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COLLEGE ALGEBRA and 11e
Ron Larson
The Pennsylvania State University
The Behrend College
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
College Algebra © 2022, 2018 Cengage Learning, Inc.
with CalcChat® and CalcView® WCN: 02-300
Eleventh Edition
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Ron Larson
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Production Service: Larson Texts, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-357-45409-1
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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2020
Contents
P Prerequisites 1
P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties 2
P.2 Exponents and Radicals 14
P.3 Polynomials and Special Products 26
P.4 Factoring Polynomials 34
P.5 Rational Expressions 41
P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System and Graphs 51
Summary and Study Strategies 60
Review Exercises 62
Chapter Test 65
Proofs in Mathematics 66
P.S. Problem Solving 67
Equations, Inequalities, and

1 Mathematical Modeling 69
1.1 Graphs of Equations 70
1.2 Linear Equations in One Variable 81
1.3 Modeling with Linear Equations 90
1.4 Quadratic Equations and Applications 100
1.5 Complex Numbers 114
1.6 Other Types of Equations 121
1.7 Linear Inequalities in One Variable 131
1.8 Other Types of Inequalities 140
Review Exercises 152
Chapter Test 155
2 Functions and Their Graphs 159

2.1 Linear Equations in Two Variables 160
2.2 Functions 173
2.3 Analyzing Graphs of Functions 187
2.4 A Library of Parent Functions 198
2.5 Transformations of Functions 205
2.6 Combinations of Functions: Composite Functions 214
2.7 Inverse Functions 222
Chapter Test 235
Cumulative Test for Chapters P–2 236
iii
iv Contents
3 Polynomial Functions 241

3.1 Quadratic Functions and Models 242
3.2 Polynomial Functions of Higher Degree 251
3.3 Polynomial and Synthetic Division 264
3.4 Zeros of Polynomial Functions 273
3.5 Mathematical Modeling and Variation 287
Chapter Test 304
4 Rational Functions and Conics 309

4.1 Rational Functions and Asymptotes 310
4.2 Graphs of Rational Functions 318
4.3 Conics 327
4.4 Translations of Conics 341
Chapter Test 355
5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 359

5.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs 360
5.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs 371
5.3 Properties of Logarithms 381
5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 388
5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Models 398
Chapter Test 415
Cumulative Test for Chapters 3–5 416
6 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 421

6.1 Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Equations 422
6.2 Two-Variable Linear Systems 432
6.3 Multivariable Linear Systems 444
6.4 Partial Fractions 456
6.5 Systems of Inequalities 464
6.6 Linear Programming 474
Chapter Test 489
Contents v
7 Matrices and Determinants 493

7.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 494
7.2 Operations with Matrices 507
7.3 The Inverse of a Square Matrix 521
7.4 The Determinant of a Square Matrix 530
7.5 Applications of Matrices and Determinants 538
Chapter Test 557
8 Sequences, Series, and Probability 561

8.1 Sequences and Series 562
8.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Partial Sums 572
8.3 Geometric Sequences and Series 581
8.4 Mathematical Induction 590
8.5 The Binomial Theorem 600
8.6 Counting Principles 608
8.7 Probability 618
Chapter Test 635
Cumulative Test for Chapters 6–8 636
Appendices
Appendix A: Errors and the Algebra of Calculus A1
Appendix B: Concepts in Statistics (online)*
B.1 Representing Data
B.2 Analyzing Data
B.3 Modeling Data
Alternative Version of Chapter P (online)*
P.1 Operations with Real Numbers
P.2 Properties of Real Numbers
P.3 Algebraic Expressions
P.4 Operations with Polynomials
P.5 Factoring Polynomials
P.6 Factoring Trinomials
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A9

Index A90
Index of Applications (online)*
*Available at the text companion website LarsonPrecalculus.com
Preface
Welcome to College Algebra with CalcChat® & CalcView®, Eleventh Edition. I am excited to offer you
a new edition with more resources than ever that will help you understand and master algebra. This text
includes features and resources that continue to make College Algebra a valuable learning tool for students
and a trustworthy teaching tool for instructors.
College Algebra provides the clear instruction, precise mathematics, and thorough coverage that you expect
for your course. Additionally, this new edition provides you with free access to a variety of digital resources:
• GO DIGITAL—direct access to digital content on your mobile device or computer

• CalcView.com—video solutions to selected exercises
• CalcChat.com—worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises and access to online tutors
• LarsonPrecalculus.com—companion website with resources to supplement your learning
These digital resources will help enhance and reinforce your understanding of the material presented
in this text and prepare you for future mathematics courses. CalcView® and CalcChat® are also
available as free mobile apps.
Features
NEW GO DIGITAL
Scan the QR codes on the pages of this text to GO DIGITAL on
your mobile device. This will give you easy access from anywhere to
instructional videos, solutions to exercises and Checkpoint problems, GO DIGITAL
Skills Refresher videos, Interactive Activities, and many other resources.
UPDATED ®
The website CalcView.com provides video solutions
of selected exercises. Watch instructors progress
step-by-step through solutions, providing guidance
to help you solve the exercises. The CalcView mobile
app is available for free at the Apple® App Store®
or Google Play™ store. You can access the video
solutions by scanning the QR Code® at the
beginning of the Section exercises, or visiting the
CalcView.com website.
UPDATED ®
Solutions to all odd-numbered exercises and tests are provided for free at CalcChat.com. Additionally,
you can chat with a tutor, at no charge, during the hours posted at the site. For many years, millions of
students have visited my site for help. The CalcChat mobile app is also available as a free download
at the Apple® App Store® or Google Play™ store.
App Store is a service mark of Apple Inc. Google Play is a trademark of Google Inc.
QR Code is a registered trademark of Denso Wave Incorporated.
vi
vii
Preface
REVISED LarsonPrecalculus.com
All companion website features have been
updated based on this revision, including
two new features: Skills Refresher and
Review & Refresh. Access to these features
is free. You can view and listen to worked-out
solutions of Checkpoint problems in English
or Spanish, explore examples, download data
sets, watch lesson videos, and much more.
SKILLS REFRESHER
NEW Skills Refresher For a refresher on finding
This feature directs you to an instructional video the sum, difference,
where you can review algebra skills needed to master product, or quotient of two
the current topic. Scan the on-page code or go to polynomials, watch the video
LarsonPrecalculus.com to access the video. at LarsonPrecalculus.com.
NEW Review and Refresh

These exercises will help you to reinforce previously learned
skills and concepts and to prepare for the next section. View and
listen to worked-out solutions of the Review & Refresh exercises
in English or Spanish by scanning the code on the first page
of the section exercises or go to LarsonPrecalculus.com.
NEW Vocabulary and Concept Check

The Vocabulary and Concept Check appears at the beginning
of the exercise set for each section. It includes fill-in-the-blank,
matching, or non-computational questions designed to help
you learn mathematical terminology and to test basic
understanding of the concepts of the section.
NEW Summary and Study Strategies

The “What Did You Learn?” feature is a section-by-section
overview that ties the learning objectives from the chapter to the
Review Exercises for extra practice. The Study Strategies give
concrete ways that you can use to help yourself with your
study of mathematics.
REVISED Algebra Help

These notes reinforce or expand upon concepts, help you learn how to study mathematics, address
special cases, or show alternative or additional steps to a solution of an example.
viii Preface
REVISED Exercise Sets

The exercise sets have been carefully and extensively examined to ensure they are rigorous and
relevant, and include topics our users have suggested. The exercises have been reorganized and
titled so you can better see the connections between examples and exercises. Multi-step, real-life
exercises reinforce problem-solving skills and mastery of concepts by giving you the opportunity
to apply the concepts in real-life situations. Two new sets of exercises, Vocabulary and Concept
Check and Review & Refresh, have been added to help you develop and maintain your skills.
Section Objectives
A bulleted list of learning objectives provides you the opportunity to preview what will be
presented in the upcoming section.
Side-By-Side Examples
Throughout the text, we present solutions to
many examples from multiple perspectives—
algebraically, graphically, and numerically.
The side-by-side format of this pedagogical
feature helps you to see that a problem can
be solved in more than one way and to see
that different methods yield the same result.
The side-by-side format also addresses
many different learning styles.
Checkpoints
Accompanying every example, the Checkpoint
problems encourage immediate practice and
check your understanding of the concepts
presented in the example. View and listen
to worked-out solutions of the Checkpoint
problems in English or Spanish at
LarsonPrecalculus.com. Scan the
on-page code to access the solutions.
Technology
The technology feature gives suggestions for effectively using tools such as calculators, graphing
utilities, and spreadsheet programs to help deepen your understanding of concepts, ease lengthy
calculations, and provide alternate solution methods for verifying answers obtained by hand.
Historical Notes
These notes provide helpful information regarding famous mathematicians and their work.
186 Chapter 2 Functions and Their Graphs
ix
Preface
Modeling Data In Exercises 81–84, determine which 87.
of the following functions
c 88.
f (x) = cx, g(x) = cx2, h(x) = c√ x , and r(x) =
Summarize
∣∣ x f (x) =
The Summarize
can be used to model the data and feature at the
determine the value
end of
of the constant ceach
that will makehelps
section the function fit the data
you organize the
in the table.
lesson’s key concepts into a concise
81. summary, providing you with a
x −4 −1 0 1 4
valuable study tool. Use this feature
y −32 −2 0 −2 −32
to prepare for a homework assignment, 89. x3 − 3
82. to help you study for an exam, or as a 90. x3 + 2
x −4 −1 0 1 4
review for previously covered sections. 91. 0=−
− 14 1
y −1 0 4 1 92. 0 = 2
83.
x −4 −1 0 1 4 identify the
y −8 −32 Undefined 32 8 93.
Algebra of Calculus
84.
Throughout the text, special emphasis is given to the x −4 −1 0 1 4
algebraic techniques used in calculus. Algebra of Calculus y 6 3 0 3 6
examples and exercises are integrated throughout the text
and are identified by the symbol . 85. Error Analysis Describe the error.
The functions
1
f (x) = √x − 1 and g(x) =
Error Analysis √x − 1
This exercise presents a sample solution that contains a 95. y = 2x
have the same domain, which is the set
common error which you are asked to identify. of all real numbers x such that x ≥ 1. ✗ 96.
97.
y = x4
y = x2
98. y = x3
How Do You See It? 86. HOW DO YOU SEE IT? The graph
represents the height h of a projectile after
The How Do You See It? feature in each section presents t seconds.
a real-life exercise that you will solve by visual inspection ((3)2 +
using the concepts learned in the lesson. This exercise is
h 99.
30
excellent for classroom discussion or test preparation.
Height (in feet)
25 (9 32)
100.
20 9
15 1 1
10 3 − 2
101.
Project 5 6−4
t
The projects at the end of selected sections involve in-depth 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 − √19
102.
applied exercises in which you will work with large, real-life Time (in seconds) 9
data sets, often creating or analyzing models. These projects (a) Explain why h is a function of t. √32
103.
are offered online at LarsonPrecalculus.com. (b) Approximate the height of the projectile
3
4 −
after 0.5 second and after 1.25 seconds. √4
104.
(c) Approximate the domain of h. (1 +
Collaborative Project (d) Is t a function of h? Explain.
You can find these extended group projects at
LarsonPrecalculus.com. Check your understanding
of the chapter concepts by solving in-depth, real-life
problems. These collaborative projects provide an
interesting and engaging way for you and other students
to work together and investigate ideas.
9780357452080_0202.indd 186
Instructor Resources
Built by educators, WebAssign from Cengage is a fully customizable online

solution for STEM disciplines. WebAssign includes the flexibility, tools, and
content you need to create engaging learning experiences for your students. The
patented grading engine provides unparalleled answer evaluation, giving students
instant feedback, and insightful analytics highlight exactly where students are
struggling. For more information, visit cengage.com/webassign.
Complete Solutions Manual

This manual contains solutions to all exercises from the text, including
Chapter Review Exercises and Chapter Tests, and Practice Tests with solutions.
The Complete Solutions Manual is available on the Instructor Companion Site.
Cengage Testing Powered by Cognero®

Cengage Testing, Powered by Cognero®, is a flexible online system that allows
you to author, edit, and manage test bank content online. You can create multiple
versions of your test in an instant and deliver tests from your LMS or exportable PDF
or Word docs you print for in-class assessment. Cengage Testing is available
online via cengage.com.
Instructor Companion Site

Everything you need for your course in one place! Access and download
PowerPoint® presentations, test banks, the solutions manual, and more.
This collection of book-specific lecture and class tools is available
online via cengage.com.
Test Bank
The test bank contains text-specific multiple-choice and free response test forms
and is available online at the Instructor Companion Site.
LarsonPrecalculus.com
In addition to its student resources, LarsonPrecalculus.com also has resources to
help instructors. If you wish to challenge your students with multi-step and group
projects, you can assign the Section Projects and Collaborative Projects. You can
assess the knowledge of your students before and after each chapter using the
pre- and post-tests. You can also give your students experience using an online
graphing calculator with the Interactive Activities. You can access these features
by going to LarsonPrecalculus.com or by scanning the on-page code .
MathGraphs.com
For exercises that ask students to draw on the graph, I have provided free,
printable graphs at MathGraphs.com. You can access these features by going to
MathGraphs.com or by scanning the on-page code at the beginning of the
section exercises, review exercises, or tests.
Student Resources
Prepare for class with confidence using WebAssign from Cengage. This online
learning platform, which includes an interactive eBook, fuels practice, so that you
truly absorb what you learn and prepare better for tests. Videos and tutorials walk
you through concepts and deliver instant feedback and grading, so you always know
where you stand in class. Focus your study time and get extra practice where you
need it most. Study smarter with WebAssign! Ask your instructor today how you can
get access to WebAssign, or learn about self-study options at cengage.com/webassign.
Student Study Guide and Solutions Manual

This guide offers step-by-step solutions for all odd-numbered text exercises,
Chapter Tests, and Cumulative Tests. It also contains Practice Tests. For more
information on how to access this digital resource, go to cengage.com
Note-Taking Guide
This is an innovative study aid, in the form of a notebook organizer, that helps
students develop a section-by-section summary of key concepts. For more
information on how to access this digital resource, go to cengage.com
LarsonPrecalculus.com
Of the many features at this website, students have told me that the videos are
the most helpful. You can watch lesson videos by Dana Mosely as he explains
various mathematical concepts. Other helpful features are the data downloads
(editable spreadsheets so you do not have to enter the data), video solutions of the
Checkpoint problems in English or Spanish, and the Student Success Organizer.
The Student Success Organizer will help you organize the important concepts
of each section using chapter outlines. You can access these features by going
to LarsonPrecalculus.com or by scanning the on-page code .
CalcChat.com
This website provides free step-by-step solutions to all odd-numbered exercises
and tests. Additionally, you can chat with a tutor, at no charge, during the hours
posted at the site. You can access the solutions by going to CalcChat.com or by
scanning the on-page code on the first page of the section exercises, review
exercises, or tests.
CalcView.com
This website has video solutions of selected exercises. Watch instructors progress
step-by-step through solutions, providing guidance to help you solve the exercises.
You can access the videos by going to CalcView.com or by scanning the on-page
code on the first page of the section exercises, review exercises, or tests.
MathGraphs.com
For exercises that ask you to draw on the graph, I have provided free, printable
graphs at MathGraphs.com. You can access the printable graphs by going to
MathGraphs.com or by scanning the on-page code on the first page of
the section exercises, review exercises, or tests.
xi
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the many people who have helped me prepare the text and the
supplements package. Their encouragement, criticisms, and suggestions have been
invaluable.
Thank you to all of the instructors who took the time to review the changes in
this edition and to provide suggestions for improving it. Without your help, this book
would not be possible.
Reviewers of the Eleventh Edition

Ivette Chuca, El Paso Community College
Russell Murray, St. Louis Community College-Meramec
My Linh Nguyen, The University of Texas at Dallas
Michael Wallace, Northern Virginia Community College
Reviewers of the Previous Editions

Gurdial Arora, Xavier University of Louisiana; Darin Bauguess, Surry Community
College; Timothy Andrew Brown, South Georgia College; Blair E. Caboot, Keystone
College; Russell C. Chappell, Twinsburg High School, Ohio; Shannon Cornell,
Amarillo College; Gayla Dance, Millsaps College; John Elias, Glenda Dawson
High School; John Fellers, North Allegheny School District; Paul Finster, El Paso
Community College; Paul A. Flasch, Pima Community College West Campus;
Vadas Gintautas, Chatham University; Lorraine A. Hughes, Mississippi State
University; Shu-Jen Huang, University of Florida; Renyetta Johnson, East Mississippi
Community College; George Keihany, Fort Valley State University; Brianna Kurtz,
Daytona State College; Mulatu Lemma, Savannah State University; Darlene Martin,
Lawson State Community College; William Mays Jr., Salem Community College;
Marcella Melby, University of Minnesota; Jonathan Prewett, University of Wyoming;
Denise Reid, Valdosta State University; Professor Steven Sikes, Collin College;
Ann Slate, Surry Community College; David L. Sonnier, Lyon College; David H.
Tseng, Miami Dade College—Kendall Campus; Kimberly Walters, Mississippi
State University; Richard Weil, Brown College; Solomon Willis, Cleveland
Community College; Kathy Wood, Lansing Catholic High School;
Bradley R. Young, Darton College
My thanks to Robert Hostetler, The Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State

University, David Heyd, The Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State University,
and David C. Falvo, The Behrend College, The Pennsylvania State University, for
their significant contributions to previous editions of this text.
I would also like to thank the staff at Larson Texts, Inc. who assisted with
proofreading the manuscript, preparing and proofreading the art package, checking
and typesetting the supplements, and developing the websites LarsonPrecalculus.com,
CalcView.com, CalcChat.com, and MathGraphs.com.
On a personal level, I am grateful to my spouse, Deanna Gilbert Larson, for her
love, patience, and support. Also, a special thanks goes to R. Scott O’Neil. If you
have suggestions for improving this text, please feel free to write to me. Over the
past two decades, I have received many useful comments from both instructors and
students, and I value these comments very highly.
Ron Larson, Ph.D.

Professor of Mathematics
Penn State University
www.RonLarson.com
xii
P P.1
Prerequisites
Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties
GO DIGITAL
P.2 Exponents and Radicals

P.3 Polynomials and Special Products
P.4 Factoring Polynomials
P.5 Rational Expressions
P.6 The Rectangular Coordinate System and Graphs
Chapter P Section 6 Exercise 39
PREV. 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 NEXT
P.1 Federal Deficit (Exercises 47–50, p. 13) P.6 Flying Distance (Exercise 44, p. 58)
1
left, © Gary718/Shutterstock.com; right, © Song_about_summer/Shutterstock.com
2 Chapter P Prerequisites
P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties

Represent and classify real numbers.
Order real numbers and use inequalities.
Find the absolute values of real numbers and find the distance
between two real numbers.
Evaluate algebraic expressions.
Use the basic rules and properties of algebra.
Real Numbers
Real numbers can describe quantities in everyday life such as age, miles per gallon,
and population. Real numbers are represented by symbols such as
Real numbers can represent
4
many real-life quantities. For −5, 9, 0, , 0.666 . . . , 28.21, √2, π, and √ 3 −32.
example, in Exercises 47–50 3

on page 13, you will use real Three commonly used subsets of real numbers are listed below. Each member in these
numbers to represent the subsets is also a member of the set of real numbers. (The three dots, called an ellipsis,
federal surplus or deficit. indicate that the pattern continues indefinitely.)
{ 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } Set of natural numbers
{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } Set of whole numbers
{ . . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } Set of integers
A real number is rational when it can be written as the ratio pq of two integers,
where q ≠ 0. For example, the numbers
1 1 125
= 0.3333 . . . = 0.3, = 0.125, and = 1.126126 . . . = 1.126
3 8 111
Real
are rational. The decimal form of a rational number either repeats (as in 55 = 3.145 )
173
numbers
or terminates (as in 2 = 0.5). A real number that cannot be written as the ratio of two
1
integers is irrational. The decimal form of an irrational number neither terminates nor
Irrational Rational repeats. For example, the numbers
numbers numbers
√2 = 1.4142135 . . . ≈ 1.41 and π = 3.1415926 . . . ≈ 3.14
are irrational. (The symbol ≈ means “is approximately equal to.”)
Integers Noninteger Several common subsets of the real numbers and their relationships to each other
fractions
(positive and
are shown in Figure P.1.
negative)
EXAMPLE 1 Classifying Real Numbers
Negative Whole
Determine which numbers in the set { −13, − √5, −1, − 3, 0, 8, √2, π, 7} are
1 5
integers numbers
(a) natural numbers, (b) whole numbers, (c) integers, (d) rational numbers, and
(e) irrational numbers.
Natural Zero Solution
numbers
a. Natural numbers: { 7 } b. Whole numbers: { 0, 7 }
Common subsets of the real numbers c. Integers: { −13, −1, 0, 7 } d. Rational numbers: { −13, −1, − 13, 0, 58, 7}
e. Irrational numbers: { − √5, √2, π}
Figure P.1
Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com
Repeat Example 1 for the set { −π, − 14, 63, 12√2, −7.5, −1, 8, −22}.
Scan the to access digital content available for this page.

GO DIGITAL
© Gary718/Shutterstock.com
Real numbers are represented graphically on the real number line. When you draw
a point on the real number line that corresponds to a real number, you are plotting the
real number. The point representing 0 on the real number line is the origin. Numbers
to the right of 0 are positive, and numbers to the left of 0 are negative, as shown in
Figure P.2. The term nonnegative describes a number that is either positive or zero.
Origin
Negative Positive
direction −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 direction
The real number line
Figure P.2
As illustrated in Figure P.3, there is a one-to-one correspondence between real numbers

and points on the real number line.
− 53
0.75 π − 2.4 2
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
Every real number corresponds to exactly Every point on the real number line
one point on the real number line. corresponds to exactly one real number.
Figure P.3
EXAMPLE 2 Plotting Points on the Real Number Line

Plot the real numbers on the real number line.
7 2
a. − b. 2.3 c. d. −1.8
4 3
Solution The figure below shows all four points.
− 1.8 − 74 2
3
2.3
−2 −1 0 1 2 3
a. The point representing the real number

7
− = −1.75 Write in decimal form.
4
lies between −2 and −1, but closer to −2, on the real number line.
b. The point representing the real number 2.3 lies between 2 and 3, but closer to 2, on
the real number line.
c. The point representing the real number
2
= 0.666 . . . Write in decimal form.
3
lies between 0 and 1, but closer to 1, on the real number line.
d. The point representing the real number −1.8 lies between −2 and −1, but closer to
−2, on the real number line. Note that the point representing −1.8 lies slightly to
the left of the point representing − 74.
Plot the real numbers on the real number line.

5 3
GO DIGITAL
a. b. −1.6 c. − d. 0.7
2 4
Ordering Real Numbers

One important property of real numbers is that they are ordered. If a and b are real
numbers, then a is less than b when b − a is positive. The inequality a < b denotes
the order of a and b. This relationship can also be described by saying that b is greater
a b than a and writing b > a. The inequality a ≤ b means that a is less than or equal to b,
−1 0 1 2 and the inequality b ≥ a means that b is greater than or equal to a. The symbols <, >,
a < b if and only if a lies to the left ≤, and ≥ are inequality symbols.
of b. Geometrically, this implies that a < b if and only if a lies to the left of b on the
Figure P.4 real number line, as shown in Figure P.4.
EXAMPLE 3 Ordering Real Numbers

Place the appropriate inequality symbol (< or >) between the pair of real numbers.
−4 −3 −2 −1 0
(a)
a. −3, 0 b. −2, −4 c. 14, 13
Solution
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 a. On the real number line, −3 lies to the left of 0, as shown in Figure P.5(a). So, you
(b) can say that −3 is less than 0, and write −3 < 0.
b. On the real number line, −2 lies to the right of −4, as shown in Figure P.5(b). So,
1 1
4 3
you can say that −2 is greater than −4, and write −2 > −4.
0 1 c. On the real number line, 14 lies to the left of 13, as shown in Figure P.5(c). So, you can
say that 14 is less than 13, and write 14 < 13.
(c)
Figure P.5 Checkpoint Audio-video solution in English & Spanish at LarsonPrecalculus.com
Place the appropriate inequality symbol (< or >) between the pair of real numbers.
a. 1, −5 b. 32, 7 c. − 23, − 34
EXAMPLE 4 Interpreting Inequalities

See LarsonPrecalculus.com for an interactive version of this type of example.
Describe the subset of real numbers that the inequality represents.
x≤2
x a. x ≤ 2 b. −2 ≤ x < 3
0 1 2 3 4
Solution
(a)
a. The inequality x ≤ 2 denotes all real numbers less than or equal to 2, as shown in
−2 ≤ x < 3 Figure P.6(a). In the figure, the bracket at 2 indicates 2 is included in the interval.
x b. The inequality −2 ≤ x < 3 means that x ≥ −2 and x < 3. This “double inequality”
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 denotes all real numbers between −2 and 3, including −2 but not including 3, as
(b) shown in Figure P.6(b). In the figure, the bracket at −2 indicates −2 is included in
Figure P.6 the interval, and the parenthesis at 3 indicates that 3 is not included in the interval.
Describe the subset of real numbers that the inequality represents.

a. x > −3 b. 0 < x ≤ 4
Inequalities can describe subsets of real numbers called intervals. In the bounded
intervals on the next page, the real numbers a and b are the endpoints of each interval.
The endpoints of a closed interval are included in the interval, whereas the endpoints
of an open interval are not included in the interval.
GO DIGITAL
Bounded Intervals on the Real Number Line
Let a and b be real numbers such that a < b.

Notation Interval Type Inequality Graph
[a, b] Closed a ≤ x ≤ b x
a b
(a, b) Open a < x < b x

a b
[a, b) a ≤ x < b x
a b
(a, b] a < x ≤ b x
a b
The reason that the four types of intervals above are called bounded is that each
has a finite length. An interval that does not have a finite length is unbounded. Note
in the unbounded intervals below that the symbols ∞, positive infinity, and − ∞,
negative infinity, do not represent real numbers. They are convenient symbols used to
describe the unboundedness of intervals such as (1, ∞) or (− ∞, 3].
Unbounded Intervals on the Real Number Line

ALGEBRA HELP
Let a and b be real numbers.
Whenever you write an interval
containing ∞ or − ∞, always Notation Interval Type Inequality Graph
use a parenthesis and never a [a, ∞) x ≥ a x
a
bracket next to these symbols.
This is because ∞ and − ∞ are (a, ∞) Open x > a x
never included in the interval. a
(− ∞, b] x ≤ b x
b
(− ∞, b) Open x < b x
b
(− ∞, ∞) Entire real line −∞ < x < ∞ x
GO DIGITAL
EXAMPLE 5 Representing Intervals
x Verbal Algebraic Graphical
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
a. All real numbers greater than (−1, 3) or −1 < x < 3 See Figure P.7(a).
(a) −1 and less than 3
b. All real numbers greater than [2, ∞) or x ≥ 2 See Figure P.7(b).
x
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
or equal to 2
(b) c. All real numbers less than or (− ∞, 2] or x ≤ 2 See Figure P.7(c).
equal to 2
x
d. All real numbers greater than (−3, 5] or −3 < x ≤ 5 See Figure P.7(d).
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5
−3 and less than or equal to 5
(c)
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 a. Represent the interval [−2, 5) verbally, as an inequality, and as a graph.
(d) b. Represent the statement “x is less than 4 and at least −2” as an interval, an
Figure P.7 inequality, and a graph.
Absolute Value and Distance

The absolute value of a real number is its magnitude, or the distance between the origin
and the point representing the real number on the real number line.
Definition of Absolute Value
If a is a real number, then the absolute value of a is
∣a∣ = {−a,
a, a ≥ 0
.
a < 0
5 Notice in this definition that the absolute value of a real number is never negative.
x ∣ ∣
For example, if a = −5, then −5 = − (−5) = 5, as shown in Figure P.8. The
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 absolute value of a real number is either positive or zero. Moreover, 0 is the only real
Absolute value as the distance from the
number whose absolute value is 0. So, 0 = 0. ∣∣
origin
Figure P.8 Properties of Absolute Values
∣∣
1. a ≥ 0 ∣ ∣ ∣∣
2. −a = a
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣∣ ∣
3. ab = a b 4.
∣∣
a
b
=
∣a∣, b ≠ 0
∣b∣
EXAMPLE 6 Finding Absolute Values
∣ ∣
a. −15 = 15 b.
3
=
3 ∣∣
2 2
c. ∣−4.3∣ = 4.3 d. − ∣−6∣ = − (6) = −6

Evaluate each expression.
∣∣
a. 1 b. −
∣∣3
4
c.
2
−3
d. − 0.7
∣ ∣ ∣ ∣
EXAMPLE 7 Evaluating an Absolute Value Expression
Evaluate
∣x∣ for (a) x > 0 and (b) x < 0.
x
Solution
∣x∣ = x = 1.
a. If x > 0, then x is positive and x = x. So, ∣∣ x x
∣x∣ = −x = −1.
b. If x < 0, then x is negative and x = −x. So, ∣∣ x x
Evaluate
∣x + 3∣ for (a) x > −3 and (b) x < −3.
x+3
GO DIGITAL
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Coral Hair-streak, 158
Cork for lining boxes, 45, 57
Couper’s Blue, 163
Creole, The, 126
Crescent-spots, The, 86;
Bates, 88;
Camillus, 88;
Meadow, 88;
Painted, 89;
Pearl, 87;
Poey’s, 90;
Texan, 90
Crimson-patch, The, 91
Currant Angle-wing, The, 96
Cyanide of potash, 42
Dagger-wings, The, 107

Dark Wood-nymph, The, 138
Dash-wing, The, 119
Delila, 69
Diana, 74
Dingy Purple-wing, The, 105
Dog-face Butterflies, The, 179;
Southern, 179
Dreamy Dusky-wing, The, 205
Dun, Iowa, 210;
Little, 209
Dun Skipper, The, 218
Dusky-wings, The, 201;
Dreamy, 205;
Funereal, 207;
Horace’s, 207;
Juvenal’s, 206;
Lucilius’, 205;
Martial’s, 207;
Northern, 201;
Petronius, 206;
Sleepy, 205;
Southern, 201
Dusted Skipper, 222
Dwarf, Yellow, 175;
Blue, 167
Early Hair-streak, The, 157

Eastern Swallow-tail, The, 193
Eastern-tailed Blue, 166
Edwards’ Hair-streak, 152;
Marble-wing, 177
Eggs of butterflies, 27
Elfin, Banded, 156;
Brown, 155;
Hoary, 156
Emperor Butterflies, The, 114;
Buff, 117;
Red, 116;
Tawny, 116
Envelopes for holding butterflies, 45
Eufala Skipper, 216
Eye, The pearly, 126
Eyed Nymphs, The, 125
Fairy Yellow, The, 184

Falcate Orange-tip, The, 176
Faun, The, 93
Fawn-edged Skipper, 217
Feet of butterflies, 16
Fiery Skipper, 215
Florida Blue-spot, The, 148
Florida White, The, 171;
Yellow, 183
Fritillary, The Great-Spangled, 75;
Gulf, 70;
Little, 80;
Meadow, 82;
Mexican, 72;
Regal, 73;
Silver-bordered, 81;
White Mountain, 81;
Variegated, 71
Funereal Dusky-wing, 207
Gemmed Brown, The, 128

Georgian Satyr, The, 128
Giant Skippers, The, 222
Giant Swallow-tail, The, 192
Goat-weed Butterfly, The, 121;
Morrison’s, 121
Godart’s Sulphur, 178
Golden-banded Skipper, The, 202
Golden Skipper, The, 211
Grass-nymph, The, 126, 127
Great, Copper, 160;
Purple Hair-streak, 149;
Southern
White, 172
Green White-spotted Hair-streak, 158
Grimy Skipper, 222
Grizzled Skipper, 203
Gulf Yellow, The, 183
Hackberry Butterfly, The, 115

Hair-streaks, The, 22, 58, 147, 148;
Acadian, 153;
Banded, 153;
Bahr’s, 158;
Boisduval, 152;
Brown-Margined, 155;
Clytie, 159;
Colorado, 150;
Coral, 158;
Common, 151;
Early, 157;
Edwards’, 152;
Great Purple, 149;
Green White-spotted, 158;
Henry’s, 157;
Olive, 154;
Southern, 150;
Striped, 154;
Texas, 151;
White-M, 149;
Wittfeld’s, 151
Harris’ Checker-spot, 85
Harvester, The, 34, 159
Hayhurst’s Sooty-wing, 204
Head of butterfly, 14
Heliconians, The, 61, 67
Henry’s Hair-streak, 157
Hesperids, The, 199
Hoary-edge, The, 201
Hoary Elfin, The, 156
Hobomok Skipper, 221
Horace’s Dusky-wing, 207
Hunter’s Butterfly, 100
Indian Skipper, The, 212

Indian River Blue, 168
Iowa Dun, The, 210
Iowa Skipper, 220
Ithomiids, 22, 61, 64
Jars for poisoning insects, 42

Julia, 69
Juvenal’s Dusky-wing, 206
Karwinsky’s Beauty, 118

Katahdin Arctic, The, 141
Klug’s Dircenna, 66
Least, Checker-spot, 86;
Copper, 161;
Skipper, 210;
Wood-nymph, 139
Legs of butterflies, 15
Leonard’s Skipper, 213
Leopard-spots, The, 106
Leto, 74
Little Dun, The, 209
Little Metal-mark, The, 145
Little Sulphur, The, 183
Little Wood-satyr, The, 129
Long-dash, The, 214
Long-tailed Skipper, The, 200
Lorquin’s Admiral, 113
Lucilius’ Dusky-wing, 205
Lycaste Butterfly, 65
Macglashan’s Checker-spot, 84
Macoun’s Arctic, 142
Magnolia Swallow-tail, The, 193
Malachites, The, 123;
Pearly, 124
Many-spot, The, 146
Marble-wings, The, 177;
Edwards’, 177;
Rosy, 177
Marine Blue, 169
Martial’s Dusky-wing, 207
Meadow, Crescent-spot, The, 88;
Fritillary, 82
Mead’s Satyr, 138
Metal-marks, The, 16, 58, 144;
Little, 145;
Northern, 145
Mexican Yellow, The, 183
Milbert’s Tortoise-shell, 98
Milkweed Butterfly, 36
Mimic, The, 109
Mohave Sooty-wing, The, 204
Monarch, The, 63
Mormons, The, 145;
Palmer’s, 145
Morrison’s Goat-weed Butterfly, 121
Mountain Silver-spot, The, 78;
Swallow-tail, 196
Mourning Cloak, The, 97
Mulberry-wing, The, 219
Mustard White, The, 173
Nets, for taking butterflies, 40

Newfoundland Swallow-tail, The, 195
New Mexican Sooty-wing, The, 204
Northern Dusky-wing, The, 201
Northern Metal-Mark, The, 145
Nova Scotian, The, 141
Ochre Ringlet, The, 131

Ocola Skipper, 216
Olive Hair-streak, 154
Orange-banded Red, The, 118
Orange-margined Blue, The, 164
Orange, Cadmium, 185
Orange, Small, 182
Orange Sulphur, The, 181
Orange-tips, The, 175;
Falcate, 176;
Lucas, 177;
Western, 176
Pacific Tiger, 191

Painted Crescent-spot, The, 89
Painted Lady, The, 99, 102
Palatka Skipper, 218
Palmer’s Mormon, 145
Pamphilids, The, 208
Papaw Butterfly, The, 187
Parnassians, The, 185
Parnassian, Colorado, 186
Patch-spots, The, 91
Peacock Butterflies, 102
Peacock, The White, 104
Pearl Crescent, The, 87
Pearly Eye, The, 126
Pearly Malachite, The, 124
Peck’s Skipper, 215
Pepper-and-salt Skipper, 209
Petronius’ Dusky-wing, 206
Pinching butterflies to disable them, 43
Pins, insect, 47
Pipe-vine Swallow-tail, The, 197
Plain Ringlet, The, 131
Poey’s Crescent-spot, 90
Pontiac’s Skipper, 217
Proboscis of butterflies, 14
Purple, The Banded, 112
Purple, The Red-spotted, 111
Purple-wing, The Dingy, 105
Purplish Copper, The, 162
Pygmy Blue, 167
Queen, The, 64
Question-sign, The, 93
Reakirt’s Satyr, 139

Red Admiral, The, 99, 100
Red Emperor, The, 116
Red-margined Blue, 168
Red, The Orange-banded, 118
Red Satyr, The, 130
Red-spotted Purple, The, 111
Red-streaked Alpine, The, 133
Reds, The Banded, 117
Reef Butterfly, The, 197
Relaxing dried butterflies, 52
Rhodope, 80
Ridings’ Satyr, 134
Ringlets, The, 130
Ringlet, The Ochre, 131;
The Plain, 131
Roadside Skipper, The, 208
Rosy Marble-wing, The, 117
Sachem, The, 214

Satyrs, The, 61, 124;
Carolinian, 129;
Georgian, 128;
Mead’s, 138;
Reakirt’s, 139;
Red, 130;
Ridings’, 134;
Scudder’s, 135
Scales on wings of butterflies, 10
Scudder’s, Blue, 164;
Satyr, 135
Setting blocks, 47
Silver-spot, The Mountain, 78
Sisters, The, 114;
Californian, 114
Skippers, The, 22, 58, 198;
Aaron’s, 220;
Araxes, 199;
Arctic, 209;
Brazilian, 216;
Broad-winged, 219;
Canadian, 211;
Cobweb, 212;
Dun, 218;
Dusted, 222;
Eufala, 216;
Fawn-edged, 217;
Fiery, 215;
Giant, 222;
Golden, 211;
Golden-banded, 202;
Grimy, 222;
Grizzled, 203;
Hoary-edge, 201;
Hobomok, 221;
Indian, 212;
Iowa, 220;
Least, 210;
Leonard’s, 213;
Long-tailed, 200;
Ocola, 216;
Palatka, 218;
Peck’s, 215;
Pepper-and-salt, 209;
Pontiac’s, 217;
Red-tailed, 199;
Roadside, 208;
Silver-spotted, 200;
Tessellated, 202;
Uncas’, 213;
Vernal, 218;
Wisconsin, 212;
Woven-winged, 209;
Wright’s, 211;
Yucca, 223;
Zabulon, 221
Sleepy Dusky-wing, 205
Small, Orange, The, 182;
Wood-nymph, 137
Snout-butterflies, The, 61, 142, 143;
Common, 143
Sooty-wings, The, 203;
Catullus’, 203;
Common, 203;
Hayhurst’s, 204;
Mohave, 204;
New Mexican, 204
Southern, Dog-face, 179;
Dusky-wing, 201;
Hair-streak, 150;
Wood-nymph, 136
Spangled-Nymphs, The, 127
Spice-bush Swallow-tail, The, 193
Striped Hair-streak, The, 154
Sulphurs, The, 179;
Common, 180;
Cloudless, 178;
Godart’s, 178;
Little, 183;
Great, 177;
Orange, 181
Swallow-tails, The, 58, 170, 186;
Eastern, 193;
Giant, 192;
Magnolia, 193;
Mountain, 196;
Newfoundland, 195;
Pipe-vine, 197;
Pacific Tiger, 191;
Spice-bush, 193;
Three-tailed, 192;
Tiger, 188;
Two-tailed, 191;
Western, 196;
White-striped
Tiger, 191
Tawny Emperor, The, 116
Tessellated Skipper, The, 202
Texan Crescent-spot, The, 90
Texas, Bag-vein, The, 106;
Hair-streak, 151
Thistle-butterfly, The, 102
Thorax of butterfly, 15
Three-tailed Swallow-tail, 192
Tiger, Pacific, 191
Tiger Swallow-tail, The, 191
Toper, The, 95
Tortoise-shells, The, 96;
Compton, 98;
Milbert’s, 98
Tropic Queens, The, 108
Two-tailed Swallow-tail, 191
Uncas’ Skipper, 213
Varied Blue, 169

Vernal Skipper, 218
Viceroy, The, 103
Violet-wings, The, 104
Waiter, The, 108

Western, Swallow-tail, The, 196;
Tailed Blue, 166;
Orange-tip, 176
West Indian Blue, 167
Whirlabout, The, 213
Whites, The, 171;
Cabbage, 173;
Common, 172;
Florida, 171;
Great Southern, 172;
Mustard, 173
White Admirals, The, 110
White-M Hair-streak, The, 149
White Mountain Butterfly, The, 141
White Mountain Fritillary, The, 81
White Peacock, The, 104
White-skirted Calico, The, 123
White-striped Tiger Swallow-tail, 191
Wings of butterflies, 16
Wisconsin Skipper, The, 212
Wittfeld’s Hair-streak, 151
Wood-nymphs, The, 135;
Clouded, 137;
Common, 136;
Dark, 138;
Least, 139;
Small, 137;
Southern, 136
Wood-satyr, The Little, 129
Woven-winged Skipper, 209
Wright’s Skipper, 211
Yellows, The, 181;

Dwarf, 175;
Fairy, 184;
Florida, 183;
Gulf, 183;
Mexican, 183
Yucca Skipper, 223
Zabulon Skipper, 221

Zebra, The, 67
INDEX OF FAMILIES, SUBFAMILIES, GENERA,

AND SPECIES, ACCORDING TO THEIR
SCIENTIFIC OR LATIN NAMES
aaroni, Phycanassa, 220
acadica, Thecla, 153
accius, Lerema, 222
Achalarus, genus, 201;
cellus, 202;
lycidas, 201
acheronta, Cœa, 119
acmon, Lycæna, 168
Adelpha, californica, 114
Ageronia, feronia, 123;
fornax, 123
Aganisthos, odius, 119
ajax, Papilio, 187
aliaska, Papilio, 195
alicia, Chlorippe, 117
alope, Satyrus, 137
alpheus, Pholisora, 204
Amblyscirtes, genus, 208;
samoset, 209;
textor, 209;
vialis, 10, 208
ammon, Lycæna, 168
amymone, Cystineura, 106
amyntula, Lycæna, 166
Anartia, genus, 103;
jatrophæ, 104
Ancyloxypha, genus, 210;
numitor, 210
andria, Pyrrhanæa, 121
Anosia, genus, 62, 63;
berenice, 64;
plexippus, 10, 20, 30, 36, 63
antiopa, Vanessa, 97
aphrodite, Argynnis, 75
Apodemia, genus, 145;
palmeri, 145
araxes, Pyrrhopyge, 199
Argynnis, genus, 20, 72;
aphrodite, 10, 75;
atlantis, 78;
callippe, 79;
cybele, 75;
diana, 74;
idalia, 10, 73;
leto, 74;
rhodope, 80
arthemis, Basilarchia, 112
Arthropoda, Subkingdom, 12
aster, Lycæna, 163
asterias, Papilio, 195
asterius, Papilio, 195
astyanax, Basilarchia, 111
atala, Eumæus, 148
atalanta, Pyrameis, 100
Atalopedes, genus, 214;
huron, 214
atlantis, Argynnis, 78
Atrytone, genus, 220;
hobomok, 221;
pocohontas, 221;
vitellius, 220;
zabulon, 221
attalus, Erynnis, 212
augustus, Thecla, 155
autolycus, Thecla, 151
ausonides, Euchloë, 176
bachmani, Libythea, 143

Basilarchia, genus, 110;
arthemis, 112;
astyanax, 10, 111;
disippus, 30, 113;
lorquini, 113;
Weidemeyeri, 112
batesi, Phyciodes, 88
bathyllus, Thorybes, 201
behri, Thecla, 158
bellona, Brenthis, 82
berenice, Anosia, 64
borealis, Charis, 145
Brenthis, genus, 80;
bellona, 82;
montinus, 81;
myrina, 81
brettus, Thymelicus, 213
brevicauda, Papilio, 195
brizo, Thanaos, 205
bryoniæ, Pieris, 173
cænius, Charis, 145

cæsonia, Meganostoma, 179
calanus, Thecla, 153
californica, Adelpha, 114
Callicore, genus, 106;
clymena, 107
callippe, Argynnis, 79
Calpodes, genus, 216;
ethlius, 216
camillus, Phyciodes, 88
canthus, Satyrodes, 127
cardui, Pyrameis, 102
Catopsilia, genus, 177;
eubule, 178
catullus, Pholisora, 203
cellus, Achalarus, 202
celtis, Chlorippe, 115
centaureæ, Hesperia, 203
Ceratinia lycaste, 65
chalcedon, Melitæa, 84
Charis, genus, 144;
borealis, 145;
cænius, 145
charithonius, Heliconius, 67
charon, Satyrus, 138
Chlorippe, genus, 114;
alicia, 117;
celtis, 115;
clyton, 116;
flora, 116
Chrysophanus, genus, 160;
epixanthe, 161;
helloides, 162;
hypophlæus, 161;
thoë, 161;
xanthoides, 160
claudia, Euptoieta, 71
clymena, Callicore, 107
clytie, Thecla, 159
clyton, Chlorippe, 116
Cœa, genus, 119;
acheronta, 119
cœnia, Junonia, 103
Cœnonympha, genus, 130;
inornata, 131;
ochracea, 131
Colænis, genus, 69;
delila, 69;
julia, 69
Colias, genus, 179;
eurytheme, 181;
keewaydin, 181;
philodice, 180
comma, Grapta, 93
comyntas, Lycæna, 166
Copœodes, genus, 211;
procris, 211;
wrighti, 211
coresia, Timetes, 108
couperi, Lycæna, 163
creola, Debis, 126
cresphontes, Papilio, 192
crysalus, Thecla, 150
cybele, Argynnis, 75
Cystineura, genus, 105;
amymone, 106
damon, Thecla, 154

daunus, Papilio, 191
Debis, genus, 125;
creola, 126;
portlandia, 126
delia, Terias, 183
delila, Colænis, 69
diana, Argynnis, 74
Dione vanillæ, 70
dionysius, Neominois, 135

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3 Polynomial Functions 241

4 Rational Functions and Conics 309

5 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 359

6 Systems of Equations and Inequalities 421

7 Matrices and Determinants 493

8 Sequences, Series, and Probability 561

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Tests A9

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 Ron Larson, Ph.D.

P.2 Exponents and Radicals

Chapter P Section 6 Exercise 39

P.1 Review of Real Numbers and Their Properties

example, in Exercises 47–50 3

{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . } Set of whole numbers

{ . . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . } Set of integers

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As illustrated in Figure P.3, there is a one-to-one correspondence between real numbers

EXAMPLE 2 Plotting Points on the Real Number Line

a. The point representing the real number

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Plot the real numbers on the real number line.

Ordering Real Numbers

EXAMPLE 3 Ordering Real Numbers

EXAMPLE 4 Interpreting Inequalities

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Describe the subset of real numbers that the inequality represents.

Bounded Intervals on the Real Number Line

Ron Larson, Ph.D.