, 32(2): 221–233.
West, D. (1955), Homosexuality, London: Penguin.
West, D. (1982), Delinquency, Its Roots, Careers and Prospects, London: Heinemann.
West, D. and Farrington, D. (1973), Who Becomes Delinquent, London: Heinemann.
West, D. and Farrington, D. (1977), The Delinquent Way of Life, London: Heinemann.
WhatUni (2022), https://www.whatuni.com/ <https://www.whatuni.com/>.
Zapatero, L. A. (2020), ‘Obituary’. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/roger-hood-obituary-luis-arroyo-

p. 12 zapatero <https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/roger-hood-obituary-luis-arroyo-zapatero>. ↵
Notes
1
Professors Lesley McAra and Susan McVie won the ESRC Celebrating Impact Prize in 2019 for their work on the
Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime (ESYTC) (https://www.law.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/professors-
mcara-and-mcvie-win-esrc-celebrating-impact-prize <https://www.law.ed.ac.uk/news-events/news/professors-mcara-
and-mcvie-win-esrc-celebrating-impact-prize>).
2
Professor Yvonne Jewkes won the ESRC Celebrating Impact Prize in 2020 for her innovative research on prison
architecture and design (https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/professor-yvonne-jewkes-wins-esrc-celebrating-
impact-prize-2020-for-societal-impact <https://www.bath.ac.uk/announcements/professor-yvonne-jewkes-wins-esrc-
celebrating-impact-prize-2020-for-societal-impact>).
3
A recent report authored by Universities UK and the National Union of Students (2019), found that only 1 per cent of
university professors were black, with 11 per cent overall from global majority groups. Women currently make up only
28 per cent of the professoriate, despite forming 46 per cent of faculty staff. Efforts to build more inclusive
Page 12 of 13
environments have benefited from staff and student activism (see for example Race-ED and Gender-ED at the
University of Edinburgh), but staff surveys across the UK continue to report cultures of bullying, racial stereotyping,
experiences of micro-aggressions, in addition to inequalities of pay and promotion prospects.
© Oxford University Press 2023
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This hot-lake district was becoming a great sanatorium, and tourists
flocked to it from all countries, for the warm water was credited with
wonderful healing powers. From this circumstance alone, it was
believed that the district had a great future before it. The Maoris
thought not a little of the natural wonders of which they were the
stewards, and took care to levy blackmail on all their visitors. All this
is now at an end, for the wonders have gone, until possibly new ones
are gradually developed in their stead.
Much has been written on the subject of mysterious noises, which in
most cases, if intelligently inquired into, would be found to have no
mystery at all about them. A Professor at Philadelphia recently
recorded that at a certain hour each day one of the windows in his
house rattled in the most violent manner. On consulting the local
railway time-table, he could find no train running at the hour
specified. But on examining another table, which included a separate
line, he found that a heavy train passed at the time at a distance of
several miles from his house. He then referred to the geological
formation of the ground between the two points, and at once saw
that there was an outcropping ledge of rock which formed a link of
connection between the distant railway line and his home. It was the
vibration carried by this rock from the passing train that rattled the
window.
Dr Marter of Rome has discovered in many of the skulls in the
different Roman and Etruscan tombs, as well as in those deposited
in the various museums, interesting specimens of ancient dentistry
and artificial teeth. These latter are in most cases carved out of the
teeth of some large animal. In many instances, these teeth are
fastened to the natural ones by bands of gold. No cases of stopped
teeth have been discovered, although many cases of decay present
themselves where stopping would have been advantageous. The
skulls examined date as far back as the sixth century b.c., and prove
that the art of dentistry and the pains of toothache are by no means
modern institutions.
The city of Hernosand, in Sweden, can boast of being the first place
in Europe where the streets are lighted entirely by electricity to the
exclusion of gas. It has the advantage of plenty of natural water-
power for driving the electric engines, so that the new lights can
actually be produced at a cheaper rate than the old ones.
Although many investors have burnt their fingers—metaphorically,
we mean—over the electric-lighting question in this country, it seems
to be becoming a profitable form of investment in America. A circular
addressed by the editor of one of the American papers to the general
managers of the lighting Companies has elicited the information that
many of them are earning good dividends—in one case as much as
eighteen per cent. for the year. As we have before had occasion to
remind our readers, the price of gas in this country averages about
half what it does in New York, and this fact alone would account for
the more flourishing state of transatlantic electric lighting Companies.
At a half-demolished Jesuit College at Vienna, a dog lately fell
through a fissure in the pavement. The efforts to rescue the poor
animal led to a curious archæological discovery. The dog had, it was
found, fallen into a large vault containing ninety coffins. The
existence of this underground burial-place had hitherto been quite
unsuspected. The inscriptions on the coffins date back to the reign of
Maria Theresa, and the bodies are of the monks of that period, and
of the nobles who helped to support the monastery.
In an interesting lecture lately delivered before the Royal Institution
on ‘Photography as an Aid to Astronomy,’ Mr A. A. Common, who is
the principal British labourer in this comparatively new field of
research, described his methods of working, and held out sanguine
hopes of future things possible by astronomical photography.
Speaking of modern dry-plate photography, he said: ‘At a bound, it
has gone far beyond anything that was expected of it, and bids fair to
overturn a good deal of the practice that has hitherto existed among
astronomers. I hope soon to see it recognised as the most potent
agent of research and record that has ever been within the reach of
the astronomer; so that the records which the future astronomer will
use will not be the written impression of dead men’s views, but
veritable images of the different objects of the heavens recorded by
themselves as they existed.’
Two remarkable and wonderful cases of recovery from bullet-wounds
have lately taken place in the metropolis. In one case, that of a girl
who was shot by her lover, the bullet is deeply imbedded in the head,
too deep to admit of any operation; yet the patient has been
discharged from the hospital convalescent. The other case was one
of attempted suicide, the sufferer having shot himself in the head
with a revolver. In this case, too, the bullet is still in the brain, and in
such a position as to prevent the operation of extraction. In spite of
this, the patient has been discharged from hospital care, and it is
said that he suffers no inconvenience from the consequences of his
rash act. A curious coincidence in connection with these cases is
that both shots were fired on the same day, the 19th of June, and
that both cases were treated at the London Hospital. ‘The times have
been,’ says Shakspeare, ‘that, when the brains were out, the man
would die.’ The poet puts these words into the mouth of Macbeth,
when that wicked king sees the ghost of the murdered Banquo rise
before him. In the cases just cited, we have a reality which no poet
could equal in romance. People walking about in the flesh with
bullets in their brains are certainly far more wonderful things than
spectres. These marvellous recoveries from what, a few years ago,
would have meant certain death, must be credited to surgical skill
and the modern antiseptic method of treating wounds.
Magistrates are continually deploring the use of the revolver among
the civil community, and hardly a week passes but some terrible
accident or crime is credited to the employment of that weapon. That
it is a most valuable arm when used in legitimate warfare, the paper
lately read before the Royal United Service Institution by Major
Kitchener amply proved. According to this paper, every nation but
our own seems to consider that the revolver is the most important
weapon that cavalry can be armed with. In Russia, for instance, all
officers, sergeant-majors, drummers, buglers, and even clerks, carry
revolvers. In Germany, again, there is a regular annual course of
instruction in the use of the weapon. In our army, however, the
revolver seems to be in a great measure ignored, excepting by
officers on active foreign service.
A new method of detecting the source of an offensive odour in a
room is given by The Sanitarian newspaper. In the room in question,
the smell had become so unbearable that the carpet was taken up,
and a carpenter was about to rip up the flooring to discover, if
possible, the cause. By a happy inspiration, the services of some
sanitary inspectors in the shape of a couple of bluebottle flies were
first called into requisition. The flies buzzed about in their usual
aggravating manner for some minutes, but eventually they settled
upon the crack between two boards in the floor. The boards were
thereupon taken up, and just underneath them was found the
decomposing body of a rat.
The extent to which the trade in frozen meat from distant countries
has grown since the introduction, only a few years back, of the
system of freezing by the compression and subsequent expansion of
air, is indicated by the constant arrival in this country of vast
shiploads of carcases from the antipodes. The largest cargo of dead-
meat ever received lately arrived in the Thames from the Falkland
Islands on board the steamship Selembria. This consisted of thirty
thousand frozen carcases of sheep. This ship possesses four
engines for preserving and freezing the meat, and the holds are lined
with a non-conducting packing of timber and charcoal.
A new system of coating iron or steel with a covering of lead,
somewhat similar in practice to the so-called galvanising process
with zinc, has been introduced by Messrs Justice & Co. of Chancery
Lane, London, the agents for the Ajax Metal Company of
Philadelphia. Briefly described, the process consists in charging
molten lead with a flux composed of sal ammoniac, arsenic,
phosphorus, and borax; after which, properly cleansed iron or steel
plates will when dipped therein receive a coating of the lead. The
metal so protected will be valuable for roofs, in place of sheet-lead or
zinc, for gutters, and for numberless purposes where far less durable
materials are at present used with very false economy.
It would seem, from the results of some experiments lately
conducted on the Dutch state railroads in order to discover the best
method of protecting iron from the action of the atmosphere, that
red-lead paints are far more durable than those which owe their body
to iron oxide. The test-plates showed also that the paint adhered to
the metal with far greater tenacity if the usual scraping and brushing
were replaced by pickling—that is, treatment with acid. The best
results were obtained when the metal plate was first pickled in spirits
of salts (hydrochloric acid) and water, then washed, and finally
rubbed with oil before applying the paint.
The latest advance in electric lighting is represented by the
introduction of Mr Upward’s primary battery, the novelty in which
consists in its being excited by a gas instead of a liquid. The gas
employed is chlorine, and the battery cells have to be hermetically
sealed, for chlorine is, as every dabbler in chemical experiments
knows, a most suffocating and corrosive gas. In practice, this
primary battery is connected with an accumulator or secondary
battery, so that the electricity generated by it is stored for subsequent
use. The invention represents a convenient means of producing the
electric light on a small scale for domestic use, where gas-engines
and dynamo-machines are not considered desirable additions to the
household arrangements. The battery is made by Messrs
Woodhouse and Rawson, West Kensington.
Mr Fryer’s Refuse Destructor has now been adopted in several of
our large towns. Newcastle is the latest which has taken up the
system, and in that town thirty tons of refuse are consumed in the
furnaces daily. The residue consists of between seven and eight tons
of burnt clinker and dry ashes, which are used for concrete and as a
bedding for pavement. There is no actual profit attached to the
system, but it affords a convenient method of dealing with some of
that unmanageable material which is a necessary product of large
communities, and which might otherwise form an accumulation most
dangerous to health.
After three years of constant work, the signal station on Ailsa Craig,
in the Firth of Clyde, is announced, by the Northern Light
Commissioners, to be ready for action. In foggy or snowy weather,
the fog-horns which have been placed there will utter their warning
blasts to mariners, and will doubtless lead to the prevention of many
a shipwreck. The trumpets are of such a powerful description, that in
calm weather they will be audible at a distance of nearly twenty miles
from the station; and as the blasts are of a distinctive character, the
captain of a ship will be easily able to recognise them, and from
them to learn his whereabouts.
Mr Sinclair, the British consul at Foochow, reports that the
manufacture of brick tea of varieties of tea-dust by Russian
merchants, for export to Siberia, is acquiring considerable
importance at Foochow. The cheapness of the tea-dust, the
cheapness of manufacture, the low export duties upon it, together
with the low import duties in Russia, help to make this trade
successful and profitable. The brick is said to be beautifully made,
and very portable. Mr Sinclair wonders that the British government
does not get its supplies from the port of Foochow, as they would
find it less expensive and more wholesome than what is now given
the army and the navy. He suggests that a government agent should
be employed on the spot to manufacture the brick tea in the same
way as adopted by the Russians there and at Hankow.
CYCLING AS A HEALTH-PRODUCT.
The advantages of a fine physical form are under-estimated by a
large class of people, who have a half-defined impression that any
considerable addition to the muscles and general physique must be
at the expense of the mental qualities. This mistaken impression is
so prevalent, that many professional literary people avoid any
vigorous exercise for fear that it will be a drain upon their whole
system, and thus upon their capacity for brain-work. The truth is that
such complete physical inertness has the effect of clogging the
action of the blood, of retaining the impurities of the system, and of
eventually bringing about a host of small nervous disorders that
induce in turn mental anxiety—the worst possible drain upon the
nervous organisation. When one of these people, after a year of
sick-headache and dyspepsia, comes to realise that healthy nerves
cannot exist without general physical health and activity, he joins a
gymnasium, strains his long-unused muscles on bars and ropes, or
by lifting heavy weights. The result usually is that the muscles, so
long unaccustomed to use, cannot withstand the sudden strain
imposed upon them, and the would-be athlete retires with some
severe or perhaps fatal injury.
But occasionally he finds some especial gymnastic exercise suited to
him, and weathers the first ordeal. He persists bravely, and is
astonished to find that his digestion improves, his weight increases,
and his mind becomes clear and brighter. He exercises
systematically, and cultivates a few special muscles, perhaps those
of the shoulder, to the hindrance of the complex muscles of the neck
and throat; or perhaps those of the back and groin, as in rowing, to
the detriment of chest, muscle, and development; and although his
condition is greatly improved, he is apt to become wearied from a
lack of physical exhilaration, or a lack of that sweetening of mental
enjoyment which gives cycling such a lasting charm. If a man has no
heart in his exercise, he will not persist in it long enough to get its
finest benefits.
In the gentle swinging motion above the wheel, there is nothing to
disturb the muscular or nervous system once accustomed to it;
indeed, it is the experience of most cyclists that the motion is at first
tranquillising to the nerves, and eventually becomes a refreshing
stimulus. The man who goes through ten hours’ daily mental fret and
worry, will in an hour of pleasant road-riding, in the fresh sweet-
scented country, throw off all its ill effects, and prepare himself for
the effectual accomplishment of another day’s brain-work. The
steady and active employment of all the muscles, until they are well
heated and healthily tired, clears the blood from the brain, sharpens
the appetite, and insures a night’s refreshing sleep.
In propelling the wheel, all the flexor and extensor muscles of the
legs are in active motion; while in balancing, the smaller muscles of
the legs and feet and the prominent ones of the groin and thighs are
brought into play. The wrist and arms are employed in steering; while
the whole of the back, neck, and throat muscles are used in pulling
up on the handles in a spurt. Thus the exertion is distributed more
thoroughly over the whole body than in any other exercise. A tired
feeling in any one part of the body is generally occasioned by a
weakness caused by former disuse of the muscles located there,
and this disappears as the rider becomes habituated to the new
motions of the wheel. With an experienced cyclist, the sensation of
fatigue does not develop itself prominently in any one part of the
body, but is so evenly adjusted as to be hardly noticeable.
The wretched habit of cyclists riding with the body inclined forward
has produced an habitual bent attitude with several riders, and gives
rise to a prejudice against the sport as producing a ‘bicycle back.’
Nearly all oarsmen have this form of back; it has not proved
detrimental, but it is ungainly, and the methods by which it is
acquired on a bicycle are entirely unnecessary. Erect riding is more
graceful, it develops the chest, and adds an exercise to the muscles
of the throat and chest that rowing does not.
The exposure to out-of-door air, the constant employment of the
mind by the delight of changing scenery or agreeable
companionship, add their contribution, and make cycling, to those
who have tried practically every other sport, the most enjoyable,
healthful, useful exercise ever known. Most cyclers become sound,
well-made, evenly balanced, healthy men, and bid fair to leave to
their descendants some such heritage of health and vigour as
descended from the hardy old Fathers to the men who have made
this country what it is.
OCCASIONAL NOTES.
FLAX-CULTURE.
The depressed condition of agriculture, consequent on the low
prices obtainable for all kinds of produce, has led the British farmer
to turn his attention to the growth of crops hitherto neglected or
unthought of. This is exemplified by the interest now taken in the
cultivation of tobacco and the inquiries being made regarding it, with
a view to its wholesale production in England. It is doubtful, however,
if in this case the British farmer will be able to compete successfully
with his American rival, the latter being favoured by nature with soil
and climate specially suited for the growth of the ‘weed.’
There are other plants, however, which claim our attention, and
amongst these the flax plant. This is perfectly hardy and easily
cultivated, and is free from the bugbear of American competition. It is
grown largely in Ireland, especially in the north, and at the present
time is the best paying crop grown in the island. The following figures
show the quantity of fibre produced during the year 1885: Ireland,
20,909 tons; Great Britain, 444 tons. As far as the British Islands are
concerned, Ireland has practically a monopoly in the production of
this valuable article of commerce. It was formerly grown to a large
extent in Yorkshire and in some parts of Scotland; but of late years,
was given up in favour of other crops. It can now be produced to
show much better results than formerly, flax not having fallen in price
so much in proportion as other farm produce. Compared with the
requirements of the linen manufacturers, the quantity grown in the
British Isles is very small, and had to be supplemented by the import
from foreign countries, during 1885, of over eighty-three thousand
tons, value for three million and a half sterling. Two-thirds of this
quantity is imported from Russia, the remainder principally from
Holland and Belgium.
The manufacturer will give the preference to home-grown fibre
provided that it is equal in all respects to the foreign. We can
scarcely hope to compete successfully with Holland and Belgium, as
flax-culture has been brought to great perfection there; but we can
produce a fibre much superior to Russian, and if we can produce it
cheap enough, can beat Russia out of the market. The average price
of Irish flax in 1885 was about fifty-two pounds per ton; the yield per
acre, where properly treated, would be from five to six
hundredweight on an average. In many cases the yield rose far
above these figures, reaching ten to twelve hundredweight, and in
one instance which came under the writer’s personal observation, to
eighteen hundredweight. A new scutching-machine—a French
patent—is now being tested in Belfast, and it is stated that by its use
the yield of fibre is increased by thirty per cent. Should this
apparatus come into general use, it will add greatly to the value of
the flax plant as a crop. In continental countries, the seed is saved,
and its value contributes largely to the profit of flax-culture there. Any
difficulty that might exist in this country with regard to the preparation
of the fibre for market might be met by farmers in a district banding
together to provide the requisite machines, which can now be had
cheaper and better than before.
If flax-culture is profitable in Ireland, it can be made so in Britain; and
if only half of the eighty-three thousand tons annually imported could
be grown at home, a large sum would be kept in the country which
now goes to enrich the foreigner.
THE RIGHTS OF DESERTED WIVES.

A legal correspondent writes to us on this subject as follows:
‘It has long been felt to be a defect in the English law that if a man
deserted his wife without any cause or otherwise, she had no direct
remedy against him in respect of the expense of her maintenance
and the bringing up of the children (if any) of the marriage. In case
the wife so deserted could carry on any business, or in any other
way acquire the means of livelihood, she could obtain a protection
order so early as the year 1858, long before the passing of the first
Married Women’s Property Act. But if she were not so fortunately
situated, and had no near relatives to whom she could look for
assistance, she must go into the workhouse, and leave the poor-law
officers to look after her husband. This has often been productive of
great hardship, for it is no light thing for a woman delicately nurtured
to become an inmate of the refuge for the destitute. But by an Act
passed in the recent session, this defect has been remedied to a
considerable extent in an easy and practical way. Thus, if an
innocent woman has been deserted by her husband, she may have
him summoned before any two justices of the peace in petty
sessions or any stipendiary magistrate; and thereupon, if the justices
or magistrate should be satisfied that the husband, being able wholly
or in part to maintain his wife, or his wife and family, as the case may
be, has wilfully refused or neglected so to do, and that he has
deserted his wife, they or he may order that the husband pay to his
wife such weekly sum not exceeding two pounds as may be
considered to be in accordance with his means, taking also into
account any means which the wife may have for the support of
herself and family, if any. Power is given for the alteration of the
order whenever it should appear to be necessary or just, in case of
any alteration in the circumstances of the husband or of the wife.
And any such order may be discharged on the application of the
husband, if it should appear just to do so. Writers in some of the
legal journals have expressed the opinion that this change in the law
goes too far; but the present writer has long advocated such a
change, and it appears to be altogether an improvement upon the
previous state of the law in this respect.’
THE GREAT SPHINX.

An interesting work has been going on, under the direction of M.
Maspéro, at the great Sphinx of Gizeh, which has been buried, all
but the head, for centuries. M. Maspéro, while we write, had got
down as far as the paws, on the right of which are a number of
Greek inscriptions. The paws appear to be cut out of the solid stone,
and afterwards built round with masonry, the surface of which is
painted red with yellow additions. Bryant is of opinion that the Sphinx
was originally a vast rock of different strata, which, from a shapeless
mass, the Egyptians fashioned into an object of beauty and
veneration. Although the excavators have now reached a lower level
than Carglia and others, yet much remains to be done before the
whole of this wondrous specimen of ancient art is entirely uncovered;
for, if we are to believe Pliny’s statements, the head of the Sphinx
was one hundred and two feet in circumference, and sixty-two feet
high from the belly; whilst the body was one hundred and forty-three
feet long, and was, moreover, supposed to be the sepulchre of King
Amasis, who died 525 b.c. But, according to Herodotus, the body of
this monarch was buried in the Temple of Sais; and on the defeat
and death of his son by the Persians, it was taken from its tomb,
brutally mangled, and then publicly burnt, to the horror of the
Egyptian people. If the Sphinx is really found to be a solid rock,
Pliny’s story of its having been a tomb falls to the ground. M.
Maspéro has been working in layers of hard sand which has lain
undisturbed for probably eighteen hundred years. This is found to be
so close and hard, that it is more like solid stone than sand, and
requires a great amount of labour to cut through. The work is,
however, progressing with energy and determination, and it is to be
hoped that it will not be suffered to stop abruptly for want of funds.
NOVEL USE OF ELECTRICITY.

Electric power has been applied in a very novel manner of late on
the estate of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield, where it has been
in operation for some time past in various ways and works; but the
last is perhaps the most peculiar of all. On one of the farms, ensilage
has been stored in large quantities, a farm-building being turned into
a silo for this purpose; and it being decided that the green food shall
be ‘chaffed’ before placing it in the silo, a chaff-cutter has been
erected about twenty feet above the ground. This machine is not
only driven by electric power, but the same motor is employed to
elevate the grass to the level of the chaff-cutter. This is done so
effectually that about four tons of rough grass are raised and cut per
hour. A sixteen-light ‘Brush’ machine is the generator, driven by a
huge water-wheel, and both are on the banks of the river Lea, a mile
and a half distant. The power is transmitted to one of Siemens’ type,
specially constructed to work as a motor with the ‘Brush’ machine.
Nor is this all, for the same electric power is ingeniously applied to
work the ‘lifts’ in use at the many haystacks on the estate.
PICCIOLA.
[Count de Charney, when in prison, was led into a
philosophical train of reflections by the sight of a flower
which grew up between the flagstones of the prison court.]
Of all the flowers that deck the verdant knoll,

And lift their snowy petals to the air,
One spray has risen in my dungeon bare
That breaks the sceptic chain that bound my soul,
And makes me feel the might of God’s control.
O flower of sweetness! thy frail form so fair
Swept from my brow the cankering lines of care,
And safe will lead me to the eternal goal.
What hand but One could guard thy tender leaves
From the fierce fury of the summer sun,
When noonday hovers o’er my prison dun?
’Tis He that for my hapless fortune grieves!
Blest flower! that drew me to the arms of God,
With grateful tears I bathe thy dewy sod.
Robert W. Cryan.
The Conductor of Chambers’s Journal begs to direct the attention

of Contributors to the following notice:
1st. All communications should be addressed to the ‘Editor, 339 High
Street, Edinburgh.’
2d. For its return in case of ineligibility, postage-stamps should
accompany every manuscript.
3d. To secure their safe return if ineligible, All Manuscripts,
whether accompanied by a letter of advice or otherwise, should
have the writer’s Name and Address written upon them in full.
4th. Offerings of Verse should invariably be accompanied by a
stamped and directed envelope.
If the above rules are complied with, the Editor will do his best to
insure the safe return of ineligible papers.
Printed and Published by W. & R. Chambers, 47 Paternoster Row,

London, and 339 High Street, Edinburgh.
All Rights Reserved.

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The Oxford Handbook of Criminology,

7th edition Liebling

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The Oxford Handbook of Digital Diplomacy 1st Edition

The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (7th edn)

p. xxi Notes on Contributors

Victoria Canning is Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Bristol.

Ben Collier is Lecturer in Digital Methods at the University of Edinburgh.

Bill Davies is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at Leeds Beckett University.

Katja Franko is Professor of Criminology at the University of Oslo.

Pete Fussey is Professor of Sociology at the University of Essex.

Evi Girling is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at Keele University.

Paddy Hillyard is Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Queen’s University, Belfast.

p. xxiii ↵ Dick Hobbs is Emeritus Professor, University of Essex.

David Honeywell is Lecturer in Criminology at Arden University.

Yvonne Jewkes is Professor of Criminology at the University of Bath.

Cheryl Lawther is Reader in Law at Queen’s University Belfast.

Nicholas Lord is Professor of Criminology at the University of Manchester.

Jo Phoenix is Professor of Criminology at the University of Reading.

Gosia Polanska was Postdoctoral Research Associate at Keele University.

Lidia Puigvert is Professor of Sociology at the University of Barcelona.

Gwen Robinson is Professor of Criminal Justice at the University of Sheffield.

Meredith Rossner is Professor of Criminology at the Australian National University.

Bethany E. Schmidt is Assistant Professor of Penology at the University of Cambridge.

Ed Schreeche-Powell is a Lecturer in Criminology at The University of Greenwich and Associate Lecturer in

Oliver Smith is Associate Professor (Reader) in Criminology at the University of Plymouth.

Alex Stevens is Professor in Criminal Justice at the University of Kent.

Steve Tombs is Emeritus Professor of Criminology at The Open University.

The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (7th edn)

p. xxvi Guide to the Online Resources

Selected Chapters from Previous Editions <http://

Useful Websites <https://learninglink.oup.com/access/

Essay Questions <https://learninglink.oup.com/access/

Guidance on Answering Essay Questions <https://

p. xxvii Lecturer Resources

Figures from the Text

p. xxviiiassignments and exams. ↵

The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (7th edn)

p. 1 Introduction: The renewed vision

p. 2 The New World We Live In

British Criminology’s Role in Fraught Times

Doing criminology in a changing climate

Losses and Acknowledgments

What Is New in the New Edition?

Garrett, B. (2020). https://wcsj.law.duke.edu/2020/11/remembering-roger-hood-a-champion-of-justice-and-

Hood, R. (1965), Borstal Reassessed, London: Heinemann.

Hood, R. (1990), The Death Penalty, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Matthews, R. (2014), Realist Criminology, London: Palgrave Macmillan.

West, D. (1955), Homosexuality, London: Penguin.

West, D. and Farrington, D. (1973), Who Becomes Delinquent, London: Heinemann.

WhatUni (2022), https://www.whatuni.com/ <https://www.whatuni.com/>.

Zapatero, L. A. (2020), ‘Obituary’. https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/content/roger-hood-obituary-luis-arroyo-

© Oxford University Press 2023

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THE RIGHTS OF DESERTED WIVES.

THE GREAT SPHINX.

NOVEL USE OF ELECTRICITY.

Of all the flowers that deck the verdant knoll,