PEAND MASS

DI
SPLAYS
NOTES
Gr
ade5–7

MrTManema
PHONE:0775382555

1
THEHUMANBODY

 Thehumanbodyor gansaredivi
dedint
otwoexter
nalandi
nter
nal
par
ts.
 Thehumanbodyhasor gansthatst
oreandt
ranspor
tfood.
 These organsworkt
ogether
.
Ext
ernalbodypart
s

 Ar
etheout
sidebodypar
ts.

Legs Neck

Head Ankl
es

Ar
ms Knees

Toes Ey
es

Feet Ear
s

Shoul
der Nose

I
nter
nal
bodypar
ts

Areinsi
debodypart
s.
Lungs hear
t l
i
ver ki
dney smal
li
ntest
ine l
arge
i
ntesti
ne

Esophagus t
ongue t
eet
h pancr
eas st
omach
duodenum

Rect
um appendi
x mout
h

Humanbodypar
tst
hatst
oreandt
ranspor
tfood

Digestion
Breakingdownoffoodpart
icl
esi
ntosmall
erpi
ecesandtr
ansport
ati
on.
Mout h-esophagus--
stomach-duodenum -small
int
esti
ne-largei
ntest
ine–r
ect
um -
anus

Mouth___transportat
ionoff
oodi ntothebodybegi nsint
hemouth.
 Foodi sbrokendownintosmal lpar
ti
cles.
(chewingoffood)
 Teethbreaksdownf oodint hemouth.
 Sal
ivainthemout hhelpsinlubri
cati
ngthef oodpart
icl
es.
Tongue__
_helpst omixfoodwithsaliv
ainthemout h.

2
Helpst hef oodt obeswal lowed.
Esophagus/gul let–i tisat ubewhi chcar ri
esf oodt ot hestomach.
Thegul letcanexpandandcont ractasf oodmov ethroughi t
.
Stomach- -
--st oresf oodpar ti
clesforf urtherbr eakdown.
 t hef i
rstpar tofdi gest ionbegi nsi nthest omach.
 I ti sthel argestor ganwhi chst oresf ood.
 Thest omachwal lspr oducegast ricjuicesmakest heabsor pti
onoff
oodpar
ti
cles
easy .
 Excessf at s ar est oredundert heski nespeci all
ythebel l
yarea.
 Skel etal muscl esi nt hel egsandar msst orecar bohy drat
es.
Li
v er-----
-pr ocessesdi gest ivepr oduct s.
 dest roy stoxi nsandpr oducebi le
duodenum di gest edf oodi smi xedwi thbi l
e.
smal lint esti
ne_ ____r unsbet weent hest omachandl ar geintest
ines.
 I st hel ongestpar tofor ganswhi cht ransportandst orefood.
 I ti swher edigest edf oodi sabsor bedi ntothebl ood.
Lar gei ntest i
ne_ _____itisj oinedt ot hesmal li
ntestines.
 I tabsor bswat erandsal t
s.
 I tst oreswast ecal ledf aeces.
Anus- --faecesar eremov edf rom t hebodyt hrought heanus.
Hear t–pumpsbl oodt hrought hebody .
Kidney- --f i
ltersbl ood, pr oduci ngur ine.

3
 Bodypar
tst
hatt
ranspor
tai
r

Taki nginofoxy genandpassi ngoutofcar bondi oxideiscal ledrespi

rati
on.
Nose_ ___usedt otakeai rinandout .
takesi nairfrom t heat mospher eintot herespi r
atorysy stem.
Ithast woopeni ngcallednost r
il
s.
Inthenost ril
st her earehai rsandmucuswhi chhel pcleant heairwebr eathe.
Mout h_weal sobr eat het hr
ought hemout h.
Thr oat-theai rf r
om thenosepasst hrought het hroatandt hevoicebox
Wi ndpipe(t rachea)–ai rmov esf rom thewi ndpi pei ntothebr onchi.
Airent erst heai rsacsandmov esi ntot hebl oodt hroughbl oodv esselswher
eitis
carriedtoal lpar tsofthebody .
Bronchiai rpassagesoft helungs
Lungs- Ext ract soxygenf r
om t heair.
Twol ungsar ej oinedtot hetwot ubescal ledbr onchi.
Lungshav eai rsacswhi chstoresai r.
Airsacsar esur roundedbybl oodv esselswhi chcar r
ybl ood.
Airsacsi nthel ungs-t hebodyusesoxy gencar riedbybl ood.
Whenoxy geni susedupbyt hebodypar ts,carbonmonoxi dei sformed.Thebodydoes
notneedcar bondi oxide.

4
Capi l
lariescarrycar
bondi oxidet othel ungsf orthebodyt oexhalei t
.
Car bondi oxi
deinthel ungsiscar riedf r
om t hesmal lairsacst othewindpipeandout
throught henose.
Diaphr agm-i samuscl ebelowt hel ungst hatseparatesthest omachandt helungs.
I
tmov esupanddownaswebr eathe.
Breathi ng–t hemov ementofai ri
nandoutoft hebody .
Breathei n _t hediaphragm cont ractsandf latt
enst oal l
ow themov ementofoxy gen
i
ntot hel ungs.Thedi aphragm mov esdownwhenbr eat hi
ngi n.
Breatheout–t hediaphragm r elaxesandai rispushedoutoft helungsthroughthe
windpi peandnose.Thedi aphr
agm mov esupwhenbr eathi
ngout .
.
Safetyandheal t
h

Taki
ngpartinphysi
cal
act
ivi
ti
esPhy
sical
act
ivi
ti
escanbedoneatschool
,homeandt
he
community
.
Physi
cal
activi
ti
es

 I sthemovementoft
hebodyt
hatusesener
gy.
Phy
sicalacti
vi
ti
es

 I
mpr ovehealthandfi
tness.
 Hel
pr educebodywei ght.
 Bui
ldst r
engthandbalance.
 Hel
pagi li
ty,
coordi
nat
ionandbodybal ance.
 Maintainhealthand reduceriskofi l
lnessfr
om di
abetes,obesi
tyand hear
t
di
seases.
 Phy sicalact
ivi
ti
esimprovethefunct
ionofbodypar
tsandbrai
ns.
Athome Atschool I
nthecommuni t
y

Cooki
ng Spor
ts Communi
typar
ti
es

I
roni
ng Exer
cisi
ng Tr
eepl
ant
ing

Sweepi
ng Gar
deni
ng Fi
xi
ngr
oads

Danci
ng Games Communi
tydances

Joggi
ng Cl
eani
ng Cl
eanupcampai
gns

Gar
deni
ng Joggi
ng Spor
tsf
est
ival
s

Washi
ng st
ret
chi
ng Har
vest
ingpar
ti
es(
nhi
mbe)

War
m-upactiv
iti
es–donet
opr
epar
ethebodyf
ort
hegame.
 Jogging
 Str
etching
5
  Wal king
Cooldownact i
viti
es
 Joggi ng
 St retching
 Wal king
Thecool downi sanact i
vi
tydonetohelpthebodyrecoverfrom t
hemai nactivi
ty.
Physi
calactivit
ydi ary
 I tisabookwher eyourecordall
physi
calacti
vi
ti
esdoneev eryday.
 I tshowst heday softheweek,typeofphysi
calact
ivi
ty,t
imet odotheactivit
yand
thedat etheact iv
itywasdone.
Phy sicalact i
vi
tydiar
yhelpstocheckpr ogr
essonphy sicalact
ivi
ty,i
ncreasethe
timespentonsomephy si
calacti
vi
ti
esandrecordally
ourphy si
calact
ivi
ties.
Saf
etyrulesf orphy si
calact
ivi
ti
es

 Wearcomf ortableclothing
 Putonappr opriateprotectiveatt
irefort
heact i
vi
ty.
 Takebr eaksdur i
ngtheact ivi
ty.
 Av oi
dplay i
ngi nbadweat her.Egr ai
northunderstor
ms
 Dr i
nkwat erbefor e,
duringandaf terthephysicalacti
vi
ty.
 Donotengagei nphy si
cal acti
vi
tieswhennotf eeli
ngwell.
Di
seasescausedbyl ackofexer cises

 Obesi tyi scausedbyov ereat i

ng.
 Di abetesi sadi seasei nwhi chthebodyi snotabletocontrolt
hesugarlev
elin
theblood.
 Hear tdi seases_ __causedbyl ackofexercisesandeati
ngf oodwit
halotoffat
andsal t.
 Hi ghbl oodpr essure_ __
_i swhent heforceofbloodispushingagai
nstt
hewalls
ofthebl oodv esselsistoohi gh.
Highbl oodpr essureincreaser i
sksofheartandkidneypr
oblems.
Topr eventriskofbl oodpr essureavoi
d;
 Sal t
yfoods
 Dr i
nkingalcohol
 Ov erweight
 I nactiveli
festyl
es.
Def
ici
encydi seases

 Theyar
edi
seasescausedbyal
ackofnut
ri
ent
s.

Scurvyiscausedbyl ackofv i
tami
nsC.Wegetv it
aminCf r
om frui
tsand
vegetables.
Decay i
nggums,swol lenbleedi
nggumsandsl owheali
ngwounds aresi
gns
ofsufferingfrom scurvy.
Ricketsar ecausedbyl ackofvi
tami
nD.
Fish,dai
rypr oductsandl i
verar
esourcesofv
itami
nD.

6
 Weal sogetv i
taminDf rom thesun.
Kwashi orkori scausedbyl ackofpr oteins.
Chil
drenwi thkwashi orkorhav eswoll
enbel l
i
es,f eetandankles.
Topr ev entkwashi orkorchildr
enshoul deatf oodwi t
hal otofprot
einsli
kebeans,
kapent a,meat ,milkandMopani worms.
Marasmusi salsocausedbyl ackofpr oteinsandcar bohydr
ates.
chil
drenwi thmar asmusl oseal otofwei ght.
Marasmusl eadst opoorgr owth.
Toav oidmar asmuseatf oodwhi chisr i
chi nproteinsandcar bohydr
atesli
keri
ce,
meat, beansandeggs.
Goitr
ei scausedbyl ackofi odine.
Iodi
sedsal tandsal t
ywat erf i
sharesour cesofi odine.
Anaemi a
 Lackofi ronint hebodycausesanaemi a.
 Lackofbl oodi nourbodiesi scall
edANAEMI A.

I
nfect
iousdiseases
 Arediseasescausedbyger msent
eringourbodies.
 We need t o weargumboot s,masks and gloves t
o protectour
sel
ves f
rom
inf
ectiousdiseases.
Examplesofinfect
iousdiseasesar
echol
era,dysent
eryandtyphoi
d.

Di
seasescausedbypoorsani
tar
ycondi
ti
ons

Sani
tat
ionisprot
ecti
nghealththr
oughhygi
ene.
Examplesofgoodsanit
arycondit
ionsar
e:cleanwat
er,
cleant
oil
ets,
cleanenv
ironment
andgoodwastemanagement .

Cholera -i sani nfecti

ousdi seasecausedeat ingfoodordrinki
ngwat
erwhi
chi
s
contaminat edbybact eri
a.Bact
er i
aisagermt hatcausesthedi
sease.
Itcanleadt odehy drationandev endeathifnot r
eated.
Itcauseswat erydiarrheaandv omi ti
ng.
Tocont r
ol cholerawemust :
 Dr inksaf ewat er.
 Cl eanf r
uitbefor eyoueat .
 Washy ourhandswi thsoapaf t
ervi
sit
ingthetoil
et.
 Eatcookedf oodwhi lestil
lhot.

Dysent
ery– isani nfecti
ousdi seasecausedbybact
eri
awhichent
erst
hei
ntest
ine
thr
oughfoodorwat er.
I
tcausesseverediarrheawhi chcont ai
nbl
ood,
mucusorpus.
Tocontr
oldysenterywemust :
 Cleanfrui
tsbef oreeating
 Washy ourhandsbef oreeating

Bi
l
har
zia_i
sadi
seasecausedbywor
msf
oundi
nst
agnantwat
er.

7
Thewor msent ersthebodyt hroughswimmi ng,
washi
ngandplay
ingi
ndirtwater
.
Thediseaseaf f
ectst heint
esti
nes, t
hebladderwhi
chstor
eur
ineandalsoaff
ectsbr
ains
andlungs.
Tocontrolbi
lharziawemust :
 Wash, swim, bathusingcleanwater.
 Drinkcleanwat er
.
 Washf ruitsusingcleanwat er.

Typhoi
d_ i saninf
ectiousdiseasecausedbybacter
ia.
I
tiscausedbydr i
nkingcontaminatedwaterandeati
ngdir
tfood.
I
tcausehighfever,vomiti
nganddi arr
hea.
Apersonwithdiarr
heaf eel
sweak, paini
nthestomachandheadache.
Wecanr educethediseasebyboi l
i
ngwat erf
ordri
nki
ngandwashi ngoff
rui
ts.

Tr
eat
mentofdi
arr
hea

Choler
a,t
yphoidanddysent
eryaredi
seaseswhi
chcausesdiar
rhea.
Diar
rheacausesl
ossofwaterinthebody.
Diar
rheacanbetreat
edbytakinginasal
tandsugarsol
uti
ontorepl
acet
hel
ostf
lui
dsi
n
thebody.

I
njur
iesr
elat
edt
ophy
sical
act
ivi
ti
es

Themostcommoni njur
iesinphysi
calacti
vi
tiesar
ef ract
ures,br
uises,
disl
ocat
ionsand
st
r ains.
Fract ur
e_i sabr okenbone.
Causesoff r
acturesinclude:
 Fal lsinsoccer ,
netballandbasket
ball
.
 Caracci dents.
 Di rectstr
ikest othebodyespecial
lyfr
om acricketball
.
Dislocation

I
swhent heendsonaj oi
ntareforcedfrom t
hei
rnormalpositi
ons.
I
sani njuryonaj oint
.
Commondi slocati
onst akeplaceonshoulders,
elbow,fi
ngersandhips.
Causesofdi slocati
ons
 Cont actspor t
ssuchassoccerandhockey .
 Fal l
sinv oll
eyballandgymnast i
cs.
 St ri
ki
ngt hebal l
accidental
l
yusinghandsorf i
ngers.

Str
ain ___i swhenamuscl eispull
edorstret
chedsot hati
tist
orn.
Theinjuryoccursonl yonamuscl e.

St
rai
nsar
ecausedby:
 Overwor
kingmuscl
e
 Lackofwarm up

8
  Col
dweather
 Phy
sical
suchasr
unni
ng,
jumpi
ngandki
cki
ng.

Howtoreducestr
ains
 War m upbef oreaphy
sical
activ
ity
.
 Stopactivit
ywheny oufeel
tir
ed.
 Av oi
dov erstret
chi
ng.
I
ndi
genousgames
 Nhodo
 Tsoro

Netgames
 Aregamespl ay
edwhereanetdi vi
dest
hepl
ayi
ngar
ea.Egt
enni
s,squashand
v
oll
eyball
.
Voll
eyball
Theyaresixplayer
sineachv
oll
eybal
lteam.

Str
okes
Awayofhi t
ti
ngthebal
l
.
Examplesofstr
okes
Backhand
Forehand
Smash
Voll
ey

St
rokesi
nvol
l
eybal
l

Spikei susedwhenat t
acki
ngtheoppositeteam.
Jumpser ve
Blocki susedtostopanatt
ack.
Sidespinorbackspi nisusedt opreventt herecei
verf
rom maki
ngast
rongat
tack
againsttheserver
.
Tenni s
Ar acketisusedwhenplayi
ngtenni
s.
Ast rokeisawayofr et
urni
ngthebal
lintennis.

Typesofstrokes
 Spincausest heballtor
otateasitmov esf
orward.
 Thel obisast r
okef orhei
ght.Is usedasadef enceshottomov etheopponent
awayfrom thenet.
 Smashi sanexampl eofapowerst rokewhichmakesi tdi
ff
icultforanopponent
tor
eturn.
 Theser veisastrokefordi
stance.
Boxing
 Abouti samat chinboxing.
 Theboxer scompet eaccordi
ngtot heirwei
ght,ageandexperience.

9
 Rul
esi
nboxi
ng
 Wearthi
ckboxi nggloves.
 Wearprotect
ivecupsf ormalestoprot
ectsexor
gans.
 Wearbreastprotector
sf orf
emales.
 Wearpropergearf ort
hef i
ght.

Aquat
icski
l
ls (
rel
ati
ngt
owat
er)

Wat
erhazar
dsar
ewat
err
elat
eddanger
s.

Swimmi ng
 swi mmi ngi snotonl yaspor tbutal soasur vi
valski
ll
.
 Basi cswi mmi ngski l
lspr ev entpeopl ef rom drowni ngandhel pthem t
omov e
awayf rom danger oussi t uat ioninwat er.
 Whenr escui ngadr owni ngper sonwemustusef l
oat i
ngobj
ectslikeabal
land
inflat edt ubes.
 Wheny ouar el earningt oswi mi tiswiset ouseswi mmi ngdev
ices.
Swimmi ngr ules
 Donotswal l
owpool water .
 Ent erandexi tthepool sl owl y .
 Ur inat i
ngandbl owingy ournosei nt hepool i
snotallowed.
 Nof oodordr i
nksar eal lowedi nthepool .
 Nopushi ngeachot herint hepool .
 Showeraf terswi mmi ngt or emov epool acid.
Waterbodi es
Thesafestwat erbodyt oswi mi st heswi mmi ngpool .
Dangerouswat erbodi es
 Floodedr ivers
 Di susedgr av el pi
ts
 Dams
 Sewageponds
 Canal s
Whygrav el pitsandquar rypi t
snotsaf eforswi mmi ng
 Ver yLowt emper atur esint hepi tsmaycausecol dshock.
 Theyhav eunder wat erplant swhi chmaycausedr owni ng.
 Mayhav ebr okengl assandwr eckswhi chcausesi njuri
es.

Danger
sofswi mmi nginadam
 Animalsli
kecr ocodil
escankil
lpeople
 Underwaterplantscanentangletheswimmer
s
 Waterwav escandi stur
bswimmer s.
 Dif
fi
cultt
ogetoutofst eepbanks.

10
Advent
uregamesi ndams
 Fishing
 Boatcr ui
sing
Danger
sf rom swimmi ng
 Drowni ng
 I
nf ecti
onfrom unsaf
ewat
er

Waysofreduci ngdrowni nginswimmi ngpools

 Keepl i
fesav i
ngequi pmentclosetot hepoolal
lthet
ime.
 Hav eswi mmi nglessonforeveryonewhousest hepool
.
 Swimmi ngpoolsmustbef enced.
 Nohor sepl ayshouldbeal l
owedi nthepool
 Beawar eofthepool depth.
Aquat
icsurvivalskil
ls
 Fl
oat i
ng _ _____t heabil
itytokeepont opoft hewaterbutwi
thnomeansof
mov ement .
 Sculli
ng
 Treading_mov i
ngy ourarmsandl egstostayafl
oat.
 Swimmi ng
 Usingswi mmi ngdev ices
 Gli
ding
 Turning
 Submer ging

Fl
oati
ngont hebacksav esenergyduringswimming.
Dr
ylandrescue
 Useal ongsticktoreachthedrowningperson.
 Useabal loraninfl
atedtubeti
edt otheendofarope.

Equi
pmentusedindryl
andr
escue
 Ball
 Inf
lat
edtube
 Longsti
ck
 Rope

Sav
ingadr ownedpersononl and
 Checki fthepersoni
sbr eathing.
 Asksomeonet ocall
f ormedi calhel
p.
 Iftheper sonisnotbr eathinggivet hem rescuebreat
hst
hrought
hemout
hor
nose.
 Hel pthepersontobreathebychestcompr ession.
 Repeatt hestepsunt
iltheper sonrecovers.

Sav
ingadrowni
ngpersoni
nwater
 Ifyoucannotr
eachadr
owningper
sonort
hrowt
heequi
pmenty
oucanent
ert
he
11
 pool
thr
ought
heshal
l
owendandt
het
hrowt
heequi
pment
.

Typesofst rokes
 Fr ontcrawl
 Backst roke
 Br eastst roke
Divi
ngposi t
ions
Sit
ti
ng
Squatti
ng
Standi
ng
kneeli
ng
Tumblet ur
n
i
sawayoft urningwheny our
eachtheedgeofapool
.
Iti
sturningandt wist
ingi
nwatersothaty
oucanswimtot
heopposi
tedi
rect
ion.
Swimmi nggames

Aqua-aer
obics-theseareexer
cisesdonei
naswi
mmi
ngpool
.
Theseexercisesaredoneinmusi c.

Waterpoloi
tisplayedi
nwaterwit
hat eam ofsev
enpl
ayer
susi
ngabal
l
.
Theballi
sthrowntotheopponent
`snettoscore.
Thefrontcr
awl st
rokei
susedtoplayt
hegame.

Rul
esinwaterpol
o
Useonehandtoholdt
heball
.
Pl
ayer
smaypasst hebal
lorswimtothebal
l.
Pl
ayer
sarenotall
owedtotouchthebot
tom oft
hepool
.

Swi
mmi ngai ds
 Li fejacket
 Ri ngbuoy
 Fl oatingtube
 Sheppar dcrock
Waterhazards
 l i
ghtning
 cy clones
 f l
oods
 dr owni ng
Gymnastics
Gymnasticspr omoteheal
thandf
it
ness.
I
mpr ov
esknowl edgeonbodymovement.

Apersonwhosupportanotherpersoni
ngy mnasticsi
scall
edaspott
er.
Thebodyposi
ti
onwher ethelegsarekeptstr
aightandtoespoi
ntedi
scall
edpi
ke.
Equi
pment/appar
atususedi ngymnasti
cs
 mats

12
  benches
 ropes
 bars
 boxes

Act
ivi
ti
esi
ngy
mnast
ics

 rol
ling
 twisti
ng
 j
umpi ng
 cli
mbi ng
 balancing
 swinging
Locomoti
on

I
str
avel
l
ingf
rom oneposi
ti
ont
oanot
herusi
ngbodypar
ts.

Examplesofl ocomot
ion
 Rolli
ng
 Skipping
 Hopping
 crawli
ng

Pyramids
Arebalancesdonebyt woormor epeople.
Theskillneededi
nformingpyramidsiscall
edbal
anci
ng.
Balances
Balanceswhi chf
orm shapeswhicharet hesameonbothsi
deswhendi
vi
dedi
ntot
wo
partsarecall
edsymmet r
ybalances.

Symmetri
calbal
ances
Bal
anci
ngont hi
gh
w-bal
ance
Asymmetri
cal
Bal
anceswhichform shapeswhichar et
hedi
ff
erentonbot
hsi
deswhendi
vi
dedi
nto
twopart
sarecall
edasymmet r
ybalances.

Asy
mmet ri
calbal
ances
Movi
ngsupportedhand
Wal
kingchair

Gy
mnast
icr
out
ine
 i
sacombinat
ionofact
ivi
ti
eswhi
chf
orm apat
ter
n.

Exampl
esofgy
mnast
icr
out
ine

13
Forwar droll
Jackkni f
e
Cartwheel
Handspr ingovert
hemat
Headspr ing
Onej udor ol
l

Rulesandr egulationsf orgy mnast i

cs
Dressing
 Noj ewelleryshoul dbewor n.
 Nobel t
sandbuckl esar eal l
owed.
 Gi rl
smustwearl eotardsonl y.(
skint i
ghts)
 Boy smustweart -
shirtstuckedi ntoshor t
s.
 Shoesar enotal lowedi nt hegy mf loor.
Preparingf orgy mnast i
cs
 Ar ri
v eearlyf orthecl ass
 Nof oodordr i
nkshoul dbet akent othegy mnasti
cs.
 Vi si
tt hetoiletbef oret helesson.
 Noat hl
eteshoul dl eav ethel essonwi t
houttheteacher
`sper
missi
on.
Duringt hel esson
 Al way sstartbywar minguppr operly.
 Repor tanypr obl
em ofi njuryorsi cknesst ot
heteacher.
 Nor unningar ound.
 Knowski l
lsy ouar eper f
or ming.
Codeofconduct
 Al way sfoll
owr ulesandr egul ati
ons.
 Mai nt ai
ngoodbehav iour.
 Wor kasat eam.
 Donotuseabusi velanguage

I
nvasi
onGames
 iswhenoneent ersi ntoanot her`sterri
tor ybyskil
lorforce.Exampl
esof
i
nv asiongamesar esoccer ,netbal
l,hockey ,r
ugbyandhandbal lamong
others.
 Pl ayer saimt owi nt hebal landscor eagoal t
otheopposingteam.
 React ioni stheabi lit
yt omov ef astt
or eceiveorsendthebal l
.
Def
endingt echni quesi ni nvasiongames
 Av oi
dsi mplemi stakes
 Sl owi ngdownt hegamet hroughpassi ngt heballt
oeachot her
.
 Pr ov i
dedef encei nal lpartsoft hef i
eld
 Donotal l
owt heot herteam spacet oat tack.
Attacki ngt echni quesi ninv asiongames
 Changet hewayy ouat t
acksot hatt heothert
eam doesnotknow
y ourstyl
eofpl ayy ouwantt ouse.
 Mov einsideandbehi ndt hedefender softheotherteam.

14
  Movei
ndiff
erentwaytoscor
e.
 Makeuseofthewidt
hofthefi
eldt
ospr
eadoutt
odef
ender
s.

Foot
bal
l

Ski
ll
sinf
oot
bal
l
passi
ng,
cat
chi
ng,
shoot
ing,
dri
bbl
i
ng,
andspaceawar
eness.

Advant agesofspaceawar eness

pl
ay erswi l
l learnhowt omov eofftheball
.
I
thel pst hepl ayerstocontroltheball.
I
thel pst orecei vetheball
.
All
owspl ay erstomakedeci si
ons.
I
tallowspl ay erstolookaroundandwor kwit
hot herpl
ayer
s.
Disadv antagesofspaceawar eness
Youcanopenspacei nyourownt err
it
ory.
All
owsopponent stoknowy ournextmov e.
I
taf fectsthet eam`swayofpl ay
ingwheny oulosetheball
.

Posi
ti
oni
ngi
nfoot
bal
l

Socceri spl ay edwi th11pl ayersperteam.

Goal keeper
Prev entt heopposi ngt eam f rom scori
ngagoal .Goal keepersar epl
ayerswhoar
e
all
owedt ohandl et hebal lwithhands
SweeperSW
Clear sthebal lifopponentmanagest ogetthroughthedef ensivel
ine.
Cent rebackCB
Mar ktheopposi ngt eam forwar dsandevencent raldefender s.
Full BackFB
Prev entopponent sf rom get t
ingtheballi
nto18m y ardar ea.Penaltybox
Alsomakesof fensi v erunsont hef l
anks.
Wi ngbackWB
Hel pst hef ul lBack.
Mor einvol vedi nof fensiveattacks.
Def ensivemi dfielderDM
Oper atei nf rontofdef encel i
neandpr eventattackingmi dfi
elder
sf r
om r
eachi
ng18m
yardbox.Needt ohav egoodst ami naandstrength.
Cent ral mi dfielderCM
Play smor et hanoner oleont hefiel
d.
Linksdef enceandof fences
Hel psindef encewhenopponent shavepossessionoft hebal l
.
Sidemi dfielderSM
Prov idef or war dswi thqual i
tycrosses
Lef twingLW
Theof fensi vepl ayerwhopl aysont helef
tsideoft hefi
eld.

15
Ri
ghtwi ngRW
Theoffensiveplayerwhopl aysonther i
ghtsideofthefiel
d.
Str
iker
Responsibleforscoringgoals.
Net ball
Posi t
ioning_involvesaplayerknowingt hecorr
ectposit
ionwhenpl
ayi
ngagame.
Net ballplay
ingareaisdivi
dedinto3equal part
s.
Net balli
splayedbyt woteamssev enplayer
seach.
Thel ongestlinesofthenetballcourtarecall
edsideli
nes.
Net ballplay
ingareashavetwogoal ci
rcles.

Pl
ayingti
me
Matchlengt
h
 Consi st
soff
ourquar
ter
sof15mi
nseach.

1st I
nter
val 2nd Hal
f– 3rd i
nter
val 4th
quart
er quart
er quart
er quart
er
t
ime

15mi
ns 4mi
ns 15mi
ns 12 or 15mi
ns 4mi
ns 15mi
ns
8mi
ns

Netball
playingpositi
onandpl ayi
ngboundar i
es
Theyaresev endiff
erentplayi
ngpositionsinnetball
;
1.Goal shooterresponsiblef
orscoringgoals.
2.Goalat tack__ _apl ayerall
owedi nthecent r
et hi
rdincl
udi
ngtheshoot
ing
ci
rcl
e.
3.Wi ngattackisapl ay
erwhoi sallowedi nthecent r
ethir
dandgoalt
hir
d,but
nottheshooti
ngci rcl
e
4.Cent re isapl ayerwhoi sall
owedt oplayal loverthecour
texceptthe
shooti
ngcircl
es..

5.Wi ngdefencepreventstheotherfr
om scor
ing.
6.Goaldef enceapl ayerall
owedi nthecentrethir
danddef ensi
vegoalthi
rd,
i
ncludi
ngshootingcir
cle.
7.Goalkeeperi sapl ay eral
lowedinthedef ensi
vegoalthird,incl
udi
ngthe
shooti
ngcir
cle.
Of
fside
Aplayerisoffsi
dewhensheent ersacourtar
eanotdesignatedf
orherplay
ingposi
ti
on.

Rugby
 I
tiscompr
isedof15pl
ayer
spert
eam and8subst
it
utes.

Rugbyposi
ti
ons

16
 Full
back
Wing
Centre
Fl
yhalf
Scrum hal
f
Numbereight
Fl
anker
Hooker
Lock
Prop

Basketbal
l
Ani nv
asiongamei nwhicht woopposi
ngteamsoff iv
epl ay
ersst
ri
vet
oputabal
l
thr
oughahoop.
Thecentreist
hetall
estpl
ayerwhopl
aycl
osetothebasket.
I
splayedbyat eam of5pl
ayers.

Defendi
ngtacti
csi nbasketball
mant omandef ence_eachandev er
yplay
eri
nthegamehasapar
tnert
omar
k.
combineddefence_
zonedefence_pl ayer
spr otectzones.

At
tacki
ngski
l
lsi
nbasket
bal
l

zoneoffense___pl
ayersatt
ackzones.
earl
yoffense
setoff
ense
motionoffense___requi
respl
ayer
st opl
ayt
oget
herasasi
ngl
euni
t.

St
ri
ki
nggames

Exampl esofstri
ki
nggamesar ecri
cket,soft
bal
landbasebal
l
.
Str
ikinggamesar epl
ayedusingrackets,bat
sandbal l
s.
Agr i
pi sawayofhol dingast r
iki
ngequi pmentsuchasbatsandr
acket
stohi
tshot
s
duri
ngagame.
Themi ddlepartofacr
icketbal
lhasaj oi
ntcall
edtheseam.
Skil
lsinstri
ki
nggames: catchi
ng,thr
owi ngandbatt
ing.

Baseball
theyarenineplayersineachbaseballteam.
Positi
onsinbasebal l
Batter
,pi
tcher,catchers,
shortstop,
rightfi
eld,l
eftf
iel
dandcentrefi
eldar
eposit
ionsin
baseball
.
Batter
shitthebal lusingabat ,thepi t
cherthr
owst heballt
ot hebatt
er,t
hecatcher
catchestheballsthebatter
sf ai
ltobatandt hefiel
dplay
erscatchthebal
laft
eri
tishit
bythebatter.

17
Adv antagesofpr operbatgri
p
 t hebatspeedwi l
lbef ast
er.
 Thebatwi l
lbeinrightposit
iontohitt
heball
.
 Iti ncreaseschancesofhi t
ti
ngt hebal
l
.
 Handswi ll
beablet ochangethepositi
onqui
ckl
y
Disadv ant agesofpoorbatgr ip
I
tr educeschancesofhi tti
ngt heball
.
Chancesofmi ssi
ngtheballarehigh.
Canbedanger ousasthebatmaygoof fy
ourhandandhi
ttheot
herpl
ayer
.
Skill
sinbasebal l
Bat t
ing, catching,t
hrowi
ngandf i
eldi
ng.

Gri
ppingthebal l
inbaseball
Pl
acey ouri
ndexandmi ddlefingeracrossthewideseams.
Hol
dt heballinsi
detheedgeoft hethumb.
Rel
axy ourhand.
Gri
ppingthebati nbaseball
Pl
acet hehandleofy ourbatiny ourbott
om hand.
Pl
acet heendoft hebatont hegr oundinfr
ontofyourfrontf
oot.
Theindexfingerofyourbottom handshoul dbebentaroundthebat
.

Gri
ppingt heballincr i
cket
Pl
acet hemi ddlefingerandt heindexfi
ngerapar
tfr
om t
heseam.
Thethumbshoul dbeont heseam undertheball
.
Relaxyourhand.
Crouch
I
sabal ancingposi ti
oni nsportsacti
vi
ti
es.
I
tcanal sober eferredaspost ure.
Acor r
ectstancehel psto;
 Hel pthebodyt obalance
 Reducei nj
uries
 Beabl et omov e
Gameswhi chrequi r
east ance
 Cr i
cket
 Basket ball
 Tugofwar
 Kar ate
 Tenni s
 Dar ts
 Ar chery

CrouchSt ancei
ncri
cket
Thewi cketkeeperhastouset
hecr
ouchst
ancei
nor
dert
oseeal
lbal
l
scomi
ngand
catchthem.

18
Kar
atefi
ghti
ngst
ance
Ser
vingst
ancei
ntenni
s

Athletics
I
tinv olvesact
ivi
ti
essuchasrunning,walking,j
umpingandt hrowing.
Runni ngismadeupofspr i
nts,middl
eandl ongdistanceacti
vit
ies.
Thel inesmarkedonthetrackarecall
edlanes.
Thewi nneri
naraceistheonewhoset orsocrossest hef
ini
shinglinef
ir
st.
Torso–t heupperpar
tofthebodyf r
om thewai sttotheneck.

Duri
ngt hesetposi ti
ony oumustr aisethehipsslightlyabov eyourshoul
der
s.
Agun/whi stleisusedt ostar
tar unningeventinat hlet
ics.
Theinst rumentusedt orecordthetimet akeninar unningr aceiscall
edastopwat
ch.
Spri
nt s
I
ncludesshor tdistanceracesof100m and200m
Allr
unni ngev entswhi chrequi
respeedar ecall
edspr int
s.
Thespr int/cr ouchst artisusedinal lspr
inti
ngev ents.
Thet hreest arttechniquesinspr i
nts
Ony ourmar ks
Set
Go
Spri
ntt echni ques
Bodyposi t
ion
Arm act i
on
Legact ion–t hef eetmustpushhar dont heground.
Steponl ywi thy ourtoesnoty ourwhol efootwhenr unni ng.
Thef l
yingst ar ti
susedi nmi ddleandl ongdistancer unning.

Middledistances
I
ncludes400m and800m r unni ngraces.
Thef l
yingst art /
standi ngstartisusedinmi ddl
eandlongdist
ancesrunni
ng.
Theflyi
ngst ar tismadeupoft wostageswhi chare;
 Ony ourmar ks
 Go/gun
Relayrace
 Ar elayr acei srunasat eam.
 I nar elayr acer unnersexchangebat ons
 Ther elaybat oni sasmoot hhollowtubeofabout30cm longand12cm ar
ound.
 Thedi stancer unbyoneat hl
eteinar el
ayraceiscal
l
edal eg.
Relayevents
Theyar ecomposedof4at hletesperrelayt
eam.
4x100m
4x200m
Batonexchange

 I
tist
heski
l
lofpassi
ngbat
onst
othenextat
hlet
einr
elay
s.

19
  Thehandpassingthebat
onisnotthesameast hehandrecei
vi
ngthebat
on.egif
theathlet
epassi
ngthebat
onusingtheri
ghthand,t
heotherathl
etemustrecei
ve
usingthelef
thand.
Ty
pesofbatonexchange

 Downsweep–downwar dmov ementofthebatoni

nar el
ayrace.
I
nthedownsweeptechniquet
heat hl
eterecei
vi
ngthebatonmustfor
m av
-shape
wit
hfi
nger
sandthump.
 Upsweep_upwardmov ementofthebatoninarel
ayrace.

Crosscount r
y
Aracer unov erdi
ff
erentpl
acesli
kehill
s,gr
assandriv
ers.
Adistanceofabout3km ormor ecanber uninacrosscount
ryr
ace.
Racewal ki
ng
 Isal ongdistancewalki
ngeventinathl
eti
cs.
 Adi stanceofabout5km iswalked.

Rul
esi nwalkraci
ng
 Nev erhavebothf eetof
fthegroundatt
hesameti
me.
 St r
aightenthelegmov i
ngforwardwhenthef
ootmakescont
actwi
tht
hegr
ound
unti
liti
sv er
ti
cal.
Hur
dles

Hurdl
ingi sanev entwher eathlet
esareexpectedtorunoverobst
acl
escal
l
edhur
dles.
Theheightf orhurdlesis76cm f orgir
lsand84cm forboy
s.
I
nallhurdlingracest heleadinglegisnotchanged.
Techniquest oi
mpr ovehur dli
ng
Jumpingl owobst acles
Legstretchingfr
om aseat edpositi
on
Legcr ossingoverahur dle

Jumps
Jumpsar
ediv
idedint
otwocategor
ieswhi charehori
zont
alandver
ti
cal
.
Jumpsar
emadeupoft hefol
l
owingst ages:r
unup, t
akeoff
,fl
i
ghtandlandi
ng.
Highj
umpandpolevaul
tar
eexampl esofv er
tical
jumps.(
jumpforhei
ght)

Horizont aljumps
Longj umpandt r
ipl
ear eexamplesofhori
zontalj
umps.(jumpfordi
stance)
Asy oul andi nthesandpushf orwardwit
hy ourl
egs,
trunkandar
ms.
Safetyneededi nLongj ump
Alway sdi gt hesandf orsafel
anding.
Remov eobj ectsl
ikeglassorli
tteri
nthesand.
Alway sjumpf rom non-sli
psur
faces.
Acti
v i
tiest oimprovelongj ump
Distancej umpi ng
Jumpi ngf rom alowbox.

20
Run-
upusi
ngcheckmar
k

Tr
ipl
ejump
Hop,st
epandj
umpar
est
agesi
ntr
ipl
ejump.

Ver
ti
cal
jumps

Verti
caljumpsar
ejumpst hataredoneforheight
.Examplesarehi
ghjumpandpole
vaul
t.
I
nv ert
icalj
umpsonedoesnotprogr
esstothenexthei
ghti
fhe/shef
ail
sal
lthr
eet
ri
als.

Safet
yinvert
icalj
umps
Alwaysjumpfrom nonsli
psur
faces
Jumpingfrom wetgrassi
sdangerous
Highjump

Stagesinhi
ghjump
Runup
Takeoff
Fl
ight
Landing
Highjumptechni
ques

Scissorskicktechnique–approacht hebarfrom t
hel
eftorr
ight
.
Takeof fusingonel eg.
Li
fty ourbackl egoverthebari
nasci ssorsmovement
.
Str
aighteny ourlegsasy ougooverthebar .
Landont hefrontleg.
Flopt echnique–i tisal
socall
edtheJ- appr
oach.
Thej umpl andsont hebackonamat .

Techni
questoimpr
ovehi
ghj
ump
Thecurl
Backarc
Backwardjump
Carvespr
inti
ng

Pol
evaul
t

Astrongmetall
i
cpol
eisusedtohel
pinjumpi
ng
I
tisanothert
ypeofver
ti
calj
umpi
ng.
Thepolevaul
tismadeupofthefol
l
owingst
ages
Approach
Runup
Takeoff
Fl
ight

21
Landi
ng

Tar
getgames

Ast anceisabalanci
ngposit
ioni
nsport
s.
 Dar ts
 Gol f
 Pi nbowling
 Ar chery
I
nt argetgamesplayersscor
ewhentheysuccessf
ull
ythr
oworst
ri
keanobj
ectcl
osert
o
atarget.

Pi
nbowl
i
ng

I
nbowli
nggamet hetar
getar
ethepins.
I
fyouknockdownall
tenpi
nswithyourf
irstbowl
i
ngy
ouget10poi
nts.

Ski
l
lsused:ai
ming,
thr
owi
ng,
stanceandt
arget
ing.

Equi
pmentneeded:
10pi
ns,
abal
l

Rul
es:t
hebowerhastwotur
nstoknockdownal
ltenpins.
:Thebal
lshoul
drol
lonthef
loornott
obethrown.

Dar
ts

Thedartboar
dshoul
dbe2met resawaythethrowi
ngpoi
nt.
Thecentr
epartofadar
tboar
discall
edbull
seye.

Ski
l
lsused:
thr
owi
ng,
aimi
ngandst
ance

Equi
pmentneeded:
dar
ts,
dar
tboar
d,matandast
and.

Rules:tocal
culat
et hepoi
ntssubtractthepoi
ntsf
orthet
hreet
hrowsf
rom t
hepr
esent
tot
al.
:
alwaysthrowusingonehand.
:
eachplayerisal
lowedthr
eet hr
owsperchance.
:
thewinnerisaplayerwhoreducesthescor
etozer
o.

Thr
owi
ngev
ent
s

 Discus, j
avel
inandshotputar
eexampl esofthrowi
ngev ents.
 Thest agesofsomet hr
owsaregr i
p,st
anceandt hr
owi ng.
 Thet hrowingareamustbeprotect
edbyaf enceindiscusthrows.
 Allthrowsshouldlandinmarkedareas.
 Mar kedplacesareal
soknownasboundar iesinthr
owingev ents.

22
  Inr
ati
onal
thr
owsthet
argeti
sdivi
dedint
othreezones.
 Thethr
owismadeatl
east5m f
rom t
hetarget.
Jav
eli
n

I
tinvolvesthrowingamet alobjectl
ikeaspear.
Thejaveli
nst i
ckiscar r
iedpointingdown.
I
nt eenjaveli
n10m bonusar egivenwhentheythr
owmor
ethan30m.
I
njav el
i
neachpar ti
cipantisgiventhreet
ri
als.
Partsofaj avel
in
 Head
 Shaf t
 Cor dgr i
p
Javeli
ngrips
 Mi ddlefingergrip
 For efingergri
p

Shotput
 Aheav ymetal balli
sthrownusingonehandinshotput.
 Anironballoraheav ysoli
dbrassweighi
ng3,25kgi
susedi nshotput
.
Stagesi
nShotput
Grip,pl
aceonneck, stanceandt hr
ow/push.
Shotputrules
 Tapey ourfi
nger susi
ngbandages.
 Throwt heballusingonehandabov ethehei
ghtofyourshoulder
.
 Noat hl
etesareal l
owedi nt
othethr
owingarea.
 Throwingmustbedoneonl yi
nthecir
cle.

Di
scus

Aheav ymet aldi

sci
sthrowninamarkedareafordi
stanceindi
scus.
Adiscusi smadeofrubberorwoodsurr
oundedbyamet al
rim.
St
agesi ndiscus
Gr
ip, stanceandthr
owing.

Adv
entur
egames
Out
dooract
ivi
ti
es

Exampl
esofadv entur
egames
 Sai
li
ng
 Mountaincli
mbing
 Canoei
ng
 Cycl
ing
 Raft
ing
 Camping

23
Campi
ng

I
tisanactiv
ityoft empor ari
l
ylivi
nginatentinthef
orest
.
Rul
esduringcampi ng
Wearappropriatecl othi
ngsuchast r
ousersandshi
rt.
Noboysinorneargi r
lsfaci
l
iti
esorviceversa
Donotsmokeatcampsi te.
Nohorseplayi sallowed.
Nopushingort hrowi ngamember .
Campfi
resshoul dbesuper vi
sedandextingui
shedbefor
eleav
ing.

Hi
ki
ngorwal
ki
ngshoul
dbedoneasagr
oup.Hi
kesar
elongv
igor
ouswal
k.

Cycli
ng/bi
king
Cycl
ingisanadvent
ureact
ivi
tyofr
idi
ngabi
cycl
e.
Equipmentneededf
orcycl
ing
 Helmet
 Kneepads
 Gloves
 Shoes
 Jackets
 Goggles
Bicy
clepart
s

Pedal –usedf orcy cli

ng.
Brakes_usedt oreducespeedandst opthebicycle.
Spokes_suppor tthewheel s.
Saddle_bi cy
cl eseat .
Handl es_f orcont rol l
i
ngt hebicycl
eduringcycli
ng.
Reflectors_hel pthecy cl
isttobeseenbyot herroaduser
satnight
.
Mount
 Cl imbi ngont opabi cycl
eorahor se.
Dismount
 Goi ngdownabi cy
cleorahor se.
Si
gnal ing
I
st heskillofl etti
ngot herroadusersknowwhaty ouwanttodo.

Cy
cli
ngr
oadrules
 Avoi
dtravel
li
ngatnight
 Obeyallt
heroadrul
es
 Al
wayskeept othel
eftsi
deofther
oad.
 Watchforpothol
esandstonesont
heroad.
 Besurebrakesareworki
ngwell
.

Tyi
ngknots
Ropescanbej
oinedt
ofor
m knot
s.
24
Usesofknot
s
 Usedasj
oint
si ntentpi
tchi
ng.
 Usedi
nmount aincli
mbing
 Usedi
nmakingr aft
s

Examplesofknot
s
Sheetbandknot
Lashknot
Overhandknot
Squareknot
Lashing _ __isty
ingwoodenpol
esort
imberwi
thr
opes.

Raft
I
sawat ertr
ansportthatcanbeusedforwat
ersportact
ivi
ti
es.
Wecanmov earaftusingpaddl
es.
Paddlesareusedtopusht hewater
.
Canoeing
I
sanact i
vi
tywhichinvolvesmovi
ngacanoeusingpaddles.

Equi
pmentusedi
ncanoei
ng
Canoe
Paddl
e

Sai
l
ing
 isawatersportwhi
chuseswi
ndtomov
etheboat
.
Mount
aineer
ing
 thesportofcl
i
mbingmountai
ns.

Rockcl
i
mbing
 I
sanacti
vi
tywhi
chpeopl
ecl
i
mbupanddownr
ocks.

Absei
l
ing
 Isanact i
vit
yofdescendingar ocksurfaceorot hernearvert
icalsurf
aceusi
ng
doubledr opecoil
edaroundthebodyandf ixedatahigherpoint
.
Absei
l
ingequi pment
 Cli
mbi ngRopes
 Cli
mbi ngBoot s
 Helmet
Bel
ayi
ng
 Isthepr ocessofhol
dingonar opeandthecl i
mbert oavoi
dfall
ing.
 Isthepr ocessofholdi
ngt hecli
mbingropeandt hecl
imberint heeventofaf
all
withther opethr
eadedthroughabelayi
ngdev ice.
 Ift
hreepeopl earecli
mbingar ocksurf
ace, t
heleadercl
imbsf i
rstfol
l
owedbythe
secondoneandt hetai
l.
Ori
ent
eering
25
I
tinvol
vesar acef ol
lowingmarkedpoi
ntsonamapwher
ey ouhavetof
indcheckpoi
nts
ontheground.
Ori
enteer
inghel pstolearnmapsymbolsandest
imat
edi
stancesbet
weenplaces.
Equi
pmentneededi norient
eer
ing
 Compass
 Comf ortableshoe
 Comf ortableclot
hing
 Maps
 Bottl
edr inks

Acompassi
susedtofi
nddi
rect
ion.
Ev
erymapshoul
dhaveakey
.

Combatgames

Examplesofcombatgames
 Judoi saJapanesegamewhi
chi
nvol
vesgr
abbi
ngandpul
l
ingofanopponent
.
 Wr estl
ing
 Kar at
e
 Tugofwar

Tugofwar
Ski
ll
sneeded:pul
l
ing,bal
anci
ng,
gri
ppi
ngandcoor
dinat
ing.
Equi
pment:st
rongrope
Judo

Ski
lledused:stance,gri
ppi
ngandpul l
ing
Equipment:mat ,suit
ablej
udodr ess
Rul
es: donotuseexcessf orcetoy ouropponent
.
:wearappropri
ateatt
ire
:st
optheact i
vi
tywheny ouropponentsignalsthathe/shei
sinpai
n.
:pr
acti
ceallskil
lsonagy m matt oavoi
dinjuri
es.
Karate
I
saJapanesegamewhi chinvolv
eski cki
ngandpunchi ngofanopponent
.

Gymnast
ics
Locomot
ion

Massdi
spl
ays

Theyar
eactiv
iti
esmadeupofmusic,
artandar
enachoreogr
aphy.
Massdispl
aysandphysi
cal
act
ivi
ti
esaredonet
oenter
tainandeducat
epeopl
e.

Massdispl
aysaredoneatev
ent
ssuchi
ndependencecel
ebr
ati
ons,
schoolopeni
ngand
spor
tsacti
vi
ti
es.

26
Massdi
splayacti
vi
ti
esar edonet o;
 Entert
ainpeople
 Educatepeople
 Mot i
vatesport
sat hlet
es
 Celebrateapart
icularev ent.
 Promot euni
tyandpeace
 Teachabouthistoryanddev elopment
 Promot eheal
thandf i
tnessforperf
ormer
s

Musi
c

Rhythm i
sarepeat
edpatt
ernofsound.
Backgroundmusic ___musicusedt ocont
rolmov
ementandf
ormat
ionsi
nmass
di
splays.

Backgr
oundart
Thear tusedt
ogi
vemeani
ngoft
heper
for
mances.

Mat
eri
alsusedtomakebackgr
oundar
t
 Paint
 Brush
 Crayons
 Rulers
 Eraser
 Scissors

 Decorati
onsonbackgroundar
tisdoneusingpaint
,cray
onsandpenci
l
s.
 I
nbackgr oundartcanbedi
spl
ayedinfor
m ofpostersandbanner
s.
 Backgroundartcanbedecor
atedusi
ngdiffer
entcol
ouredbooks.

Desi gni
nganddecor at
ingshapesandsymbols
Shadi ng
Drawi ngshapes
Usinggr ids_____t
heyaresquaresusedtodesi
gndr
awings.
Post erdesigncanbedesignedindif
fer
entsi
zesusi
ngshapesandsy
mbol
s.
Per cussioninst
rument
s
Cymbal s
Drums
Triangle
Ji
ngl es
Raf fl
es
Clapper s
Mar imba
Brassi nstr
ument s
27
Saxophone
Trombone
Trumpet
Woodwinds
Theseareinst
rument
spl
ayedbybl
owi
ngi
ntot
hem.
 Recorder
 Flut
e
 Clar
inet
Pri
marycolours
 Red
 Blue
 Yell
ow

Secondarycolour
s
 Orange
 Purple
 Green
 Violet

Ter
ti
arycolour
s
Chor
eography
I
sthewaymov ement
sar
edonedur
ingdanci
ng.

Formations
Areway sinwhi
chagr
oupofper
for
mer
sort
hingsar
ear
rangedi
ntodi
ff
erentshapesor
patt
erns.

Useoff
ormat
ions
 Theymakedispl
aysmoreint
erest
ing.
 Theydescr
ibewhatper
for
merswillbedoi
ng.

Typesoffor
mations
1.Simplef
ormations
Theyareusedtomaintai
nor
deri
nmassdi
spl
ays.

Fi
leformat i
on_ _perf
ormersstandinast r
aightlineonebehi ndanother
.
Li
near/columnf ormati
on---
--
--
-per
formersst andinastraightli
nesidebysi
de.
Cir
cleformation---
--
--
--
-performer
sst andfor mingacir
cle.
Squareformat i
on---
--
--
--
--perf
ormersstandf ormingasquar e.

2.Complexformati
ons
Theyaredi
fferentfor
mati
onswher
eper
for
mer
sfor
m di
ff
erentshapesusi
ngsi
mpl
e
for
mati
ons.

Starfor
mati
on--
--
--
--
--
-per
former
sstandfor
mi ngastar.
s-shapedf
ormat
ion-
--
--
-per
former
sform as-shapedformat
ion.

28
Themesandf or
mations
 Perfor
mersinmassdisplayscancombi
ne for
mati
onsinor dertoshowmeani
ng
ofthei
rperf
ormances.
 Theycancombi nesev
eralsimpl
efor
mati
onstoform wordsrelat
edtothet
heme
ofthei
rperf
ormances.
 All
perfor
mancesi nmassdispl
aysar
eguidedbyachosentheme.

Theuseofsignalsi
nformati
ons
 Signalsfrom t
heteacheroragroupl
eaderareusedt
oorgani
se perf
ormersi
nto
di
ff
erentformati
ons.
 Thet eachercanusewordsorhandsi
gnalstogi
veper
for
mersinst
ructi
ons.

SUMMARY
GAMES

Bal
l/invasi
ongames_ __
__soccer,netball
,rugby,basketball
Netgames_ ____tenni
s,voll
eyball
,squashandwheel chairtenni
s
Outdoor/adventur
egames_ ____mount ai
ncl i
mbi ng,cycl
ing,camping,
canoei
ng,
sai
l
ing
andrafti
ng.
Targetgames_______dart
s,pinbowlingandar chery.
Combatgames_ __
___karate,
judo,tugofwarandwr estl
ing.
Str
iki
nggames_ ___
___cri
cket,baseball
andsof t
ball
Aquatic/watergames_ ____swimmi ng,waterpoloandaqua-aer obi
cs

At
hlet
icsgames_
___r
unni
ng,
jumpi
ng,
thr
owi
ngandwal
ki
ng.

1.Running___spr i
nt s,middledistancerunni
ng,longdi
stancer
unni
ng,r
elay
s,
hur
dles.
2.Throwing____discus,shotputandj avel
in
3.Jumping____ver t
icalandhor i
zontalj
umps
I
. Ver ti
caljumps_ ___
_highjumpandpol evault
II
. Hor izontaljumps_ ____longjumpandt r
iplej
ump
4.Walki
ng_ _
_ _
_ hi king

Numberofpl
ayer
sineacht
eam

Game Pl
ayer
spert
eam

Soccer 11

Net
bal
l 7

Handbal
l 7

29
Basebal
l 9

Vol
l
eybal
l 6

Rot
ati
ngCr
icket 5

Rugby 15

Basket
bal
l 5

Wat
erpol
o 7

Ski
l
ls

GAME SKI
LLSUSED

Soccer Passi
ng,
dri
bbl
i
ng,
shoot
ing

Net
bal
l Passi
ng,
shoot
ing

Basebal
l Gr
ippi
ng,
cat
chi
ng,
fiel
ding,
bat
ti
ng

Tenni
s St
ance,

Cr
icket Gr
ippi
ng,
stance,
bat
ti
ng

Wat
erpol
o Fr
ontcr
awl

Kar
ate Ki
cki
ng,
punchi
ng,

Tugofwar Bal
anci
ng,
stance,
coor
dinat
ing

Judo Gr
ippi
ng,
bal
anci
ng,
pul
l
ing

Pi
nbowl
i
ng Ai
ming,
thr
owi
ng,
stance

Dar
ts Ai
ming,
thr
owi
ng,
stance

Shotput Gr
ippi
ng,
bal
anci
ng,
thr
owi
ng

Di
scus Gr
ippi
ng,
bal
anci
ng,
thr
owi
ng

Jav
eli
n Gr
ippi
ng,
bal
anci
ng,
thr
owi
ng

Swi
mmi
ng Fr
ont cr awl, back cr
awl
,
br
east
str
oke,

30
31