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Handbook of HydroInformatics
This page intentionally left blank
Handbook
of HydroInformatics
Volume I: Classic Soft-Computing Techniques

Edited by

Saeid Eslamian
Full Professor of Hydrology and Water Resources Sustainability, Department of Water Engineering,
College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran

Faezeh Eslamian
McGill University, Quebec, Canada
Elsevier
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 Dedication

To Late Dr. Mark Twain (American Writer, Humorist, Entrepreneur, Publisher,

and Lecturer, 1835–1910)

“Data is like garbage. You’d better know what you are going to do with it
before you collect it.”
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

Contributors xv Elastic net 33

About the editors xvii Training and the cost function 34
Preface xix References 37

1. Advanced machine learning 2. Bat algorithm optimized extreme

techniques: Multivariate learning machine: A new
regression 1 modeling strategy for predicting
Reza Daneshfar, Mohammad Esmaeili,
river water turbidity at the
Mohammad Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, United States 39
Alireza Baghban, Sajjad Habibzadeh, and
Saeid Eslamian Salim Heddam

1. Introduction 1 1. Introduction 39
2. Linear regression 1 2. Study area and data 40
3. Multivariate linear regression 2 3. Methodology 42
4. Gradient descent method 4 3.1 Feedforward artificial neural
5. Polynomial regression 6 network 42
6. Overfitting and underfitting 9 3.2 Dynamic evolving neural-fuzzy
7. Cross-validation 9 inference system 43
8. Comparison between linear and 3.3 Bat algorithm optimized extreme
polynomial regressions 9 learning machine 43
9. Learning curve 11 3.4 Multiple linear regression 44
10. Regularized linear models 11 3.5 Performance assessment of the
11. The ridge regression 13 models 45
12. The effect of collinearity in the 4. Results and discussion 46
coefficients of an estimator 13 4.1 USGS 1497500 station 46
13. Outliers impact 13 4.2 USGS 11501000 station 47
14. Lasso regression 16 4.3 USGS 14210000 station 49
15. Elastic net 17 4.4 USGS 14211010 station 50
16. Early stopping 17 5. Conclusions 53
17. Logistic regression 18 References 53
18. Estimation of probabilities 18
19. Training and the cost function 19
20. Conclusions 20 3. Bayesian theory: Methods and
Appendix: Python code 20 applications 57
Linear regression 20
Yaser Sabzevari and Saeid Eslamian
Gradient descent method 22
Comparison between linear and polynomial 1. Introduction 57
regressions 23 2. Bayesian inference 57
Learning curve 26 3. Phases 58
The effect of collinearity in the coefficients 4. Estimates 58
of an estimator 30 5. Theorem Bayes 58
Outliers impact 31 5.1 Argument of Bayes 58
Lasso regression 33 5.2 Bayesian estimation theory 59

vii
viii Contents

5.3 Machine learning using Bayesian 5. Cross-validation 89

method 59
Amir Seraj,
5.4 Bayesian theory in machine
Mohammad Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani,
learning 60 Reza Daneshfar, Maryam Naseri,
5.5 Definition of basic concepts 60 Mohammad Esmaeili, Alireza Baghban,
5.6 Bayesian machine learning Sajjad Habibzadeh, and Saeid Eslamian
methods 60
1. Introduction 89
5.7 Optimal Bayes classifier 60
1.1 Importance of validation 89
5.8 Naive Bayes classifier 62
1.2 Validation of the training process 89
6. Bayesian network 63
2. Cross-validation 90
7. History of Bayesian model application in
2.1 Exhaustive and nonexhaustive
water resources 65
cross-validation 90
8. Case study of Bayesian network
2.2 Repeated random subsampling
application in modeling of
cross-validation 90
evapotranspiration of reference plant 66
2.3 Time-series cross-validation 90
9. Conclusions 67
2.4 k-fold cross-validation 90
References 67
2.5 Stratified k-fold cross-validation 91
2.6 Nested 91
4. CFD models 69 3. Computational procedures 91
4. Conclusions 104
Hossien Riahi-Madvar,
Mohammad Mehdi Riyahi, and References 105
Saeid Eslamian
1. Introduction 69 6. Comparative study on the selected
2. Numerical model of one-dimensional node and link-based performance
advection dispersion equation indices to investigate the hydraulic
(1D-ADE) 69 capacity of the water distribution
3. Physically influenced scheme 70 network 107
4. Finite Volume Solution of Saint-Venant
equations for dam-break simulation C.R. Suribabu and P. Sivakumar
using PIS 72 1. Introduction 107
5. Discretization of continuity 2. Resilience of water distribution
equation using PIS 73 network 109
6. Discretization of the momentum 3. Hydraulic uniformity index (HUI) 110
equation using PIS 73 4. Mean excess pressure (MEP) 110
7. Quasi-two-dimensional flow 5. Proposed measure 110
simulation 74 5.1 Energy loss uniformity (ELU) 110
8. Numerical solution of quasi-two- 6. Hanoi network 111
dimensional model 76 7. Results and discussion 112
9. 3D numerical modeling of flow in 8. Conclusions 117
compound channel using turbulence References 117
models 78
10. Three-dimensional numerical
model 79 7. The co-nodal system analysis 119
11. Grid generation and the flow filed
Vladan Kuzmanovi
c
solution 80
12. Comparison of different turbulence 1. Introduction 119
models 80 2. Co-nodal and system analysis 119
13. Three-dimensional pollutant transfer 3. Paleo-hydrology and remote sensing 120
modeling 81 4. Methods 121
14. Results of pollutant transfer 5. Nodes and cyclic confluent system 121
modeling 83 5.1 H-cycloids analysis and fluvial
15. Conclusions 86 dynamics 123
References 86 6. Three Danube phases 124
 Contents ix

7. Danubian hypocycles as overlapping 10. Decision tree algorithms 171

phases 127
8. Conclusions 133 Amir Ahmad Dehghani, Neshat Movahedi,
Khalil Ghorbani, and Saeid Eslamian
References 133
Further reading 134 1. Introduction 171
1.1 ID3 algorithm 171
1.2 C4.5 algorithm 172
8. Data assimilation 135 1.3 CART algorithm 173
Mohammad Mahdi Dorafshan, 1.4 CHAID algorithm 173
Mohammad Reza Jabbari, and 1.5 M5 algorithm 173
Saeid Eslamian 1.6 Random forest 173
1. Introduction 135 1.7 Application of DT algorithms in water
2. What is data assimilation? 136 sciences 174
3. Types of data assimilation methods 137 2. M5 model tree 174
3.1 Types of updating procedure 137 2.1 Splitting 174
3.2 Types of updating variable 137 2.2 Pruning 176
4. Optimal filtering methods 140 2.3 Smoothing 176
4.1 Kalman filter 140 3. Data set 176
4.2 Transfer function 143 3.1 Empirical formula for flow
4.3 Extended Kalman filter 144 discharge 177
4.4 Unscented Kalman filter 146 3.2 Model evaluation and
5. Auto-regressive method 147 comparison 178
6. Considerations in using data 4. Modeling and results 179
assimilation 148 4.1 Initial tree 179
7. Conclusions 148 4.2 Pruning 179
References 148 4.3 Comparing M5 model and empirical
formula 184
5. Conclusions 185
9. Data reduction techniques 153 References 185
M. Mehdi Bateni and Saeid Eslamian
11. Entropy and resilience indices 189
1. Introduction 153
2. Principal component analysis 153 Mohammad Ali Olyaei, A.H. Ansari,
Zahra Heydari, and Amin Zeynolabedin
3. Singular spectrum analysis 155
3.1 Univariate singular spectral 1. Introduction 189
analysis 156 2. Water resource and infrastructure
3.2 Multivariate singular spectral performance evaluation 190
analysis 157 3. Entropy 191
4. Canonical correlation analysis 157 3.1 Thermodynamic entropy 191
5. Factor analysis 158 3.2 Statistical-mechanical entropy 192
5.1 Principal axis factoring 158 3.3 Information entropy 192
6. Random projection 160 3.4 Application of entropy in water
7. Isometric mapping 162 resources area 193
8. Self-organizing maps 162 4. Resilience 194
9. Discriminant analysis 163 4.1 Application of resilience in water
10. Piecewise aggregate approximation 165 resources area 195
11. Clustering 165 4.2 Resilience in UWS 196
11.1 k-means clustering 165 4.3 Resilience in urban environments 198
11.2 Hierarchical clustering 166 4.4 Resilience to floods 199
11.3 Density-based clustering 167 4.5 Resilience to drought 201
12. Conclusions 168 5. Conclusions 202
References 169 References 203
x Contents

12. Forecasting volatility in the 14. Gradient-based optimization 243

stock market data using Mohammad Zakwan
GARCH, EGARCH, and GJR
models 207 1. Introduction 243
2. Materials and method 244
Sarbjit Singh, Kulwinder Singh Parmar, 2.1 GRG solver 245
and Jatinder Kaur
3. Results and discussion 245
1. Introduction 207 3.1 Solving nonlinear equations 245
2. Methodology 209 3.2 Application in parameter
2.1 Types of GARCH estimation 246
models 210 3.3 Fitting empirical equations 248
3. Application and results 211 4. Conclusions 249
4. Conclusions 219 References 249
References 219
15. Gray wolf optimization
algorithm 253
13. Gene expression models 221
Mohammad Reza Zaghiyan,
Hossien Riahi-Madvar, Mahsa Gholami, Vahid Shokri Kuchak, and Saeid Eslamian
and Saeid Eslamian
1. Introduction 253
1. Introduction 221 2. Theory of GWO 254
2. Genetic programming 221 3. Mathematical modeling of gray wolf
2.1 The basic steps in GEP optimizer 255
development 222 3.1 Social hierarchy 255
2.2 The basic steps in GEP 3.2 Encircling prey 256
development 222 3.3 Hunting behavior 256
3. Tree-based GEP 223 3.4 Exploitation in GWO-attacking
3.1 Tree depth control 224 prey 258
3.2 Maximum tree depth 224 3.5 Exploration in GWO-search for
3.3 Penalizing the large trees 225 prey 259
3.4 Dynamic maximum-depth 4. Gray wolf optimization example for
technique 226 reservoir operation 259
4. Linear genetic programming 227 5. Conclusions 261
5. Evolutionary polynomial Appendix A: GWO Matlab codes for the
regression 227 reservoir example 262
6. Multigene genetic programming 228 References 265
7. Pareto optimal-multigene genetic
programming 229 16. Kernel-based modeling 267
8. Some applications of GEP-based
models in hydro informatics 230 Kiyoumars Roushangar,
8.1 Derivation of quadric polynomial Roghayeh Ghasempour, and
Saman Shahnazi
function using GEP 230
8.2 Derivation of Colebrook-White 1. Introduction 267
equation using GEP 231 2. Support vector machine 268
8.3 Derivation of the exact form of 2.1 Support vector classification 268
shield’s diagram using GEP 233 2.2 Support vector regression 269
8.4 Extraction of regime river equations 3. Gaussian processes 271
using GEP 234 3.1 Gaussian process regression 271
8.5 Extraction of longitudinal 3.2 Gaussian process classification 273
dispersion coefficient equations 4. Kernel extreme learning machine 274
using GEP 236 5. Kernels type 275
9. Conclusions 237 5.1 Fisher kernel 276
References 239 5.2 Graph kernels 276
 Contents xi

5.3 Kernel smoother 276 3.2 Constant heat flux boundary

5.4 Polynomial kernel 276 condition 297
5.5 Radial basis function kernel 276 4. Multicomponent LBM (species
5.6 Pearson kernel 276 transport modeling) 297
5.7 String kernels 277 5. Flow simulation in porous media 298
5.8 Neural tangent kernel 277 6. Dimensionless numbers 299
6. Application of kernel-based 7. Flow chart of the simulation
approaches 277 procedure 300
6.1 Total resistance and form resistance of 8. Multiphase flows 300
movable bed channels 277 8.1 The color-gradient model 301
6.2 Energy losses of rectangular and 8.2 Shan-Chen model 302
circular culverts 277 9. Sample test cases and codes 303
6.3 Lake and reservoir water level 9.1 Free convection in L-cavity 303
prediction 279 9.2 Force convection in a channel 303
6.4 Streamflow forecasting 279 10. Conclusions 304
6.5 Sediment load prediction 279 Appendix A 305
6.6 Pier scour modeling 279 Computer code for free convection in
6.7 Reservoir evaporation prediction 279 L-cavity 305
7. Conclusions 280 Appendix B 311
References 280 Computer code for force convection in a
Further reading 281 channel 311
References 317
17. Large eddy simulation:
Subgrid-scale modeling with 19. Multigene genetic programming
neural network 283 and its various applications 321
Tamas Karches Majid Niazkar

1. Introduction 283 1. Introduction 321

2. LES and traditional subgrid-scale 2. Genetic programming and its variants 321
modeling 284 3. An introduction to multigene genetic
3. Data-driven LES closures 284 programming 322
4. Guidelines for SGS modeling 285 4. Main controlling parameters of
4.1 Simulation project definition 285 MGGP 324
4.2 A priory analysis with DNS 286 5. A review on MGGP applications 325
4.3 Neural network based SGS model 6. Future trends of MGGP applications 327
construction 286 7. A case study of the MGGP
5. Conclusions 287 application 327
References 287 8. Conclusions 329
References 330
18. Lattice Boltzmann method and
its applications 289 20. Ontology-based knowledge
management framework in
Mojtaba Aghajani Delavar and Junye Wang
business organizations and water
1. Introduction 289 users networks in Tanzania 333
2. Lattice Boltzmann equations 289
Neema Penance Kumburu
2.1 BGK approximation 292
2.2 Lattice Boltzmann models 292 1. Introduction 333
2.3 Multirelaxation time lattice 2. Theoretical framework 334
Boltzmann (MRT) 293 3. Empirical literature 336
2.4 Boundary conditions 294 4. Ontology-based knowledge
3. Thermal LBM 296 management framework in business
3.1 Boundary condition with a given organizations: A conceptual
temperature 297 framework 336
xii Contents

5. Ontology-based knowledge 6. Applications of relevance vector

management framework in business machine 377
organizations and water user networks 6.1 Sediment concentration
proposed system 339 estimation 377
6. The practice of knowledge organization 6.2 Drought monitoring 378
and expression 341 6.3 Groundwater quality monitoring 378
6.1 Ontology 341 6.4 Evaporative losses in reservoirs 379
6.2 Knowledge representation and 6.5 Environmental science 380
organization base on ontology 341 7. Conclusions 381
6.3 Knowledge retrieval base ontology 343 References 381
6.4 Knowledge application and
implementation base on ontology 344 23. Stochastic learning algorithms 385
7. Conclusions 347
Amir Hossein Montazeri,
References 347
Sajad Khodambashi Emami,
Mohammad Reza Zaghiyan, and
Saeid Eslamian
21. Parallel chaos search-based
incremental extreme learning 1. Introduction 385
machine 349 2. Gradient descent 386
2.1 Theory of batch gradient descent 386
Salim Heddam 2.2 Theory of SGD 386
1. Introduction 349 3. Perceptron 388
2. Materials and methods 350 3.1 Theory of perceptron 389
2.1 Study area description 350 3.2 Perceptron learning procedure 390
2.2 Modeling approaches 352 4. Adaline 391
2.3 Performance assessment of the 4.1 Theory of Adaline 391
models 353 4.2 Adaline learning procedure 391
3. Results and discussion 355 5. Multilayer network 392
4. Conclusions 361 5.1 Multilayer network learning
References 362 procedure 392
6. Learning vector quantization 393
22. Relevance vector machine 6.1 LVQ learning procedure 395
(RVM) 365 7. K-means clustering 397
7.1 What is clustering? 397
Mohammad Reza Jabbari, 7.2 Theory of K-means 397
Mohammad Mahdi Dorafshan, and 8. Gradient boosting 399
Saeid Eslamian
8.1 What is boosting? 399
1. Introduction 365 8.2 Theory of gradient boosting (GB) 399
2. Machine learning algorithms 365 8.3 Stochastic gradient boosting 400
2.1 Supervised learning 365 9. Conclusions 400
2.2 Unsupervised learning 366 References 401
3. Support vector machine 366 Appendix A 403
4. Relevance vector machine 367 Appendix B 404
4.1 Measurement model Appendix C 406
representation 367 Appendix D 407
4.2 Relevance vector regression 371 Appendix E 409
4.3 Relevance vector classification 372
4.4 Limitations and performance 24. Supporting vector machines 411
analysis 372
Kiyoumars Roushangar
4.5 Multivariate relevance vector
and Roghayeh Ghasempour
machines 373
5. Preprocessing step 375 1. Introduction 411
5.1 Data normalization 375 2. SVMs for classification problems 412
5.2 Data reduction 375 2.1 Linear classifiers 412
5.3 Dataset split ratio 376 2.2 Non-linear classifiers 413
 Contents xiii

3. SVMs for regression problems 413 26. Uncertainty-based resiliency

4. Selection of SVM parameters 415 evaluation 435
4.1 Margin 415
4.2 Regularization 415 Hossien Riahi-Madvar,
Mohammad Mehdi Riyahi, and
4.3 Kernels 415 Saeid Eslamian
4.4 Gamma parameter 416
5. Application of support vector 1. Introduction 435
machines 417 2. Uncertainty analysis by the first-order
5.1 Application of support vector method 435
regression in the water recourse 3. Risk and resilience analysis 438
engineering 417 4. Reliability computation by direct
6. Conclusions 421 integration 438
References 421 5. Reliability computation using safety
margin/safety factor 439
6. Safety margin 439
25. Uncertainty analysis using 7. Safety factor 439
fuzzy models in 8. Uncertainty-based hydraulic designs 440
hydroinformatics 423 9. Hydrologic uncertainties 441
10. Hydraulics uncertainties 442
Tayeb Boulmaiz, Mawloud Guermoui, 11. Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis in
Mohamed Saber, Hamouda Boutaghane,
Habib Abida, and Saeid Eslamian quasi-2D model parameters 442
12. SKM model 443
1. Introduction 423 13. Uncertainty based river flow modeling
2. Fuzzy logic theory 424 with Monte-Carlo simulator 443
2.1 Fuzzification 424 14. Monte-Carlo uncertainty analysis in
2.2 Rule base 425 machine learning techniques 447
2.3 Inference 425 15. Uncertainty evaluation using the
2.4 Defuzzification 425 integrated Bayesian multimodel
3. Concept of fuzzy uncertainty framework 449
analysis 425 16. Copula-based uncertainty analysis 449
4. Uncertainty analysis 17. Uncertainty analysis with Tsallis
applications 426 entropy 450
4.1 Flood forecasting 426 18. Theory of evidence for uncertainty in
4.2 Groundwater modeling 427 hydroinformatics 451
5. Machine learning and fuzzy sets 430 19. Resiliency quantification 451
6. Fuzzy sets and probabilistic 20. Conclusions 452
approach 431 References 452
7. Conclusions 432
References 432 Index 455
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors
Habib Abida (423), Laboratory of Modeling of Geological
and Hydrological Systems (GEOMODELE
(LR16ES17)), Faculty of Sciences, University of Sfax,
Sfax, Tunisia
A.H. Ansari (189), Department of Agricultural and Bio-
logical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University,
State College, PA, United States
Alireza Baghban (1,89), Chemical Engineering
Department, Amirkabir University of Technology
(Tehran Polytechnic), Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr,
Iran
M. Mehdi Bateni (153), University School for Advanced
Studies, Pavia, Italy
Tayeb Boulmaiz (423), Materials, Energy Systems Tech-
nology and Environment Laboratory, University of
Ghardaia, Ghardaia, Algeria
Hamouda Boutaghane (423), Laboratory of Soil and
Hydraulic, Badji Mokhtar Annaba University, Annaba,
Algeria
Reza Daneshfar (1,89), Department of Petroleum Engi-
neering, Ahwaz Faculty of Petroleum Engineering,
Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
Amir Ahmad Dehghani (171), Department of Water Engi-
neering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences &
Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Mojtaba Aghajani Delavar (289), Faculty of Science and
Technology, Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB,
Canada
Mohammad Mahdi Dorafshan (135,365), Department of
Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, Iran
Sajad Khodambashi Emami (385), Department of Water
Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares Uni-
versity, Tehran, Iran
Saeid Eslamian (1,57,69,89,135,153,171,221,253,365,
385,423,435), Department of Water Engineering,
College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Tech-
nology; Center of Excellence in Risk Management
and Natural Hazards, Isfahan University of Technology,
Isfahan, Iran
Mohammad Esmaeili (1,89), Department of Petroleum
Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology
(Polytechnic of Tehran); Department of Petroleum
Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology
(Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
Roghayeh Ghasempour (267,411), Department of Water
Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Mahsa Gholami (221), Department of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University,
Hamedan, Iran
Khalil Ghorbani (171), Department of Water Engineering,
Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural
Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Mawloud Guermoui (423), Unite de Recherche Appliquee
en Energies Renouvelables, Centre de Developpement
des Energies Renouvelables, Ghardaı̈a, Algeria
Sajjad Habibzadeh (1,89), Chemical Engineering
Department, Amirkabir University of Technology
(Tehran Polytechnic), Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr;
Surface Reaction and Advanced Energy Materials Lab-
oratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Amirkabir
University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic),
Tehran, Iran
Salim Heddam (39,349), Laboratory of Research in Biodi-
versity Interaction Ecosystem and Biotechnology,
Hydraulics Division, Agronomy Department, Faculty
of Science, Skikda, Algeria
Zahra Heydari (189), Department of Civil and Environ-
mental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana--
Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
Mohammad Reza Jabbari (135,365), Department of Elec-
trical and Computer Engineering, Isfahan University of
Technology, Isfahan, Iran
Tamas Karches (283), Faculty of Water Science, Uni-
versity of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary
Jatinder Kaur (207), Department of Mathematics,
I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala;
Guru Nanak Dev University College, Amritsar, Punjab,
India
xv
xvi Contributors
Vahid Shokri Kuchak (253), Department of Water Engi-
neering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University,
Tehran, Iran
Neema Penance Kumburu (333), Moshi Co-operative
University, Moshi, Tanzania
Vladan Kuzmanovic (119), Serbian Hydrological Society,
International Association of Hydrological Sciences,
Belgrade, Serbia
Mohammad Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani (1), Fouman
Faculty of Engineering, College of Engineering, Uni-
versity of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Amir Hossein Montazeri (385), Department of Water
Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares Uni-
versity, Tehran, Iran
Neshat Movahedi (171), Department of Water Engi-
neering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences
& Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
Maryam Naseri (89), Chemical Engineering Department,
Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol,
Iran
Majid Niazkar (321), Department of Agricultural and
Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape,
Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Mohammad Ali Olyaei (189), Department of Civil Envi-
ronmental and Geo-Engineering, University of Min-
nesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Kulwinder Singh Parmar (207), Department of Mathe-
matics, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University,
Kapurthala, Punjab, India
Hossien Riahi-Madvar (69,221,435), Department of
Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr
University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
Mohammad Mehdi Riyahi (69), Department of Civil
Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Archi-
tecture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz,
Iran
Kiyoumars Roushangar (267,411), Department of Water
Resources Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering;
Center of Excellence in Hydroinformatics, University
of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Mohamed Saber (423), Disaster Prevention Research
Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Yaser Sabzevari (57), Department of Water Engineering,
College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Tech-
nology, Isfahan, Iran
Amir Seraj (89), Department of Instrumentation and
Industrial Automation, Ahwaz Faculty of Petroleum
Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology,
Ahwaz, Iran
Saman Shahnazi (267), Department of Water Resources
Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University
of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Sarbjit Singh (207), Guru Nanak Dev University College,
Pathankot; Department of Mathematics, Guru Nanak
Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
P. Sivakumar (107), Department of Civil Engineering,
North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Tech-
nology, Nirjuli (Itanagar), Arunachal Pradesh, India
C.R. Suribabu (107), Centre for Advanced Research in
Environment, School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA
Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
Junye Wang (289), Faculty of Science and Technology,
Athabasca University, Athabasca, AB, Canada
Mohammad Reza Zaghiyan (385), Department of Water
Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares Uni-
versity, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Zakwan (243), School of Technology,
Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad,
India
Amin Zeynolabedin (189), School of Civil Engineering,
College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran,
Iran
About the editors

Saeid Eslamian has been a Full Professor of Environmental Hydrology and Water
Resources Engineering in the Department of Water Engineering at Isfahan University
of Technology since 1995. His research focuses mainly on statistical and environmental
hydrology in a changing climate. In recent years, he has worked on modeling natural
hazards, including floods, severe storms, wind, drought, and pollution, and on water reuse,
sustainable development and resiliency, etc. Formerly, he was a visiting professor at Prin-
ceton University, New Jersey, and the University of ETH Zurich, Switzerland. On the
research side, he started a research partnership in 2014 with McGill University, Canada.
He has contributed to more than 600 publications in journals, books, and technical reports.
He is the founder and Chief Editor of both the International Journal of Hydrology Science
and Technology (IJHST) and the Journal of Flood Engineering (JFE). Dr. Eslamian is
currently Associate Editor of four important publications: Journal of Hydrology
(Elsevier), Eco-Hydrology and Hydrobiology (Elsevier), Journal of Water Reuse and
Desalination (IWA), and Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences (Elsevier).
Professor Eslamian is the author of approximately 35 books and 180 book chapters.
Dr. Eslamian’s professional experience includes membership on editorial boards, and he is a reviewer of approximately
100 Web of Science (ISI) journals, including the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, ASCE Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management, ASCE Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, Advances in Water
Resources, Groundwater, Hydrological Processes, Hydrological Sciences Journal, Global Planetary Changes, Water
Resources Management, Water Science and Technology, Eco-Hydrology, Journal of the American Water Resources Asso-
ciation, American Water Works Association Journal, etc. Furthermore, in 2015, UNESCO nominated him for a special
issue of the Eco-Hydrology and Hydrobiology Journal.
Professor Eslamian was selected as an outstanding reviewer for the Journal of Hydrologic Engineering in 2009 and
received the EWRI/ASCE Visiting International Fellowship at the University of Rhode Island (2010). He was also awarded
prizes for outstanding work by the Iranian Hydraulics Association in 2005 and the Iranian petroleum and oil industry in
2011. Professor Eslamian was chosen as a distinguished researcher by Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) and Isfahan
Province in 2012 and 2014, respectively. In 2016, he was a candidate for National Distinguished Researcher in Iran.
Dr. Eslamian has also acted as a referee for many international organizations and universities. Some examples include
the US Civilian Research and Development Foundation (USCRDF), the Swiss Network for International Studies, the His
Majesty’s Trust Fund for Strategic Research of Sultan Qaboos University, Oman, the Royal Jordanian Geography Center
College, and the Research Department of Swinburne University of Technology of Australia. He is also a member of the
following associations: American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), International Association of Hydrologic Science
(IAHS), World Conservation Union (IUCN), GC Network for Drylands Research and Development (NDRD), International
Association for Urban Climate (IAUC), International Society for Agricultural Meteorology (ISAM), Association of Water
and Environment Modeling (AWEM), International Hydrological Association (STAHS), and UK Drought National
Center (UKDNC).
Professor Eslamian finished Hakim-Sanaei High School in Isfahan in 1979. After the Islamic Revolution, he was
admitted to Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) to study a BS in water engineering, and he graduated in 1986. He
was subsequently offered a scholarship for a master’s degree program at Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. He finished
his studies in hydrology and water resources engineering in 1989. In 1991, he was awarded a scholarship for a PhD in civil
engineering at the University of New South Wales, Australia. His supervisor was Professor David H. Pilgrim, who
encouraged Professor Eslamian to work on “Regional Flood Frequency Analysis Using a New Region of Influence
Approach.” He earned a PhD in 1995 and returned to his home country and IUT. He was promoted in 2001 to Associate

xvii
xviii About the editors

Professor and in 2014 to Full Professor. For the past 26 years, he has been nominated for different positions at IUT,
including University President Consultant, Faculty Deputy of Education, and Head of Department. Dr. Eslamian is
now director of the Center of Excellence in Risk Management and Natural Hazards (RiMaNaH).
Professor Eslamian has made three scientific visits, to the United States, Switzerland, and Canada in 2006, 2008, and
2015, respectively. In the first, he was offered the position of visiting professor by Princeton University and worked jointly
with Professor Eric F. Wood at the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences for 1 year. The outcome was a contribution
to hydrological and agricultural drought interaction knowledge through developing multivariate L-moments between soil
moisture and low flows for northeastern US streams.
Recently, Professor Eslamian has written 14 handbooks published by Taylor & Francis (CRC Press): the three-volume
Handbook of Engineering Hydrology (2014), Urban Water Reuse Handbook (2016), Underground Aqueducts Handbook
(2017), the three-volume Handbook of Drought and Water Scarcity (2017), Constructed Wetlands: Hydraulic Design
(2019), Handbook of Irrigation System Selection for Semi-Arid Regions (2020), Urban and Industrial Water Conservation
Methods (2020), and the three-volume Flood Handbook (2022).
An Evaluation of Groundwater Storage Potentials in a Semiarid Climate (2019) and Advances in Hydrogeochemistry
Research (2020) by Nova Science Publishers are also among his book publications. The two-volume Handbook of Water
Harvesting and Conservation (2021, Wiley) and Handbook of Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience (2021, New Frame-
works for Building Resilience to Disasters) are further Springer publications by Professor Eslamian, as are the Handbook of
Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience (2022, Disaster Risk Management Strategies) and the two-volume Earth Systems
Protection and Sustainability (2022).
Professor Eslamian was listed among the World’s Top 2% of Researchers by Stanford University, USA, in 2019 and
2020. He has also been a grant assessor, report referee, award jury member, and invited researcher for international orga-
nizations such as the United States Civilian Research and Development Foundation (2006), Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (2012), World Bank Policy and Human Resources Development Fund (2021), and Stockholm Interna-
tional Peace Research Institute (2022), respectively.

Faezeh Eslamian holds a PhD in Bioresource Engineering from McGill University,

Canada. Her research focuses on the development of a novel lime-based product to mit-
igate phosphorus loss from agricultural fields. Dr. Elsamian completed her bachelor and
master’s degrees in Civil and Environmental Engineering at the Isfahan University of
Technology, Iran, where she evaluated natural and low-cost absorbents for the removal
of pollutants such as textile dyes and heavy metals. Furthermore, she has conducted
research on worldwide water quality standards and wastewater reuse guidelines. Dr.
Elsamian is an experienced multidisciplinary researcher with interests in soil and water
quality, environmental remediation, water reuse, and drought management.
Preface

Classic Soft-Computing Techniques is the first volume of three in the Handbook of HydroInformatics series. Through this
comprehensive, 26-chapter work, the contributors explore the difference between traditional computing, also known as
hard computing, and soft computing, which is based on the importance given to issues like precision, certainty, and rigor.
The chapters go on to define fundamental classic soft-computing techniques such as multivariate regressions, bat algorithm
optimized extreme learning machine (Bat-ELM), Bayesian inference, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, cross
validation, selected node and link-based performance indices, conodal system analysis, data assimilation, data reduction
techniques, decision tree algorithm, entropy and resilience indices, generalized autorregressive conditional heteroskedas-
ticity (GARCH), exponential general autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (EGARCH), and Glosten, Jagannathan,
and Runkle (GJR) models, gene expression models, gradient-based optimization, gray wolf optimization (GWO) algo-
rithm, kernel-based modeling, subgrid-scale (SGS) modeling with neural network, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), mul-
tigene genetic programming (MGGP), ontology-based knowledge management framework, parallel chaos search-based
incremental extreme learning, relevance vector machine (RVM), stochastic learning algorithms, support vector machine,
uncertainty analysis using fuzzy logic models, uncertainty-based resiliency evaluation, etc. It is a fully comprehensive
handbook providing all the information needed regarding classic soft-computing techniques.
This volume is a true interdisciplinary work, and the intended audience includes postgraduates and early-career
researchers interested in computer science, mathematical science, applied science, Earth and geoscience, geography, civil
engineering, engineering, water science, atmospheric science, social science, environment science, natural resources, and
chemical engineering.
The Handbook of HydroInformatics corresponds to courses that could be taught at the following levels: undergraduate,
postgraduate, research students, and short course programs. Typical course names of this type include: HydroInformatics,
Soft Computing, Learning Machine Algorithms, Statistical Hydrology, Artificial Intelligence, Optimization, Advanced
Engineering Statistics, Time Series, Stochastic Processes, Mathematical Modeling, Data Science, Data Mining, etc.
The three-volume Handbook of HydroInformatics is recommended not only for universities and colleges, but also for
research centers, governmental departments, policy makers, engineering consultants, federal emergency management
agencies, and related bodies.
Key features are as follows:
l Contains key insights from global contributors in the fields of data management research, climate change and resilience,
insufficient data problems, etc.
l Offers applied examples and case studies in each chapter, providing the reader with real-world scenarios for comparison
l Introduces classic soft-computing techniques necessary for a range of disciplines

Saeid Eslamian
College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran

Faezeh Eslamian
McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

xix
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sounding cataract haunted me, The, etc., vii. 59.
Sounding on his way, iv. 214; xii. 265.
source of thirty years’ uninterrupted enjoyment and prosperity to
him, the, vi. 12.
spake, And when she, etc., viii. 364; ix. 207.
Spaniard or Moor, the saucy slave shall die, v. 209.
Spanish nation, the universal, xi. 339.
speak evil of dignities, xii. 172 n.
speak, In act to, ix. 48.
speak it profanely, not to, vii. 234.
Speak out, Grildrig, i. 387.
speaking a word in season, x. 373.
speaking face, a, xi. 316.
speech bewrayeth them, Their, vi. 162; vii. 249.
Speech was given to man to conceal his thoughts, vi. 303; xi. 474 n.
Speed thou the work, etc., iii. 117.
sphere of humanity, i. 211.
Spins the thread of his verbosity, etc., xii. 280.
Spirit and fire, the, vii. 293 n.; xi. 548 n.
spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak, the, etc., xi. 320; xii. 330.
Spiritus precipitandus est, iv. 309; vii. 62.
spite of shame, in erring reason’s spite, in, vi. 268.
splendour of Majesty leaving the British metropolis, etc., vii. 13.
spoiled child of disappointment, iv. 278.
spoiled child of Fortune, iv. 278.
spoken with authority and not as the scribes, vii. 269; ix. 320; x.
325.
spolia opima, ix. 373, 425.
sport, as good, i. 143.
sport, But now a, etc., viii. 17.
spot of green, a little, i. 18; v. 100.
spreads its light wings, ix. 477.
spring comes slowly, the, etc., xii. 321.
sprightly runnings, The first, i. 8; viii. 97.
spun his brains, iii. 92 n.
squint, a sort of, iii. 194.
Sta viator, heroem calcas, iii. 183.
stage of society, There is a certain, etc., viii. 154 n.
stain like a wound, which felt a, etc., v. 267; viii. 289.
stamp exclusive and professional, xi. 590.
stamp exclusive and provincial, a, vi. 162.
stand now with her sorceries and her lies, etc., iii. 178.
Stand off, etc., iii. 267.
standing like greyhounds, etc., xii. 7.
Stars had gone their rounds, etc., i. 45 n.
stars, in favour with their, i. 58.
start of the majestic world, to get the, vii. 200; xii. 275.
Stat nominis umbra, vi. 205, 337; xi. 449.
stately heights (Windsor’s), v. 118.
statesman, chemist, fiddler, and buffoon, ix. 479.
statuary must represent the emotions, etc., x. 347, 348.
statue of Mars upon a carte stood, The, etc., v. 30.
statue that enchants the world, viii. 149, 304; ix. 107, 212, 491; xi.
196, 424.
Sternhold and Hopkins had great qualms, When they translated
David’s Psalms, v. 298.
Still green with bays, each ancient altar stands, etc., i. 4; v. 74.
still prompts the eternal sigh, viii. 110; x. 29; xii. 201.
still sad music of humanity, v. 118.
still, small, iii. 5; vi. 98; ix. 40; xii. 122, 345, 400.
stilts, a man walking upon, etc., x. 118.
Stock-dove’s plaint amid the forest deep, v. 88; vii. 114; xii. 153.
stone tied about his neck, and had been cast into the sea, vii. 206.
stone which the builders rejected, etc., iii. 80.
stones and tower, The, etc., xi. 497.
Stony-hearted, ii. 314.
Stood all astonied, like a sort of steers, etc., vi. 280; xi. 48, 579.
stoops to earth, vii. 16.
Stores of ladies, whose bright eyes, etc., vii. 215.
storms, A thousand winters’, ix. 229.
stout notions on the metaphysical score, vii. 72.
straight another with his flambeau, And, etc., viii. 64.
Strain out the last dull dropping of their sense, etc., v. 75.
strains that once did sweet in Zion glide, Those, xi. 452 n.
strange child-worship, ix. 224.
strange power of speech, xi. 534.
Strange that such difference, etc., iii. 44, 48 n.; vii. 186; xii. 383.
stream of tendency, a mighty, iv. 290; v. 280; vi. 256.
strength below, and all above is grace, Where all is, etc., ix. 257.
strength of his desires, by the sole, x. 63.
strides on so far before you, that he dwindles in the distance, He,
vi. 280.
strife, At this time it came to pass that there was, etc., xi. 328.
strike his lofty head against the stars, viii. 455.
strong passion deprives the lover, xii. 193 n.
Strip it of its externals, etc., xii. 241.
stript of all her charms, etc., iii. 23.
strong, marked and peculiar character, the, etc., vi. 138.
stronger Shakespear felt for man alone, i. 252; x. 116.
Struck with these great concurrences of things, etc., v. 316 n.
Struggling in vain with ruthless destiny, iv. 216.
stubble is yellow, the corn is green, The, etc., x. 271.
stud of night-mares, vi. 225.
study with joy her manner, and with rapture taste her style, vi. 5.
stuff o’ the conscience, xii. 208.
stuff of which life is composed, the, viii. 116; x. 34.
stuffed with paltry blurred sheets, i. 376.
stumbling block, to the Jews a, etc., v. 184; ix. 314.
stupidly good, ii. 365.
sublime to the ridiculous, From the, etc., viii. 23, 159.
sublime piety, iii. 139.
sublime restriction added by Leibnitz, the, etc., xi. 166, 168.
submits to the soft collar, etc., xii. 286.
Subtle as the fox, etc., xii. 298.
Subtleties for men to have recourse to, etc., xi. 172.
succeed at the gaming-table, the candidate, to, etc., vi. 288.
succession of persons and things, i. 133.
Such a one aims at the throat of his adversary, etc., xi. 464.
Such a one is a man of sense, etc., viii. 20.
Such are many disquisitions which I have read, etc., vi. 143.
Such are their ideas, such their religion, etc., vii. 11.
such as he could measure with a two-foot rule, etc., i. 175; iii. 23; vi.
105.
Such gain the cap, etc., xii. 139 n.
Such is the modern man of high-flown fashion, etc., ii. 121.
such very poor spelling, v. 289.
such was the lustre with which, etc., x. 46.
such were the joys of our dancing days, viii. 437; xi. 300.
Such were the notes our once-loved poet sung, iii. 153; xii. 261.
sudden illness seized her in the strength, A, etc., i. 121.
suffering all, who suffers nothing, as one, in, etc., viii. 211.
Sufficient to the day is the evil thereof, xi. 313.
sugar’d sonnetting, v. 301.
suit of office, viii. 388.
summer shade in winter fire, ix. 176.
Summum jus summa injuria, xi. 476.
sun had long since in the lap, The, etc., viii. 16.
sun is warm, the sky is clear, The, etc., x. 269.
Sun of our table, the, vi. 213; vii. 76.
sun to bed, and to arise, To see the, etc., ix. 64.
sun which doth the greatest comfort bring To absent friends, The,
etc., v. 297.
suns and skies so pure, those, etc., vi. 23.
sunshine, made a, etc., viii. 389; xii. 189.
sung, but broke off in the middle, was, viii. 301.
sunken wreck, like, etc., xii. 167.
superficial parts of learning, the, x. 375.
Sure never were seen, etc., ix. 73.
Surely like as many substances in nature which are solid, etc., v.
330.
surely Mandricardo was no baby, And, vi. 319 n.
Surely never lighted on this orb, i. 71.
surrounded by a thick cloud or mist, On a sudden I was, etc., ix. 66.
Survey mankind from China to Peru, iv. 277.
swaggering paradox sinks into unmeaning common-place, a, iii.
367; iv. 18.
swallows total grist unsifted husks and all, vi. 161.
swan’s down, the, v. 323.
sweepings of mind, the, xii. 349.
Sweet bird, thy bower is ever green, etc., ii. 328 n.
sweet flowers! that from your humble beds, etc., iv. 304.
sweet in the mouth, etc., vii. 222.
Sweet is the dew of their memory, etc., vii. 224; viii. 199.
Sweet is the dialect of Arno’s vale, etc., ix. 218; x. 62.
Sweet object of the zephyr’s kin, etc., ii. 80.
sweet smelling gums, xii. 294.
sweet voices, the most, viii. 403.
sweets of the evening, Then come in, vi. 190.
swell’d the war-whoop, iii. 243.
swelling figures and sonorous epithets, i. 175.
swept and garnished, iii. 256; xi. 456.
Swiche sorrow he maketh that the grete tour, Resouned, etc., v. 21.
swinish multitude, xii. 76, 204.
swoop, at one fell, xii. 211.
sword a dagger had his page, This, etc., viii. 63.
sword, true as o’er billows dim, And every, iv. 358.
synge untoe my roundelaie, O, etc., v. 126.
Syria’s land of roses, Now, upon, etc., iv. 356.

T.
Tables are not full, iv. 295.
tables of our hearts, the red-leaved, v. 235; vi. 192.
take no thought for the morrow, They, etc., vi. 249.
take the good the Gods provide us, iv. 278; vii. 176; x. 209.
take up his bed and walk, vi. 71.
take up the isles as a very little thing, etc., vi. 169.
takes an inventory, x. 388.
tale, but if you think it is no, iii. 172 n.
tale of other times, i. 155.
Talents, The, xi. 447.
talked far above singing, He, v. 262; vi. 183; viii. 389.
talk with some old lover’s ghost, I long to, etc., viii. 52.
talking of marrying, While you are, etc., vi. 150.
talking of me, They were, for they laughed consumedly, viii. 9.
talking potatoe, vii. 101.
tall deer, the, that paints a dancing shadow, etc., v. 346.
tall, opaque words, vi. 243.
Tam knew what’s what, etc., iii. 312.
Tartarean darkness overspreads the groaning nations, etc., iii. 37.
taste of the ancients, ’tis classical lore, ’Tis the, viii. 456.
tasted of all earth’s bliss, He has, etc., xi. 421.
tasteless monster that the world ne’er saw, viii. 429.
See faultless.
taught with the little nautilus to sail, iv. 221.
tawny beard was th’ equal grace, His, etc., viii. 63.
tear forgot, as soon as shed, the sunshine of the breast, the, vi. 29.
tears were tears of oil and gladness, His, etc., viii. 468.
tears of sensibility, iv. 262.
tears such as angels shed, xii. 67.
Tearing our pleasures with rough strife, etc., v. 258.
tease him together, they all, xi. 427.
teazed me, But he so, etc., viii. 194.
tediousness of a king, Had I the, etc., viii. 79.
tel petit bon homme, un, viii. 121; x. 39.
Tell him if he i’ th’ blood-siz’d field lay swoln, etc., v. 257.
Tell me, pray good Mr Carmine, vii. 216.
Tell me your company, etc., vi. 202; xi. 196, 519; xii. 133.
temperance that may give it smoothness, xii. 67.
temples not made with hands, etc., i. 145; viii. 148; xi. 456 n.
Templum in modum arcis, vii. 12 n.
tempora mollia fandi, iii. 93; xii. 181.
tempt but to betray, ix. 61.
tempter glozed, so well the, xii. 290.
tender bloom, A certain, etc., xii. 207, 262.
tenth transmitter of a foolish face, the, i. 367; iv. 261; xii. 204.
Tenth or ten thousandth break the chains alike, viii. 477.
Ten thousand great ideas filled his mind, etc., vii. 199.
teres et rotundus, iv. 263; vii. 238; ix. 197; xii. 255.
terræ filii, vii. 57; x. 186.
Terra plena nostri laboris, x. 204.
testimony of Dr Knox, the, does equal credit, etc., v. 123.
than which what’s truer, xii. 375.
That deals in destiny’s dark counsels, etc., viii. 64.
That house’s form within was rude and strong, etc., v. 42.
That if I did not like them, it was because I did not dream, viii. 14.
That is the effect I intended to produce, but thought I had failed, vi.
8.
That is true fame, iii. 149; v. 88.
That is true history, x. 197.
that it is not his purpose to enter into a laudative of learning, etc.,
v. 332.
That Milton had not the pleasure of reading “Paradise Lost,” i. 40.
That pleasure over, our work became very arduous, etc., v. 141.
That stondeth at a gap with a spere, etc., v. 21.
that they must live, i. 149.
That those times are the ancient times, vi. 154.
That was Arion crowned:—So went he playing on the watery plain,
i. 71; v. 38; xii. 30.
That which is, is, etc., xii. 351.
That’s every one’s conceit that sees a Duke, etc., v. 215.
their hearts burn within them, xii. 383.
theme in crowds, my solitary pride, My, ix. 107.
Then, oh farewell, viii. 189.
Then, perhaps he’s but half a fool, viii. 74.
Then saw I how he smiled with slaying knife, etc., v. 195.
Then when there hath been thrown Wit able enough, etc., vi. 192.
Ther maist thou se coming with Palamon, etc., v. 25.
there are not so many wrong opinions, etc., vi. 432.
There died the best of passions, Love and Fame, v. 75.
There goes my wicked self, xi. 530; xii. 218, 242, 404.
there is but one perfect, iii. 211; v. 75.
there is not so much difference between good and evil, that, iv. 375.
There is nothing so true as habit, vi. 33; x. 42.
there is old Alderman Ox, etc., vii. 171 n.
There is one precept, however, etc., vi. 122.
there needs no ghost, xii. 96.
There through the prison of unbounded wilds, etc., v. 89.
There was a time when all my youthful thought, etc., iii. 112.
There was also a nonne, a Prioresse, etc., v. 22.
there where we have treasured up our hearts, v. 346.
there would be another Raphael, etc., x. 300.
There’s nought so sweet on earth, etc., vii. 70.
These dignities, Like poison, make men swell, etc., v. 209.
These three bear record on earth: vice, misery, and population, iii.
373; iv. 24.
They are not sought for, etc., x. 124.
They found it poor at first, etc., x. 195.
they had learned the trick of imposing ... upon their readers, etc., i.
127.
they had nothing else to do, viii. 17.
They make everybody else laugh, etc., vi. 400.
They receive him like a virgin at the Magdalen, iv. 235 n.
They say Green’s a good clown, etc., v. 290.
they should love one another, v. 183.
they take in vain, vii. 124.
they toiled not, neither did they spin, etc., iii. 136; v. 67.
they two can be made one flesh, viii. 303.
they were sought after because they were scarce, etc., v. 179.
they will have them to show their mitred fronts, iii. 280.
they will receive an open allowance, v. 329.
thief, the judge, and the gallows, xi. 375.
thieves break through and steal, when, vii. 249.
Thigh bone or a skull, etc., v. 340 n.
thin partitions do their bounds define, For, vi. 156; viii. 21; xi. 442.
thing of life, a, ix. 177, 225; xi. 504.
thing no more difficile, a, etc., vi. 394.
things themselves are neither new nor rare, the, iii. 391.
Think of its crimes, its cares, its pain, etc., vii. 114.
Think not that lapse of ages, etc., iii. 118.
think that I should make my Molly weep, to, viii. 167, 317.
think that his immortal wings, And when I, etc., vii. 85; ix. 164.
thinks nothing done, etc., vii. 167.
thirsty earth soaks up the rain, The, etc., viii. 59.
This argument, however, from Judge Blackstone, etc., iv. 297.
This devil and I walked arm in arm, etc., v. 279.
This fellow comes to me ... you slave, said he, hold my horse, etc., v.
294.
This glass is too big, viii. 22.
This I like, that I loathe, viii. 403; xi. 486.
This is my wife, xi. 297.
This is no world in which to pity men, v. 214.
This lovely pair, etc., iii. 115.
This Malerole is one of the most prodigious affections, etc., v. 228.
This night thou shalt sup, etc., xi. 322.
This vice, therefore, brancheth itself into two sorts, etc., v. 330.
This we among ourselves may speak, etc., viii. 64.
This will never do, iii. 361; vii. 367.
thorn in the side of freedom, a, xi. 515.
thorn in the side of poetry, as a, iv. 353.
thorny queaches, v. 303.
thoroughbred metaphysician, i. 434.
Those that are not with us are against us, i. 174; iii. 280; iv. 311; xi.
526.
Those who run may read, xii. 358.
Those wholesale critics, etc., viii. 64.
Thou art the man, iii. 193.
Thou, boy! how is this possible?... there were sects of philosophy
before thou wert born, etc., v. 293.
Thou gladder of the mount of Cithaeron, v. 82.
Thou hast a wild hand indeed; thy small cards shew, etc., v. 290.
Thou noblest monument of Albion’s isle, etc., v. 121; vii. 256.
Thou should’st have followed me, but death to blame Miscounted
years, etc., v. 297.
thou strong heart! There’s such a covenant, oh! etc., vi. 324.
Thou wert not so, e’en now, Sickness’ pale hand Laid hold on thee,
etc., v. 239.
Though equal to all things, etc., vii. 198.
though he was no duke, yet he was wise, v. 227.
though I had rather you did not do all this, viii. 311.
Though I’m old, I’m chaste, etc., viii. 14.
Though listening senates hung on all he spoke, etc., vii. 168; xii.
388.
Though some resemblance may be traced between the charms, etc.,
v. 222.
Though that their joy be joy, etc., xii. 291.
thought, his body, vi. 11; ix. 362; xii. 357.
thought that thou shouldst tread, And it was, etc., xii. 305.
thought it a bad French custom, he, etc., vi. 182.
thoughts burn like a hell, His, etc., xii. 193.
Thoughts that glow and words that burn, iv. 256; v. 378; vii. 46,
370.
thoughts that often lie too deep for tears, v. 140.
thousand years at least to answer, iv. 288.
threads of shrewd and politic design, iii. 405.
threaten to swallow them up quick, should, viii. 471.
thrice happy fields, etc., xi. 212.
Thrice howl’d the caves of night, etc., v. 317.
Thrills in each nerve, and lives along the line, vi. 83; ix. 342; xi.
158, 179.
throne or chair of State in the understandings of other men, to set
a, vi. 7.
through happiness or pains, vii. 120.
through the blaze of war, xii. 168.
through the hush’d air the whitening shower descends, etc., v. 90.
throw a cruel sunshine on a fool, To, ii. 363; vii. 100.
Throw aside your books of chemistry, iv. 201.
Throw him on the steep Of some loose hanging rock asleep, v. 8.
throw honour to the dogs, etc., xii. 104.
throw our bread upon the waters, etc., vii. 163; xii. 412.
Throwing a gaudy shadow upon life, xii. 24.
thrown into the pit, ix. 106.
thrust us from a level consideration, iii. 93.
Thus by himself compelled, etc., iv. 352.
Thus far shalt thou come, etc., iv. 207.
Thus I confute him, Sir, xii. 266.
Thus painters write their names at Co, i. 378.
Thus passeth yere by yere, etc., v. 20.
Thus shall we try the doctrines, etc., xii. 400.
Thus stopp’d their fury and the basting, etc., viii. 65.
Thy stone, oh Sisyphus, stands still, etc., iii. 159.
tiger-moth’s wings, vii. 225.
tile, In cut and die so like a, etc., xii. 449.
Till Contemplation has her fill, iv. 257.
time-hallowed laws, vi. 148; xi. 197.
That time is past, etc., xii. 158.
Timeo Danaos, et dona ferentes, iv. 172.
Tintoret, spirit and fire of, xi. 548 n.
’Tis here, ’tis done! Behold, you fearful viewers, etc., v. 253.
’Tis, I believe, this archery to show, etc., viii. 58.
’Tis late to join when we must part so soon, etc., v. 358.
’Tis not a life, ’Tis but a piece of childhood thrown away, v. 262 n.,
296.
’Tis not enough, no harshness gives offence, etc., v. 75.
’Tis now, since I sat down before, that foolish fort, a heart, viii. 55.
’Tis three feet long and two feet wide, viii. 421.
’Tis with our judgments as our watches, etc., v. 73; viii. 24.
’Tis woman that seduces all mankind, viii. 255.
Titian’s manner was then new to the world, etc., vi. 135.
Titianus faciebat, vii. 126.
To be a spy on traitors is honourable vigilance, v. 263.
To be sure she will, etc., viii. 456.
To church was mine husband, i. 422; xi. 274 n.
To let a fellow that will take rewards, i. 229.
To make us heirs of truth, vii. 11.
To shew that power of love, how great, etc., v. 148.
των ὐπὲρ θουληυ ἀπιστῶυ λόγοι, x. 15.
Tongue with a garnish of brains, vii. 198.
too deep for his hearers, vii. 202.
too fond of the right to pursue the expedient, x. 359.
torrent of passion rolls along precipices, viii. 308.
torrents of delight had poured into his heart, ix. 296.
total grist, unsifted, husks and all, the, iv. 322.
totus in illis, vii. 370.
To stand himself, etc., iii. 142.
T’ the full as genteel a man, vii. 379.
To the principle I have laid down, etc., vi. 142.
To the winds, to the waves, to the rocks, I complain, ii. 318.
To twine the illustrious brow of Scotch nobility, v. 131.
toad, ugly and venomous, like the, etc., iv. 289.
toil-worn cotter frae his labour goes, the, etc., v. 137.
tokay, from humble porter to imperial, xii. 75.
tomb of Pope Anastasius, I am the, etc., v. 18; x. 63.
tombs of the brave, the, ix. 183.
tomb, Even from the, vi. 120; xii. 159.
totidem verbis et literis, iv. 348; vii. 258.
touch the root, they do not, etc., xi. 559.
toujours perdrix, iv. 275; xi. 304.
Tous ces sous là vont au cœur! ix. 170.
Tout homme reflechi est mechant, i. 117, 136; xii. 220.
tomb in Arqua, xi. 423.
tragedy the chief object is the poetry, In, etc., viii. 324.
tragedies of the last age, the, v. 297.
tragedy was skill, i. 177.
tragic scenes, In his, there is always something wanting, etc., i. 177.
trampled in the mire, under the hoofs, be, etc., vii. 271; xi. 311; xii.
171.
tranquillity and smiles, all, iv. 325; vi. 109; vii. 218.
travelling out of the record, vii. 14.
Tray, you don’t know the mischief you have done, Ah, vi. 239.
treason consists in supporting a monarch, etc., viii. 254.
treason domestic, etc., xii. 160.
treasure is, there his heart is also, Where his, viii. 132; xi. 509.
trembling hope repose, where they in, etc., viii. 104.
trembling year, While yet the, etc., v. 96; xii. 270.
trespasses and sins, multitude of, i. 129.
Tricking’s fair in Love, viii. 195.
trinal simplicities, viii. 535.
Troja fuit, vi. 153 n.
Trop heureuse d’acheter, vii. 24.
triumph and to die are mine, To, xii. 223.
trouble deaf Heaven, etc., xii. 127.
true pathos and sublime of human life, v. 139, 266; xi. 495; xii. 130.
true, there might be inconvenience attending the measure
proposed, etc., iii. 16.
Truly he hath a devil, viii. 344.
trumpet with a silver sound, loud as a, xi. 336.
trumpet make the spirits dance, Which like a, ix. 349.
truth is, that in these days the grand primum mobile, The, etc., xi.
494.
truth, the whole truth, etc., iv. 193, 280.
Tu y seras, ma fille, x. 98.
tub to a whale, ix. 244.
tug and war, the, viii. 378.
Tumbled him down upon his Nemean hide, etc., v. 257.
Tummy! Well, viii. 286.
tuning his mystic harp, iii. 206.
Turn we to survey, viii. 411.
turn what is serious into farce, to, xi. 342.
turned from black to red, xii. 450.
turning like the latter end of a lover’s lute, vii. 37.
turnpike men their gates wide open threw, The, etc., xi. 306.
Turk, a malignant and a turbaned, xi. 283.
turnspit of the King’s kitchen, i. 105, 427; xii. 291.
turretted, crown’d, and crested, etc., viii. 465.
Tutus nimium, timidusque procellarum, v. 149.
twa lang Scotch miles, xi. 316.
Twang, twang darillo, xi. 364.
twanging off, It came, etc., viii. 277.
’Twas I that did it, xi. 398.
twinkling of a star, There’s but the, etc., vii. 196; viii. 18.
twisted tail, The while his, he gnawed for spite, v. 317.
two at a time, there’s no mortal could bear, For, etc., viii. 273.
Two of Sejanus’ blood-hounds, whom he breeds With human flesh,
to bay at citizens, v. 263.
two or three conclusive digs in the side at it, i. 373.
’Twould thin the land, etc., xi. 313.
Tyrants swim safest in a crimson flood, v. 208.

U.
ugly all over with affectation, ii. 130; xii. 62.
ugly all over with hypocrisy, i. 211; ii. 337.
ultima ratio philosophorum, iv. 192.
ultimate end, an, xii. 213.
ultima ratio regum, iii, 44; vi. 37.
Ultra-Crepidarian, i. 368, 394; vi. 226 n.
unbought grace of life, iii. 284; iv. 285; v. 91; x. 188; xi. 445.
Under him his genius is rebuked, iv. 237.
understanding and a tongue, an, xi. 421.
Undoes creation at a jerk, etc., xi. 123.
Undoing all, as all had never been, etc., xii. 291.
unhoused, free condition, etc., viii. 429.
unfeathered, two-legged thing, viii. 419.
Unfortunate boy, short and evil were thy days, etc., v. 125.
un-idead girls, with some, viii. 103.
Universal Pan, etc., ix. 394.
Universality belongs not to things, etc., xi. 127.
unkempt and wild, vii. 215.
unkind and cruel fair, for one, etc., xii. 190.
unmerited fall, like to see the, etc., xi. 299.
unquenchable flame, the etc., xii. 461 n.
unreason our reason, iv. 207.
unreasonableness of their reason, the, etc., iii. 90; iv. 207.
unrivalled power of illustration, his, iv. 373.
unslacked of motion, iii. 171.
unsuccessful adventurer, an, vii. 183.
un tel petit bon homme, x. 39.
upland swells echoing to the bleat of flocks, iv. 46; ix. 285.
upon account of a slight the artist conceived, etc., vi. 10.
Upon the top of all his lofty crest, etc., v. 35.
used to shew himself, He is, vi. 275.
ut lucus a non lucendo, iii. 313; xii. 15.

V.
Va Zanetto e studia la Matematica, i. 90.
vain to attend to the variation of tints, It is in, etc., vi. 135.
Vale augusta sedes, etc., ix. 229.
vanity, chaotic vanity, xi. 373.
variableness, there is no, etc., viii. 377; xi. 207.
Vashti, his, v. 92.
vast cerulean, ix. 291.
vast species alone, a, vii. 77; viii. 57; xii. 34.
vast, the unbounded prospect, The; etc., xii. 151.
veil of the Temple ... rent asunder, vii. 57.
Venus, when she did dispose, They say that, etc., viii. 437.
verd et riant, ix. 296.
Verily we have our reward, vii. 27.
very lees of such, The, millions of rates Exceed the wine of others,
v. 258.
very top of our lungs, to the, viii. 427.
Vesuvius in an eruption, etc., viii. 301.
vicariously torturing and defacing, iv. 379 n.
Vice is undone, etc., xii. 248.
vice loses half its evil in losing all its grossness, i. 26; viii. 135; ix.
14, 77; x. 380.
vice that most easily besets us, the, i. 60.
Vice to be hated needs but to be seen, ix. 130; xi. 365.
Video meliora proboque, etc., ii. 378; xii. 331, 381.
Veluti in speculum, xi. 384.
view with scornful yet with jealous eyes, To, etc., vii. 380.
vindicates the ways of God to man, And, ii. 400.
vine-covered hills and gay regions of France, the, vi. 189; viii. 465;
xii. 134.
violets dim, i. 177; xii. 340.