Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretive Frameworks in Qualitative Research

Introduction
Qualitative research is inherently shaped by the philosophical assumptions and interpretive
frameworks researchers bring to their studies. These underlying beliefs influence the entire research
process, from the formulation of research questions to the methods of data collection and analysis.
This document provides a detailed examination of the various philosophical assumptions and
interpretive frameworks that inform qualitative research, offering examples to elucidate their
application. Philosophical assumptions and interpretive frameworks are foundational to qualitative
research. They shape every aspect of the research process, from the questions posed to the methods
employed and the interpretation of findings. By critically engaging with these assumptions and
frameworks, researchers can conduct more rigorous, reflective, and impactful studies.
Philosophical Assumptions
1. Ontological Assumptions
- Nature of Reality: Ontology concerns itself with the nature of reality and what can be known about
it. In qualitative research, this often involves a debate between realism (one reality) and relativism
(multiple realities).
- Example: A researcher studying workplace dynamics might adopt a relativist stance,
acknowledging that each employee's perception of the work environment constitutes a different
reality.
- Application in Research: These assumptions guide how researchers frame their questions and
interpret their findings. For instance, a study might explore how different stakeholders perceive the
implementation of a new policy, recognizing that these perceptions are shaped by their unique
experiences and contexts.
2. Epistemological Assumptions
- Nature and Scope of Knowledge: Epistemology deals with the nature and scope of knowledge. It
raises questions about how knowledge is constructed and the relationship between the knower and the
known.
- Example: In a study on educational practices, a researcher might adopt a constructivist
epistemology, suggesting that knowledge is co-constructed by teachers and students through
interaction.
- Application in Research: Epistemological assumptions influence methodological choices. A
constructivist researcher might prefer interactive methods like interviews and focus groups to
understand participants' perspectives.
3. Axiological Assumptions
- Role of Values: Axiology involves the role of values in the research process. It acknowledges that
research is value-laden and that researchers' values influence their work.
 - Example: A researcher examining social justice issues might openly acknowledge their
commitment to equity and inclusion, which guides their choice of research topics and methods.
- Application in Research: Axiological assumptions require researchers to reflect on and disclose
their values and biases, ensuring transparency and reflexivity in their studies.
4. Methodological Assumptions
- Research Process: Methodological assumptions pertain to the strategies and processes employed in
research. These assumptions determine how researchers design their studies, collect data, and analyze
findings.
- Example: A researcher might choose ethnography to study cultural practices within a community,
assuming that immersive observation and participation are necessary to understand complex social
phenomena.
- Application in Research: Methodological assumptions shape the research design and choice of
methods. For example, phenomenology might be chosen to explore the lived experiences of
individuals, requiring in-depth interviews and thematic analysis.
Paradigms/Interpretive Frameworks
1. Postpositivism
- Overview: Postpositivism acknowledges the limitations of absolute objectivity but still seeks to
approximate truth through empirical observation and measurement.
- Example: A postpositivist study on health outcomes might use structured surveys and statistical
analysis to test hypotheses about the effectiveness of a new treatment.
- Application in Research: This framework guides researchers to use systematic, controlled methods,
aiming for objectivity and generalizability while recognizing the fallibility of their findings.
2. Constructivism
- Overview: Constructivism posits that knowledge is constructed through social interactions and
shared experiences. It emphasizes understanding multiple realities and the subjective nature of
knowledge.
- Example: A constructivist study on classroom dynamics would explore how teachers and students
co-construct knowledge through dialogue and collaboration.
- Application in Research: Constructivist researchers use open-ended, flexible methods such as
interviews and participant observation to capture diverse perspectives and rich, contextual data.
3. Transformative Framework
- Overview: The transformative framework focuses on issues of power, oppression, and social
justice, aiming to create change and empower marginalized groups.
- Example: A transformative study on community health disparities might involve participatory
action research, engaging community members in the research process to address health inequities.
 - Application in Research: Researchers using this framework prioritize ethical considerations,
collaboration, and advocacy, designing studies that not only understand but also seek to transform
unjust conditions.
4. Pragmatism
- Overview: Pragmatism is concerned with practical outcomes and solutions. It is flexible and
employs methods that best address the research question, often integrating qualitative and quantitative
approaches.
- Example: A pragmatic study on educational technology might use surveys to quantify user
satisfaction and interviews to gain deeper insights into user experiences.
- Application in Research: Pragmatic researchers prioritize utility and effectiveness, choosing
methods and designs that are most likely to produce actionable results.
5. Critical Theory
- Overview: Critical theory examines societal structures and power dynamics, aiming to critique and
challenge social injustices.
- Example: A critical study on media representations of gender might analyze media content to
reveal and challenge stereotypes and biases.
- Application in Research: Researchers using critical theory adopt a reflective and analytical stance,
often employing methods like discourse analysis and critical ethnography to uncover and address
power imbalances.