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Renewable Polymers and
Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites
The Metal Oxides Book Series Edited by
Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Forthcoming Titles
l
Palladium Oxides Material Properties, Synthesis and Processing Methods, and Applications, Alexander
M. Samoylov, Vasily N. Popov, 9780128192238
l
Metal Oxides for Non-volatile Memory, Panagiotis Dimitrakis, Ilia Valov, Stefan Tappertzhofen,
9780128146293
l
Metal Oxide Nanostructured Phosphors, H. Nagabhushana, Daruka Prasad, S.C. Sharma, 9780128118528
l
Nanostructured Zinc Oxide, Kamlendra Awasthi, 9780128189009
l
Multifunctional Piezoelectric Oxide Nanostructures, Sang-Jae Kim, Nagamalleswara Rao Alluri, Yuvasree
Purusothaman, 9780128193327
l
Transparent Conductive Oxides, Mirela Petruta Suchea, Petronela Pascariu, Emmanouel Koudoumas,
9780128206317
l
Metal Oxide-Based Nanofibers and Their Applications, Vincenzo Esposito, Debora Marani, 9780128206294
l
Metal-Oxides for Biomedical and Biosensor Applications, Kunal Mondal, 9780128230336
l
Metal Oxide-Carbon Hybrid Materials, Muhammad Akram, Rafaqat Hussain, Faheem K. Butt,
9780128226940
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Metal Oxide-Based Heterostructures, Naveen Kumar, Bernabe Mari Soucase, 9780323852418
l
Metal Oxides and Related Solids for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting, Junlei Qi, 9780323857352
l
Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications, Sagar Delekar, 9780323857055
l
Metallic Glasses and Their Oxidation, Xinyun Wang, Mao Zhang, 9780323909976
l
Solution Methods for Metal Oxide Nanostructures, Rajaram S. Mane, Vijaykumar Jadhav, Abdullah
M. Al-Enizi, 9780128243534
l
Metal Oxide Defects, Vijay Kumar, Sudipta Som, Vishal Sharma, Hendrik Swart, 9780323855884
l
Renewable Polymers and Polymer-Metal Oxide Composites, Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider, 9780323851558
l
Metal Oxides for Optoelectronics and Optics-Based Medical Applications, Suresh Sagadevan, Jiban Podder,
Faruq Mohammad, 9780323858243
l
Graphene Oxide-Metal Oxide and Other Graphene Oxide-Based Composites in Photocatalysis and
Electrocatalysis, Jiaguo Yu, Liuyang Zhang, Panyong Kuang, 9780128245262
Published Titles
l
Metal Oxides in Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Toxic Chemicals, Alagarsamy Pan-
dikumar, Perumal Rameshkumar, 9780128207277
l
Metal Oxide-Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Metal-Air Batteries,
Teko Napporn, Yaovi Holade, 9780128184967
l
Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and Its Applications, Leonardo Palmisano, Francesco Parrino, 9780128199602
l
Solution Processed Metal Oxide Thin Films for Electronic Applications, Zheng Cui, 9780128149300
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Metal Oxide Powder Technologies, Yarub Al-Douri, 9780128175057
l
Colloidal Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, Sabu Thomas, Anu Tresa Sunny, Prajitha V, 9780128133576
l
Cerium Oxide, Salvatore Scire, Leonardo Palmisano, 9780128156612
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Tin Oxide Materials, Marcelo Ornaghi Orlandi, 9780128159248
l
Metal Oxide Glass Nanocomposites, Sanjib Bhattacharya, 9780128174586
l
Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Metal Oxides, Nicolae Barsan, Klaus Schierbaum, 9780128112243
l
Metal Oxides in Energy Technologies, Yuping Wu, 9780128111673
l
Metal Oxide Nanostructures, Daniela Nunes, Lidia Santos, Ana Pimentel, Pedro Barquinha, Luis Pereira,
Elvira Fortunato, Rodrigo Martins, 9780128115121
l
Gallium Oxide, Stephen Pearton, Fan Ren, Michael Mastro, 9780128145210
l
Metal Oxide-Based Photocatalysis, Adriana Zaleska-Medynska, 9780128116340
l
Metal Oxides in Heterogeneous Catalysis, Jacques C. Vedrine, 9780128116319
l
Magnetic, Ferroelectric, and Multiferroic Metal Oxides, Biljana Stojanovic, 9780128111802
l
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications, Sophie Laurent, Morteza Mahmoudi, 9780081019252
l
The Future of Semiconductor Oxides in Next-Generation Solar Cells, Monica Lira-Cantu, 9780128111659
l
Metal Oxide-Based Thin Film Structures, Nini Pryds, Vincenzo Esposito, 9780128111666
l
Metal Oxides in Supercapacitors, Deepak Dubal, Pedro Gomez-Romero, 9780128111697
l
Transition Metal Oxide Thin Film-Based Chromogenics and Devices, Pandurang Ashrit, 9780081018996
Metal Oxides Series
Renewable Polymers
and Polymer-Metal Oxide
Composites
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Series Editor
Ghenadii Korotcenkov
Edited by
Sajjad Haider
Department of Chemical Engineering,
College of Engineering, King Saud University,
Riyadh, Saud Arabia
Adnan Haider
Department of Biological Sciences,
National University of Medical Sciences,
Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Elsevier
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The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information
or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom
they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any
liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or
otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the
material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-85155-8
Contributors xi
Editor’s biographies xvii
Series editor biography xix
Preface to the series xxi
Index 477
This page intentionally left blank
Contributors
Muhammad Arshed Nanoscience and Technology Department (NS & TD), National
Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan
Wajid Ali Khan Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,
Mardan, KP, Pakistan
Mohsin Ali Raza Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, University of the
Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Saiful Izwan Abd Razak BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research
Group, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of
Engineering; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
CONSTRUCTIVE TREATMENT
The wise teacher will emphasize the school spirit, or even class
spirit, in dealing with situations involving the clique evil. Try to make
the snobbish ones forget their exclusiveness in their interest in
athletics or other contests in which the best man or team wins and in
which the whole school is the party to gain or lose by the outcome.
As a last resort, the parents of the ringleaders in the cliques should
be appealed to, to make their offspring see the folly and the falseness
of the standards they are setting up, for snobbish children have
generally been more or less encouraged in their snobbish tendencies
at home.
COMMENTS
Children of all grades do their best work when they have interest
and enthusiasm for the work and the school. School spirit can be
carried to extremes, but in moderation it should be encouraged. The
clique evil needs careful, tactful treatment, for the suppression of
school societies sometimes leads to the formation of secret
organizations imbued with all the mystery and solemnity of the
adults’ lodge, which are much harder to eradicate than the open,
above-board kind, and seem to be many times more attractive to the
adolescent mind.
Adolescence is the sensitive age, the age when small slights cut
deepest and pride is most easily wounded, as well as the period when
secrets and mystery are most alluring. It is positively cruel for the
young people of a school to make their classmates suffer as they have
the power to do, by organizing good times and meetings from which
the majority of the school are excluded.
The clique evil is much more likely to develop into serious
proportions in a small school of a few hundred than in a large one of
a thousand or more.
Children, as well as adults, choose for friends persons of the same
or similar tastes, but in a small school the grouping of these kindred
spirits into an exclusive organization is particularly bad, because
there are usually not enough other pupils with the spirit and
initiative to form rival organizations; there is usually one clique only,
which excludes the majority of the school from its ranks, instead of
several which offset each other.
ILLUSTRATION
The clique spirit is met with in many other places besides the
school-room.
The manager of a stocking factory found Stocking Factory
one group of girls among his operatives
making the days and nights miserable for the others in his employ.
They made loud and unpleasant remarks about other girls in the
dressing-room, were rude at all times to those not of their group,
and, by intimidation, forced the foreman to give them the advantage
when there was one to be given.
Things finally came to such a pass that no girl whom the clique
disliked could be induced to work in the factory, so unpleasant did
the clique make it for her.
The manager studied the situation long and earnestly when he
realized how serious it was, and finally hit upon the scheme of
providing a gymnasium for his women operatives. He hired a trained
social worker, who was also a gymnasium teacher. She developed
team work and the spirit of good sportsmanship in the course of a
year’s work in gymnastic classes and athletics, but it was largely the
influence of her own personality and the soundness of her teaching
and example that worked the change.
The clique spirit vanished as the result of her efforts. The manager
of the factory had realized the loss he was suffering in the lessened
efficiency of his workers; this loss was remedied only after the
company had expended much money.
CONSTRUCTIVE TREATMENT
COMMENTS
Miss Reynolds had the right idea when she encouraged the
formation of school organizations, but she failed to realize that the
activities of such societies should be tactfully supervised by teacher
and principal, under the direction of leaders who have the interests
of the society at heart and who will lend their good judgment to its
best development; such an organization may be depended upon as a
standard of conduct on all questions which affect the name of the
school. Unguided organizations are the source of many of the evil
tendencies in school life.
CASE 135
The child was playing with a cat upon the rug, and finding great
delight in its piteous meows when she pulled its tail. The mother
remonstrated at each outcry in about this fashion:
“Margy, dear, don’t pull poor kitty’s tail like that! Don’t you know
it hurts poor kitty? How would you like to have mamma pull your
hair? I wouldn’t do it now. Try to make kitty happy.”
“Why don’t you pull her hair, and show her what it’s like?”
inquired Donald, who was reading in the window-seat.
“I want her to learn to think such things out for herself,” the
mother replied with a wise air. “I want her to put herself in kitty’s
place.”
“Huh—she’ll never do it unless you make her. Let me show her,
will you?”
“No, indeed, Donald. I’m afraid your method wouldn’t be very
gentle.”
“Well, I bet the cat doesn’t think she’s very gentle, either,” and
Donald went back to his story.
“Margy must learn to do her own thinking, of course. I remember
when you were a baby, Donald—Margy, child! Mercy, what a howl.
Pussy! Margy, can’t you see you hurt poor pussy? Hurt it, dear—just
hear it cry! Makes it feel all badly, as Margy does when she’s ill. Just
hear poor kitty cry!”
Margy was “hearing poor kitty cry” with new delight at each
piteous meow, which she took to be dear kitty’s means of
entertaining her—having never been taught to associate the sound
with pain of any kind. Just then the door bell rang, and the mother
had to leave.
“Donald, dear, you look after Margy while I’m gone,” she said, as
she closed the door.
CONSTRUCTIVE TREATMENT
COMMENTS
ILLUSTRATION I
Donald was an obedient child, and closed Donald Takes a
his book promptly. He also, with some Hand
satisfaction in the duty assigned him, sat himself down on the rug
near his baby sister, and his attitude of watchful waiting might have
struck an observer as purposeful and determined.
Margy held pussy firmly by the loose fur at the back of the neck.
She stroked her until she was fairly quiet again, then quickly gave the
long tail another hard pull.
Quick as thought, Donald reached over and pulled his sister’s hair
vigorously. She howled lustily, and the cat ran away. Donald let her
cry for a little while, then gave her back the recaptured cat and sat
again near her. Before long the pulling occurred again, and again
Donald pulled as lustily at Margy’s curls.
“Do you see what it’s like? Do you like to have your hair pulled?
Are you going to quit it?” he inquired. Margy adored Donald, and it
did not occur to her to resent his means of enforcing his lesson.
“Want the cat back? You can have her if you won’t pull her tail.
Will you let her tail alone?” he asked again. Margy said she would,
and Donald again captured the cat and put it into her arms. This
time Margy did not pull its tail. She stroked it, still holding it tightly
by the fur; but she had learned that pulling a cat’s tail had sad
consequences when Donald was near. She never repeated the act
when her brother was within reach, although she did it when alone
or with her mother.
Pulling hair is not a good form of punishment, but Donald’s
method was based on sound principles, of which of course he was
utterly unconscious. A baby should not be asked to make judgments,
but he should be taught that pleasant consequences follow some acts
and painful ones follow others. This is nature’s method of teaching
human beings, and no one can improve on it as a method of last
resort for the young human animal.
ILLUSTRATION 2
“Look what I’ve found,” Harry Jennings cried to his friend, Captain
Stanhope. The captain was sitting on a park bench reading his
morning paper, and Harry had been running races with Gyp up and
down the gravel walk. He came up to the bench, now, with a handful
of souvenir post cards in his hands.
“Some one has been addressing them Applying
here in the park, and then went off and left “Golden Rule”
them on the bench,” he continued. “See, they’re addressed to people
all over the country, and not a stamp on one of them!”
“I have seven cents in change,” said the captain, pulling out his
worn little purse. “That will send seven of them, but there are a
dozen.”
Harry brought out a dime from his trousers pocket, and looked at
it thoughtfully. It would just pay his admission to the community ball
game that afternoon, and if he used half of it to send off a stranger’s
postcards, he must stay at home, for this was the last of his week’s
allowance. Still, there was the captain, the knight of a dozen
campaigns, looking at him. Harry knew that he allowed himself but
one cigar a week, for his pension was subject to heavy drains; and yet
he contributed his seven cents without hesitation. Surely, to share
the doing of a good turn with the captain would be worth staying
home from the ball game.
“Here’s a dime, and I’ll send the rest,” he told the captain. “Shall I
take them to the postoffice?”
The captain used the most subtly effective of all appeals to a child
to do right—he assumed a willingness to be generous on Harry’s part,
and offered him a comrade’s share in the deed. Not for worlds would
Harry have appeared stingy and selfish and little, before the captain.
And having set for himself a certain standard of generosity, it will not
be hard for Harry to be generous when his next opportunity comes,
even if there be no Captain Stanhope near to stimulate him.
CONSTRUCTIVE TREATMENT
COMMENTS
This and the following incident show the play of social reaction
upon conduct. For the approbation of a friendly, trusting man, who
showed that he believed Oldham to be a boy of honor, Oldham
cheerfully did his task honestly and well; to old John, distrustful and
discourteous, Oldham responded with the trickery he invited.
Oldham should have been more deeply grounded in principles of
honesty, of course; he should have been indifferent to a childish, ill,
old man’s acidity. But Oldham was very human in the personality of
his attitude; the world abounds in people like him.
ILLUSTRATION (EIGHTH GRADE)
As Oldham went through the outer room to put away his broom
and dustpan, Mr. Miller, the principal, entered.
“Hello!” he called out, cheerily. “So you’re A Better Method
the boy who’s helping out in a pinch, are
you? I know John Smith appreciates that, and so do I. This floor
looks as though you might have swept it—not a speck to be seen. Did
you?”
“Yes, sir.” Oldham’s checks flushed with pleasure.
“Good, sincere work. Every corner clean. Well, I must go on up. I
came down to see how John here was getting on, but since you’re
helping him I needn’t stay longer. Aren’t you about through,
yourself?”
“In a few minutes, Mr. Miller,” Oldham replied. “I have to do the
furnace-room yet.” And he turned back to do a bad job over.
(2) Adolescence. In learning the great lesson of altruistic living it is
not strange if young persons sometimes fail to see their acts in clear
perspective. Only time and more experience can furnish that
perspective. The following incident illustrates an exaggerated ideal of
altruistic service on the part of a high school boy who sacrificed his
scholarship for athletics.
CONSTRUCTIVE TREATMENT
COMMENTS
“And I like Philip Lampey,” said Jeannette. “I don’t know him very
well, but he always has such excellent manners and he does get his
lessons. Don’t you think he’s awfully fine?”
Miss Parsons and Jeannette White were Helping a
discussing the high school seniors in a very Comrade
friendly and personal way. When Philip Lampey was mentioned the
teacher’s brow clouded.
“I’m beginning to be worried about Philip, Jeannette,” she said.
“He’s being taken up by that fast set, and he seems to like it. He’s
losing his frank way, and beginning to swagger just a little, and to be
oily instead of just courteous. I don’t think he’s very far gone. Now,
he likes you; can’t you help us out, and save Philip from going over to
that cigarette-smoking, idle crowd?”
“I don’t know, but I’ll talk it over with mother,” Jeannette
promised. “I don’t think I have very much influence, however.”
A few days later Jeannette called to Philip as they were passing to
geometry, “Oh, Philip, mother is giving me a birthday party on the
22nd and I want you to go over the senior class with me and help me
make out the guest-list, and perhaps you have some ideas about
things to do too. Can we do it after physics this afternoon?”
“We sure can,” Philip assented, much delighted to find himself
social arbiter. “I’ll be at your desk at 4:05.”
So Philip came to Jeannette’s desk, and they began on the list.
“There’s Sam Blennerman, he’s a good fellow. You’ll want him,” he
suggested, as they came to one of his new chums.
“That stuffy little snob? I should say not!” Jeannette lifted her nose
in great scorn. “The other day I heard him making fun of Earl Stubbs
because he stayed out to go to church in Lent. I think he’s
insufferable!”
“Do you? Oh, he’s not so bad when you know him, though. Well,
how about Vernon East?”
“He smells like a tobacco shop. I never saw him without one of
those nasty little rolls of his in evidence. Father would want to know
what I was coming to.”
“Sylvia Fanslow, Mark Gorham, Francis Hingham—I suppose they
all go on?” Philip held a tentative pencil in air.
“Yes. And Emil Irwin. Leave out Leonard James, of course.”
“But why? His family’s awfully good, and he’s no end of fun. Keeps
things in a roar, you know.”
“Yes, I know. I know his kind of a roar—he thinks he’s such a man
of the world. But isn’t he the boy Mr. Burcher almost expelled for
swearing on the campus?”
“Well, yes, he is. But you wouldn’t expect him to swear at your
party you know.”
“Naturally not. But I haven’t any use for a boy who has one set of
words for girls and another for boys. That’s a double standard and
mother says double standards of any kind are bad.”
Philip was suffering a revision of his ideals at the hands of this girl.
In the evenings he spent at her house, planning the party, he came to
revise them further still as a result of the tactful suggestion of
Jeannette’s mother. When the party was over, he found his taste for
the “fast crowd” had disappeared. To keep Jeannette’s good opinion
he would have pretended to believe anything, but so pliable is youth
before habit has fixed one’s attitudes, that he had really come to
believe in the same high standards that Jeannette held.
DIVISION VIII
The aim of the teacher should be to obtain reverence for law; the law of the
game, the law of competition, the law of the school, the law of the state, and
ultimately the law of his own life development, and the law of God.
—Hughes.
CASES ARISING OUT OF THE REGULATIVE
INSTINCTS