Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience:

Exploration, Characterization, and

Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Soumyajit Mukherjee
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Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience: Exploration, Characterization,
and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience

Exploration, Characterization, and Exploitation

of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

Edited by

Soumyajit Mukherjee
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai, India

Swagato Dasgupta
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad
Dhanbad, India

Chandan Majumdar
Schlumberger Ltd.
Shiravane, Nerui Navi Mumbai
Mumbai, India

Subhandip Mandal
Integrated Reservoir Solutions
Houston, TX, USA

Troyee Dasgupta
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai, India
This edition first published 2023
© John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Soumyajit Mukherjee, Swagato Dasgupta, Chandan Majumdar, Subhandip Mandal and Troyee
Dasgupta to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance
with law.
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In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Mukherjee, Soumyajit, editor. | Dasgupta, Swagato, editor. |
Majumdar, Chandan, editor. | Mandal, Subhadip, editor. | Dasgupta,
Troyee, editor.
Title: Handbook of petroleum geoscience : exploration, characterization,
and exploitation of hydrocarbon reservoirs / edited by Soumyajit
Mukherjee, Swagato Dasgupta, Chandan Majumdar, Subhadip Mandal, Troyee
Dasgupta.
Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2023. | Includes bibliographical
references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022026417 (print) | LCCN 2022026418 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119680031 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119680086 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119680109 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Petroleum–Geology. | Hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Classification: LCC TN870.5 .H358 2023 (print) | LCC TN870.5 (ebook) |
DDC 622/.1828–dc23/eng/20220713
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022026417
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022026418
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: © P.V.R.Murty/Shutterstock

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India

S. Mukherjee dedicates this book to Dr. A. K. Dubey (Senior Scientist retired from Wadia
Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun), and to Prof. Dr. Wolf-Christian Dullo
(retired from GEOMAR, Germany, former Chief Editor in the International Journal of
Earth Sciences).
 vii

Contents

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii

Introduction to “Handbook of Petroleum Geoscience: Exploration,

Characterization, and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs” 1
Soumyajit Mukherjee, Swagato Dasgupta, Chandan Majumdar,
Subhadip Mandal, and Troyee Dasgupta
Acknowledgments 2
References 3

1 Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Petroleum Reservoir

Characterization 6
Soumi Chaki, Aurobinda Routray, and William K. Mohanty
1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 The Importance of Preprocessing Stage 7
1.2.1 Integration 8
1.2.2 Regularization Step 8
1.2.3 Feature Extraction 9
1.3 Relevance of Prediction Stage 11
1.3.1 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 11
1.3.2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Approach (ANFIS) 12
1.3.3 Support Vector Regression (SVR) 12
1.3.4 Support Vector Machines (SVMs) 13
1.3.5 Application of Deep Learning for Reservoir Characterization 13
1.4 Post-Processing Stage 14
1.5 Conclusions 16
Acknowledgments 16
References 16

2 Petrophysical Predictions Using Regression and Advanced Machine

Learning Algorithm 21
Shubham Singh and Abhijeet Bhardwaj
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 State of the Art 23
viii Contents

2.2.1 Machine Learning Application for Exploration Activities 23

2.2.2 Machine Learning Application for Reservoir Characterization and Petrophysical
Evaluation 25
2.2.3 ML Applications in Production 27
2.2.4 Type of Data in the Oil and Gas Industry 28
2.3 Case Study 28
2.3.1 Background 28
2.3.2 Preprocessing of DATA 30
2.3.3 Data Description (Training, Test, and Validation Sets) 32
2.4 Methodology 32
2.4.1 Case 1 32
2.4.2 Case 2 37
2.5 Results 39
2.5.1 Case 1 39
2.5.2 Case 2 42
2.6 Conclusion and Way Forward 44
Acknowledgments 44
References 45

3 A Modified Guided Filter to Denoise Seismic Attributes 50

Soumi Chaki, S.L. Happy, Aurobinda Routray, and William K. Mohanty
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Theory 52
3.2.1 Guided Filter 52
3.2.2 Modified Guided Filter and Guidance Image 53
3.2.3 Design of the Guidance Image 55
3.3 Experimental Results 58
3.3.1 Parameter Settings 58
3.4 Conclusions 63
Acknowledgments 63
References 64

4 Geomechanics: A Basic Requirement for Wells at Every Operational Stage 66

Chandreyi Chatterjee, Chandan Majumdar, Lenin Mora Guerrero, and
Juan Carlos Rabanal Chavez
4.1 Introduction 66
4.2 Procedures/Workflow 67
4.2.1 Data Audit and Drilling Event Review 67
4.2.2 Mechanical Stratigraphy 69
4.2.3 Overburden Stress 69
4.2.4 Pore Pressure 69
4.2.5 Elastic Properties 70
4.2.6 Rock Strength 71
4.2.7 Horizontal Stress (σ h and σ H) 71
4.2.8 Horizontal Stress Direction 71
 Contents ix

4.3 Conclusions 86
Acknowledgments 86
References 86

5 In Situ Stresses from Log Measurements 89

Kuppili Meenakshi Sundaram
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Stress Field Within a Formation Penetrated by a Borehole 90
5.3 Birefringence of Flexural Waves in Presence of Horizontal Stress Anisotropy 90
5.4 Radial Profiles of the Fast-Shear Velocity, Slow-Shear Velocity
and C44, C55, and C66 91
5.5 Computation of C44, C55, and C66 as per Acoustoelastic Theory 92
5.6 Relation Between Stress Field Components and Elastic Moduli 93
5.6.1 Nondimensional Parameters α1 and α2 94
5.7 Computation of Principal Horizontal Stresses from the Radial Profiles C44(r)
and C55(r) 94
5.8 Stress Field Characterization Through Inversion of Flexural Wave Dispersion 95
5.9 Computation of the Principal Stress Magnitudes Under Plane Strain 96
5.10 Discussions 97
5.11 Conclusions 98
Acknowledgments 98
References 98

6 3D Inversion of Ultra-Deep Azimuthal Electromagnetic

Logging-While-Drilling Data 101
Nigel Clegg and Karol Riofrio Rodriguez
6.1 Introduction 102
6.2 3D Inversion Process 104
6.3 Verification of the 3D Inversion 105
6.4 3D Inversion Synthetic Example 106
6.5 3D Inversion Case Study 108
6.6 Conclusions 113
Acknowledgments 114
References 114

7 Solving the Puzzle: Seven Effective Habits of Geosteering Team Members 115
Bronwyn Djefel
7.1 The Seven Effective Habits of Geosteering Team Members 115
7.1.1 Be Tech-Savvy 116
7.1.2 Visualize in 3D 116
7.1.3 Keep an Open Mind 117
7.1.4 Be a 3D Thinker 118
7.1.5 Switch Gears and Focus 118
7.1.6 Be Polymathic 119
7.1.7 Surf the Seven Cs 119
x Contents

Acknowledgments 121
References 121

8 Driving Technology for Geosteering Decisions: Halliburton Geosteering 123

Bronwyn Djefel and Nigel Clegg
8.1 Introduction 123
Acknowledgments 135
References 135

9 Rock Strength Estimation from Petrophysical Logs Through Core Data Calibration
in Low Porosity and Low Permeability Carbonate Rocks 137
Sankhajit Saha and Vikram Vishal
9.1 Introduction 137
9.2 Methodology 141
9.2.1 Core Inventory 141
9.2.2 Lithology Description of Core Samples 141
9.3 Results and Discussion 141
9.3.1 Core Testing Result 141
9.3.2 Core Calibration and Results 144
9.4 Conclusion 146
Acknowledgments 147
References 147

10 Review on Organic Porosity in Shale Reservoirs 151

Deependra Pratap Singh, Bodhisatwa Hazra, Vivek Singh, and
Pradeep K. Singh
10.1 Introduction 152
10.2 Organic Matters and the Porosity Hosted by Them 153
10.3 Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Argon Ion Milling 156
10.4 Primary Organic Porosity or Secondary Organic Porosity 161
10.5 Low-Pressure Gas Adsorption for Measuring Organic Porosity 162
10.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 164
Acknowledgments 164
References 164

11 Experimental Understanding of Pore Structure and Wettability of the

Unconventional Reservoir 172
Md Golam Kibria and Qinhong Hu
11.1 Introduction 173
11.2 Experimental Methods 175
11.2.1 Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) 175
11.2.2 Mercury Injection Porosimetry (MIP) Analysis 175
11.2.3 Wettability and Contact Angle Measurement 176
11.2.4 Spontaneous Imbibition (SI) 177
 Contents xi

11.2.5 Vacuum Saturation and High-Pressure Impregnation 178

11.3 Results and Discussion 180
11.3.1 Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) 180
11.3.2 Mercury Injection Pressure (MIP) Analysis 182
11.3.3 Wettability and Contact Angle Measurement 185
11.3.4 Spontaneous Imbibition (SI) 187
11.3.5 Vacuum Saturation and High-Pressure Impregnation 190
11.4 Conclusion 191
Acknowledgments 191
References 191

12 Analysis of Pore Characteristics of Select Indian Shale Samples and

Assessment of Pore Connectivity by Conformance Correction of Mercury
Intrusion Porosimetry Results 198
Tuli Bakshi, Venkata Yasaswy Turlapati, Vikram Vishal, B.K Prusty, and
Khanindra Pathak
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 Methodology 200
12.3 Results and Discussions 201
12.3.1 Type of Pores 201
12.3.2 Conformance Correction 203
12.3.2.1 Identification of Conformance 203
12.3.3 Pore Connectivity Evaluation 205
12.3.4 Pore Size Distribution 205
12.3.5 Contribution of Different Pore Sizes to the Total Porosity 207
12.3.6 Permeability Calculated from the MICP Data 208
12.4 Conclusions 208
Acknowledgments 209
References 209

13 Geochemical Modeling of Diagenetic Reactions in the Eocene

Sediment-Gravity-Flow Deposit Reservoirs Influenced by Salt Tectonics:
The Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil 212
Marcos Antonio Klunk, Sudipta Dasgupta, Mohuli Das, Renzo D’souza,
Soyane Juceli Siqueira Xavier, and Paulo Roberto Wander
13.1 Introduction 213
13.2 Geological Context 213
13.3 Compositional Data 213
13.4 Results and Discussions 215
13.4.1 Batch Mode Simulations 215
13.4.2 1D Simulation 215
13.5 Conclusions 216
Acknowledgments 217
References 217
xii Contents

14 Stratigraphic Boundary Detection Using UDWT and Edge-Detection on

Well Log Data 219
Somali Roy, Biplab Kumar Mukherjee, and Sudipta Dasgupta
14.1 Introduction 219
14.2 Study Area 220
14.3 Theory 222
14.4 Methodology and Workflow 224
14.5 Results and Discussions 227
14.6 Conclusions 230
Acknowledgments 230
References 231

15 Source Rock Geochemistry for Shale Characterization 233

Devleena Mani, Nihar Ranjan Kar, and M.S. Kalpana
15.1 Introduction 233
15.2 Composition of Sedimentary Organic Matter 234
15.2.1 Shale Biomarkers 235
15.2.2 Carbon Isotopes 238
15.3 Geochemical Characterization of Shales 239
15.3.1 Bulk Organic Matter Analysis Using Rock-Eval Pyrolysis 239
15.3.2 Biomarker Extraction and Analysis 241
15.3.2.1 Solvent Extraction of Organic Matter 241
15.3.2.2 Column Chromatography 241
15.3.2.3 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) 241
15.3.3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS) 242
15.4 Generative Potential of Permian Shales from Jharia Coal Field,
Damodar Valley 243
15.4.1 Generalized Geology and Stratigraphy 243
15.4.2 Results and Discussions 245
15.5 Recent Approaches to Shale Characterisation 249
Acknowledgments 250
References 250

16 A GIS-Based Approach to Explore the Possibility of N–S Gondwana Rift in the

South-Eastern Part of India 254
Subhobroto Mazumder, Ravi Prakash, and D.S. Mitra
16.1 Introduction 254
16.2 Methodology and Analysis 258
16.2.1 Outcrops and Subcrops 259
16.2.2 Rift Signatures: Faults, Lineaments, and Tectonic Elements 260
16.2.2.1 Surface Expression of Faults 260
16.2.2.2 Subsurface Expression of Faults 261
16.2.3 Correlation with Antarctica 269
16.2.3.1 Outcrops and Faults 270
16.2.3.2 Magnetic Profile Data 270
 Contents xiii

16.3 Discussions 271

16.4 Conclusions 273
Acknowledgments 274
References 274

17 The Upper Assam Basin, Its Evolution, and Modification: A Review 280
Devojit Bezbaruah, Tapos Kumar Goswami, and Ranjan Kumar Sarmah
17.1 Introduction 280
17.2 Basin Evolution 282
17.3 Paleo-Brahmaputra and Dispersal of Sediments 290
17.4 Hydrocarbon Potential 294
17.5 Conclusions 295
Acknowledgments 296
References 296

18 Basement Tectonics in the Assam Shelf and Its Implications in Hydrocarbon

Exploration – A Remote-Sensing and GIS-Based Perspective 300
Subhobroto Mazumder, Blecy Tep, D.S. Mitra, and K.K.S. Pangtey
Abbreviations Used 301
18.1 Introduction 301
18.2 Basement and Basement Tectonics in Assam Shelf 305
18.3 Principles and Methodology 311
18.4 Results and Discussions 318
18.4.1 E–W Trends in South Assam Shelf 318
18.4.2 Rotation of Structural Trends and Bomdila Lineament 321
18.4.3 Implications in Hydrocarbon Exploration from the Basement in SAS 326
18.4.4 Basement Deformation in the North Assam Shelf 326
18.4.5 Implications of Wrench Model on Petroleum System of NAS 329
18.5 Conclusions 332
Acknowledgments 334
References 334

19 Taphonomy, Petrophysics, and the Relationship of Dense Shell-Accumulation

with Reservoir Quality 341
Rodrigo Scalise Horodyski, Guilherme Furlan Chinelatto, Hugo Schmidt-Neto,
Eduardo Guareschi, and Sudipta Dasgupta
19.1 Introduction 341
19.2 Taphonomically Active Zone 342
19.3 Taphofacies 343
19.4 Taphonomic Signatures 344
19.5 Intrinsic Taphonomic Damages 348
19.6 Biofabric, Geometry, and Packing of Shell-Accumulation 349
19.7 Taphonomy and Petrophysics 353
19.8 Relationship of Taphonomy with Petrophysics: Examples from Barremian-Aptian
Shell Beds of Brazilian Pre-Salt Reservoirs 354
19.8.1 Morro do Chaves Formation (Sergipe-Alagoas Basin, Brazil) 354
xiv Contents

19.8.2 Coqueiros and Itapemaformations (Campos and Santos Basins, Brazil) 358
19.9 Final Remarks 364
Acknowledgments 366
References 366

20 Tectonic Evolution of Jaisalmer Basin (Rajasthan, India) 374

Rajesh Pandey
20.1 Introduction 374
20.2 Methodology 377
20.3 Results and Discussions 377
20.3.1 Late Proterozoic Rifting (Main Development Phase of the
Bikaner-Nagaur Basin) 379
20.3.2 Permo-Triassic Rifting (Inception Phase of Jaisalmer Sub-Basin) 380
20.3.3 Early Jurassic Rifting (Main Development Phase of the Jaisalmer Basin) 382
20.3.4 Passive Margin Phase 384
20.3.5 Collision Phase (Tertiary Period) 386
Acknowledgments 388
References 389

21 Improving Insights Into Petrophysics using Geophysical Data for the Habiganj
Structure, Surma Basin, Bangladesh 394
Kamruzzaman, Delwar Hossain, Mizanur Rahman Sarker, Mahmuda Khatun,
and Md. Upal Shahriar
21.1 Introduction 394
21.2 Location of the Study Area 395
21.3 Data and Methods 396
21.4 Results and Discussion 397
21.4.1 Gravity and Magnetic Data 397
21.4.2 Seismic Data 400
21.4.3 Well Data 402
21.5 Correlations 408
21.5.1 Relating Well Logs to Seismic Data 408
21.5.2 Correlation of Well HB # 11 to Sylhet Trough 409
21.6 Conclusions 410
Acknowledgments 410
References 410

22 Assessment of Efficacy of “b” Value as a Seismic Precursor for Select Major

Seismic Events 413
Deepali Gadkari and Soumyajit Mukherjee
22.1 Introduction 413
22.2 Tectonics of the Select Regions 417
22.2.1 Nepal Himalayas 417
22.2.2 Sumatra Region 417
22.2.3 Japan Trench 418
 Contents xv

22.2.4 Chilean Region 418

22.2.5 Data and Methods 419
22.2.6 Analyses and Results 420
22.3 Discussions 426
22.4 Conclusions 427
Acknowledgments 428
References 428
Web References 434

List of Contributors
Tuli Bakshi
Computational and Experimental
Geomechanics Laboratory
Department of Earth Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
and
Clean Coal Technology Laboratory
Department of Mining Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
Devojit Bezbaruah
Department of Applied Geology
Dibrugarh University
Dibrugarh, Assam, India
Abhijeet Bhardwaj
Department of Industrial and Systems
Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison, WI, USA
Soumi Chaki
Division of Signals and Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering
Uppsala University
Uppsala, Sweden
Chandreyi Chatterjee
Schlumberger
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
xvii
Juan Carlos Rabanal Chavez
Schlumberger
Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
Guilherme Furlan Chinelatto
Geology Institute
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
(UNICAMP)
São Paulo, Brazil
Nigel Clegg
Global Subject Matter Expert – Geosteering
Halliburton, Norway
Renzo D’souza
Department of Earth Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
(IIT Bombay)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Mohuli Das
Department of Earth Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
(IIT Bombay)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Sudipta Dasgupta
Department of Earth Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
(IIT Bombay)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
xviii List of Contributors

Swagato Dasgupta Rodrigo Scalise Horodyski

Department of Applied Geophysics Geology Graduate Program
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Universidade do Vale do Rio Dos Sinos
Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India (UNISINOS)
São Leopoldo, Brazil
Troyee Dasgupta
Department of Earth Sciences Delwar Hossain
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Geological Sciences
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Jahangirnagar University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bronwyn Djefel
Epiroc Qinhong Hu
Kewdale, Western Australia, Australia Department of Earth and Environmental
Sciences
Deepali Gadkari The University of Texas at Arlington
Department of Geography Arlington, TX, USA
University of Mumbai
Kalina, Santacruz (E) M.S. Kalpana
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric
Sciences
Tapos Kumar Goswami University of Hyderabad
Department of Applied Geology Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Dibrugarh University
Dibrugarh, Assam, India Kamruzzaman
Department of Geological Sciences
Eduardo Guareschi Jahangirnagar University
Geology Graduate Program Dhaka, Bangladesh
Universidade do Vale do Rio Dos Sinos
(UNISINOS) Nihar Ranjan Kar
São Leopoldo, Brazil Centre for Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric
Sciences
Lenin Mora Guerrero
University of Hyderabad
Schlumberger
Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Bogota, Colombia
Mahmuda Khatunand
S.L. Happy
Department of Geological Sciences
HP PPS India Operations Pvt. Ltd.
Jahangirnagar University
Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Bodhisatwa Hazra
CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Md Golam Kibria
Research Department of Earth and Environmental
Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India Sciences
and The University of Texas at Arlington
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Arlington, TX, USA
Research (AcSIR)
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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address at first, so it was a month or two before he came;
and I wouldn't have cared if he'd left her altogether."

"She was like a little angel in the house, Miss Hilda. She
would get Polly's old Testament every night and read to us
as we sat over the fire, and tell us what her mother said
about the texts. I learnt more from that little lass than I
ever knew before."

"I shall never forget one evening, Master Stanley; I had

been telling her all about that terrible night when I fetched
her from the wreck."

"'Weren't you very frightened, Mr. Jonah?' she says—she

always called me Mr. Jonah, bless her!"

"'Well, Missy,' says I, 'maybe I should have been frightened,

if it hadn't been for my little Jess here.' And I gave her the
text-card to look at, though it was so soaked through with
salt water, it was some time before she could spell it out.
But when she did manage to read it, she looks up in my
face, and 'Mr. Jonah,' says she, 'shall we read about Jessie's
text to-night?'"

"So she turned it up in Polly's Testament—it was wonderful

how she could find her way up and down it; and she read
about Peter, and John, and all of them, out in the boat, and
not knowing what to do, poor souls, tossed with the waves
and the wind against them. And the Master up on the
mountain, Miss Hilda (you'll have read it, my dear), seeing
it all, and just waiting till things got as bad as bad could be,
before He came to help them."

"'Why didn't He go a bit sooner, my dear?' says I to that

little lass."
"'Why, Mr. Jonah,' she says, 'my mother told me He wanted
them to feel nobody could help them but Him.'"

"Well, away He comes over the sea, walking on the water!

And if they didn't think it was a ghost, Master Stanley! And
they screamed out with fear, more frightened at Him than
ever they had been at the storm. But He wasn't vexed with
them, my dear; He says as gentle as could be, 'It is I; be
not afraid.'"

"And then Peter must be off to Him; he isn't afraid of

anything, isn't Peter. Up he jumps, and 'Lord' he cries, 'let
me come to Thee on the water.' And the Lord says, 'Come.'
And he gets on fine at first, Master Stanley; away he walks
on the sea, as if he was on the pier there. But then what
does he do but lose heart, and looks at the big waves, and
then—down he goes."

"'You see, Mr. Jonah,' says the little lass, 'he never sank
while he kept looking at Jesus.'"

"'No, my dear,' says I, 'he didn't; you're right there.'"

"'And my mother said, if we wanted to be safe we must

keep looking to Jesus, Mr. Jonah,' she says."

"'Ah, my dear,' I says, 'I think I'm a deal like Peter. I made a
grand start that night of the storm; but temptations are
very strong, and the wind and the waves are high.'"

"'Well then, Mr. Jonah,' she says, 'you must call out Peter's
prayer—"

"'LORD, SAVE ME.'"

"'And the Lord will put out His hand, and catch you, and
hold you fast, and you'll be safe then, Mr. Jonah,' she says."

"And so I came to see, my dears, that it isn't only once in

our lives that we want my Jessie's prayer; it isn't only when
we first feel our need of a Saviour, but it's every day and all
the day that we want to have it ready. And it's wonderful
how it comes to my mind, all quick-like, just when I need it.
It's the Holy Spirit, that little lass said, who puts the
thought so quick in our hearts; and it has saved me from
many a sinking in the water, Master Stanley. When I've
been going to get into a temper, or to say and do anything
as I shouldn't say or do, I've cried out in my heart, 'Lord
save me,' and it has been all right; He's never failed me;
no, He's never failed me once."

"Well, that's the way that little lass used to talk to us; she
made it all so plain, me and Polly and Granny used to say
she was the best little teacher in the world; and, when a
letter came to say her father was coming to take her away,
we all very near cried our eyes out. Jess couldn't eat a bit of
breakfast, she couldn't indeed; and as for Polly, she looked
all day as if she was going to a funeral. I kept up pretty well
till we had had our last reading in Polly's Testament, and
then I broke down altogether."

"'Oh, my little lass,' I says, 'who will teach us all these

things when you've gone away?'"

"'Why, you'll have the Bible just the same, Mr. Jonah,' she
says; 'the Bible isn't going away.'"

"'But you make it so plain, my dear,' says Granny; 'even an

old body like me can take it in.'"
"Well, then she looked quite serious, and she says, as grave
as can be, 'There's a better Teacher than me, Mr. Jonah.
The Holy Spirit will make it all plain to you. My mother told
me never to read the Bible without saying this little
prayer:'"

"'"O God, send Thy Holy Spirit to teach me, for

Jesus Christ's sake.
Amen."'"

"She said her mother had written it for her in her own little
Bible that was lost in the wreck, Miss Hilda. But she hadn't
forgotten it, and she taught it to me, and I've often said it
since before I read my Bible."

"Well, we didn't like to say good-bye; but the poor father

was so glad to get his little girl, we couldn't be so mean as
to grudge her to him."

"He promised he would often bring her to see us, and he

kept his word, Master Stanley. She comes to see me
sometimes even now—bless her!"

"She's married and has a little girl of her own, the very
picture of what she was when I brought her from the wreck
—she is indeed."

"So that's my yarn, Master Stanley, and the story of the last
time Miss Daisy's dinner-bell rang. And as I sit mending my
nets I often think about it. I've queer thoughts sometimes,
little Missy. And it seems to me as if the whole lot of us was
like those folks on the sinking ship. But the Lord comes out
to save us—bless His name for it, Miss Hilda. Jesus is the
Lifeboat to save you and me. He comes across the sea, and
He bids us jump in and be saved."
 THE LIGHTHOUSE.

"But if we won't come—if we like best being on the sinking

ship, He won't force us into His boat. Each one of us must
come to Him one by one; each must jump in for himself. I
wonder if you and Miss Hilda are in the Lifeboat yet?"

"I don't know, Jonah," I said; "how can we get in the boat?"
"Take Jesus as your Saviour, my boy, as the Lifeboat to save
you. Tell Him you want to be saved by Him. Say my Jessie's
prayer:"

"Lord, save me!"

"And will He do it?"

"If I ask Him to receive me,

Will He say me Nay?
Not till earth and not till heaven
Pass away—"
"And all in the Lifeboat get safe to shore, Master Stanley:
not one in the Lord's boat is lost. I'm getting an old man
now, and I've been in the boat a many years, and I
sometimes think I'm getting near the shore. And I seem to
see Polly waiting for me—she and Jess and Granny standing
side by side looking out for me coming. They are all there
now, Miss Hilda, and they're waiting for me as they waited
for me that night."

"And Jess will dance for joy, and Polly will say 'Thank God!'
and Granny will say 'Amen,' when the Lifeboat lands me
ashore."

SAVED FROM THE WRECK.

The sky was clear, and cloudless.
And filled with sunny light;
The sea was like a deep blue lake.
So calm and fair and bright.

Old Jonah had been shrimping

Within the shallow bay,
We children often watched him
When we were at our play.

We liked to see him wading,

His great net in his hand;
We loved to see him come ashore
And shake it on the sand.
To-day his work was ended,
He sat him down to rest
Upon a coil of tarry rope.
The seat he loved the best.

There, basking in the sunshine.

He leaned against the wall.
I saw him light his little pipe,
And then I heard him call.

Come here, young Master Stanley,

And bring your little boat,
And let me see what can be done
To make her rightly float.
And sit ye down beside me
'Tis far too hot to play,
I'll may be spin another yarn
Like mine the other day.

I've been a jolly sailor

The best part of my life;
I never settled down at home
Until I got my wife.

But Polly, she said: "Jonah,

Now stop at home my dear;"
And when I looked in Polly's eye
I thought I saw a tear.

And somehow, Master Stanley,

I lost the love to roam,
And settled down at fishing here
With Polly, and at home.

But what I tell you now lad,

It happened long ago,
When I was far across the seas
Amidst the ice and snow.

'T was on Newfoundland island,

A dismal place and drear,
My master owned some fishing-boats.
I'd worked for him a year.
One night we sailed as usual
And all at first went right;
We filled the boat with large cod-fish
And turned back when 'twas light.

But up then rose the breakers,

The wind blew wild and strong,
The waves were dashing on the rocks
And hurled our boat along.

How should we reach the harbour?

How should we rightly steer?
Oh! Who would give a helping hand?
Our hearts were filled with fear.

There was no bonny lifeboat

To skip above the wave,
To come across the raging tide,
 To rescue and to save.

The people on the island

Were running to the pier:
The master stood upon the shore.
And watched as we drew near.

But all of them were helpless

As helpless as could be,
They cried aloud, they rushed along,
They waded in the sea!

Not one of them could reach us

Not one could give us aid;
It was a fearful time my boy,
And we were sore afraid.

But standing by my master,

And gazing on the sea.
Was Neptune, his Newfoundland dog,
A noble fellow he!

He leapt into the water.

And met the billows' strife.
Fighting each big wave as it came,
And struggling for his life.
 SAVED BY A DOG.

At last we saw him near us,

We wondered what he meant,
We called to him to come on board.
His strength was almost spent.

But Neptune would not heed us,

Though he swam round and round;
What could the dog have come to do?
What reason could be found?

At last Bill Fisher shouted;

 "Throw him a rope, my lad;
He may have come to give us help,
I only wish he had!"

At once the dog plunged forward

To catch the rope we threw;
We knew he meant to save us then.
Our trusty friend and true.

He passed the rocks in safety.

Then leapt upon the sand;
We heard them give a shout of joy
When he had reached the land.

They seized the rope, they dragged

us,
You should have seen, my boy,
How Neptune watched us come
ashore,
And wagged his tail for joy.

They hoisted up the signal

To spread the news around:
That every man of us was there,
That all were safe and sound.
 HOISTING THE SIGNAL.

And each man on the island,

Both near and far away,
Came over to pat Neptune's head
For his good work that day.

Now I must hurry homewards,

There's Harry's wife and lad,
They've caught sight of the father's
boat
He likes to meet his dad!
You'll see him come ashore now;
Ah! There he is! I'm right,
I thought when they jumped off the
boat
That Harry was in sight.

It's like the old days over

To watch him come from sea.
She looks for him as Polly then
So often looked for me.
I live with her and Harry.
The rest are all away,
My Magpie's married to a man,
Who lives in Plymouth Bay.

See, there are Harry's children,

And now he's got his net
To carry home the baby in.
She's Harry's little pet.
 CRADLED IN HIS CALLING.

So good-day, Master Stanley.

But come again, my dear,
I've many another yarn to spin,
If you should care to hear.

And bring your sister with you.

There's something in her eyes
That makes me think of little Jess.
She's just about her size.

I often sit and wonder,

If children older grow;
I lost her, Master Stanley,
Some thirty years ago.
 FATHER'S JOY.

They say old folks love dreaming,

Of things long since gone by:
I know when I begin to dream
A tear comes in my eye.
But I am sailing Homewards
The Harbour is in sight,
And we shall be together lad,
Within the Home of light.

It was upon her birthday,

The day she was eleven,
Just ask your Mother if she thinks
That they grow old in Heaven.

I sit and think about her,

And think of Polly too;
I seem to hear them speak to me,
I sometimes think they do.