Bone

Presented by Dr Doaa Khaled

lecturer of histology
MUST university
 Objectives
1- Describe the general structure of bone
2- Describe the structure & correlated
functions of bone cells.
3- Mention types & sites of bone
4- Describe the structures of each types .
5- Compare between 2 types of bone
(compact & cancellous).
 General characters of bone
1- Bone is a solid type of C.T
2- Its matrix contains calcium …hardness of
bones
3- Bone is highly vascular.
4- Formed of: bone cells, matrix , periosteum
and endosteum
 The bone cells:
There are four types of bone cells:
1.Osteogenic cell
Origin: pericyte or UMC
SITE: periostum, endostum, not
present inside lacunae.
Shap: LM & EM
LM:
1)- shape: oval
2)-central , vesicular nucleus
3)- basophilic cytoplasm-----
EM: (ribosomes, RER, GA and
mitochondria)—(Ptn forming cell)
Function :
A- develop into osteoblast
B- In poor blood supply, they can
• 2. Osteoblast
• Osteogenic cell
• The same
LM:
1)- oval with many branches
2)- Nucleus: single, vesicular and
central
3) Cytoplasm: basophilic, -ve golgi
image .
By EM---like any ptn secreting cell
- Actin like filament in their
processes
• Function : 1- secrtion of matrix
Calcification of matrix by alk
phosphatase enz
2- develop to osteocytes .
3) Osteocytes:
Origin: from the osteoblasts.
Each osteoblast secretes bone matrix around itself
forming a lacuna, its processes pass into canliculi
through this matrix.

Site: Present singly

in the bone Lacunae,
surrounded by
calcified matrix
L.M.: oval, branched cell with pale basophilic
cytoplasm and central deeply stained nucleus.
Their processes extend in the canliculi of the matrix to
be connected with each others.
E.M.: Their cytoplasm contains few ribosomes, rER,
and well developed Golgi apparatus.
Function:
They preserve
the integrity of
bone matrix.
4) Osteoclasts:
Origin: from blood monocytes.
Site: lining the endosteum & bone marrow cavities.
L.M.: They are large irregular cells.
Each cell is found inside lacuna called
Howship’s lacuna.
They have foamy
acidophilic cytoplasm.
Each cell is multinucleated;
it has more than two nuclei.
E.M.: Each cell shows four regions:
a) Ruffled border:
This border facing the bone surface
b) Clear zone:
It is a ring like region around the ruffled border.
It contains actin filaments.
c) Vesicular zone:
It contains vesicles, which are lysosomes.
d) Basal zone:
This area contains multiple nuclei and the
organoids as Golgi apparatus, mitochondria
and rER.
Function:
Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, it
secrets enzymes that cause fragmentation of the
inorganic matrix.
 Types of bone
There are two types of bone:
1) Compact bone
Sites:
- Shafts of long bones.
- The outer and the inner covering of the flat bones
1) Periosteum:
It is the outer covering of the bone, it is formed of:
a) The outer fibrous layer of dense irregular c.t
+ fibroblasts and blood vessels inbetween.
b) The inner osteogenic layer that contains osteogenic
cells and osteoblasts.
Function of periosteum:
1) It gives the attachment of muscles and tendons.
2) It is responsible for the appositional growth of bones.
3) It provides bone with its blood supply.
4) It is responsible for healing of bone.
2) Endosteum:
It forms the lining of the bone marrow cavities.
lined by osteogenic, osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
3) Matrix:
The chemical composition of the matrix contains:
a) Tissue fluid : (water).
b) Hard substances: which include:
- Organic components:
- type I collagen.
- Sulphated and non sulphated
glycosaminoglycan Proteoglycan.
- Inorganic components as calcium salts
 4) Bone cells:
The osteocytes are arranged in the following:
1) Haversian systems:
- the structural unit of the compact bone.
It is formed of a-Haversian canal that
is surrounded by concentric layers of
bone lamellae.
b-The osteocytes are arranged between
these lamellae

- Haversian canals are longitudinal canals

that parallel to the long axis of the compact bone.
They are lined by endosteum and contain vascular
connective tissue.
2) The outer circumferential lamellae:
The osteocytes inside lacunae are arranged parallel
to the outer periosteum between the calcified bone
lamellae.
3) Inner circumferential lamellae:
The osteocytes are arranged between the calcified
lamellae parallel to the endosteum.
4) The interstitial lamellae:
The osteocytes are irregulary arranged in-between
the Haversian system.
 Volkmann’s canals:
- oblique canals that connect the Haversian canals with
each other and with the periosteum and endosteum.
- They are lined by endosteum and contain bl vs.
2) Cancellous bone
Sites:
1) Flat bones as skull. 2) Vertebrae and sternum.
3) Epiphyses of long bones.
Structure:
Cancellous bone is formed of:
1) Periosteum.

2) Irregular plates of bone separated by multiple

bone marrow cavities.

3) The osteocytes are found within the matrix with

irregular distribution.

4) The endosteum lines the multiple bone marrow

cavities, and it is lined by osteogenic, osteoblasts and
osteoclasts.
 Medical application
Rickets :
Calcium deficiency in
children : the bone
matrix doesn’t calcify
normally
Osteoporosis:
in immobilized patients
& postmenopausal
women in which bone
resorption exceeds
bone formation
 Self assement
• Which one of the following is multinucleated
& has acidophilic cytoplasm?
A- Osteogenic
B- Osteoblast
C- Osteocyte
D- Osteoclast
 Self assement
• Which of the following characterizes the
haversian system ?
A- Concentric layer with osteoblast in-between
B- Concentric layer with osteocyte in-between
C- Has Volkmann's canal in its centre
D- It presents in cancellous bone