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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience ❘ 5E
E. Bruce Goldstein
University of Pittsburgh
University of Arizona
Australia ● Brazil ● Mexico ● Singapore ● United Kingdom ● United States
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Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, © 2019, 2015 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Research, and Everyday Experience,
Fifth Edition Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
E. Bruce Goldstein ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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To Barbara
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iv Contents
About the Author
E. BRUCE GOLDSTEIN is Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychology at

the University of Pittsburgh and Adjunct Professor of Psychology at the University
of Arizona. He received the Chancellor’s Distinguished Teaching Award from the
University of Pittsburgh for his classroom teaching and textbook writing. After
receiving his bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering from Tufts University, he
had a revelation that he wanted to go to graduate school in psychology, rather
than engineering, and so received his PhD in psychology, specializing in visu-
al physiology, from Brown University. He continued his research in vision as a
post-doctoral fellow in the Biology Department at Harvard University and then
joined the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh. He continued his research at
Pitt, publishing papers on retinal and cortical physiology, visual attention, and
the perception of pictures, before focusing exclusively on teaching (Sensation &
Perception, Cognitive Psychology, Psychology of Art, Introductory Psychology)
and writing textbooks. He is the author of Sensation and Perception, 10th edition
(Cengage, 2017), and edited the Blackwell Handbook of Perception (Blackwell,
2001) and the two-volume Sage Encyclopedia of Perception (Sage, 2010). In
2016, he won “The Flame Challenge” competition, sponsored by the Alan Alda
Center for Communicating Science, for his essay, written for 11-year-olds, on
What Is Sound?
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Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 3
CHAPTER 2
Cognitive Neuroscience 25
CHAPTER 3
Perception 59
CHAPTER 4
Attention 93
CHAPTER 5
Short-Term and Working Memory 129
CHAPTER 6
Long-Term Memory: Structure 161
CHAPTER 7
LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation 191
CHAPTER 8
Everyday Memory and Memory Errors 225
CHAPTER 9
Conceptual Knowledge 263
CHAPTER 10
Visual Imagery 297
CHAPTER 11
Language 321
CHAPTER 12
Problem Solving & Creativity 355
CHAPTER 13
Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning 393
GLOSSARY 428
REFERENCES 445
NAME INDEX 475
SUBJECT INDEX 483
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Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 3
Cognitive Psychology: Studying the Mind 5
What Is the Mind? 5
Studying the Mind: Early Work in Cognitive Psychology 6
Abandoning the Study of the Mind 10
Watson Founds Behaviorism 10
Skinner’s Operant Conditioning 11
Setting the Stage for the Reemergence of the Mind in Psychology 11
The Rebirth of the Study of the Mind 13
Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts 13
Introduction of the Digital Computer 14
Conferences on Artificial Intelligence and Information Theory 15
The Cognitive “Revolution” Took a While 15
The Evolution of Cognitive Psychology 16
What Neisser Wrote 16
Studying Higher Mental Processes 17
Studying the Physiology of Cognition 18
New Perspectives on Behavior 18
Something to Consider 19
Learning from This Book 19
TEST YOUR SELF 1.1 20
Chapter Summary 21
Think About It 22
Key Terms 22
CogLab Experiments 22
CHAPTER 2
Cognitive Neuroscience 25
Levels of Analysis 26
Neurons: Basic Principles 27
Early Conceptions of Neurons 27
The Signals That Travel in Neurons 29
METHOD Recording from a Neuron 30
Representation by Neural Firing 32
The Story of Neural Representation and Cognition: A Preview 32
Feature Detectors 33
vii
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viii Contents
Neurons That Respond to Complex Stimuli 35

Sensory Coding 36
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 2 . 1 38
Localized Representation 38
Localization Determined by Neuropsychology 38
METHOD Demonstrating a Double Dissociation 40
Localization Determined by Recording from Neurons 40
Localization Demonstrated by Brain Imaging 40
METHOD Brain Imaging 41
Distributed Representation 43
Looking at a Face 43
Remembering 44
Producing and Understanding Language 44
Neural Networks 45
Structural Connectivity 45
Functional Connectivity 46
METHOD Resting-State Functional Connectivity 46
The Dynamics of Cognition 49
The Default Mode Network 50
Something to Consider: Technology Determines the Questions
We Can Ask 52
Chapter Summary 56
Think About It 56
Key Terms 57
CogLab Experiment 57
CHAPTER 3
Perception 59
The Nature of Perception 60
Some Basic Characteristics of Perception 60
A Human Perceives Objects and a Scene 61
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Perceptual Puzzles in a Scene 62
A Computer-Vision System Perceives Objects and a Scene 63
Why Is It So Difficult to Design a Perceiving Machine? 65
The Stimulus on the Receptors Is Ambiguous 65
Objects Can Be Hidden or Blurred 65
Objects Look Different from Different Viewpoints 66
Scenes Contain High-Level Information 67
Information for Human Perception 67
Perceiving Objects 67
Hearing Words in a Sentence 68
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Contents ix

Conceptions of Object Perception 70
Helmholtz’s Theory of Unconscious Inference 70
The Gestalt Principles of Organization 71
Taking Regularities of the Environment into Account 74
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Visualizing Scenes and Objects 75
Bayesian Inference 76
Comparing the Four Approaches 77
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 3 . 2 78
Neurons and Knowledge About the Environment 78
Neurons That Respond to Horizontals and Verticals 78
Experience-Dependent Plasticity 79
Perception and Action: Behavior 80
Movement Facilitates Perception 80
The Interaction of Perception and Action 81
Perception and Action: Physiology 82
What and Where Streams 82
METHOD Brain Ablation 82
Perception and Action Streams 83
Mirror Neurons 85
Something to Consider: Knowledge, Inference, and
Prediction 87
Chapter Summary 88
Think About It 89
Key Terms 90
CHAPTER 4
Attention 93
Attention as Information Processing 95
Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention 95
Modifying Broadbent’s Model: More Early Selection Models 96
A Late Selection Model 98
Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load 99
D E M O N S T R AT I O N The Stroop Effect 100
Directing Attention by Scanning a Scene 102
Scanning a Scene With Eye Movements 102
Scanning Based on Stimulus Salience 103
Scanning Based on Cognitive Factors 104
Scanning Based on Task Demands 104
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x Contents
Outcomes of Attention 105

Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to a Location 105
METHOD Precueing 106
Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to Objects 106
Attention Affects Perception 107
Attention Affects Physiological Responding 107
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 4 . 2 109
Divided Attention: Can We Attend to More Than One Thing
at a Time? 110
Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing 110
Divided Attention Becomes More Difficult When Tasks Are Harder 111
Distractions 112
Distractions by Cell Phones while Driving 112
Distractions by the Internet 113
METHOD Experience Sampling 113
Distraction Caused by Mind Wandering 114
What Happens When We Don’t Attend? 115
Inattentional Blindness 116
Inattentional Deafness 116
Change Detection 117
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Change Detection 117
What About Everyday Experience? 118
Attention and Experiencing a Coherent World 119
Feature Integration Theory 119
Evidence for Feature Integration Theory 120
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Searching for Conjunctions 121
Something to Consider: Attentional Networks 122
Chapter Summary 124
Think About It 125
Key Terms 126
CHAPTER 5
Short-Term and Working Memory 129
The Modal Model of Memory 132
Sensory Memory 134
The Sparkler’s Trail and the Projector’s Shutter 134
Sperling’s Experiment: Measuring the Capacity and Duration of the Sensory
Store 135
Short-Term Memory: Storage 137
METHOD Recall 138
What Is the Duration of Short-Term Memory? 138
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Contents xi
How Many Items Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory? 138

D E M O N S T R AT I O N Digit Span 139
METHOD Change Detection 139
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Remembering Letters 141
How Much Information Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory? 141
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 5 . 1 142
Working Memory: Manipulating Information 143
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Reading Text and Remembering
Numbers 144
The Phonological Loop 145
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Articulatory Suppression 146
The Visuospatial Sketch Pad 146
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Comparing Objects 146
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Recalling Visual Patterns 147
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Holding a Spatial Stimulus in the Mind 148
The Central Executive 148
An Added Component: The Episodic Buffer 149
Working Memory and the Brain 150
The Effect of Damage to the Prefrontal Cortex 150
Prefrontal Neurons That Hold Information 152
The Neural Dynamics of Working Memory 153
Something to Consider: Why is More Working Memory
Better? 154
METHOD Event-Related Potential 156
Chapter Summary 158
Think About It 159
Key Terms 159
CHAPTER 6
Long-Term Memory: Structure 161
Comparing Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
Processes 162
Serial Position Curve 164
Coding in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory 166
METHOD Measuring Recognition Memory 168
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Reading a Passage 168
Comparing Coding in Short-Term and Long-Term Memory 169
Locating Memory in the Brain 170
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 6 . 1 171
Episodic and Semantic Memory 172
Distinctions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory 172
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xii Contents
Interactions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory 174

What Happens to Episodic and Semantic Memories as Time Passes? 175
METHOD Remember/Know Procedure 176
Back to the Future 177
Procedural Memory, Priming, and Conditioning 179
Procedural Memory 180
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Mirror Drawing 181
Priming 182
METHOD Avoiding Explicit Remembering in a Priming
Experiment 183
Classical Conditioning 184
Something to Consider: Memory Loss in the Movies 185
Chapter Summary 188
Think About It 189
Key Terms 189
CHAPTER 7
LTM: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation 191
Encoding: Getting Information into Long-Term
Memory 193
Levels of Processing Theory 193
Forming Visual Images 194
Linking Words to Yourself 194
Generating Information 194
Organizing Information 195
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Remembering a List 195
Relating Words to Survival Value 197
Retrieval Practice 197
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 7 . 1 199
Effective Studying 199
Elaborate 199
Generate and Test 200
Organize 200
Take Breaks 200
Avoid “Illusions of Learning” 200
Be An “Active” Note-Taker 201
Retrieval: Getting Information Out of Memory 202
Retrieval Cues 202
METHOD Cued Recall 203
Matching Conditions of Encoding and Retrieval 204
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Contents xiii

Consolidation: Establishing Memories 208
Synaptic Consolidation: Experience Causes Changes at the Synapse 208
Systems Consolidation: The Hippocampus and the Cortex 210
METHOD Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA) 213
Consolidation and Sleep: Enhancing Memory 214
Reconsolidation: The Dynamics of Memory 216
Reconsolidation: A Famous Rat Experiment 216
Reconsolidation in Humans 218
A Practical Outcome of Reconsolidation Research 219
Something to Consider: Alternative Explanations in Cognitive
Psychology 220
Chapter Summary 221
Think About It 222
Key Terms 222
CHAPTER 8
Everyday Memory and Memory Errors 225
The Journey So Far 226
Autobiographical Memory: What Has Happened
in My Life 227
The Multidimensional Nature of Autobiographical Memory 227
Memory Over the Life Span 228
Memory for “Exceptional” Events 231
Memory and Emotion 231
Flashbulb Memories 232
METHOD Repeated Recall 233
The Constructive Nature of Memory 236
Source Monitoring Errors 236
The Illusory Truth Effect 238
How Real-World Knowledge Affects Memory 238
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Reading Sentences 240
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Memory for a List 242
What Is It Like to Have “Exceptional” Memory? 242
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 8 . 2 243
The Misinformation Effect 244
METHOD Presenting Misleading Postevent Information 244
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xiv Contents
Creating Memories for Events in People’s Lives 246

Creating Childhood Memories 246
Legal Implications of False Memory Research 247
Why Do People Make Errors in Eyewitness Testimony? 248
Errors of Eyewitness Identification 248
Errors Associated with Perception and Attention 249
Misidentifications Due to Familiarity 250
Errors Due to Suggestion 251
What Is Being Done to Improve Eyewitness Testimony? 252
Eliciting False Confessions 254
Something to Consider: Music- and Odor-Elicited
Autobiographical Memories 255
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Reading Sentences (Continued) 258
Chapter Summary 258
Think About It 259
Key Terms 260
CHAPTER 9
Conceptual Knowledge 263
Basic Properties of Concepts and Categories 266
How Are Objects Placed into Categories? 266
Why Definitions Don’t Work for Categories 267
The Prototype Approach: Finding the Average Case 268
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Family Resemblance 269
METHOD Sentence Verification Technique 270
The Exemplar Approach: Thinking About Examples 272
Which Approach Works Better: Prototypes or Exemplars? 272
Is There a Psychologically “Basic” Level of Categories? 273
Rosch’s Approach: What’s Special About Basic Level Categories? 273
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Listing Common Features 274
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Naming Things 274
How Knowledge Can Affect Categorization 275
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 9 . 1 275
Network Models of Categorization 276

Representing Relationships Among Categories: Semantic
Networks 276
Introduction to Semantic Networks: Collins and Quillian’s
Hierarchical Model 276
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Contents xv
METHOD Lexical Decision Task 279

Criticism of the Collins and Quillian Model 279
The Connectionist Approach 280
What Is a Connectionist Model? 280
How Are Concepts Represented in a Connectionist Network? 282
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 9 . 2 285
How Concepts Are Represented in the Brain 285

Four Proposals About How Concepts Are Represented
in the Brain 285
The Sensory-Functional Hypothesis 286
The Multiple-Factor Approach 286
The Semantic Category Approach 288
The Embodied Approach 290
Summarizing the Approaches 291
Something to Consider: The Hub and Spoke Model 291
METHOD Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 292
Chapter Summary 293
Think About It 294
Key Terms 295
CHAPTER 10
Visual Imagery 297
Imagery in the History of Psychology 299
Early Ideas About Imagery 299
Imagery and the Cognitive Revolution 299
METHOD Paired-Associate Learning 299
Imagery and Perception: Do They Share the Same
Mechanisms? 300
Kosslyn’s Mental Scanning Experiments 300
M E T H O D / D E M O N S T R AT I O N Mental Scanning 301
The Imagery Debate: Is Imagery Spatial or Propositional? 302
Comparing Imagery and Perception 303
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 1 0 . 1 305
Imagery and the Brain 305
Imagery Neurons in the Human Brain 305
METHOD Recording from Single Neurons in Humans 305
Brain Imaging 306
Multivoxel Pattern Analysis 308
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xvi Contents
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 308

Neuropsychological Case Studies 310
Conclusions from the Imagery Debate 312
Using Imagery to Improve Memory 312
Placing Images at Locations 313
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Method of Loci 313
Associating Images with Words 314
Something to Consider: Individual Differences in Visual
Imagery 314
Chapter Summary 317
Think About It 318
Key Terms 318
CHAPTER 11
Language 321
What is Language? 322
The Creativity of Human Language 322
The Universal Need to Communicate with Language 323
Studying Language 323
Understanding Words: A Few Complications 325
Not All Words Are Created Equal: Differences in Frequency 325
The Pronunciation of Words Is Variable 325
There Are No Silences Between Words in Normal Conversation 326
Understanding Ambiguous Words 327
Accessing Multiple Meanings 327
METHOD Lexical Priming 327
Frequency Influences Which Meanings Are Activated 328
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 1 1 . 1 330
Understanding Sentences 331
Parsing: Making Sense of Sentences 331
The Garden Path Model of Parsing 332
The Constraint-Based Approach to Parsing 332
Prediction, Prediction, Prediction… 336
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 1 1 . 2 337
Understanding Text and Stories 337
Making Inferences 337
Situation Models 339
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Contents xvii
Having Conversations 342

The Given–New Contract 342
Common Ground: Taking the Other Person into Account 343
Establishing Common Ground 343
Syntactic Coordination 345
METHOD Syntactic Priming 345
Something to Consider: Music and Language 347
Music and Language: Similarities and Differences 347
Expectations in Music and Language 348
Do Music and Language Overlap in the Brain? 349
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 1 1 . 3 350
Chapter Summary 351
Think About It 352
Key Terms 353
CHAPTER 12
Problem Solving & Creativity 355
What Is a Problem? 356
The Gestalt Approach 356
Representing a Problem in the Mind 356
The Idea of Insight 357
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Two Insight Problems 358
Functional Fixedness and Mental Set 359
D E M O N S T R AT I O N The Candle Problem 359
The Information-Processing Approach 362
Newell and Simon’s Approach 362
D E M O N S T R AT I O N The Tower of Hanoi Problem 363
The Importance of How a Problem Is Stated 366
The Mutilated Checkerboard Problem
D E M O N S T R AT I O N 366
METHOD Think-Aloud Protocol 368
Using Analogies to Solve Problems 369
Analogical Transfer 369
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Duncker’s Radiation Problem 370
Analogical Encoding 372
Analogy in the Real World 373
METHOD In Vivo Problem-Solving Research 373
How Experts Solve Problems 374
Differences Between How Experts and Novices Solve Problems 374
Expertise Is Only an Advantage in the Expert’s Specialty 376
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xviii Contents
Creative Problem Solving 376

What Is Creativity? 377
Practical Creativity 377
Generating Ideas 378
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Creating an Object 380
Creativity and the Brain 381
Opening the Mind to Think “Outside the Box” 382
METHOD Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation 382
Brain “Preparation” for Insight and Analytical Problem Solving 382
Networks Associated with Creativity 383
Something to Consider: Wired to Create: Things Creative
People Do Differently 386
Daydreaming 386
Solitude 387
Mindfulness 388
Chapter Summary 390
Think About It 391
Key Terms 391
CHAPTER 13
Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning 393
Inductive Reasoning: Making Judgments from
Observations 394
The Availability Heuristic 396
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Which Is More Prevalent? 396
The Representativeness Heuristic 398
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Judging Occupations 398
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Description of a Person 399
D E M O N S T R AT I O N Male and Female Births 400
Attitudes Can Affect Judgment 400
Evaluating False Evidence 402
T E S T Y O U R S E L F 1 3 . 1 404
Deductive Reasoning: Syllogisms and Logic 404
Categorical Syllogisms 404
Mental Models of Deductive Reasoning 407
Conditional Syllogisms 409
Conditional Reasoning: The Wason Four-Card Problem 410
D E M O N S T R AT I O N The Wason Four-Card Problem 411
08271_fm_ptg01.indd 18 4/18/18 6:55 PM

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Kualii evinces, 412.
Supernatural powers, Hauna famed for, 292, 296.

of Laukiamanuikahiki, 604.
of Namakaokahai, 68, 70.
Surf-rider, of Makawa, 400.
Surf-riding, a daily pastime, 510.

sea for, at Kahaloa, 378.
sideways is at Makaiwa, 378.
Kakuhihewa and Lono went out, 276.
Kama and Lono go, 332.
Swing (Hawaiian), a single rope, 530.
Swinging, method of, 530.
Table of Laka, broken, 370.
Tabu, see Kapu.
Tahiti, 20, 22, 28, 30.

borders of, 2, 6.
cloud drifts of, 116.
first people from, 4, 20.
foundations of, 378.
groups, 6;
Hawaii a child of, 20.
has but one kind of people, the haole, 374.
I have seen, of strange language, 374.
in broader foreign sense, 376.
island stretched across the ocean, 374.
Kaialea said Kila had gone to, 144.
kanakas not in, 30.
kapu flourished in, 28.
Kila and party proceed on way to, 122.
Kila chosen for voyage to, in search of Laamaikahiki, 120.
Kila’s brothers suggest procuring their father’s bones for removal to, 130.
Laamaikahiki returns to, 128.
land of a strange language, 30.
looking from; none like us in, 374.
Moikeha, body of, for removal to, 128.
Moikeha sets sail from, for Hawaii, 114.
mooring island toward; whose is, 374.
more properly Kahiki—distant lands, 12.
of rising and setting sun, 12, 16.
Olopana and wife Luukia, arrival in, from Hawaii, 112, 154.
Olopana movements to, in and from, 156.
Papa returns to, 18.
Pili from, 26.
the road to, from west of Kahoolawe, 128.
to, belong those who ascend to the backbone of heaven, 374.
vastness of the sea from, 376.
wall faces, 286, 304.
where Olopana dwelt; surely seen, 30.
Tahitian Islands, 6. stem of earth’s foundations, 26.
Tahiti-ku and Tahiti-moe, 12, 16.
Taro kapued, 66.
Tatu beat on canoes, a decoy, 204.
Tatuing introduced by Olopana, 156.
Temple, guards, priests, of king Ku, 550.

services, Lanikaula advises Kama to hold, 340.
spirit (the) nightly entered the, 548–50.
structure, ancient form preserved, 442.
Thought, Hawaiian’s idea of its seat, 14.
Ti-leaf, an essential article of household economy, 392.

canoe, 120.
(or Ki-leaf) fishing coat, 224.
of Nuuanu, 392.
[xlix]was broken and worn, 356.
wrappers of bundles, 200.
Tokens of recognition for unborn child, 180, 496, 546, 596.
Topsy-turvy conditions, 284.
Tradition concerning Lonoikamakahiki-Kapaihiahilina, 360–62.
Tree, mythical, of Kauai, 356.
Trees, various plants and, 390–92.
Tributes of the elements to rare beauty and high birth, 80.
Trunkless koa tree, 350–52.
Turtle came up and began rubbing her back, 596.

Laukiamanuikahiki entered into the, 604.
of shiny back, grandmother of the sea, called by Laukia, 604.
shiny-backed, approached and opened up its back, 604.
(the), swam under water to Kahikiku, where it disembarked Laukia and
disappeared, 604.
very large, at Eleka, 446.
Twin hills likened to palm-thatched houses, 286.
Ua, 25, 404.
Ua koko or red rain, 536–38.
Uhu, parrot-fish, 570.
Ukinaopiopio, 382, 404–06.
Ukinohunohu, 382, 406.
Ukulii, believed killed, 166.

returns and boards the canoe, 168.
victor over Niniukalani, 168.
volunteers to fight Niniukalani, 166.
Ukulonoku, fragrant branch of the, 384, 416.
Ulamahahoa, 25, 404.
Ulaula, 94.
Uli (deity), 26.

and Kalaulipali, parents of Heakekoa, 270;
of Hea, or Heakekoa, 272.
Uli, admits there is a canoe in Paliuli, for which Hakalanileo calls all the people to
drag it down, 438.
after prayer by, he gave orders to dig into the ground, when body and parts of
the double canoe were exposed, 442.
awakening, sees Kana her grandson, wakes him up and feeds him, 448.
famed goddess of the anaana priests, 436.
gave orders for the people to return from the cold, 442.
grandmother of Kana and Niheu, 436.
informed by Kana of numbness, 448.
instructs Kana for the conquering of Haupu, 448.
Niheu for a canoe refers his father to, 438.
prayed for a double canoe for Kana, 438.
takes Kana until it assumes human form, then rears the child, 436.
tells him the cause, 448.
the woman that is famous, 440.
Uliuli, 384;
a kapu of Kualii, 384.
(chief), 406.
Ulu, 24, 404;

king of Kau, 156.
Ulua (Carangus ignobilis), 570;

the gamiest fish in Hawaiian waters, 294.
Hawaii is the, 370.
or Luaehu, 370.
remained behind at Kapukaulua, 570.
Uluhina, 4, 8;
high chief; sacred semen of, 8.
Ulukou, 24, 404.
Ulupau, 404.
Umalehu and brothers about to be killed, 152.
and others sought to be saved by Kila, 150.
cuts off hands of slain boy for exhibit as Kila’s, 132.
intention of, to kill Kila in mid-ocean, 134.
orders the canoe launched, 132.
slays the kidnapped boy from Waipio, 132.
son of Moikeha, 118, 132, 146.
tells Kila to wait awhile, 132.
Umi, 25, 180, 405.

a part chief, high on father’s side, 178.
accompanies Kaoleioku to his home, 210.
acquits himself well in spear test, 206–08.
admits to Kaoleioku that it is he, 188;
advised by and put under a spear test, 206–08.
advised not to enter by front door, 182–84.
advised to wed Piikea of Maui for political reasons, 214.
Ahua-a-Umi, or memorial of, 232.
alleged low birth, 238.
ancestry of, 178;
of high blood, 180.
and adopted sons conquer Puna; make secret mountain raids, 226.
and chiefs favor Kaoleioku’s advice, 214.
and companions in a predicament at Hilo; liberated on production of ivory
ornament, 222.
and followers came down the valley, 202.
and Kaoleioku instructed by the old priests, 200.
and men from Hawaii greatly pleased at Piimaiwaa’s feat, 252.
and men take up their journey, 200;
reach Waipio, 202.
and Paiea surf-board incident, 212.
and party reach Waipuilani, where they put up, 186.
and party set out to tour Hawaii, via Hamakua, 210.
and wife Piikea make war on Piilani, 248.
army of, descend the pali trail in single file, 224;
provided with torches, surround Hilo chiefs, 224.
as king, men enlisted to place, 190;
unites Hilo and Hamakua, 224.
asks for the old men Nunu and Kakohe; gives them lands for which they run till
exhausted, 208–10.
asks his mother as to his rightful father, 182.
assured of a successful, 208, and undisputed reign, 214.
averse to the war, Piilani being dead, advises a suzerainty for Maui, 248.
becomes king of all Hawaii, 204.
begat several children by his various consorts, 228.
being better-looking gets two wives to one each for his companions, 186.
belittles Paiea’s surf-riding skill, 212.
bid his warriors successively to ascend Kauiki, 250.
built the temple of Kaili, 232.
calls for the old priests and awards them land according to their running
strength, 208–10.
calls Omaokamau to slay Hakau, 202.
cares for the priests, 194–96;
commended by them, 196.
climbs the fence and enters Liloa’s dwelling, 184.
completes arrangements for royal reception at Waipio, 218.
crowded against the rocks by Paiea, 186.
daring the kapu of Paakaalana, 16.
denied the use of Hakau’s surf-board, 186.
directs Koi to kill Paiea, 214.
disinclined to make war on Piilani, yet obeys his wife’s demand; orders his war
fleet prepared, 246.
disputing the claims of, 16.
doubtful of mastering Imaikalani, 246.
enters boldly and sits on lap of Liloa, 184.
exchanges greetings with Piikea, 212.
given his share of the catch, exchanges it, 188.
gives his fish as an offering to his god, 188.
grandfather of Lonoikamakahiki, 256.
hated and ill-treated by Hakau, down-hearted he is driven away, 186.
hears the wailing of Piikea, 244;
learns the cause and purpose of her disrobing, 246.
hides his identity and takes up a life of idleness, 186.
his parents-in-law much displeased, 186–188.
[l]Imaikalani not in subjection to, 226.
inquired for by the old men, 198.
instructed and with proofs, sets out for Waipio, 182.
instructed by Kaoleioku, 194–96, and tested, 206.
is backed by a young man of Laupahoehoe, 212.
is circumcised with ceremonies, 184.
is crowded against the rocks by Paiea, yet wins, 212.
is offered the pig, with a prayer, 188.
Kaoleioku and his three companions unarmed, 202.
Kaoleioku, a high priest, with pig, looks for, 188.
Kaoleioku made chief priest of, 204–06.
king of all Hawaii, 204;
makes a division of the lands, 204.
Koi charged to bury the bones of, 232.
learning he is a son of Liloa wishes to see him, 182.
leaves the priests asleep; reports to Kaoleioku, 196.
Liloa willed the temples and gods to, 186.
lived as a dependent under Hakau, 186.
living at Waipunalei, 212.
makes a division of lands, 204–06.
makes immediate preparations for Piikea’s reception, 216.
makes Kaoleioku his chief priest, 204.
made chief to Kaoleioku, and they live together, 188.
meets and adopts Piimaiwaa, 182.
meets Koi at Kukuihaele, who joins them, 186.
must not marry a woman of his own blood, 214.
notices the wiliwili necklace of his wife, 220;
belittles and breaks it, 222.
often fished for aku, and offered some to his god Kaili, 188.
omissions in history of, 218.
on coming to the throne, rewards his promoters, 220.
on request, joins in a fishing trip; is commended for his strength, 188.
or Umi-a-Liloa, his wives and offspring, 220.
Paiea killed by, 186.
practising spear-throwing, 210.
priest and companions without stones, 200.
proclaims himself, is recognized and acknowledged by Liloa, 184.
reported in rebellion, 218.
returned to Waipio as his residence, 214;
returns from Hilo and calls a council of war, 222.
seeing his wife’s mind set, orders his officers to go to war, 248.
skilful in surf-riding, races at Laupahoehoe with Paiea, 186.
solicitous for concealment of his bones, charges Koi with the sacred duty, and
withdraws his lands in apparent disgrace, 232.
stands out from the ranks in presence of Hakau, 202.
story of; birth of, 178;
very mischievous, 180.
takes up his residence with Liloa, 184.
tells his companions to wait, while he meets Liloa, 182.
the government firmly established in, 214.
the new king received graciously, 214.
the people realized, son of Liloa as the chief, 188.
they journey on to Kealakaha, birthplace of, 186.
things for, left as proofs, 182.
took pity on son born of Piilani, 248.
visits Hilo incognito; marries the daughter of king Kulukulua, 220.
wagers his whale’s tooth necklace, 212.
wagers with Paiea in a surf-riding contest, 212.
Waipio, place of residence of, 228.
went to the defense of Kiha-a-Piilani, 232.
wishes to circuit his kingdom; to travel eastward, 210.
with control of Kauiki, became possessed of Maui; which he turns over to
Kihapiilani, and he returns with Piikea and men to Hawaii, 254.
Umi-a-Liloa, a devout king, 228.

a duplicate plot of, 548, 596.
afraid of Imaikalani, 226.
ancestor of commoners, 228.
astonished at the many deaths, 230.
at death, Koi sets out to secure the body of, 232.
at peace with Maui in reign of Piilani, 232.
became famous in his government administration, 228.
breaking the kapu, 14, 28.
breaks the wiliwili tongue necklace, 222.
built large taro patches in Waipio, 228.
cave of, in Keopu, 232.
children of, by various wives, 228.
corpse of, taken out and placed in a canoe, 232.
divided the lands on settlement of peace, 232.
famed for his battle with the gods; account of; fishing a favorite vocation, 230.
had two occupations, farming and fishing, 228.
identifying formula, 496.
in his reign set divisions of the people, 228.
Kapukini-a-Liloa, consort of, 228.
Kau becomes a possession of, 228.
knew the king’s house in Hilo, 224.
Koi and brother-in-law hide the corpse of, 232.
Koi said to have brought the bones of, to Maui, 232.
Koi substitutes a body for that of, 232.
Kona and Kohala ceded to, 228.
offers to fight the deities, 230.
Omaokamau and Koi imprisoned, 222.
opposed for alleged low birth, 220.
people of, in difficulty, 224.
prays to his god Kukailimoku, 222.
questions his priest on the Maui war; relieved at his assurance, 246.
questions his warriors as they return; sad at heart at Koi’s report, 250.
reigned in place of king Hakau, 220.
reigned till old, 232.
royal and favorite daughters as wives for, 228.
sacrifice burnt offerings of Hakau and others, 218.
sad at loss of necklace inheritance of his royal father, 222.
soldiers of, in possession of weapons of Hakau and his people killed, 218.
stone tomb of, not completed at his death, 232.
takes wives to preserve royal blue blood, 220.
the people hewed stones for tomb of, 232.
unfaithfulness of, relative to his children, 230.
warriors of, see Nau, the fisherman of Puueo, 224.
visits Hilo, marries daughter of Kulukulua, 220.
was dead, 234.
went back to Hawaii, 232.
Umipiilani, 288, 304.
Umu or Imu, 194–96, 258, 382.

body of Kalino cooked in the, 566.
body of Mumu put into the, 564;
contest, 580.
Eleio jumped into the hot; pulled out and saved from the, 484.
Kaipalaoa’s opponents killed and cooked in the, 594.
Makiioeoe ordered the, started, wherein those who had ill-used the girl perished,
602.
(oven) made hot to bake Eleio, 484.
people at Lele started the, 484.
prepared by Hikapoloa, 562.
(underground oven), 562.
was to be started next day for the girl, 598.
Umulau, warmed are the offspring of, 394.
Underground oven (imu or umu), 194–96, 258, 382, 562–64.
Ununu grass at Peleula, 396.
Upalu, 370.
Upilialoula, scorching the sun at, 376.
Upoho, a rat maid of Namakaokahai, 54, 58. [li]
Upoho and Haapuainanea ashamed at being greeted by name, befriend Aukele,

54.
ordered to slay Aukele, they run off, 58.
sent out in search, 54.
servants of Namakaokahai, 42.
women in forms of lizard and rat, 54.
Uwau, sea-gull (Puffinus cuneatus), 396.
Uweleki and Uweleka, guards of Manowaikeoo, favor Kaulu with all good things to
eat, 526.
Uweleki, Uweleka, Maalaka and Maalaki, four guardians of Manowaikeoo, 526.
Value, calabash things of; canoe shed thing of, 584.
Victory, Ku, bird of, 376.
Virginity, sign of lost, 544.
Waa mua, of a canoe, 382.
Waa naku, a search canoe, 156.
Waahila, wind and mountain ridge, 392.
Wager of Hauna with two women playing konane, 312.

Wagers, between Kakuhihewa and Lono, 280–82, 308–12.
Wahanui and followers had all been killed on Kauai, people told that, 520.
carries out instruction of Kaneapua, 520.
cautioned against showing his image until reaching Hawaii, 520.
double canoe of, is hailed, passing Kaunolu point, 516.
first made aware of Kaneapua being a god, 520.
given a twin-bodied image by Kaneapua, 520.
killed and his image taken away, 520.
king of Hawaii, sails for Tahiti, 516.
lands on Kauai with his present, 520.
legend of, 516.
meets storm off Kaena point, and canoe overturned, 516.
realizes Kaneapua is a smarter prophet than Kilohi, 518.
renewing voyage, asked again to return, 516.
through storm, lands at Lele (Lahaina), 516.
vows to tread Kane and Kanaloa, 516.
worships, makes offerings to Kaneapua as a god, 520.
Wahie, spear thrust, 206.

Piimaiwaa’s war club, 252 (firewood), 250.
Wahineikapeakapu, 406.
Wahieloa, 25, 405.
Waia, 24–28, 380, 404.

fourth epoch to time of Liloa, 26.
husband of Papa, 28.
Waiahao, part of Honolulu now known as Kawaiahao, 470.
Waiahulu, the hungry at, can have a share, 492.
Waialae, 400.
Waialeale, the mountain, 320.
Waialoha, 358.
Waialua, 28, 400;

below Kaala sits, 374.
Kapaahulani reached, 366;
returning to, 402.
Lonohulilani, king of Koolauloa and, 408.
where I leave her, 320.
Waianae, 28, 300, 400–02.

armies of chiefs of, and Koolauloa routed, 414.
chiefs of, consent to fight Kualii at Kalena, 414.
council of war at, 414.
Kalanimanuia made king of, 552.
Kamaile at, surrounded by an army, 212.
Keahaikiaholeha, one time king of, 488.
Kualii again victorious at, 414;
on return from Kauai desires to land at, 412.
Lonokukaelekoa, king of, and Ewa, 408.
opposing chiefs at, 412;
sitting in the calm of, 374.
Waianuenue stream, 224.
Waiau, 400.
Waiauwia again visits Luukia, who falls in wrong-doing, 158.

makes advances, is puzzled at reply, 158.
meets Luukia and is enamored, 158.
Waiawa, 400.
Waihaka, 344.
Waihee, 284, 302, 396.
Waikakunilua, 346.
Waikapu, Pao to be found at, 238.
Waikele, 400.
Waikiki, hair anointed at, 400.

Kapua at, 380.
let us escape and return to, 408.
when Kualii resided at, 408.
Waikoloa, 344–46, 396.
Waikolu, Kana and Niheu arrive at, 444.

Kana stops rock in middle of cliff of, 446.
Molokai, 444;
Oopu of, 288, 304.
Waikuaala, first-born of Pili, 532.
Waikulani, 24, 404.
Wailau, 288, 304.
Wailea, Lono first met rebels at, 322.

mother of Kaipalaoa, 574.
sister of Kalenaihaleauau, wife of Kukuipahu, 574.
skilled in profession of wrangling, 574.
Wailehua, Kualii lands at, 424.
Wailoa, 14, 24, 398, 404.

river, Waipio valley, 182.
Wailua, Kauai, birthplace of Pikoiakaalala, 450.

bone fence of Kalanialiiloa at, 576.
gathering-place for athletic sports, 450.
koieie contests take place in, river, 452.
Moikeha arrived at, 116.
Pikoiakaalala joins in the games at, 450–52.
waters of, stretch out, 122–24, 128.
wind tarries at, 376.
Wailuku, 284, 302.

locality of flying clouds, 286.
river (Hilo), 222.
source of flying clouds, 304.
Wailupe, 400.
begins to be jocular, 306.
Waimalu, 400.
Waimanalo reef, 300.
Waimano, 400.
Waimanu, precipitous cliffs of, 234.

to Pololu, 232.
Waimea, after the battle at, 350.

Kama at, 342.
Kanaloakuaana living at, 342.
Kualii reached, and sat on other side of stream, 428–30.
Lililehua drifting to, 318.
Lono desired to go by way of, 326.
Ouli at, 326.
the lipahapaha of, 390.
war contingent go to, 342–44.
Wainanalii, blood flowed like water at, 322.
Wainaualii, 344.
Waioa, men of, 380.

walaau, 384.
Waiohulu, Kamapuaa in the uplands of, 496.
Waioli, ohia of, 358.
Waiolono, sand-crab of, 400.
Waipa, 396.
Waipio, 284, 400.

birthplace of Hakau, 178.
by leaving Kila in, you are saved, 150.
canoes stretch from Hana to, 246.
during famine people flock to, for food, 136.
favorite sons of, 150.
flood swept the valley of, 156.
Hooipoikamalanai and companions reach, 146.
Hooipoikamalanai, sister and sons lived many days at, 152.
human sacrifice temple of Honuaulu in, 218.
Kaialea and his men arrive at, 136.
[lii]Kaialea denied taking a boy from, or having seen the place before, 138.
Kaoleioku, Umi and men take up journey for, 200.
Keoloewa sails for, 152.
Kihapiilani lands at, 244.
Kila and brothers arrive at, 132.
Kila put ashore asleep and left at, 132;
remained on the sand of; life at, 134.
Kila satisfied with own land, returned to, 152.
Kila spared and left at, through Kaialea and Laukapalala, 134.
Kila’s people hear of food at, 136;
the mothers insistent that the boys go for a supply, Kaialea finally consents,
136.
king of, takes Kila as his son and gives him charge of, 134.
Koakea heights, adjoining, 208.
Liloa returns to his permanent residence at, 180.
Nunu and Kakohe set out from, 192.
Nunu, Kakohe and others returned to; Umi in, 210.
Olopana and wife take up residence in, 156.
people aid the Kauai people for their return journey, 142.
people inform the search party for Kaialea of his confinement and likely sacrifice,
140.
people, Kila a slave under some, 150.
Piikea, accompanied by 400 canoes, reaches, 218.
Piimaiwaa sent to, for ivory necklace, 222.
residence of Liloa, 178.
the old priests return to, 200.
the only land with water and food in time of drought, 136.
Umi and companions reach, and decide on war against Hilo, 222.
Umi and followers reach, 202.
Umi’s regular place of residence, 228.
young man from, kidnapped, and slain at Puuloa, 132.
Waipunalei, back country of, 220.

government firmly established in Umi during stay at, 214.
king and party arrive at, 214.
land of, 186;
owned by Kaoleioku, 214.
Paiea sacrificed in temple at, 214.
Wakalana, chief of Maui, 4.
Wakea, 14, 24, 356, 372, 404–06.

controlled the sun, 28.
eldest of three sons of Kahiko, 2.
genealogy from the time of, 16.
generations from, 12, 16;
from and to, 406.
his escapades, 18.
incestuous intercourse of, 14.
kapu flown backwards to, 26.
(Kea) the god of below, 374.
line of chiefs sprang from, 2.
lived and took Papa; lived with Kanananuukumamao, 380.
Lonoikamakahiki, sixty-four generations from, 256.
son of Kahiko, 12.
takes Kaulawahine, 18.
the chief, 396.
the priest; broke the kapus, 28.
third epoch to time of Waia, 26.
tradition of, 10–12, 16.
Wakea and Papa, ancestors of the chiefs, 12.

creators of Hawaiian group, 2.
his wife, 18, 404.
islands sprang from, 16.
progenitors of Hawaiian race, 2;
traditions of, 2, 12.
Walea, 370, 404.
Walina, ancient term of greeting, 54.
Walinuu, 12;
from Holani, 2, 8;
wife of Kane, 18.
Wanahili, a priest accompanies Kila on voyage, 122.
Wanalia, 4;
husband of Hanalaa, 10.
Wananalua, ahupuaa called, 330.
Waning days of the moon time of temple services, 200.
Wanua, chief of Hamakua, 316.
Waoilea, 25, 405.
Waolani, one more pali, that of, 408–10.

retreating enemy fell over the pali of, 412.
the heights above, now Country Club, 408.
War canoes of Kama, 340.

clubs, certain kinds of, sought, by Kualii on Kauai, 412.
club; strokes of; favorites named, 258.
kahili and pa-u, 52.
naming of, a general custom, 168;
swirl of, 334;
wind from, 328.
spears, weapon of aliis, not of army, 258.
Warfare, Hawaiian method of, 338, 366.
Water of everlasting life of Kane, 82, 86, 90.

of life of Kane, 88, 92, 96.
that is not water, 282, 288, 306.
Wauke, bark rendered pulpy, 398.
Wawa, 560;
aaka, the wood of umu for, 566.
Wawaekalani, war-club of Niheu, 444.
Wawaenohu, reposed at, 318;

wind of, 376.
Wawena, 24, 404.
Weeping, greeting customary, 198.
Welehu, second thunderbolt, 76, 84.

Weleweka, blossom, an introduced term, 532.
Whale’s tooth necklace, 180, 184, 212, 596, 600.
Wiliwili (Erythrina monosperma), 572;

imitation ivory necklace; description, 220.
necklace ornament, 220–22.
of varied uses, 392.
Wilkes Expedition, extract from, 232.
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Iliau, 282.
Winds, various, 376.
Wohi, a royal title of Oahu chiefs, questioned, 314.

highest chief rank, 4.
Wohilani, father of Palahalaha, chief of Kohala, 314.
Women, two, wager their lives against Hauna’s canoe load of feather cloaks and
lose, 312.
Words, contest in use of, 582–94.
Wrangling contests (hoopapa), 574–94.
Wrestling matches and how played, 34.
Wrong, not considered, for brother and sister to wed, 608.
Yam (Uhi), Ipomœa batatas, 572.

planted in Kohala by Pupuhuluena, 572.

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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2E 2nd Edition E. Bruce Goldstein

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Experience Psychology 5th Edition Laura A. King

Cognitive Neuroscience: The Biology of the Mind (Fifth

Psychology Second European Edition Bruce Hood

(Original PDF) Research Design in Clinical Psychology

eTextbook 978-0205992126 Evolutionary Psychology: The

Connecting With Law 5th Edition Michelle Sanson

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E. BRUCE GOLDSTEIN is Associate Professor Emeritus of Psychology at

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Neurons That Respond to Complex Stimuli 35

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TEST YOUR SELF 3.1 70

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Outcomes of Attention 105

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How Many Items Can Be Held in Short-Term Memory? 138

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Interactions Between Episodic and Semantic Memory 174

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TEST YOUR SELF 7.2 207

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Creating Memories for Events in People’s Lives 246

Network Models of Categorization 276

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METHOD Lexical Decision Task 279

How Concepts Are Represented in the Brain 285

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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation 308

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Having Conversations 342

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Creative Problem Solving 376

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Spirit body of Keahaikiaholeha named Nihooleki, 488.

Spirit catching, 80.

Spirit-chief, of Hawaii, Kanikaa; of Lanai, Pahulu; of Maui, Keoloewa; of Molokai,

Spirits, aku offerings for the male and female, 494.

Stand forth at the call, 388.

Star Sirius, 114, 122.

Story of Pikoiakaalala, 450.

Strings, network of, 364.