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A11Y
Unraveled
Become a Web
Accessibility Ninja
―
Dimitris Georgakas
A11Y Unraveled
Become a Web
Accessibility Ninja
Dimitris Georgakas
A11Y Unraveled: Become a Web Accessibility Ninja
Dimitris Georgakas
Oldham, UK
Acknowledgments������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv
Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
What to Do in a Nutshell�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������174
Color������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������174
Contrast�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������177
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������180
ix
Table of Contents
Multimedia��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������263
Tables����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������266
Typography��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������270
Forms����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������275
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������283
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������295
x
About the Author
Dimitris Georgakas is originally from Greece
and has been living in the UK for about 8
years now. He started working as a graphic
designer around 2004 doing mostly print work,
had his own business along the way, and is
now working as a senior designer on web
and digital products. He considers himself
as a hobbyist designer, since he has not been
formally educated in the subject (he holds a
degree in geography and is now finishing a
degree in biology). However, Dimitris does love all things about design and
has managed to transform his hobby into a profession, so he considers that
as a win.
Dimitris likes to think that the fact he is interested in multiple subjects
allows for a more spherical, multivariate approach to solving (design)
problems, and natural curiosity is one of the main reasons he decided to
write this book. While working as a designer, he always thought to himself,
“Why do I do this?”, “Does it matter?”, “How will this affect usage?” So when
he started learning about web accessibility, he naturally went in there
100% ready to make sense of it all. Combine that with the fact that he was
appointed as the main accessibility person in the company he works for,
he had to educate himself on the subject. Now, Dimitris would like to share
what he has learned and make digital professionals see that it’s actually
pretty easy to make something accessible.
xi
About the Technical Reviewer
Shanma Ahmed is a digital designer, born
and raised in the beautiful isles of Maldives.
Her love for design is fueled by her passion to
bring ideas to life as user-centric and engaging
experiences. In her day-to-day work, she
has curated resources to inspire and create
awareness on the importance of creating
barrier-free designs that are accessible and
can be used by all. When she’s not mixing
espresso shots with tonic, you can probably
find her binge-watching Friends for the
gazillionth time.
xiii
Acknowledgments
I’d like to think that, for anything, the first people one should thank is the
mum and the dad. So thank you. The genes you passed on hopefully didn’t
go to waste.
Mum, thanks for making me see that kindness and understanding is
the way to go forward. It has made me re-evaluate criminal behaviors that
pop in my head every now and again.
Dad, thanks for making me think we were lost when I was five years old
and allowing me to take lead, taking us back home. It has sparked the spirit
of adventure and the curiosity in me.
Awesome sister Sofia, you deserve a place in here too, for some reason.
I’ve always liked to share things with you, be it a chocolate, a room, or a
book you haven’t written.
This book would not have been a reality if it hadn’t been for the
support and encouragement of my superhero, AAA conformance level,
and soon-to-be wife, Shirley, who, for some reason, is willing to suffer
through all of my weird endeavors and even weirder quirks. But she says
she loves me, so it’s not really suffering, is it?
Special thanks to my stepdaughter for keeping it down while gaming
on a PC or a console and for providing me with material to include in
this book.
Of course, this section of the book would not be complete if I
didn’t thank the design crusader from the Maldives, Shanma, who, as
the technical reviewer, ensured information was always accurate and
presented in a meaningful manner.
xv
Acknowledgments
xvi
Introduction
This book is a comprehensive gui– Wait a minute. This seems so strange.
Have I read this before? Oh, silly me. I must have mistaken this for all the
other thousands of “comprehensive guides” out there. Seems that this
phrase is becoming too familiar.
This book is probably not going to end up being a comprehensive
guide; it was written in an effort to help web designers and people who
work in the “Internet business” (is that even a thing?) of any level or
experience understand (myself included) if what we do in our designs
matters, in terms of accessibility and usability, and how much. It was also
written in a non-pretentious, light-hearted way that hopefully puts some
fun back into this job as I try to stay away as much as possible from long,
incomprehensive lingo that might frighten new web or digital designers.
“Container? It’s just a box, mate.”
It is primarily addressed to the poor professionals mentioned before,
but hopefully anyone within the digital industry, whether a manager,
a web developer, or a business owner with a web presence can find
something helpful within these pages. Lastly, it was also written to provide
a more layman’s approach to terms like web accessibility, user-centric
design, ARIA (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) practices, markup
language, CSS, XML, FMCSJRB and TOISBCE (no, these don’t exist,
luckily), and other terms and acronyms that we know or don’t know or
don’t want to know. There’s an abundance of information out there about
web accessibility, usability, and so many other beautiful and somewhat
incomprehensible terms that it’s very easy to get lost thinking, “What on
Earth am I even doing?” Through many, many, many pages, we will try to
create some order from the chaos (mainly for web accessibility) having
everything in one place, so the next time we go about our business to
xvii
Introduction
xviii
Introduction
xix
Introduction
xx
CHAPTER 1
But then, if someone couldn’t hear or see, they would only get half
the information at any given time. Similarly, the contents of the radio
were only accessible to people who could hear. All in all, there was no one
medium that had information accessible to everybody. That is, until the
Internet and the World Wide Web came along.
The first functional and programmable computer that kind of
resembles the ones we know today (very loosely though) was invented in
the mid- to late 1930s, and by the 1960s much progress had been made in
this new computer science field along with a small progress in the size of
computers, since the first ones occupied pretty much entire rooms, so they
weren’t very convenient to use or carry around like today’s laptops. It was
around that time that the idea of the Internet was just starting to emerge.
Fred was in for a big change in his life.
A member of the Internet hall of fame, American psychologist and
computer scientist (what a strange combination) Joseph Carl Robnett
Licklider (simply known as J.C.R.) was the first to talk about the idea of an
“intergalactic computer network.” Not sure why he chose that name, but
it’s a really cool one. There’s no doubt about that. He popularized the idea
that computers could be devices that communicated with each other and
that we could use them to transfer information. Up until that time, such
devices were only used for mathematical problems, in a way to speed up
computations. But how would computers communicate? Well, with packet
switching.
I had no idea what packet switching was. But thanks to the Internet,
I can now look it up and come up with the answer in less than a minute,
which is far less than the time it took me to write this information down.
Packet switching is a method to group electronic data and transmit them
through a digital network as small chunks of data or “packets.” The first
paper about packet switching was published in 1961 by Leonard Kleinrock,
and after a few experiments and lots of trial and error, DARPA (Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency) funded the creation of ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which used this method
2
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The botanist's
repository for new and rare plants; vol. 06 [of 10]
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: The botanist's repository for new and rare plants; vol. 06 [of 10]
Language: English
of
ONLY
——in——
after the
Linnæan System.
by
H. Andrews
SANSEVIERA CARNEA.
Flesh-coloured Sanseviera.
CLASS VI. ORDER I.
CROCUS BIFLORUS.
Yellow-bottomed White Crocus.
CLASS III. ORDER I.
P O LY G A L A S T I P U L A C E A .
Stipuled Milkwort.
CLASS XVII. ORDER III.
D I A D E L P H I A O C TA N D R I A . Tw o B r o t h e r h o o d s . E i g h t
Chives.
ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.
Calyx 5-phyllus: foliolis duobus alæformibus, coloratis. Legumen
obcordatura, biloculare.
Cup 5-leaved, with two of the leaves like wings, coloured. Pod inverse
heart-shaped, two-celled.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER, &C.
Polygala. Floribus imberbibus lateralibus, caule suffruticoso, foliis ternis
linearibus acutis. Willd. Sp. pl. 892.
Polygala. With beardless lateral flowers, a shrubby stem, and ternate,
linear, acute leaves.
Descriptio. Suffrutex, ramulis subdivaricatis, filiformibus, elongatis,
pubescentibus. Folia fasciculata, linearia, obsolete mucronata, 3-6 in singulo
fasciculo; infimo latiore, breviore, stipuliforme. Flores P. Heisteriæ, at
minores, axillares, solitarii, vel subinde binati; sessiles.
REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.
1. The Empalement.
2.The same magnified.
3.The Keel magnified.
4.One of the wings.
5.The same magnified.
6.The Chives.
7.The same magnified.
8. The Pointal magnified
A rare Cape species recently introduced to the Hibbertian Collection, where
our drawing was taken last summer. It is a greenhouse shrub of the more
delicate kind; and is propagated, but not very readily, by cuttings.
In the structure of the flowers this species agrees exactly with the
common Polygala Heisteria, which Linnæus originally made a distinct genus
from Polygala; but afterwards united them. In keeping them distinct we think
he did right; but wrong in uniting them. Our readers will have an opportunity
of judging for themselves in our next number, in which will be figured a true
Polygala, and another of the Heisteria family; with proper dissections of
each.
Heisteria was named by Linnæus in honour of the celebrated German
surgeon Heister.
PLATE CCCLXIV.
I R I S PAV O N I A .
The Peacock-Iris.
CLASS III. ORDER I.
SCILLA SIBERICA.
Siberian Squill.
CLASS VI. ORDER I.