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Plant Transcription Factors
Contribution in Development,
Metabolism, and Environmental Stress
This page intentionally left blank
Plant Transcription Factors
Contribution in Development,
Metabolism, and Environmental Stress

Edited by
Vikas Srivastava
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu,
Samba, Jammu and Kashmir (UT), India

Sonal Mishra
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu,
Samba, Jammu and Kashmir (UT), India

Shakti Mehrotra
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay

Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh (UT), India
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Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India

Contents

List of contributors ............................................................................................................................ xvii

About the editors .............................................................................................................................. xxiii
Preface ............................................................................................................................................... xxv

Section I Plant transcription factors (TFs) and general aspects

CHAPTER 1 Plant transcription factors: an overview of their role in
plant life ................................................................................................ 3
Aksar Ali Chowdhary, Sonal Mishra, Shakti Mehrotra,
Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Diksha Bagal and Vikas Srivastava
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 Transcription factors and plant life............................................................................ 4
1.3 Transcription factors and stress responses................................................................. 6
1.4 Transcription factors and secondary metabolism ...................................................... 9
1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 10
References................................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER 2 Adaptation of millets to arid land: a special perspective

of transcription factors ....................................................................... 21
Alka Bishnoi, Pooja Jangir and Praveen Soni
Highlights.................................................................................................................. 21
Abbreviations............................................................................................................ 21
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 22
2.2 Distribution of arid land in India and world ........................................................... 23
2.3 Millets: climate-smart nutri-cereals ......................................................................... 24
2.4 Stress as a limiting factor for crops in the arid zones............................................. 27
2.5 Responses of millets to abiotic stresses................................................................... 28
2.6 Transcription factors: smart regulators of stress tolerance in millets ..................... 29
2.6.1 WRKY.......................................................................................................... 30
2.6.2 DOF .............................................................................................................. 31
2.6.3 ERF/DREB................................................................................................... 40
2.6.4 NAC ............................................................................................................. 41
2.6.5 bHLH............................................................................................................ 41
2.6.6 ASR .............................................................................................................. 42
2.6.7 bZIP.............................................................................................................. 42
2.6.8 MYB............................................................................................................. 42
2.6.9 SBPs ............................................................................................................. 43

v
vi Contents

2.6.10 Other transcription factors ........................................................................... 43

2.7 Harnessing the potential of millet transcription factors .......................................... 43
2.8 Conclusion and future perspectives ......................................................................... 46
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... 47
Declaration of competing interests .......................................................................... 47
Author contribution .................................................................................................. 47
References................................................................................................................. 47

Section II Plant TFs and development .................................................. 61

CHAPTER 3 Plant transcription factors and root development............................. 63
Rekha Chouhan, Abhilek Kumar Nautiyal,
Nancy Sharma and Sumit G. Gandhi
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 63
3.2 Plant root architecture and development ................................................................. 64
3.3 Transcription factors involved in plant root development ...................................... 64
3.3.1 Root apical meristem ..................................................................................... 64
3.3.2 Lateral roots ................................................................................................... 67
3.3.3 Root hair......................................................................................................... 69
3.4 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 71
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... 72
References................................................................................................................. 72

CHAPTER 4 The roles of transcription factors in the development of

plant meristems .................................................................................. 77
Qingkun Dong and Cui Zhang
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 77
4.2 Shoot apical meristem.............................................................................................. 77
4.3 Axillary meristem..................................................................................................... 79
4.4 Flower meristem....................................................................................................... 82
4.5 Intercalary meristem................................................................................................. 84
4.6 Conclusion and future perspectives ......................................................................... 84
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................... 88
Author contributions................................................................................................. 88
References................................................................................................................. 88

CHAPTER 5 Transcription factors and their role in leaf senescence .................. 93

Jeremy Dkhar and Asosii Paul
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 93
 Contents vii

5.2 Identification of transcription factor families in senescing leaf

transcriptome ............................................................................................................ 94
5.3 Characterization of leaf senescence related TFs families ....................................... 98
5.3.1 No apical meristem (NAM), ATAF1/2, CUP-shaped
cotyledon 2 (CUC2) (NAC) TF................................................................... 98
5.3.2 WRKY TF.................................................................................................. 104
5.3.3 APETALA2/Ethylene-responsive element binding protein
(AP2/EREBP) superfamily ........................................................................ 107
5.3.4 Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) TFs .......................................................... 108
5.3.5 MYB TFs ................................................................................................... 110
5.3.6 Auxin response factor and Auxin/INDOLE-3-acetic acid TFs................. 110
5.3.7 DNA binding-with-one-finger (DOF) proteins ......................................... 112
5.3.8 PSEUDO-response regulators TF .............................................................. 113
5.3.9 VQ TF family............................................................................................. 113
5.3.10 Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) TFs................................................................ 113
5.3.11 Homodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) TFs ............................................. 114
5.3.12 Plant A/T-rich sequence and zinc-binding protein (PLATZ) TF ............. 115
5.3.13 Growth-regulating factors (GRFS) and GRF-interacting
factors (GIFS) ............................................................................................ 115
5.3.14 Teosinte branched 1, Cycloidea, and proliferating cell nuclear
antigen binding factor (TCP) TFS............................................................. 116
5.3.15 Homeobox (HB) TFs ................................................................................. 116
5.3.16 C3H (Zn) TFs............................................................................................. 117
5.3.17 GRAS TFs.................................................................................................. 118
5.3.18 CCAAT box-binding TFs .......................................................................... 119
5.3.19 Heat shock factor TFs................................................................................ 119
5.3.20 MADS TFs ................................................................................................. 119
5.3.21 GOLDEN 2, ARR-B, PSR 1 (GARP) family TFs.................................... 120
5.3.22 TRIHELIX TFs .......................................................................................... 120
5.3.23 Arabidopsis response regulator TFs .......................................................... 121
5.3.24 Lateral organ boundaries/asymmetric leaves 2 ......................................... 122
5.3.25 Early flowering 3 (ELF3) TF .................................................................... 122
5.3.26 Ethylene insensitive 3 (EIN3)-like (EIL) TFS .......................................... 122
5.3.27 Brinsensitive 1 (BRI1)-EMS-Suppressor1 (BES1) TF ............................. 123
5.3.28 Calmodulin-binding transcription activator............................................... 123
5.3.29 TIFY TFs.................................................................................................... 124
5.3.30 B-box zinc finger TFs................................................................................ 124
5.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 125
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 125
References............................................................................................................... 126
viii Contents

CHAPTER 6 Plant transcription factors in light-regulated development

and UV-B protection.......................................................................... 139
Deeksha Singh, Nevedha Ravindran, Nikhil Job,
Puthan Valappil Rahul, Lavanya Bhagavatula and Sourav Datta
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 139
6.1.1 Transcription factors families involved in light-regulated processes ......... 140
6.1.2 Transcription factors associated with visible light-mediated
development in plants .................................................................................. 143
6.1.3 Transcriptional regulation of UV-B signaling in plants ............................. 145
6.1.4 Structural and functional evolution of light-responsive plant
transcription factors ..................................................................................... 146
6.1.5 Role of light-regulated transcription factors in other signaling
pathways....................................................................................................... 148
6.2 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 149
References............................................................................................................... 149

CHAPTER 7 Tomato fruit development through the perspective of

transcription factors ......................................................................... 159
Vigyasa Singh, Dharitree Phukan and Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 159
7.2 Transcription factors in tomato.............................................................................. 160
7.3 MYB transcription factors ..................................................................................... 161
7.4 MADS transcription factor..................................................................................... 163
7.5 Other transcription factors ..................................................................................... 165
7.6 Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................................... 166
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................... 167
Conflict of interest.................................................................................................. 167
References............................................................................................................... 167

CHAPTER 8 Plant transcription factors and nodule development ...................... 175

Jawahar Singh and Praveen Kumar Verma
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 175
8.2 CCaMK/CYCLOPS complex................................................................................. 177
8.3 AP2-ERF transcription factor (ERN1 and ERN2) ................................................ 179
8.4 GRAS transcription factor ..................................................................................... 180
8.4.1 Nodulation signaling pathway 1/2 (NSP1 and NSP2) ................................ 180
8.5 SymSCL1 ............................................................................................................... 181
8.6 NIN and NIN-like proteins .................................................................................... 181
8.7 Structure of NIN and NLPs ................................................................................... 181
 Contents ix

8.8 Regulation of NIN for rhizobial infection in the epidermis by CYCLOPS ......... 182
8.9 Regulation of NIN by cytokinin-response elements for cell
divisions in the pericycle ....................................................................................... 182
8.10 NIN: a master regulator of nodulation .................................................................. 183
8.11 NIN as a negative regulator in systemic control of nodulation ............................ 183
8.12 NIN as a positive regulator in systemic control of nodulation ............................. 184
8.12.1 Lob-domain protein16 ............................................................................... 185
8.12.2 Nodulation pectate lyase 1......................................................................... 185
8.13 Rhizobium-directed polar growth .......................................................................... 186
8.14 Nuclear factor Y..................................................................................................... 186
8.14.1 Short internodes/stylish.............................................................................. 187
8.15 Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................................... 188
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 189
Declaration of competing interest .......................................................................... 189
Contribution ............................................................................................................ 189
References............................................................................................................... 189

Section III Plant TFs and metabolism .................................................. 197

CHAPTER 9 The regulatory aspects of plant transcription factors in
alkaloids biosynthesis and pathway modulation............................. 199
Pravin Prakash, Rituraj Kumar and Vikrant Gupta
Abbreviations.......................................................................................................... 199
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 199
9.2 Plant transcription factor families involved in alkaloid biosynthesis
regulation................................................................................................................ 201
9.2.1 APETALA2/ethylene response factor ......................................................... 201
9.2.2 Basic helix-loop-helix .................................................................................. 205
9.2.3 Basic leucine zipper ..................................................................................... 206
9.2.4 Cys2/His2-type (transcription factor IIIA-type) zinc-finger
protein family/Zinc-finger Catharanthus protein (ZCT) family................. 207
9.2.5 Myeloblastosis.............................................................................................. 207
9.2.6 WRKY.......................................................................................................... 208
9.2.7 Other transcription factors ........................................................................... 209
9.3 Transcription factor-mediated modulation of alkaloid biosynthesis pathways ........... 209
9.3.1 Overexpression............................................................................................. 209
9.3.2 Downregulation............................................................................................ 210
9.3.3 CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing....................................................... 211
9.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 212
References............................................................................................................... 212
x Contents

CHAPTER 10 Plant transcription factors and flavonoid metabolism .................... 219

Rekha Chouhan, Garima Rai and Sumit G. Gandhi
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 219
10.2 Plant flavonoids, major subclasses, and biosynthesis ........................................... 220
10.3 Transcription factor families associated with plant flavonoid metabolism .......... 221
10.3.1 Role of basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factors in plant
flavonoid metabolism................................................................................. 222
10.3.2 MYB transcription factor family and plant flavonoid metabolism .......... 224
10.3.3 WD40 transcription factors and plant flavonoid metabolism................... 225
10.3.4 Role of basic leucine-zipper transcription factors in plant
flavonoid metabolism................................................................................. 226
10.3.5 Role of WRKY transcription factors in plant flavonoid metabolism............ 227
10.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 227
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 227
References............................................................................................................... 227

CHAPTER 11 Demystifying the role of transcription factors in plant

terpenoid biosynthesis...................................................................... 233
Ajay Kumar, Parul Sharma, Rakesh Srivastava and
Praveen Chandra Verma
11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 233
11.2 Biosynthesis of terpenoids ..................................................................................... 234
11.2.1 Biosynthesis of basic terpenoids precursor (MVA and MEP pathway)........ 235
11.2.2 Biosynthesis of isoprenoid intermediates .................................................. 235
11.2.3 Biosynthesis of terpenes by terpene synthases.......................................... 237
11.3 Regulation of terpenoids ........................................................................................ 239
11.3.1 WRKY........................................................................................................ 241
11.3.2 MYB........................................................................................................... 241
11.3.3 bHLH (basic helix
loop
helix) ............................................................... 242
11.3.4 AP2/ERF .................................................................................................... 242
11.3.5 bZIP ............................................................................................................ 243
11.3.6 SPL, YABBY, and other TFs .................................................................... 244
11.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 244
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................... 244
References............................................................................................................... 244

CHAPTER 12 The regulatory circuit of iron homeostasis in rice:

a tale of transcription factors .......................................................... 251
Pooja Kanwar Shekhawat, Hasthi Ram and Praveen Soni
Highlights................................................................................................................ 251
 Contents xi

Abbreviations.......................................................................................................... 251
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 252
12.2 Iron uptake and transport ....................................................................................... 253
12.3 Major transcription factors involved in iron homeostasis..................................... 255
12.3.1 Regulation of Fe deficiency....................................................................... 255
12.3.4 Regulation of Fe toxicity ........................................................................... 258
12.4 Regulation of the regulators................................................................................... 258
12.4.1 Epigenetic regulation ................................................................................. 259
12.4.2 Regulation at the transcriptional level....................................................... 259
12.4.3 Regulation at the post-transcriptional level............................................... 259
12.4.4 Regulation at the post-translational level .................................................. 259
12.4.5 Regulation by plant hormones................................................................... 260
12.5 Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................................... 260
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 262
Author contribution ................................................................................................ 262
References............................................................................................................... 262

Section IV Plant TFs and Stress........................................................... 269

CHAPTER 13 Impact of transcription factors in plant abiotic stress:
a recent advancement for crop improvement.................................. 271
Divya Chauhan, Devendra Singh, Himanshu Pandey, Zeba Khan,
Rakesh Srivastava, Vinay Kumar Dhiman and Vivek Kumar Dhiman
13.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 271
13.2 Regulatory function of transcription factors in response to abiotic stress............ 271
13.3 ABA signaling pathway ......................................................................................... 272
13.4 JA signaling pathway ............................................................................................. 274
13.5 Transcription factors involved in abiotic stress tolerance..................................... 275
13.5.1 MYB TFs ................................................................................................... 275
13.5.2 NAC TFs .................................................................................................... 275
13.5.3 AP2/ERF TFs ............................................................................................. 276
13.5.4 WRKY TFs ................................................................................................ 277
13.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 280
References............................................................................................................... 280

CHAPTER 14 Plant transcription factors and temperature stress ........................ 287

Tingting Zhang and Yang Zhou
14.1 Effect of temperature stress on plant growth ........................................................ 287
14.1.1 Effect of high-temperature stress on plants............................................... 287
xii Contents

14.1.2 Effect of low-temperature stress to plants................................................. 288

14.2 Transcription factors involved in response to temperature stress......................... 289
14.2.1 HSF transcription factor............................................................................. 289
14.2.2 MYB transcription factor........................................................................... 290
14.2.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors................................................................... 291
14.2.4 WRKY transcription factors ...................................................................... 293
14.3 Conclusions and perspectives ................................................................................ 294
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 294
References............................................................................................................... 294

CHAPTER 15 Plant transcription factors and osmotic stress ............................... 301

Tingting Zhang and Yang Zhou
15.1 Effects of osmotic stress on plants and its regulatory mechanism ....................... 301
15.1.1 Stomatal closure......................................................................................... 301
15.1.2 Osmotic regulation mechanism ................................................................. 302
15.1.3 Mechanism of ROS generation and scavenging ....................................... 302
15.1.4 ABA signaling pathway............................................................................. 303
15.2 Transcription factors are involved in regulating osmotic stress ........................... 304
15.2.1 Osmotic stress caused by salt stress .......................................................... 304
15.2.2 Osmotic stress caused by drought stress ................................................... 305
15.2.3 Osmotic stress caused by low temperature ............................................... 305
15.3 Conclusions and perspectives ................................................................................ 306
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 307
References............................................................................................................... 307

CHAPTER 16 Transcriptional regulation of drought stress stimulus:

challenges and potential for crop improvement ............................. 313
Gyanendra K. Rai, Gayatri Jamwal, Isha Magotra,
Garima Rai and R.K. Salgotra
16.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 313
16.2 Regulatory role of transcription factors in dry spell tolerance ............................. 314
16.3 Transcription factor and their mechanisms under drought stress ......................... 316
16.3.1 DNA binding with one finger (DOF) ........................................................ 316
16.3.2 WRKY transcription factor........................................................................ 318
16.3.3 Heat shock factor ....................................................................................... 319
16.3.4 Nuclear Factor (NF-Ys) ............................................................................. 320
16.3.5 TCP transcription factor family................................................................. 320
16.3.6 AP2/ERBP.................................................................................................. 322
16.3.7 AREB/ABF family..................................................................................... 323
 Contents xiii

16.3.8 NAC transcription factors.......................................................................... 324

16.3.9 MYB/MYC transcription factors ............................................................... 325
16.4 Conclusion and future prospects............................................................................ 327
References............................................................................................................... 327

CHAPTER 17 Plant response to heavy metal stress: an insight into the

molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation ....................... 337
Mehali Mitra, Puja Agarwal and Sujit Roy
17.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 337
17.2 Toxic effects of heavy metals in plants................................................................. 340
17.3 Plant signaling in response to heavy metal stress ................................................. 341
17.4 MAPK signaling under heavy metal stress ........................................................... 343
17.5 Calcium
calmodulin signaling pathway under heavy metal stress ..................... 344
17.6 Hormone signaling in response to heavy metal stress .......................................... 345
17.7 Reactive oxygen species production and its role in heavy metal stress ............... 346
17.8 Role of transcription factors in heavy metal resistance regulation....................... 347
17.9 The MYB-family transcription factors under HM stress ...................................... 348
17.10 The WRKY-family transcription factors under HM stress ................................... 352
17.11 The bZIP-family transcription factors under HM stress ....................................... 353
17.12 The AP2/ERF/DREB-family transcription factors under HM stress .................... 354
17.13 Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................................... 355
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 355
References............................................................................................................... 355

CHAPTER 18 Plant transcription factors and salt stress ...................................... 369

Tingting Zhang and Yang Zhou
18.1 Effects of salt stress on plants ............................................................................... 369
18.1.1 Osmotic stress ............................................................................................ 369
18.1.2 Ion stress .................................................................................................... 369
18.1.3 Oxidative stress .......................................................................................... 370
18.1.4 Nutritional stress ........................................................................................ 370
18.2 Salt tolerance mechanisms in plants...................................................................... 370
18.2.1 Osmotic regulation mechanism ................................................................. 370
18.2.2 Ion homeostasis mechanism ...................................................................... 371
18.2.3 Reactive oxygen species scavenging mechanism ..................................... 371
18.3 Transcription factors involved in salt stress .......................................................... 372
18.3.1 bHLH transcription factors ........................................................................ 372
18.3.2 bZIP transcription factors .......................................................................... 373
18.3.3 NAC transcription factors.......................................................................... 373
xiv Contents

18.3.4 WRKY transcription factors ...................................................................... 374

18.3.5 MYB transcription factors ......................................................................... 374
18.3.6 Other transcription factors participate in salt stress.................................. 375
18.4 Conclusions and perspectives ................................................................................ 376
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 377
References............................................................................................................... 377

CHAPTER 19 Plant transcription factors: important factors

controlling oxidative stress in plants .............................................. 383
Shikha Verma, Pankaj Kumar Verma and Debasis Chakrabarty
19.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 383
19.2 Oxidative stress and sources .................................................................................. 384
19.2.1 ROS production.......................................................................................... 385
19.3 ROS scavenging ..................................................................................................... 396
19.4 Role of transcription factors in the regulation of stress-responsive genes ........... 397
19.4.1 AP2/ERF family......................................................................................... 398
19.4.2 The bHLH family....................................................................................... 399
19.4.3 MYB family ............................................................................................... 399
19.4.4 The NAC family ........................................................................................ 400
19.4.5 The WRKY family..................................................................................... 400
19.4.6 The bZIP family......................................................................................... 401
19.4.7 The HSF family ......................................................................................... 401
19.5 Conclusion and future prospects............................................................................ 402
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 403
References............................................................................................................... 403
Further reading ....................................................................................................... 417

CHAPTER 20 Transcription factors: master regulators of disease

resistance in crop plants.................................................................. 419
Ravi Ranjan Saxesena, Shreenivas Kumar Singh and
Praveen Kumar Verma
20.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 419
20.2 Molecular basis of plant
microbe interaction ...................................................... 420
20.3 The WRKY family of transcription factors and their functional domain ............ 422
20.4 WRKY transcription factors and their role in biotic stress................................... 423
20.5 APETELA2/ethylene-responsive factor family of transcription factors............... 427
20.6 AP2/ERF family of transcription factors and their role in biotic stress ............... 428
20.7 NAC transcription factors and their structural organization ................................. 429
20.8 NAC transcription factors and their role in biotic stress ...................................... 430
 Contents xv

20.9 bZIP transcription factors....................................................................................... 433

20.10 bZIP transcription factors and their role in biotic stress....................................... 433
20.11 MYB transcription factor family ........................................................................... 434
20.12 MYB transcription factors and their role in biotic stress...................................... 435
20.13 Conclusion and future perspectives ....................................................................... 435
Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 436
Declaration of competing interest .......................................................................... 436
Contribution ............................................................................................................ 436
References............................................................................................................... 436

Index .................................................................................................................................................. 445

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List of contributors

Puja Agarwal
Department of Botany, Constituent College, Purnea University, Purnia, Bihar, India
Diksha Bagal
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu
and Kashmir (UT), India
Lavanya Bhagavatula
Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER
Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
Alka Bishnoi
Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Debasis Chakrabarty
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Divya Chauhan
Division of Germplasm, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, Delhi,
India
Rekha Chouhan
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Guru Nanak
Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, Punjab, India
Aksar Ali Chowdhary
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu
and Kashmir (UT), India
Sourav Datta
Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER
Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
Vinay Kumar Dhiman
Department of Basic Sciences, Dr. YSP UHF Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Vivek Kumar Dhiman
Departmnt of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh,
India
Jeremy Dkhar
Plant EvoDevo Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource
Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Qingkun Dong
Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant
Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China

xvii
xviii List of contributors

Sumit G. Gandhi
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of
Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Vikrant Gupta
Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
(CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Gayatri Jamwal
School of Biotechnology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu,
Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Pooja Jangir
Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Nikhil Job
Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER
Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
Zeba Khan
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Ajay Kumar
Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Rituraj Kumar
Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
(CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
(AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
Isha Magotra
School of Biotechnology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu,
Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Shakti Mehrotra
Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Sonal Mishra
Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Samba, Jammu
and Kashmir (UT), India
Mehali Mitra
Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag
campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
Abhilek Kumar Nautiyal
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of
Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
 List of contributors xix

Himanshu Pandey
Department of Biotechnology, Dr. YSP UHF Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
Asosii Paul
Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, India
Dharitree Phukan
ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Ujjal Jyoti Phukan
School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Pravin Prakash
Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP),
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Puthan Valappil Rahul
Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER
Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
Garima Rai
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Gyanendra K. Rai
School of Biotechnology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu,
Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Hasthi Ram
National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India
Nevedha Ravindran
Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER
Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
Sujit Roy
Department of Botany, UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag
campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
R.K. Salgotra
School of Biotechnology, S. K. University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu,
Chatha, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Ravi Ranjan Saxesena
Plant Immunity Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research Aruna Asaf Ali Marg,
New Delhi, Delhi, India
Nancy Sharma
CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Parul Sharma
Biological Central Facility, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
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