Consumption Of Milk and Reduced in risk of Fragility fracture in

old age
In 2020, Lissa Byberg and Eva Wavensjo Lemming milk consumption for prevention of
fragility fractures. According to authors fragility fractures pose large burden on both costs for
healthcare and the individual in term of quality of life and disability. This risk of most fractures
increases linearly with the age, although risk of hip fracture almost exponentially. Women are
more like to suffer a hip fracture then men. The average age at the time of hip fracture is
approximately 80Y in men and 82-83Y in women. Hip fracture occurring below the age of 70Y
are likely to be pathophysiological different from hip fracture during later in life. The life time
risk of hip fracture at age of with men women and 6% among 50 is 16% and among Norway in
USA and higher in Sweden and corresponding lifetime risk of 25-29% and 9-13%. Authors
observe systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies investigating the role of milk and dairy
products in relation to fragility fracture risk have been performed and cover the available original
research until 2019. Then after Cohort method studies with those use of fermented and non-
fermented milk, they conclude use of milk constitute a major dietary source of calcium, vitamin
D and protein and fermented milk has potential probiotic, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory
effect. Use of fermented milk younger increase skeletal muscle mass during resistance to
Training already trained and younger especially among individual. Gain in peak bone mass
density in younger age decrease chances of both skeletal muscle mass and bone mineral density
(BMD) declines, influencing Sarcopenia, the fall risk and bone strength. This, research indicates
that studies examining milk and dairy intakes in relation to fragility fracture risk need to study
the different milk product separately. [1]
In 2019, Diane Feskanich work for studying relationship between milk and other dairy food and
risk hip fracture in men and of women. In US two cohort, 80600 postmenopausal women and
43306 men with daily serving of milk (240ml). According to the relationship between dairy
consumption and hip fracture is controversial. This study examined the long-term consumption
of milk and other dairy foods in two large US cohorts, the nurses' follow up study (HPFS) of
men. The study found that drinking a glass of milk was associated with 8% lower risk of hip
fracture. This finding contrasts with a previous study in Swedish women which reported an
increased risk with higher milk intake. The study also explored whether the benefits from dairy
foods may vary by sex, timing of dairy food consumption or other dietary intakes. The results
suggest that milk consumption may be protective against hip fracture particularly among those
with lower intake of Calcium, vitamin and protein from non-dairy sources. The study's finding
supports the recommendation of 2-3 cups of milk or equivalent dairy food per day adult to
protect aging bone and prevent hip" fracture. [2]
In 2021, Dennis Savaiano observe Osteoporosis affects women twice as often as men.
Additionally, it is estimated that 0.3 million and 1.7 million people have hip fractures in the USA
and Europe, respectively. Having a proper peak bone mass and keeping it as long as possible is
especially important for osteoporosis prevention. The article discusses the importance of milk
and dairy products for bone health across all age groups, particularly children and adolescents.
Milk and dairy products provide high bioavailability calcium, vitamin D, and proteins essential
for bone development and maintenance. Breast milk is the optimal food for infants, and children
should be exclusively breastfed for the first six months. Cow’s milk and dairy products can be
introduced at 9-12 months, with skimmed milk recommended after the second year. Plant milk
should not be introduced as an alternative to cow's milk for children under two years. Dairy
products are a good source of calcium and other nutrients, and three portions can cover daily
calcium needs. Adults should consume three cup-equivalents of fat-free or low-fat dairy per day.
The elderly should not avoid milk and dairy products, as they provide essential protein, vitamin
D, calcium, and phosphorus for preventing disorders like osteoporosis. Fermented dairy products
and lactose-free milk are recommended for older adults with lactose intolerance. Cow’s milk and
plant beverages are distinct products, and plant milk cannot fully replace cow's milk. Dairy
products may positively impact bone metabolism through beneficial modification of gut
microbiota.[3]
Systematic review by and Suzanne N Morin Hope AWeiler on "Fermented Milk Products and
Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women" explores the impact of consuming fermented dairy
products, such as yogurt and cheese, on bone health in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis
and osteoporotic fractures are public health concerns, especially in older women. This skeletal
disease, characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue,
affects approximately 200 million women globally. Although age-related bone loss affects both
men and women, the decline of bone mass is accelerated at menopause when bone resorption
exceeds bone formation. This review includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs), prospective
cohort studies, and case-control studies to assess various bone health outcomes, including bone
mineral density (BMD) and fracture risk.The findings indicate that fermented milk products
(FMPs) are beneficial for maintaining and potentially improving bone health in postmenopausal
women.It include, Calcium and Nutrient Absorption; Fermented milk products are rich in
calcium, vitamin D, and probiotics, which play a crucial role in bone metabolism and calcium
absorption. The probiotics in these products can enhance the gut microbiome, improving calcium
absorption and bone health.Bone Mineral Density (BMD): Several studies reviewed suggest that
regular consumption of fermented dairy products is associated with higher BMD in
postmenopausal women. This is significant because higher BMD reduces the risk of osteoporosis
and fractures.Reduction in Bone Turnover Markers: The review noted that fermented milk
products might help in reducing bone turnover markers, which are indicators of bone resorption.
Lower levels of these markers imply a slower rate of bone loss, which is beneficial in preventing
osteoporosis. Fracture Risk: Prospective cohort studies included in the review highlight a
potential reduction in hip fracture risk among postmenopausal women who regularly consume
fermented milk products. This is attributed to the combined effects of calcium, vitamin D, and
probiotics present in these foods.[4]
According to N.R.W. Geiker,in 2020 the discussions on the dairy matrix and musculoskeletal
health held in June 2019, completing and extending a previously published expert workshop
report on dairy matrix and cardiovascular disease (CVD) held in September 2016. The
conclusion of the latter was that dairy foods can have different and more beneficial effects on
bone health than would be expected solely on the basis of the sum of the effects of the individual
nutrients, and that overall composition and structure of foods needs to be considered, i.e., the
food matrix effects.Currently, more than 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis,
and with an increasingly aging population, this number is expected to increase by approximately
30% in the nearer future. According to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, in the year
2000, osteoporosis was estimated to cause more than 8.9 million new fractures globally, with 1.6
and 1.7 million being hip and forearm fractures, respectively, and 1.4 million being clinical
vertebra fractures, making osteoporosis considered a serious health problem. Nearly one in two
women and one in five men older than 50 years will experience at least one osteoporotic fracture
during the latter half of their life this is because an age-related progressive loss of muscle mass
and function, is, like osteoporosis, a major clinical problem among the elderly population. In
Europe, low muscle strength is the primary indicator. Among Western populations,
approximately 19% to 20% of otherwise healthy men and women above the age of 60 years
suffer from sarcopenia .The consequences of sarcopenia are many and severe, e.g., reduced
muscle strength increases the risk of falls causing bone fractures leading to decreased mobility,
disability, and a reduced quality of life.The review on the "Impact of Whole Dairy Matrix on
Musculoskeletal Health and Aging" highlights the importance of dairy products in maintaining
bone and muscle health, particularly in aging populations. It include:Bone and Muscle Health:
Dairy products, such as milk, yogurt, and cheese, are rich in calcium and protein, essential for
bone density and muscle maintenance. Matrix Effect: The combined effects of nutrients in dairy
(rather than single nutrients) enhance bone mineralization and reduce fracture risk. [5]
According to Inge Groenendijk 2019 the prevalence in nine industrialized countries is
estimated at 9–38% for women and 1–8% for men, affecting up to 49 million people. The rising
prevalence of osteoporosis leads to an increase in the number of falls and fractures, which in turn
affects mortality and morbidity, and increases the economic burden. Protein may play a role in
the prevention of bone loss and in slowing down osteoporosis.An expert consensus paper from
2018 summarized the systematic reviews and meta-analyses looking at the effects of dietary
protein on bone health in adults. It states that protein intakes above the RDA, in combination
with an adequate calcium intake, is associated with higher BMD, a lower rate of bone loss, and a
modestly reduced fracture risk.The systematic review and meta-analysis on "High Versus Low
Dietary Protein Intake and Bone Health in Older Adults" examines how different levels of
dietary protein intake affect bone health outcomes such as bone mineral density (BMD), bone
mineral content (BMC), bone turnover markers, and fracture risk in older adults.Bone Mineral
Density (BMD) and Bone Mineral Content (BMC): The meta-analysis showed that higher
protein intake (above the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day)
is associated with higher BMD, particularly in the femoral neck and total hip regions. This
suggests that increased protein intake can help maintain bone density, which is crucial for
preventing osteoporosis in older adultsFracture Risk: Higher protein intake was linked to a
significant reduction in hip fracture risk. The pooled hazard ratio from multiple cohort studies
indicated a decrease in hip fractures among those with higher protein consumption compared to
those with lower intake.Bone Turnover Markers: While the review noted positive trends, it
emphasized the need for further research to conclusively determine the effects of high protein
intake on bone turnover markers, which are indicators of bone formation and resorption.The
study concludes that a higher dietary protein intake, beyond the current RDA, may provide
benefits for bone health in older adults, including reduced risk of fractures and better
maintenance of bone density. However, it also calls for additional research to explore the long-
term impacts and to identify optimal protein intake levels for this population.The review titled
"Dairy Foods and Bone Health Throughout the Lifespan: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence"
evaluates the impact of dairy consumption on bone health across different stages of life. The
study emphasizes the significant role that dairy foods play in providing essential nutrients like
calcium, vitamin D, and protein, which are crucial for bone health.Children and
Adolescents:Dairy products are the primary source of calcium for this age group. Adequate
calcium intake is essential for bone growth and development.Studies suggest that dairy
consumption is linked to better bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC)
during growth periods. However, the specific contribution of dairy to bone accrual can be
challenging to isolate due to puberty-related changes in bone growth.Adults:In adults,
maintaining sufficient intake of dairy foods helps preserve bone mass and prevent bone loss.
This is particularly important as bone resorption can begin to outpace bone formation in
midlife.Older Adults:For older adults, dairy consumption continues to be important for
preventing bone loss and reducing fracture risk. The combination of calcium and protein in dairy
supports bone strength and muscle function, which can help reduce falls and related
fractures.The review highlights the need for more randomized controlled trials to definitively
establish the causal relationship between dairy intake and fracture prevention. Most current
evidence is derived from observational studies, which can be influenced by confounding
factors.There is also a call for more research into how different types of dairy products (e.g.,
milk, cheese, yogurt) and their specific nutrient compositions affect bone health across various
populations [6]
According to Dr S. Iuliano research The titled "Dairy Foods and Bone Health Throughout the
Lifespan: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence" evaluates the impact of dairy consumption on
bone health across different stages of life. The study emphasizes the significant role that dairy
foods play in providing essential nutrients like calcium, vitamin D, and protein, which are crucial
for bone health.Children and Adolescents:Dairy products are the primary source of calcium for
this age group. Adequate calcium intake is essential for bone growth and development.Studies
suggest that dairy consumption is linked to better bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral
content (BMC) during growth periods. However, the specific contribution of dairy to bone
accrual can be challenging to isolate due to puberty-related changes in bone growth.Adults:In
adults, maintaining sufficient intake of dairy foods helps preserve bone mass and prevent bone
loss. This is particularly important as bone resorption can begin to outpace bone formation in
midlife.Observational studies and some randomized controlled trials indicate that higher dairy
intake is associated with higher BMD and lower risk of osteoporosis.Older Adults:For older
adults, dairy consumption continues to be important for preventing bone loss and reducing
fracture risk. The combination of calcium and protein in dairy supports bone strength and muscle
function, which can help reduce falls and related fractures. The review titled "Dairy Foods and
Bone Health Throughout the Lifespan: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence" evaluates the
impact of dairy consumption on bone health across different stages of life. The study emphasizes
the significant role that dairy foods play in providing essential nutrients like calcium, vitamin D,
and protein, which are crucial for bone health.Children and Adolescents:Studies suggest that
dairy consumption is linked to better bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content
(BMC) during growth periods. However, the specific contribution of dairy to bone accrual can be
challenging to isolate due to puberty-related changes in bone growth. In adults, maintaining
sufficient intake of dairy foods helps preserve bone mass and prevent bone loss. This is
particularly important as bone resorption can begin to outpace bone formation in midlife.For
older adults, dairy consumption continues to be important for preventing bone loss and reducing
fracture risk. The combination of calcium and protein in dairy supports bone strength and muscle
function, which can help reduce falls and related fractures.The review highlights the need for
more randomized controlled trials to definitively establish the causal relationship between dairy
intake and fracture prevention. Most current evidence is derived from observational studies,
which can be influenced by confounding factors.[7]
References:
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551481/
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6814380/
3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8072827/
4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7442363/
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7075832/
6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6704341/
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6521786/