APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOG

6/7/2024

Submitted to: Miss Mehwish Kalam

Submitted by: TASHFA CHYRAL (Repeater)
Class: BS Biotechnology
Subject: Introduction to Biotechnology
1st Semester

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOG

 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 1

TABLE OF CONTENT

1- INTRODUCTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
2- CLASSIFICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
3- MODERN APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
3.1. APPLICATION IN MEDICINE
 Gene Therapy
 Recombinant Protein Production
 Genome Editing
 Personalized Medicine
3.2. APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE
 Genetically Modified Crops
 Molecular Breeding
 Stress Tolerance
3.3. APPLICATION IN ENVIRONMENT SOLUTION
 Bioremediation
 Phytoremediation
 Biogas production
3.4. APPLICATION IN INDUSTRIES
 Enzymes and Chemical Production
 Textile Industry
 Biofuel Production

3.5. APPLICATION IN DIAGNOSTICS

 PCR Process
 DNA fingerprinting
3.6. APPLICATION IN ANIMALS
 Transgenic Animals

ABSTRACT
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 2

Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that use component of living

organism or whole organism to make variety of process and product that

benefits mankind. It draws wide range of disciplines including biochemistry,

molecular biology, genetics, and engineering. Our world is covered with

biotechnology work like healthcare, agriculture, industry, clinical lab,

pharmaceutical, textiles, aquaculture, forestry, chemicals, household product

and environmental biotechnology. With the help of biotechnology, we able to

develop new drugs, crops, vaccine, and create new methods of diagnosis of

disease. Moreover, with biotechnology potential we improved human health,

raise living standards and protect world.

This assignment helps to increase awareness and deep understanding of

biotechnology and impact on environment and society.

1- INTRODUCTION
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 3

Biotechnology is not a single technology but it is a group of technologies that use two

characteristic –works with living cells and their molecules and have long chain of practices

that improves and develop our lives. Traditionally, it is used to bake bread, brew alcoholic

beverages and breed food crops or domestic animals. But

recently, it gains more attention as researchers comes to

know about its other and better importance, it engaged with

the molecular biology leads to create benefit and make

profits in life of human being. It is modern biotechnology

that has captured attention of society. Modern day

biotechnology has a dramatic effect on the world economy

and environment.

Three generation of biotechnology have been proposed, starting with use of whole organism

in fermentation e.g. brewing. Second give better knowledge about cultures e.g. production of

antibiotics from fungi. Third discover isolation of enzymes monoclonal antibodies e.g.

recombinant production of insulin in bacteria, drugs and mammalian cells.

Modern biotechnology also contributed ecofriendly environment, safety and health, reduced

water demand in manufacturing process, reduced industrial waste and aided in pollution

remediation.

Moreover, it also creates new product in various field like recombinant protein, resistant

crops, vegetables, high milk producing animals and list in endless.

2- CLASSIFICATION
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 4

Classification of Biotechnology on the basis of color are as follow in the form chart.

3- M
ODERN APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
There are many application of biotechnology in various sector that associated with the
human, some of the application are as follows:

3.1- APPLICATIONS IN MEDICINE

 Gene Therapy:

It involves insertion of genes into cells to prevent or treat disease. Various of method can be
used for this like viral vector or electroporation. Cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy and
some cancer have been treated using gene therapy.

 Recombinant Protein Production:

It opens the gate of large scale production of recombinant protein utilize as therapeutics.
rProtein can be produced by genetically modified microorganism to express specific
protein e.g. Insulin for diabetes, growth hormones for growth disorders, and clotting
factor for hemophilia.

 Genome Editing:
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 5

Biotechnology revolutionized medicine through its manipulation ability in the genetic code.
Such as CRISPR-Cas9- a genome editing technique enable to modified gene or organism
with potential application treating genetic disorder, cancer and infectious disease.

 Personalized Medicine:

Advancement in biotechnology brick the way for personalized medicine, which treat
individual unique genetic makeup. This can be obtaining by using genetic testing and
pharmacogenomics technique, it involves study how individual gene effect their response to
drugs.

Following fig 1 showing human insulin making process using Recombinant Technology:

Steps:
- Isolation of gene from human pancreas coding
for insulin.
- After isolation, incorporated into plasmid
DNA to form rDNA.
- rDNA inserted into host cell and allow it to
multiply further.
- Translation of human insulin along with
bacterial genome will make the desired
protein i.e. insulin is then isolated and purified
to be used

3.2- APPLICATIONS IN AGRICULTURE

 Genetically Modified Crops:

Biotechnology enables to produce genetically modified crops to possess specific traits such as
resistance to pest, disease or herbicides. Worldwide farmer uses this technology. Study reveal
that GM crops can increase yield by up to 25%, emission of greenhouse gases decrease by up
to 22% and reduce pesticide by up to 37%.
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 6

 Molecular Breeding:

It involves using molecular markers to select for desirable traits in plants such as drought
tolerance or disease resistance. This allow breeders to produce new crop varieties more
efficiently, with higher precision and greater speed.

 Stress Tolerance:

Agriculture biotechnology develop crops that are more resistant to abiotic stresses such as
drought, heat and salinity. Result is improved crop yield in areas affected by these stressors.

Following fig 2 showing chart of genetically modified plant.

3.3- APPLICATIO
NS IN ENVIRONMENT SOLUTIONS
 Bioremediation:

It involves living organism to clean up environment pollution. It is cost-effective and

susceptible approach that can be customized to treat specific contamination in a given
environment. It is carried out in situ, reduced environmental impact associated with
hazardous waste. Biotechnology has potential to deal wide range of environmental problems
through bioremediation process.

 Phytoremediation:

It is the technique that use plant to remove, degrade or immobilize pollutant from
contaminated water, air or soil also contaminant like heavy metals, pesticides and explosives
can be treated through this tool. Plant that use for this process can tolerate high levels of
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 7

contaminant and accumulate them in their tissues then harvest the plant or allowing them to
degrade contaminant naturally.

 Biogas Production:

It can be produce by anaerobic digestion of organic matter by bacteria in absence of oxygen.

Final product is the mixture of gases like methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (Co2) and other
gases, use as a fuel, heating and cooking. This can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases
and provide reliable source of energy in rural areas. All is done by biotechnology technique.

Following fig 3 showing the process of Bioremediation process:

3.4- APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIES:

 Enzyme and Chemicals Production:
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 8

Modern biotechnology putting its effort in order to improve efficiency of industrial process
including textile, paper, and pulp and also reduce environmental impacts. Using organism
desirable enzyme can be produced on commercial scale e.g. substitution of protease in
detergent which breakdown protein impurities, starch and fatty acids. Traditionally chemicals
synthesize by using large amount of energy and often-undesirable product such as HCL but
using biocatalyst we allow to produce same chemical with more economically and eco-
friendly, polymer-grade acrylamide are producing through biotechnology technique.

 Textile Industry:

Biotechnology also stand in the field of textile for finishing of fabrics and garments. Cotton
derived from biotechnology is warmer, stronger, increased dye uptake and retention,
enhanced absorbency and wrinkle and shrink resistance.

 Biofuel Production:

More powerful invention of biotechnology in industry field is the production of biofuels, fuel
has become the need of society but as we can see the graph of fossils, crude oil is decreasing
worldwide. Biofuel can be produced through fermentation process, aiding bacteria, yeast,
enzyme all put their effort to produce fuel e.g., bioethanol use for vehicles, the material, plant
that contain sugar, starch can be used for this process like cassava rich for starch, sugarcane
etc. its production is eco-friendly, less cost and gives more yield.

Following fig 4 showing process of Bioethanol Production:

 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 9

3.5- APPLICATIONS IN DIAGNOSTICS:

Early diagnosis is very crucial for effective treatment and important is to understand the
pathophysiology of disease. For this biotechnology proposed following techniques.

 PCR Process:

Detection of pathogen by its symptoms (bacteria, viruses) is easy in patient having high
concentration. However, very low concentration of pathogen cannot detect because it
does not show any symptoms but now is possible with PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction)- technique design for amplification of the nucleic acid upto billions time in 30
cycles, process done in instrument called thermal cycler. Using this technique HIV,
Hepatitis B &C, Mycobacterium, Lyme disease, Chlamydia Covid-19 and is detecting on
routine bases. Moreover, in cancer patient it is used to detect mutation in gene, last but
not least used to identify many genetic disorders.

 DNA Fingerprinting:

It is another powerful technique comes out by biotechnology. It is process of cross matching

two strands of DNA, very helpful in criminal investigation, DNA from hairs, body fluid or
skin at crime scene compared with those obtained from suspects.

It is also used to detect human fossils, samples obtain from different geographic location and
areas, the results put light on the history of human evolution.

3.6- APPLICATIONS IN ANIMALS:

 Transgenic Animals:

Manipulation in the DNA of an animal in order to express an extra (foreign) are known as
transgenic animals.

Various transgenic animals made using biotechnology techniques for following purpose:

1- Transgenic rats- this allow researchers to learn early development of breast cancer.
2- Transgenic pigs- helps in organ transplantation with less risk of rejection e.g.
influenza resistant pigs.
3- Transgenic sheep- provide more wool content.
4- Transgenic cow- having human protein in their milk with less cholesterol.
 APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN MODERN WORLD 10

5- Transgenic fishes- contain human growth hormones twice bigger size as compare to
non-transgenic fishes.
6- Transgenic Monkey- ANDi first transgenic monkey in which Green Fluorescent
protein (GFP) was introduced in its chromosomes.

Following fig 5 explaining about process to create transgenic animal: