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Class XII Chapter 10 – Vector Algebra Maths
______________________________________________________________________________
Book Name: NCERT Solutions
EXERCISE- 10.1
Question 1:
Represent graphically a displacement of 40 km, 30° east of north.
Solution 1:
→
OP represents the displacement of 40 km, 30 North East.
Question 2:
Classify the following measures as scalars and vectors.
(i) 10 kg (ii) 2 metres north-west (iii) 40° (iv) 40 watt (v) 10-19 coulomb (vi) 20 m/s2
Solution 2:
(i) 10 kg is a scalar.
(ii) 2 meters north-west is a vector.
(iii) 40° is a scalar.
(iv)40 watts is a scalar.
(v) 10-19 coulomb is a scalar.
(vi)20 m/s2 is a vector.
Question 3:
Classify the following as scalar and vector quantities.
(i) time period (ii) distance (iii) force (iv) velocity (v) work done
Solution 3:
(i)Time period is a scalar.
(ii) Distance is a scalar.
(iii) Force is a vector.
(iv) Velocity is a vector.
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(v) Work is a scalar.
Question 4:
In Figure, identify the following vectors.
(i)Coinitial (ii) Equal (iii)Collinear but not equal

Solution 4:
(i)Vectors a and d are coinitial.
(ii) Vectors b and d are equal.
(iii) Vectors a and c are collinear but not equal.
Question 5:
Answer the following as true or false.
(i) a and − a and are collinear.
(ii) Two collinear vectors are always equal in magnitude.
(iii) Two vectors having same magnitude are collinear.
(iv) Two collinear vectors having the same magnitude are equal.
Solution 5:
(i) True.
(ii) False.
(iii) False.
(iv) False.
EXERCISE- 10.2
Question 1:
Compute the magnitude of the following vectors:
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1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
a = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ; b = 2iˆ − 7 ˆj − 3kˆ; c = i+ j− k
3 3 3
Solution 1:
a = (1) + (1) + (1) = 3
2 2 2
b = ( 2 ) + ( −7 ) + ( −3)
2 2 2
= 4 + 49 + 9
= 62
2 2 2
 1   1   1 
c =   +  − 
 3  3  3
1 1 1
= + + =1
3 3 3
Question 2:
Write two different vectors having same magnitude.
Solution 2:
( )
a = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and b = 2iˆ + ˆj − 3kˆ . ( )
a = 12 + ( −2) + 32 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
2
b = 22 + 12 + ( −3) = 4 + 1 + 9 = 14
2
But a  b
Question 3:
Write two different vectors having same direction.
Solution 3:
( )
p = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ and q = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ . ( )
The DCs of p are
1 1 1 1 1 1
l= = ,m = = ,n = =
12 + 12 + 12 3 12 + 12 + 12 3 12 + 12 + 12 3
The DCs of q are
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2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1
l= = = ,m = = = , n= = =
2 +2 +2
2 2 2
2 3 3 2 +2 +2
2 2 2
2 3 3 2 +2 +2
2 2 2
2 3 3
But p  q
Question 4:
Find the values of x and y so that the vectors 2iˆ + 3 ˆj and xiˆ + yjˆ are equal.
Solution 4:
2iˆ + 3 ˆj = xiˆ + yjˆ  x = 2, y = 3
Question 5:
Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2, 1) and terminal point
(–5, 7).
Solution 5:
Let the points be P (2, 1) and Q (–5, 7)
→
PQ = ( −5 − 2 ) iˆ + ( 7 − 1) ˆj
→
 PQ = −7iˆ + 6 ˆj
So, the scalar components are –7 and 6 and the vector components are −7iˆ and 6 ˆj .
Question 6:
Find the sum of the vectors a = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ, b = −2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ and c = iˆ − 6 ˆj − 7kˆ .
Solution 6:
a + b + c = (1 − 2 + 1) iˆ + ( −2 + 4 − 6 ) ˆj + (1 + 5 − 7 ) kˆ
= 0iˆ − 4 ˆj − 1kˆ
= −4 ˆj − kˆ
Question 7:
Find the unit vector in the direction of the vector a = iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ .
Solution 7:
a = 12 + 12 + 22 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6
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a iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 2 ˆ
 aˆ = = = i+ j+ k
a 6 6 6 6
Question 8:
→
Find the unit vector in the direction of vector PQ , where P and Q are the points (1, 2, 3) and (4,
5, 6), respectively.
Solution 8:
→
PQ = ( 4 − 1) iˆ + ( 5 − 2 ) ˆj + ( 6 − 3) kˆ = 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ
→
PQ = 32 + 32 + 32 = 9 + 9 + 9 = 27 = 3 3
→
PQ 3iˆ + 3 ˆj + 3kˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
So, unit vector = →
= = i+ j+ k
PQ 3 3 3 3 3
Question 9:
For given vectors, a = 2iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ and b = −iˆ + ˆj − kˆ , find the unit vector in the direction
of the vector a + b .
Solution 9:
a + b = ( 2 − 1) iˆ + ( −1 + 1) ˆj + ( 2 − 1) kˆ = 1iˆ + 0 ˆj + 1kˆ = iˆ + kˆ
a + b = 12 + 12 = 2
So, unit vector =

( a + b ) = iˆ + kˆ = 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
i+ k
a +b 2 2 2
Question 10:
Find a vector in the direction of vector 5iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ which has magnitude 8 units.
Solution 10:
a = 5iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ .
a = 52 + ( −1) + 22 = 25 + 1 + 4 = 30
2
a 5iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ
 aˆ = =
a 30
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So, a vector parallel to 5iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ with magnitude 8 units is

 5iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ  40 8 ˆ 16 ˆ
8aˆ = 8   = iˆ − j+ k

 30  30 30 30
Question 11:
Show that the vectors 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and −4iˆ + 6 ˆj − 8kˆ are collinear.
Solution 11:
a = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and b = −4iˆ + 6 ˆj − 8kˆ
b = −4iˆ + 6 ˆj − 8kˆ = -2( 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) = -2 a
 b =  a ,  = -2
So, the vectors are collinear.
Question 12:
Find the direction cosines of the vector iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
Solution 12:
a = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ .
a = 12 + 22 + 32 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
 1 2 3 
So, the DCs of a are  , , 
 14 14 14 
Question 13:
Find the direction cosines of the vector joining the points A (1, 2, –3) and B (–1, –2, 1) directed
from A to B.
Solution 13:
→
AB = ( −1 − 1) iˆ + ( −2 − 2 ) ˆj + 1 − ( −3) kˆ
→
 AB = −2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 4kˆ
→
 AB = ( −2 ) + ( −4 ) + 42 = 4 + 16 + 16 = 36 = 6
2 2
→
 2 4 4  1 2 2
So, the DCs of AB are  − , − ,  =  − , − , 
 6 6 6  3 3 3
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Question 14:
Show that the vector iˆ + ˆj + kˆ is equally inclined to the axes OX, OY, and OZ.
Solution 14:
a = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
a = 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
 1 1 1 
So, the DCs of a are  , , 
 3 3 3
1 1 1
cos  = , cos  = , cos  = .
3 3 3
So, the vector is equally inclined to OX, OY, and OZ.
Question 15:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q
whose position vectors are iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ and −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ respectively, in the ration 2:1
(i) internally
(ii) externally
Solution 15:
→ →
OP = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ and OQ = −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
(i) The position vector of R is

→
OR =
( ) ( ) (
2 −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ + 1 iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
=
) ( )
−2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ + iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
2 +1 3
−iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ 1 4 1
= = − iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
3 3 3 3
(ii) The position vector of R is
( ) ( )
2 −iˆ + ˆj + kˆ − 1 iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
( ) ( )
→
OR = = −2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ
2 −1
= −3iˆ + 3kˆ
Question 16:
Find the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the points P (2, 3, 4) and Q (4, 1,
– 2).
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Solution 16:
The position vector of R is
→
OR =
( ) (
2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ + 4iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
=
)( 2 + 4 ) iˆ + ( 3 + 1) ˆj + ( 4 − 2 ) kˆ
2 2
6iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ
= = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ
2
Question 17:
Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors,
a = 3iˆ − 4 ˆj − 4kˆ, b = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and c = iˆ − 3 ˆj − 5kˆ ,
respectively form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
Solution 17:
→
AB = b − a = ( 2 − 3) iˆ + ( −1 + 4 ) ˆj + (1 + 4 ) kˆ = −iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ
→
BC = c − b = (1 − 2) iˆ + ( −3 + 1) ˆj + ( −5 − 1) kˆ = −iˆ + 2 ˆj − 6kˆ
→
CA = a − c = ( 3 − 1) iˆ + ( −4 + 3) ˆj + ( −4 + 5) kˆ = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
→ 2
AB = ( −1) + 32 + 52 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35
2
→ 2
BC = ( −1) + ( −2 ) + ( −6 ) = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41
2 2 2
→ 2
CA = 22 + ( −1) + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
2
→ 2 → 2 → 2
AB + CA = 35 + 6 = 41 = BC
So, ABC is a right triangle.
Question 18:
In triangle ABC which of the following is not true:
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→ → →
A. AB + BC + CA = 0
→ → →
B. AB + BC - AC = 0
→ → →
C. AB + BC - CA = 0
→ → →
D. AB - CB + CA = 0
Solution 18:
→ → →
AB + BC = AC
→ → →
 AB + BC = - CA
→ → →
 AB + BC + CA = 0
→ → →
AB + BC = AC
→ → →
 AB + BC - AC = 0
→ → →
AB + BC + CA = 0
→ → →
AB - CB + CA = 0
→ → →
If AB + BC - CA = 0
→ →
AC = CA
→ →
 AC = - AC
→ →
 AC + AC = 0
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______________________________________________________________________________
→
 2 AC = 0
→
 AC = 0 , which is not true.
So, the equation given in option C is incorrect. The correct answer is C.
Question 19:
If a and b are two collinear vectors, then which of the following are incorrect?
A. b =  a , for some scalar λ
B. a =  b
C. the respective components of a and b are proportional
D. both the vectors a and b have same direction, but different magnitudes
Solution 19:
If a and b are collinear vectors, they are parallel.
b =  a (scalar  )
If λ = ±1, then a =  b
If a = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3kˆ and b = biˆ ˆ ˆ
1 + b2 j + b3k ,
(
b =  a  b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ =  a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3kˆ )
 b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3 kˆ = (  a1 ) iˆ + (  a2 ) ˆj + (  a3 ) kˆ
 b1 =  a1 , b2 =  a2 , b3 =  a3
b1 b2 b3
 = = =
a1 a2 a3
So, respective components of a and b are proportional.
But, a and b may have different directions.
So, the statement in D is incorrect.
The correct answer is D.
EXERCISE- 10.3
Question 1:
Find the angle between two vectors a and b with magnitudes 3 and 2, respectively having
a.b = 6
Solution 1:
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a = 3, b = 2, a.b = 6
 6 = 3  2  cos 
6
 cos  =
32
1
 cos  =
2

 =
4
Question 2:
Find the angle between the vectors iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ
Solution 2:
a = 12 + (−2)2 + 32 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14
b = 32 + ( −2 ) + 12 = 9 + 4 + 1 = 14
2
( )(
a.b = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ )
= 1.3 + ( −2 )( −2 ) + 3.1
= 3+ 4+3
= 10
10 = 14 14 cos 
10
 cos  =
14
5
  = cos −1  
7
Question 3:
Find the projection of the vector iˆ − ˆj on the vector iˆ + ˆj .
Solution 3:
a = iˆ − ˆj and b = iˆ + ˆj
projection of a on b is
1
b
( )
a.b =
1
1+1
1.1 + ( −1)(1) = 1 (1 − 1) = 0
2
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Question 4:
Find the projection of the vector iˆ + 3 ˆj + 7 kˆ on the vector 7iˆ − ˆj + 8kˆ .
Solution 4:
a = iˆ + 3 ˆj + 7 kˆ and b = 7iˆ − ˆj + 8kˆ .
projection of a on b is
1
( )
a.b =
1
1( 7 ) + 3 ( −1) + 7 (8) = 7 − 3 + 56 = 60
b 7 + ( −1) + 8
2 2 2 49 + 1 + 64 114
Question 5:
Show that each of the given three vectors is a unit vector which are mutually perpendicular to
each other.
1 ˆ
7
( ) (
1
7
1
) (
2i + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ , 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ , 6iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ
7
)
Solution 5:
a=
1 ˆ
7
( 2
) 3 6
2i + 3 ˆj + 6kˆ = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ ,
7 7 7
b=
1 ˆ
7
( 3
) 6 2
3i − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ,
7 7 7
c=
1 ˆ
7
( 6
) 2 3
6i + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ .
7 7 7
2 2 2
2 3 6 4 9 36
a =   +  +  = + + =1
7 7 7 49 49 49
2 2 2
3  6 2 9 36 4
b =   + −  +   = + + =1
7  7 7 49 49 49
2 2 2
6 2  3 36 4 9
c =   +   + −  = + + =1
7 7  7 49 49 49
So, each of the vectors is a unit vector.
2 3 3  −6  6 2 6 18 12
a.b =  +    +  = − + =0
7 7 7  7  7 7 49 49 49
3 6  −6  2 2  −3  18 12 6
b .c =  +    +    = − − =0
7 7  7  7 7  7  49 49 49
6 2 2 3  −3  6 12 6 18
c .a =  +  +    = + − =0
7 7 7 7  7  7 49 49 49
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So, the vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.
Question 6:
Find
( )( )
a and b , if a + b . a − b = 8 and a = 8 b .
Solution 6:
( a + b ) .( a − b ) = 8
 a.a − a.b + b .a − b .b = 8
→2 →2
 a − b =8
2
 → → 2
 8 b  − b = 8
 
→2 →2
 64 b − b = 8
→2
 63 b = 8
→2 8
 b =
63
→ 8
 b =
63
→ 2 2
 b =
3 7
→ → 8  2 2 16 2
a =8 b = =
3 7 3 7
Question 7:
(
Evaluate the product 3a − 5b . 2a + 7b)( )
Solution 7:
(3a − 5b ) .( 2a + 7b )
= 3a.2a + 3a.7b − 5b.2a − 5b.7b
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= 6a.a + 21a.b − 10a.b − 35b .b

2
= 6 a + 11a.b − 35 b
2
Question 8:
Find the magnitude of two vectors a and b , having the same magnitude and such that the angle
1
between them is 60° and their scalar product is
2
Solution 8:
Let θ be angle between a and b .
1
a = b , a.b = , and  =60
2
1
 = a b cos 60
2
1 1
 =a 
2
2 2
 a =1
2
 a = b =1
Question 9:
Find x , if for a unit vector a , ( x − a ) .( x + a ) = 12
Solution 9:
( x − a ).( x + a ) = 12
 x.x + x.a − a.x − a.a = 12
 x − a = 12
2 2
 x − 1 = 12
2
 x = 13
2
 x = 13
Question 10:
If a = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ and c = 3iˆ + ˆj are such that a + b is perpendicular to c ,
then find the value of  .
Solution 10:
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______________________________________________________________________________
( ) ( )
a + b = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ +  −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ = ( 2 −  ) iˆ + ( 2 + 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 +  ) kˆ
( a + b ) . c =0
( )
 ( 2 + − ) iˆ + ( 2 + 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 +  ) kˆ  . 3iˆ + ˆj = 0
 3 ( 2 −  ) + ( 2 + 2 ) + 0 ( 3 +  ) = 0
 6 − 3 + 2 + 2 = 0
 − + 8 = 0
 =8
Question 11:
Show that:
a b + b a is perpendicular to a b − b a
For any two nonzero vectors a and b
Solution 11:
( a b + b a ) .( a b − b a )
2
= a b .b − a b b .a + b a a.b − b a.a
2
2 2
= a b −b a
2 2
=0
Question 12:
If a.a = 0 and a.b = 0 , then what can be concluded above the vector b ?
Solution 12:
a .a = 0  a = 0  a = 0
2
 a is the zero vector.

Hence, any vector b can satisfy a.b = 0 .
Question 13:
If a , b , c are unit vectors such that a + b + c = 0 , find the value of a.b + b .c + c .a .
Solution 13:
( )( ) ( )
2 2
a + b + c = a + b + c . a + b + c = a + b + c + 2 a.b + b.c + c.a
2 2
(
 0 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 a.b + b .c + c .a )
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______________________________________________________________________________
−3
(
 a.b + b .c + c .a = ) 2
Question 14:
If either vector a = 0 or b = 0 , then a. b = 0. But the converse need not be true. Justify your
answer with an example.
Solution 14:
a = 2iˆ + 4jˆ + 3kˆ and b = 3iˆ + 3jˆ - 6k.
ˆ
a . b = 2.3 + 4.3 + 3( −6) = 6 + 12 − 18 = 0
a = 22 + 42 + 32 = 29
a 0
b = 32 + 32 + ( −6 ) = 54
2
b  0
So, the converse of the statement need not be true.
Question 15:
If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (–1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively,
→ →
then find ∠ ABC. [∠ ABC is the angle between the vectors BA and BC ]
Solution 15:
→
BA = {1 − ( −1)}iˆ + ( 2 − 0 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 0 ) kˆ = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
→
BC = {0 − ( −1)}iˆ + (1 − 0 ) ˆj + ( 2 − 0 ) kˆ = iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
( )( )
→ →
BA.BC = 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ . iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ = 2  1 + 2  1 + 3  2 = 2 + 2 + 6 = 10
→
BA = 22 + 22 + 32 = 4 + 4 + 9 = 17
→
BC = 1 + 1 + 22 = 6
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
→ → → →
BA.BC = BA BC cos ( ABC )
10 = 17  6 cos ( ABC )

10
 cos ( ABC ) =
17  6
 10 
 ( ABC ) = cos −1  
 102 
Question 16:
Show that the points A (1, 2, 7), B (2, 6, 3) and C (3, 10, –1) are collinear.
Solution 16:
→
AB = ( 2 − 1) iˆ + ( 6 − 2) ˆj + ( 3 − 7 ) kˆ = iˆ + 4 ˆj − 4kˆ
→
BC = ( 3 − 2) iˆ + (10 − 6) ˆj + ( −1 − 3) kˆ = iˆ + 4 ˆj − 4kˆ
→
AC = ( 3 −1) iˆ + (10 − 2 ) ˆj + ( −1 − 7 ) kˆ = 2iˆ + 8 ˆj − 8kˆ
→
AB = 12 + 42 + ( −4 ) = 1 + 16 + 16 = 33
2
→
BC = 12 + 42 + ( −4 ) = 1 + 16 + 16 = 33
2
→
AC = 22 + 82 + 82 = 4 + 64 + 64 = 2 33
→ → →
 AC = AB + BC
Hence, the points are collinear.
Question 17:
Show that the vectors 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ , iˆ − 3 ˆj − 5kˆ and 3iˆ − 4 ˆj − 4kˆ form the vertices of a right angled
triangle.
Solution 17:
→ → →
OA = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ, OB = iˆ − 3 ˆj − 5kˆ, OC = 3iˆ − 4 ˆj − 4kˆ
→
AB = (1 − 2) iˆ + ( −3 + 1) ˆj + ( −5 − 1) kˆ = −iˆ − 2 ˆj − 6kˆ
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
→
BC = ( 3 − 1) iˆ + ( −4 + 3) ˆj + ( −4 + 5 ) kˆ = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
→
CA = ( 2 − 3) iˆ + ( −1 + 4 ) ˆj + (1 + 4 ) kˆ = −iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ
→
AB = ( −1) + ( −2 ) + ( −6 ) = 1 + 4 + 36 = 41
2 2 2
→
BC = 22 + ( −1) + 12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6
2
→
AC = ( −1) + 32 + 52 = 1 + 9 + 25 = 35
2
→ 2 → 2 → 2
 BC + AC = 6 + 35 = 41 = AB
Hence, ∆ABC is a right triangle.
Question 18:
If a is a nonzero vector of magnitude ‘a’ and λ a nonzero scalar, then λ a is unit vector if
1
(A) λ = 1 (B) λ = –1 (C) a =  (D) a =

Solution 18:
a = 1
  a =1
1
 a =

1
a=

EXERCISE- 10.4
Question 1:
Find
a  b , if a = iˆ − 7 ˆj + 7kˆ and b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ
Solution 1:
We have,
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
a = iˆ − 7 ˆj + 7kˆ and b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ

iˆ ˆj kˆ
a b = 1 − 7 7
3 −2 2
= iˆ ( −14 + 14) − ˆj ( 2 − 21) + kˆ ( −2 + 21) = 19 ˆj + 19kˆ
 a b = (19) + (19) = 2  (19) = 19 2

2 2 2
Question 2:
Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector a + b and a − b , where
a = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ and b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
Solution 2:
a + b = 4iˆ + 4 ˆj , a − b = 2iˆ + 4kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
(a + b ) (a − b ) = 4 4 0 = iˆ (16 ) − ˆj (16 ) + kˆ ( −8) = 16iˆ − 16 ˆj − 8kˆ
2 0 4
(a + b ) (a − b ) = 162 + ( −16 ) + ( −8 )
2 2
= 2 2  82 + 2 2  82 + 8 2
= 8 22 + 22 + 1 = 8 9 = 8  3 = 24
So, the unit vector is
=
( a + b )  ( a − b ) =  16iˆ − 16 ˆj − 8kˆ
(a + b )  (a − b ) 24
2iˆ − 2 ˆj − kˆ 2 2ˆ 1ˆ
= =  iˆ j k
3 3 3 3
Question 3:
 
If a unit vector a makes an angle with iˆ, with ĵ and an acute angle  with k̂ , then find θ
3 4
and hence, the components of a
Solution 3:
a = a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3kˆ
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
a =1.
 a1
cos =
3 a
1
 = a1
2
 a
cos = 2
4 a
1
 = a2
2
a
cos = 3
a
 a3 = cos 
 a12 + a22 + a32 = 1
2
1  1 
2
  +  + cos 2  = 1
2  2 
1 1
 + + cos 2  = 1
4 2
3
 + cos 2  = 1
4
3 1
 cos 2  = 1 − =
4 4
1 
 cos  =   =
2 3
 1
 a3 = cos =
3 2
 1 1 1
So,  = and components of a are  , , 
3 2 2 2
Question 4:
Show that
(a − b ) (a + b ) = 2(a  b )
Solution 4:
(a − b ) (a + b )
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
( )
= a −b a + a −b b ( )
= a a −b a + a b −b b
= 0 + a b + a b − 0
= 2a  b
Question 5:
( ) (
Find λ and µ if 2iˆ + 6 ˆj + 27kˆ  iˆ +  ˆj +  kˆ = 0 )
Solution 5:
( 2iˆ + 6 ˆj + 27kˆ )  (iˆ +  ˆj +  kˆ ) = 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
2 6 27 = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ
1  
 iˆ ( 6 − 27 ) − ˆj ( 2 − 27 ) + kˆ ( 2 − 6 ) = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ
6  − 27 = 0
2 − 27 = 0
2 − 6 = 0
 =3
27
=
2
Question 6:
Given that
a.b = 0 and a  b = 0
What can you conclude about a and b ?
Solution 6:
a.b = 0
(i) a = 0 or b = 0 or a ⊥ b (if a  0 and b  0 )
a b = 0
(ii) a = 0 or b = 0 or a b (if a  0 and b  0 )
a and b cannot be perpendicular and parallel simultaneously.
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
So, a =0 or b = 0 .
Question 7:
Let the vectors a , b , c given as a1iˆ + a2 ˆj + a3kˆ, b1iˆ + b2 ˆj + b3kˆ, c1iˆ + c2 ˆj + c3kˆ
(
Then show that = a  b + c = a  b + a  c )
Solution 7:
(b + c ) = (b + c ) iˆ + (b + c ) ˆj + (b + c ) kˆ
1 1 2 2 3 3
iˆ ˆj kˆ
(
Now, a  b + c a1 ) a2 a3
b1 + c1 b2 + c2 b3 + c3
= iˆ  a2 ( b3 + c3 ) − a3 ( b2 + c2 )  − ˆj a1 ( b3 + c3 ) − a3 ( b1 + c1 ) + kˆ a1 ( b2 + c2 ) − a2 (b1 + c1 )

= iˆ  a2b3 + a2c3 − a3b2 − a3c2  + ˆj  −a1b3 − a1c3 + a3b1 + a3c1  + kˆ a1b2 + a1c2 − a2b1 − a2c1 
iˆ ˆj kˆ
a  b = a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
= iˆ  a2b3 − a3b2  + ˆj b1a3 − a1b3  + kˆ a1b2 − a2b1 

iˆ ˆj kˆ
a  c = a1 a2 a3
c1 c2 c3
= iˆ  a2c3 − a3c2  + ˆj a3c1 − a1c3  + kˆ a1b2 − a2b1 
( a  b ) + ( a  c ) = iˆ a b + a c − a b − a c  + ˆj b a + a c − a b − a c 
2 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 3
+ kˆ  a1b2 + a1c2 − a2b1 − a2c1 
( )
a  b + c = a b + a c
Hence proved.
Question 8:
If either a = 0 or b = 0, then a  b = 0 .
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
Is the converse true? Justify your answer with an example.

Solution 8:
Let a = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ, b = 4iˆ + 6 ˆj + 8kˆ , a  b = 0
iˆ ˆj kˆ
a b = 2 3 4 = iˆ ( 24 − 24 ) − ˆj (16 − 16 ) + kˆ (12 − 12 ) = 0iˆ + 0 ˆj + 0kˆ
4 6 8
a = 22 + 32 + 42 = 29
a  0
b = 42 + 62 + 82 = 116
b  0
Hence, converse of the statement need not be true.
Question 9:
Find the area of the triangle with vertices A (1, 1, 2), B (2, 3, 5) and C (1, 5, 5).
Solution 9:
→
AB = ( 2 − 1) iˆ + ( 3 − 1) ˆj + ( 5 − 2 ) kˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
→
BC = (1 − 2 ) iˆ + ( 5 − 3) ˆj + ( 5 − 5 ) kˆ = −iˆ + 2 ˆj
1 → →
Area = AB BC
2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
→ →
AB BC = 1 2 3 = iˆ ( −6 ) − ˆj ( 3) + kˆ ( 2 + 2 ) = −6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ
−1 2 0
→ →
 AB BC = ( −6 ) + ( −3) + 42 = 36 + 9 + 16 = 61
2 2
61
So, area of ∆ABC is sq units.
2
Question 10:
Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vector
a = iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ and b = 2iˆ − 7 ˆj + kˆ
Solution 10:
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
iˆ ˆj kˆ
a b = 1 −1 3 = iˆ ( −1 + 21) − ˆj (1 − 6 ) + kˆ ( −7 + 2 ) = 20iˆ + 5 ˆj − 5kˆ
2 −7 1
 a  b = 202 + 52 + 52 = 400 + 25 + 25 = 15 2
So, area of parallelogram is 15 2 sq units
Question 11:
2
Let the vectors a and b be such that a = 3 and b = , then a  b is a unit vector, if the
3
angle between a and b is
   
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 4 3 2
Solution 11:
a b =1
 a b sin  n = 1
 a b sin  = 1
2
 3  sin  = 1
3
1
 sin  =
2

 =
4
Question 12:
Area of a rectangle having vertices A, B, C, and D with position vectors
1 1 1 1
−iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ, iˆ + ˆj + 4kˆ, iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ and -iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ respectively is
2 2 2 2
1
(A) ( B) 1
2
(C) 2 (D) 4
Solution 12:
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
→
1 1
AB = (1 + 1) iˆ +  −  ˆj + ( 4 − 4 ) kˆ = 2iˆ
2 2
→
 1 1
BC = (1 − 1) iˆ +  − −  ˆj + ( 4 − 4 ) kˆ = − ˆj
 2 2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
→ →
AB  BC = 2 0 0 = kˆ ( −2 ) = −2kˆ
0 −1 0
→ →
 AB  BC = ( −2 ) =2
2
So, area of the rectangle is 2 square units.
Miscellaneous Exercise
Question 1:
Write down a unit vector in XY-plane, making an angle of 30° with the positive direction of x-
axis.
Solution 1:
Unit vector is r = cos  iˆ + sin  ˆj , where  is angle with positive X axis.
3ˆ 1 ˆ
r = cos 30 iˆ + sin 30 ˆj = i+ j
2 2
Question 2:
Find the scalar components and magnitude of the vector joining the points
P ( x1, y1, z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) .
Solution 2:
→
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj + ( z2 − z1 ) kˆ
→
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
Question 3:
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walks 3 km in a direction 30° east of north and stops.
Determine the girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure.
Solution 3:
→
OA = −4iˆ
→ → →
AB = iˆ AB cos 60 + ˆj AB sin 60
1 3
= iˆ3  + ˆj 3 
2 2
3 3 3 ˆ
= iˆ + j
2 2
→ → →
OB = OA + AB
3 
( )
= −4iˆ +  iˆ +
3 3 ˆj 

2 2 
 3 3 3 ˆ
=  −4 +  iˆ + j
 2 2
 −8 + 3  ˆ 3 3 ˆ
= i + j
 2  2
−5 ˆ 3 3 ˆ
= i+ j
2 2
Question 4:
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
If a = b + c , then is it true that a = b + c ?Justify your answer.
Solution 4:
→ → →
In  ABC, CB = a , CA = b , AB = c
a = b + c , by triangle law of addition for vectors.

a  b + c , by triangle inequality law of lengths.
Hence, it’s not true that a = b + c
Question 5:
( )
Find the value of x for which x iˆ + ˆj + kˆ is a unit vector
Solution 5:
( )
x iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = 1
 x2 + x2 + x2 = 1
 3x 2 = 1
 3x = 1
1
x=
3
Question 6:
Find a vector of magnitude 5 units, and parallel to the resultant of the vectors
a = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − kˆ and b = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ .
Solution 6:
c = a + b = ( 2 + 1) iˆ + ( 3 − 2 ) ˆj + ( −1 + 1) kˆ = 3iˆ + ˆj
 c = 32 + 12 = 9 + 1 = 10
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 cˆ =
c
=
(
3iˆ + ˆj )
c 10
So, a vector of magnitude 5 and parallel to the resultant of a and b is
 1 
5 ( cˆ ) = 5 
 10
( 
)
3iˆ + ˆj  = 
3 10 ˆ
2
i
10 ˆ
2
j
Question 7:
If a = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ , b = 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ and c = iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ,find a unit vector parallel to the vector
2a − b + 3c .
Solution 7:
( ) ( ) (
2a − b + 3c = 2 iˆ + ˆj + kˆ − 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ + 3 iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ )
= 2iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ − 2iˆ + j − 3kˆ + 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 3kˆ
= 3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ
2a − b + 3c = 32 + ( −3) + 22 = 9 + 9 + 4 = 22
2
So the required unit vector is

2a − b + 3c 3iˆ − 3 ˆj + 2kˆ 3 ˆ 3 ˆ 2 ˆ
= = i− j+ k.
2a − b + 3c 22 22 22 22
Question 8:
Show that the points A (1, –2, –8), B (5, 0, –2) and C (11, 3, 7) are collinear, and find the ratio
in which B divides AC.
Solution 8:
→
AB = ( 5 − 1) iˆ + ( 0 + 2 ) ˆj + ( −2 + 8 ) kˆ = 4iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ
→
BC = (11 − 5 ) iˆ + ( 3 − 0 ) ˆj + ( 7 + 2 ) kˆ = 6iˆ + 3 ˆj + 9kˆ
→
AC = (11 − 1) iˆ + ( 3 + 2 ) ˆj + ( 7 + 8 ) kˆ = 10iˆ + 5 ˆj + 15kˆ
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
→
AB = 42 + 22 + 62 = 16 + 4 + 36 = 56 = 2 14
→
BC = 62 + 32 + 92 = 36 + 9 + 81 = 126 = 3 14
→
AC = 102 + 52 + 152 = 100 + 25 + 225 = 350 = 5 14
→ → →
 AC = AB + BC
So, the points are collinear.
Let B divide AC in ratio  :1 .

→ →
→  OC + OA
OB =
(  + 1)
 5iˆ − 2kˆ =
( ) (
 11iˆ + 3 ˆj + 7kˆ + iˆ − 2 ˆj − 8kˆ )
 +1
( )
 (  + 1) 5iˆ − 2kˆ = 11iˆ + 3 ˆj + 7 kˆ + iˆ − 2 ˆj − 8kˆ
 5 (  + 1) iˆ − 2 (  + 1) kˆ = (11 + 1) iˆ + ( 3 − 2 ) ˆj + ( 7 − 8) kˆ
2
 =
3
So the ratio is 2 : 3
Question 9:
Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose
( ) ( )
position vectors are 2a + b and a-3b externally in the ratio 1: 2. Also, show that P is the
mid point of the line segment RQ.
Solution 9:
→ →
OP = 2a + b , OQ = a -3b .
→
OR =
( ) (
2 2a + b − a -3b ) = 4a + 2b - a -3b = 3a +5b
2 −1 1
So, the position vector of R is 3a + 5b
→ →
OQ + OR
Position vector of midpoint of RQ =
2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
=
( a-3b ) + (3a+5b )
2
= 2a + b
→
= OP
Thus, P is midpoint of line segment RQ.
Question 10:
The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 5kˆ and iˆ − 2 ˆj − 3kˆ .
Find the unit vector parallel to its diagonal. Also, find its area.
Solution 10:
Diagonal of a parallelogram is a + b
a + b = ( 2 + 1) iˆ + ( −4 − 2) ˆj + (5 − 3) kˆ = 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ
So, the unit vector parallel to diagonal is
a +b 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ 3 ˆ 6 ˆ 2 ˆ
= = = = i − j+ k.
a +b 3 + ( −6 ) + 2
2 2 2 9 + 36 + 4 7 7 7 7
iˆ ˆj kˆ
a b = 2 − 4 5
1 −2 −3
= iˆ (12 + 10) − ˆj ( −6 − 5) + kˆ ( −4 + 4)
= 22iˆ + 11 ˆj
(
= 11 2iˆ + ˆj )
 a + b = 11 22 +12 = 11 5
So, area of parallelogram is 11 5 sq units
Question 11:
1
Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are
3
1 1
, , .
3 3
Solution 11:
Let a vector be equally inclined to OX, OY, and OZ at an angle α.
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
So, the DCs of the vector are cos α, cos α, and cos α.
cos2  + cos2  + cos2  = 1
 3cos 2  = 1
1
 cos  =
3
1 1 1
So, the DCs of the vector are , , .
3 3 3
Question 12:
Let a = iˆ + 4 ˆj + 2kˆ and b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 7 kˆ and c = 2iˆ − ˆj + 4kˆ .Find a vector d which is
perpendicular to both a and b and c.d = 15
Solution 12:
d = d1iˆ + d2 ˆj + d3kˆ
d .a = 0  d1 + 4d2 + 2d3 = 0
d .b = 0  3d1 − 2d2 + 7d3 = 0
c.d = 15  2d1 − d2 + 4d3 = 15
Solving these equations, we get
160 5 70
d1 = , d 2 = − , d3 = −
3 3 3
d =
160 ˆ 5 ˆ 70 ˆ 1
3 3 3 3
(
i − j − k = 160iˆ − 5 ˆj − 70kˆ )
Question 13:
The scalar product of the vector iˆ + ˆj + kˆ with a unit vector along the sum of vectors
2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ and  iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ is equal to one. Find the value of  .
Solution 13:
( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ ) + ( iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ) = ( 2 +  ) iˆ + 6 ˆj − 2kˆ
So, unit vector along ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 5kˆ ) + ( iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ) is
( 2 +  ) iˆ + 6 ˆj − 2kˆ =
( 2 +  ) iˆ + 6 ˆj − 2kˆ =
( 2 +  ) iˆ + 6 ˆj − 2kˆ
( 2 +  ) + 62 + ( −2 ) 4 + 4 +  2 + 36 + 4  2 + 4 + 44
2 2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 ( 2 +  ) iˆ + 6 ˆj − 2kˆ 
( )
iˆ + ˆj + kˆ . 
  2
+  +
 =1

 4 44 

(2 +  ) + 6 − 2 = 1
 2 + 4 + 44
  2 + 4 + 44 =  + 6
  2 + 4 + 44 = (  + 6 )
2
  2 + 4 + 44 =  2 + 12 + 36
 8 = 8
  =1
Question 14:
If a , b , c are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vector a + b + c
is equally inclined to a , b and c .
Solution 14:
a.b = b.c = c.a = 0
a =b =c
Let a + b + c be inclined to a , b , c at angles 1 ,  2 , 3 respectively.
cos 1 =
( a + b + c ) .a = a.a + b.a + c.a = a
2
=
a
a +b +c a a +b +c a a +b +c a a +b +c
( a + b + c ) .b = a.b + b.b + c.b =

2
b b
cos 2 = =
a +b +c b a +b +c b a +b +c b a +b +c
os 3 =
( a + b + c ) .c = a.c + b.c + c.c = c
2
=
c
a +b +c c a +b +c c a +b +c c a +b +c
Since a = b = c , cos 1 = cos  2 = cos 3 , so 1 =  2 = 3
Question 15:
( )( )
2
Prove that, a + b . a + b = a + b if and only if a , b are perpendicular, given a  0, b  0
2
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
Solution 15:
( a + b ) .( a + b ) = a
2
+b
2
2
 a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b = a + b
2
2 2
 a + 2a.b + b = a + b
2 2
 2a.b = 0
 a.b = 0
So a and b are perpendicular.
Question 16:
If θ is the angle between two vectors a and b , then a.b  0 only when
 
(A) 0    (B) 0   
2 2
(C) 0     (D) 0    
Solution 16:
 a.b  0
 a b cos   0
 cos   0  a  0 and b  0 
 

 0  
2

a.b  0 if 0   
2
So the right answer is B
Question 17:
Let a and b be two unit vectors and θ is the angle between them. Then a + b is a unit vector if
   2
(A)  = (B)  = (C)  = (D)  =
4 3 2 3
Solution 17:
a = b =1
a +b =1
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
( )(
 a + b . a + b =1 )
 a.a + a.b + b .a + b .b = 1
2
 a + 2a.b + b = 1
2
 12 + 2 a b cos  + 12 = 1
 1 + 2.1.1cos  + 1 = 1
1
 cos  = −
2
2
 =
3
2
So, a + b is unit vector if  =
3
The correct answer is D.
Question 18:
( ) ( ) ( )
The value of iˆ. ˆj  kˆ + ˆj. iˆ  kˆ + kˆ. iˆ  ˆj is
(A)0 (B) -1 (C) 1 (D) 3
Solution 18:
( ) ( ) ( )
iˆ. ˆj  kˆ + ˆj. iˆ  kˆ + kˆ. iˆ  ˆj
( )
= iˆ.iˆ + ˆj. − ˆj + kˆ.kˆ
= 1−1+1
=1
The correct answer is C.
Question 19:
If θ is the angle between any two vectors a and b , then a.b = a  b when θ is equal to
 
(A)0 (B) (C) (D) n
4 2
Solution 19:
a.b = a  b
 a b cos  = a b sin 
Top tutor.
______________________________________________________________________________
 cos  = sin 
 tan  = 1

 =
4

So, a.b = a  b when θ equals to
4
The correct answer is B.
Top tutor.
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JAB SAARA INDIA

Scholarship Admission Test

548 268 1 OUT OF 3

Mumbai se Panchkula se Gurugram se Patiala se Maharashtra se Surat se

JEE Adv. NEET

157 Students 171 Students

12TH Boards 10TH Boards

Scholarship Admission Test

(v) Work is a scalar.

(i)Coinitial (ii) Equal (iii)Collinear but not equal

So, unit vector =

So, a vector parallel to 5iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ with magnitude 8 units is

(i) The position vector of R is

So, ABC is a right triangle.

So, the vectors are mutually perpendicular to each other.

= 6a.a + 21a.b − 10a.b − 35b .b

 a is the zero vector.

a . b = 2.3 + 4.3 + 3( −6) = 6 + 12 − 18 = 0

10 = 17  6 cos ( ABC )

Hence, the points are collinear.

Hence, ∆ABC is a right triangle.

a = iˆ − 7 ˆj + 7kˆ and b = 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ

= iˆ ( −14 + 14) − ˆj ( 2 − 21) + kˆ ( −2 + 21) = 19 ˆj + 19kˆ

 a b = (19) + (19) = 2  (19) = 19 2

= iˆ  a2 ( b3 + c3 ) − a3 ( b2 + c2 )  − ˆj a1 ( b3 + c3 ) − a3 ( b1 + c1 ) + kˆ a1 ( b2 + c2 ) − a2 (b1 + c1 )

= iˆ  a2b3 − a3b2  + ˆj b1a3 − a1b3  + kˆ a1b2 − a2b1 

= iˆ  a2c3 − a3c2  + ˆj a3c1 − a1c3  + kˆ a1b2 − a2b1 

+ kˆ  a1b2 + a1c2 − a2b1 − a2c1 

Is the converse true? Justify your answer with an example.

So, area of parallelogram is 15 2 sq units

So, area of the rectangle is 2 square units.

If a = b + c , then is it true that a = b + c ?Justify your answer.

a = b + c , by triangle law of addition for vectors.

Hence, it’s not true that a = b + c

So the required unit vector is

So, the points are collinear.

Let B divide AC in ratio  :1 .

Let a + b + c be inclined to a , b , c at angles 1 ,  2 , 3 respectively.

( a + b + c ) .b = a.b + b.b + c.b =

Since a = b = c , cos 1 = cos  2 = cos 3 , so 1 =  2 = 3

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