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A Beginner's Guide to SSD Firmware: Designing, Optimizing, and Maintaining SSD Firmware Gopi Kuppan Thirumalai full chapter instant download
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A Beginner’s Guide to
SSD Firmware
Designing, Optimizing,
and Maintaining SSD Firmware
v
Table of Contents
Erase�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Write�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25
Read��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27
Program/Erase Cycle (P/E Cycle)������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������30
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
Multi-plane Read�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81
MULTI- PLANE RANDOM CACHE READ Operation������������������������������������������������82
Multi Plane Program Operation���������������������������������������������������������������������������85
Multi Plane Cache Program Operation����������������������������������������������������������������88
Multi Block Erase Operation��������������������������������������������������������������������������������90
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������92
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
Design Consideration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������156
Power Throttling������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158
Power Monitoring����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������158
Throttling Mechanism����������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Power Recovery�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Combined Throttling������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Synergistic Operation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Priority Management�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������159
Dynamic Performance Adjustments������������������������������������������������������������������160
Workload Awareness�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������160
Logging and Reporting��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160
Event Logging����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160
Health Monitoring����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������161
xi
Table of Contents
Bibliography�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������193
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������195
xii
About the Author
Gopi Kuppan Thirumalai is a highly experienced embedded design
engineer with a proven track record of success in the industry. He has over
15 years of experience in a variety of domains, including wireless networks,
software, automotive, and storage. He is an expert in client and data-
center SSD design and implementation and has a history of leading and
mentoring teams to achieve their goals. He is also an outdoor enthusiast
and enjoys hiking, fitness, reading books, and cooking.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Kenneth Fukizi is a software engineer, architect, and consultant with
experience internationally in coding on different platforms. Prior to
dedicated software development, he worked as a lecturer and was then
head of IT at different organizations. He has domain experience working
with technology for companies mainly in the financial sector. When he’s
not working, he likes reading up on emerging technologies and strives to
be an active member of the software community.
Kenneth currently leads a community of African developers through a
startup company called AfrikanCoder.
xv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to
SSD Firmware
Welcome to the world of SSD firmware! This chapter marks the beginning
of your journey into the intricate world of solid-state drive (SSD) firmware.
In this chapter, I will lay the foundation by exploring the fundamental
concepts and essential aspects of SSD firmware. My goal is to provide
you with a clear understanding of what SSDs are, the role of firmware in
optimizing their performance, and the key differences that set SSDs apart
from traditional hard-disk drives (HDDs).
What Is SSD?
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of storage device that uses flash memory
to store data. Compared to traditional hard drives, which use spinning
disks to store data, SSDs are much faster, more reliable, and more energy
efficient. However, to take full advantage of the capabilities of an SSD,
it is necessary to use specialized software known as SSD firmware. SSD
firmware is the embedded software that controls the functions and
features of an SSD. It is responsible for managing the storage, retrieval,
and protection of data on the drive. SSD firmware is typically stored on the
drive’s non-volatile memory and is executed by the drive’s controller when
the drive is powered on. It plays a critical role in ensuring the reliable and
efficient operation of an SSD.
© Gopi Kuppan Thirumalai 2023 1
G. Kuppan Thirumalai, A Beginner’s Guide to SSD Firmware,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9888-6_1
Chapter 1 Introduction to SSD Firmware
The first SSD, introduced in the late 1970s, used simple firmware
that was primarily responsible for interfacing with the host system and
translating its commands into actions on the drive. At the beginning,
SSDs were introduced for use in early IBM supercomputers, but they were
not often used due to their high cost. Over time, as SSD technology has
evolved, the firmware has become increasingly complex, adding features
such as wear leveling, garbage collection, and encryption. In addition, the
capabilities of SSD firmware have improved over time to support larger
SSDs, with current firmware able to support drives with capacities of up to
100 TB or more.
Today, SSD firmware is a crucial component of modern storage systems,
providing numerous benefits over traditional hard disk drives (HDDs),
such as faster access to data, higher reliability, and lower power
consumption. It also enables advanced features such as data protection,
power management, and error correction, which are essential for
maintaining the integrity and performance of the drive.
2
Chapter 1 Introduction to SSD Firmware
3
Chapter 1 Introduction to SSD Firmware
interface for SSDs are SATA, USB, NVMe, and SAS (Serial-Attached Small
Computer System Interface (SCSI). SATA is the most common and widely
supported interface, but it has relatively low performance compared to other
interfaces. NVMe is a newer interface that is designed specifically for high-
performance storage devices, and it can provide much higher performance
than SATA. USB is a universal interface that is commonly used for external
storage devices, but it has lower performance than other interfaces. SAS is
a high-performance interface that is commonly used in enterprise storage
systems, but it is not as widely supported as SATA or NVMe.
4
Chapter 1 Introduction to SSD Firmware
Summary
In this chapter, we covered the basics of SSD firmware. You have learned
that SSD firmware is the software that controls the operation of an
SSD. You have also learned that SSD firmware is responsible for tasks
such as managing the wear leveling of the NAND flash memory, garbage
collection, and error correction.
You have also learned about the different types of SSD that are
commonly used, including data center SSDs, client SSDs, external SSDs,
and enterprise SSDs. We have discussed the different types of memory that
are used in SSDs, such as SLC, MLC, TLC, and QLC. We have also looked
at the different types of host interfaces that are supported by SSDs, such
as SATA, USB, NVMe, and SAS. This chapter set the stage for a deeper dive
into the intricate workings of SSD firmware, promising insights into NAND
operations, error correction techniques, performance optimization, and
future innovations.
5
CHAPTER 2
Understanding the
Role of Firmware
in SSDs
Picture the hardware of a solid-state drive (SSD) as the engine of a
car, and the firmware as the driver who controls and optimizes its
performance. In the SSD world, firmware takes center stage, fine-tuning
every interaction between the physical components and the digital world.
This chapter embarks on a journey to unveil the firmware’s pivotal role
in SSDs, breaking down its intricate responsibilities and how it makes
things happen.
What Is Firmware?
For SSDs to work properly and help us with tasks, they rely on both
hardware and firmware. The hardware consists of the physical
components of the device, such as the processor, memory, and storage.
The firmware, meanwhile, is the software that runs on the device and
controls the hardware. It is responsible for ensuring that the device
performs its designated tasks and functions properly.
Quartenia, 89
Queen, 66, 67, 69, 140
Races, of Apis, 68
Radial nervures, 319
Raffray, on Pogonostoma, 204;
on classification of Paussidae, 214;
on classification of Pselaphidae, 224
Railway-beetle, 251
Ranatra linearis, 563
Raptorial legs, 493, 554, 556
Réaumur, on Xylocopa, 33
Receptaculum seminis, 140
Rectal cauda, 538
Red admiral, 352
Red ant—see Formica rufa
Reduviidae, 555 f. 537
Reduvius personatus, 558
Régimbart, on Gyrinidae, 216
Resemblance, between ant, wasp, and spider, 169;
between Anthophora and Bombus, 33;
between Arctia villica and Eusemia villicoides, 410;
between beetle-larva and Termite, 206;
between Bombus and Eulema, 35;
between Bombyliidae and Hymenoptera, 489;
between bug and ant, 556, 557;
bug and Tipulid, 556, 558;
bug and fly, 547;
in butterflies, 348;
between Callidulidae and Lycaenidae, 400;
between Celyphus and Hemiptera, 505;
between Cleridae and insects they destroy, 254;
between Dioptinae and Ithomiides, 409;
between Diptera and Hymenoptera, 499, 500;
between Epicopeia and Papilio, 418;
between Flatides and Lepidoptera, 576;
of flies and bees, 502;
to galls, 403;
between host and parasite-bees, 30;
between Insects of different Orders, 339;
of Ithomiides to other butterflies, 346;
between lady-bird and Endomychid, 237;
of larva to a colony of larvae, 418;
of larva of Odynerus and of Chrysis, 4;
between larvae, 162;
in Limacodidae, 401;
of Lobster caterpillar, 385;
between Longicorns and Hymenoptera, 287;
of moth to bird-excrement, 401;
of parasite and prey, 95;
of Pericopinae and Heliconiides, 409;
between protected butterflies, 345;
between Psithyrus and Bombus, 59;
of Reduviid and Pepsis, 558;
between Rhyphus- and Mycetobia-larvae, 463;
of Syntomids to other Insects, 388 f.;
of Tipulids and Hymenoptera, 475;
between two kinds of ants, 162
Resting-larva, 306
Retinaculum, 316, 319, 420
Retort-shaped bodies, in mouth of Hemiptera, 535
Reuter, E., on classification of butterflies, 343 n.
Rhachicerus, 480
Rhagovelia plumbea, 552
Rhaphiorhynchus, 483
Rhegmatophila alpina, 305, 386
Rheumatobates bergrothi, 553
Rhinomacerides, 291
Rhinopsis, 115;
R. ruficornis, 169
Rhinosimus, 266
Rhipicera mystacina, 256
Rhipiceridae, 256
Rhipidiini, 267
Rhipidioptera, 543
Rhipiphoridae, 267
Rhipiphorides, 268
Rhipiptera, 298 [in error for Rhiphiptera]
Rhizophagus, 232
Rhizotrogus, 191
Rhodoneura, 405
Rhogmus, 179, 180
Rhopalocera, 340, 341 f.
Rhopalomelus angusticollis, 206
Rhopalomeridae, 504
Rhopalosoma poeyi, 100
Rhopalosomides, 100
Rhygchium brunneum, R. carnaticum, R. nitidulum, R. oculatum,
77
Rhynchites betulae, 291, 292
Rhynchitides, 291
Rhynchophora, 190, 277, 288 f.
Rhynchophorous series, 240
Rhynchopsylla pulex, 526
Rhynchota, 532
Rhyphidae, 478
Rhyphus, 463
Rhysodidae, 201, 234
Riley, on Epicauta, 270, 271;
on spermathecal bodies, 321;
on Yucca-moth, 432
Ripidius pectinicornis, 269
Rippe, of Schäffer, 334
Robber-flies, 491
Rose-chafers, 200
Rosema, 401
Rostrum, 291, 472
Rothney, on Ampulex, 115;
on Sima, 169;
on Sphex, 110
Rothschild, N. C., on morphology of fleas, 523 n.
Royal jelly, 66
Rozites gongylophora, 167
Ruby-wasps, 1 f.
Rurales, 342
Rutelides, 195, 198
Saccoderes, 558;
S. tuberculatus, 537
Saccus, 314
Sagra splendida, 279
Sagrides, 279
Salda, 560
Saldidae, 544, 562
Salivary, duct, 320;
gland, 320
Sand-flea, 525;
-flies, 477
Saperda populnea, 285, 286
Sapromyzidae, 504
Sapyga quinquepunctata, 100
Sapygides, 99
Sarcophaga, 510;
S. carnaria, 510
Sarcophagidae, 510
Sarcophila magnifica, S. wohlfahrti, 510
Sarcopsylla gallinacea, S. penetrans, 525
Sarginae, 479
Saropoda, 32
Sarrothripus, 410
Sasaki, on parasite of silkworm, 508
Saturnia, 307, 310;
S. pavonia, 313, 374
Saturniidae, 368, 372
Satyrides, 347
Sauba, or Sauva, ant, 137
Saunders, E., on feathered hairs, 11;
on proboscis of bees, 16
Saunders, Sir S., on Hymenopterous larvae, 8
Scale, 131, 133, 315, 467;
development of, 329 f.;
-formation, 333;
-holder, 331
Scale-Insects, 592 f.;
enemy of, 356, 357, 417, 425, 430
Scalpella, 443
Scape, 441
Scaphidiidae, 229
Scaphisoma agaricinum, 229
Scaphium, 314
Scapulae, 312
Scarabaeidae, 194 f.
Scarabaeini, 196
Scarabaeus sacer, 196, 197
Scatomyzidae, 504
Scatophagidae, 504
Scatopse, 477
Sceliphron, 112;
S. nigripes, 91
Scenopinidae, 484
Schäffer, on structure of wings and nervures, 330
Schiödte, on Anoplura, 599 f.;
on Hemiptera, 543
Schistocerca peregrina, enemy of, 506, 514
Schizocarpus mingaudi, 220
Schizometopa, 504
Schizoneura, 589
Schizophora, 455
Schmidt-Schwedt, on Donacia, 280
Schoenbergia, 360, 361
Schoenobiinae, 425
Sciapteron, 387
Sciara militaris, 464
Sciomyzidae, 504
Sciophila unimaculata, 462
Scolia bifasciata, S. haemorrhoidalis, 97
Scoliidae, 93, 94 f.
Scoliides, 97 f.
Scolytidae, 294
Scopariidae, 421
Scopariinae, 421
Scopelodes, 401
Scopulipedes, 20, 32 f.
Screw-worm, 512
Scudder, on butterflies, 543
Scutata or Scutati, 546
Scutellerides, 545
Scutelligera, 501
Scutellum, 307, 312, 537
Scutum, 307;
S. proboscidis, 443
Scydmaenidae, 223
Scymnites, 238
Scymnus minimus, 238
Seasonal dimorphism or variation, 335
Seitz, on Syntomid resemblances, 388, 389
Semi-loopers, 415
Seminal duct, 321
Semi-pupa, 271
Semper, on development of wing, 333
Sense-organ, 442, 448;
thoracico-abdominal, 414;
in Uraniidae, 419
Sepsidae, 504
Sericaria mori, 375
Sericteria, 325
Seroot-fly, 482
Serricornia, 189, 213, 255
Sesia, 387;
S. scoliaeformis, 321
Sesiidae, 386, 388, 370 (for Syntomidae), 389
Setae, 534 f.;
aërostatic, 408
Setina, 410
Seventeen-year Cicada, 569
Sex, differences, 92, 95;
production of, 32, 67;
in larva, 325
Sexuparous, 586
Sharp, on classification of Dytiscidae, 213 n.
Sheep, bot-fly, 517;
-tick, 518
Shield, 592
Shoulder, -lappets, 312;
-tufts, 312;
of wing, 316, 319
Siagona, 206
Siculodidae, 423
Siebold, von, on Strepsiptera, 301
Sigara minutissima, 568
Sight, of Pompilus, 104
Silk-glands, 325
Silkworm, 375;
affected by parasitic fly, 507, 508;
Madagascar-, 405
Silpha, 221;
Silpha atrata, S. laevigata, S. lapponica, 222;
S. obscura, 222;
S. opaca, S. thoracica, 222
Silphidae, 221 f., 252, 256
Sima, 168;
S. leviceps, stridulating organ, 169;
S. rufonigra, 169
Simuliidae, 477
Simulium columbaczense, 477
Sinodendron cylindricum, 194
Siphon, 563, 581, 589
Siphonaptera, 522 f.
Siphonophora, 239
Siphunculata, 600
Sitaris, 33;
S. humeralis, 272
Sitodrepa, 247
Skippers, 363
Slave-making ant, 149, 150, 163
Sloth, 430
Slug-worms, 402
Smallest Insect, 228
Smerinthini, 380
Smerinthus populi, 309, 381
Smith, F., on Mellinus arvensis, 123
Snails, enemies of, 205, 222, 510;
parasite of, 495
Social, bees, 35;
wasps, 78, 84
Sociales, 20, 53 f.
Solanum dulcamara, beetle on, 232
Soldiers, 132
Soldier-ant, 150
Solenobia, 395, 430
Solenopsis fugax, 137
Solitary wasps—see Fossores and Eumenidae
Song, of Cicada, 572
Soronia, 232
Sound-organs, 448;
of Ageronia, 354;
of Hecatesia, 371;
of Cicada, 573, 574—see also stridulating organs
Sound-production, 155, 156;
by Aegocera, 411;
by Arctiidae, 410;
by Sphingidae, 382—see also Stridulation
Spalacopsini, 288
Spatula, 459
Spencer, Herbert, on Weismann, 143
Spercheus emarginatus, 218, 219
Spermatheca, 320, 321
Spermophila, 506
Sphaeridiides, 219
Sphaeriidae, 227
Sphaerites, 223
Sphaeritides, 229
Sphaerius acaroides, 227
Sphaerocarides, 279
Sphecia, 387
Sphecius speciosus, 123
Sphecodes, 21, 22;
S. gibbus, 23, 23;
S. rubicundus, 22;
S. subquadratus, 23
Sphegidae, 93, 107 f.
Sphegides, 107 f.
Sphex coeruleus, 110;
S. flavipennis, 108;
S. lobatus, 110;
S. maxillosus, 108
Sphindidae, 245
Sphingidae, 309, 315, 316, 368, 380 f.
Sphinx ligustri, 380
Spider parasite, 490
Spilosoma, 408
Spinneret, 324, 325, 403, 417
Spirachtha, 227
Spiracles, 188, 191;
of Diptera, 449 f.;
of Hippoboscidae, 519;
of Lepidoptera, 313, 314;
of Lipara, 451;
of Nepa, 564;
of Thrips, 528
Spondyliaspis, 581
Spondylidae, 288
Springing plant-lice, 579
Spuler, on nervures, 317 n.
Squama, 448
Squeakers, 209
Staetherinia, 401
Stag-beetles, 193
Stalk, 317, 319
Staphylinidae, 223, 224 f.
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, on butterflies, 343 n.
Stauronotus maroccanus, 489
Stauropus fagi, 385
Stelis minuta, 29;
S. nasuta, 30, 43;
S. signata, 30
Stelocyttares, 81
Stenamma westwoodi, 159
Stenopteryx hirundinis, 519
Stephostethus, 240
Sternorhyncha, 544
Sterrhopteryx, 394
Stethopathidae, 496
Stigmata—see Spiracles
Stigmatomma, 180
Stigmus pendulus, 128
Sting, 4, 5, 6, 58, 144;
development of, 8, 9
Stinging, 98;
by Calicurgus, 102;
by Pompilidae, 104;
by Sphex, 109
Stingless bees, 61
Stink-gland, 257, 533;
-vessel, 225
Stipes, 309
Stizinae, 123
Stomach, 320
Stomoxys calcitrans, 512
Stratiomyidae, 478
Stratiomys, 452
Straus-Durckheim, on Melolontha, 198
Strawberries, eaten by beetles, 205
Streblidae, 521
Strepsiptera, 189, 298 f.
Streptoperas, 401
Stridulating organ, of Myrmica, 133;
of Heterocerus, 243;
of Passalus-larva, 192;
of Sima leviceps, 169
Stridulation, of ants, 134;
of Corixa, 568;
of Criocerides, 281;
of Dynastides, 199;
of Geotrupes, 195;
of Ipides, 232;
of Lomaptera, 200;
of Longicorns, 287;
of larva of Lucanus cervus, 194;
of Megalopides, 282;
of Melolontha-larva, 198;
of Mutilla, 94;
of Pelobius, 208;
of Phonapate, 246;
of Phyllomorpha, 548;
of Praogena, 264;
of Siagona, 206;
of Trox, 195
Strigil, 568
Striphnopterygidae, 376
Strongylognathus huberi, S. testaceus, 162
Strumigenys, 170
Style, 442
Stylopidae, 298
Stylopised bees, 26
Stylops dalii, 299
Styx infernalis, 340, 358
Suana, 405
Subcostal nervure, 318
Submedian nervure, 318
Suboesophageal ganglion, 320
Sucking-stomach, 311, 449
Suction by Lepidoptera, 311
Suctoria, 526
Supericornia, 546
Swallow-flies, 519
Swarming of wasps, 70 n.
Swarms, 62, 65, 67, 80, 135, 467, 505, 584
Swift-moths, 396
Symbiosis, of ants and plants, 139;
of bee and Acarid, 70.
See also Ants'-nest Insects, and Association
Symbius blattarum, 269
Symphily, 183
Synecthry, 183
Synemon, 371
Synoeca cyanea, nest, 82
Syntelia westwoodi, 229
Synteliidae, 229
Syntomidae, 339 n., 369, 388
Syntomis phegea, 390
Syringe, 535, 536
Syrphidae, 439, 498 f.
Systoechus oreas, 489
Systropus crudelis, 489