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Optical Multidimensional Coherent
Spectroscopy
Optical Multidimensional
Coherent Spectroscopy
H EB I N L I
Florida International University

B A C H A N A L O M S A DZ E
Santa Clara University

G A L A N MO O D Y
University of California Santa Barbara

C H R IST O P H ER L . S M A LLW O O D
San Jose State University

ST E V EN T. C U N D I F F
University of Michigan
 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Hebin Li, Bachana Lomsadze, Galan Moody, Christopher L. Smallwood,
and Steven T. Cundiff 2023
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023930434
ISBN 978–0–19–284386–9
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192843869.001.0001
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
We dedicate this book to our families who had to put up with our absence while we
wrote it.
Preface

Ultrashort optical pulses, with duration ranging from a few picoseconds down to a few
femtoseconds, have been used to study dynamics in matter since pulsed lasers were
first developed in the 1960s. Indeed, this research area has been one of the drivers
for improvements in the field ultrafast optics, such as reductions in pulse duration.
The field of using ultrashort light pulses to probe dynamical processes in matter is
generally known as “ultrafast spectroscopy.”
Beginning in the late 1990s, the field of ultrafast spectroscopy underwent a rev-
olution due to the introduction of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy based on
concepts originally developed in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Given their
power, multidimensional coherent methods are becoming the dominant ultrafast spec-
troscopic techniques.
This book presents optical multidimensional coherent spectroscopy methods and
their application to systems and materials that fall primarily within the field of physics.
The systems include atomic vapors and solids—particularly semiconductors and semi-
conductor nanostructures. Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy in the infrared and
visible spectral regions has been more extensively used to study molecules. As the ap-
plication of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy to molecular systems has been
covered by other books, we have chosen to not repeat that coverage here. Rather, we
seek to broaden the coverage by addressing applications that are largely not covered
elsewhere.
We begin by providing an introduction of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy
for researchers in all fields, whether or not they have a background in ultrafast spect-
roscopy, or even in optical spectroscopy more generally. We then focus on the use of
the technique to probe systems that are primarily of interest in the fields of physics
and materials science. Our goal is to illustrate the information that multidimensional
coherent spectroscopy can provide and its advantages over other methods. To do so,
we focus on several exemplary materials, but also aim to illustrate the technique’s
broader applicability.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge all of those individuals who have worked or collaborated with us on de-
veloping and using multidimensional coherent spectroscopy including Diogo Almeida,
Travis Autry, Wan Ki Bae, Manfred Bayer, Camelia Borca, Alan Bristow, Xingcan
Dai, Matthew Day, Denis Karaiskaj, Irina Kuznetsova, Xiaoqin (Elaine) Li, Albert
Liu, Torsten Meier, Richard Mirin, Eric Martin, Shaul Mukamel, Gaël Nardin, Lazaro
Padilha, Marten Richter, Mark Siemens, Kevin Silverman, Rohan Singh, Bo Sun,
Takeshi Suzuki, Peter Thomas, Andreas Wieck and Tianhao Zhang. STC would like
to acknowledge the sustained funding for research on this topic from the DOE Atomic,
Molecular and Optical Science program and NSF funding through the JILA Physics
Frontier Center.
Table of symbols

Symbol Description Section

A cross-sectional interaction area 3.1
a0 Bohr radius 5.3
aB exciton Bohr radius 9.1
B̂/B̂ † exciton annihilation/creation operator 5.3
C probability amplitude 1.4
Ci ith London dispersion coefficient 5.3
c speed of light in vacuum 1
D spatial diffusion coefficient 1.3
Dα (x, y, z) double-sided Feynman diagram equation 3.1
E(t) total electric field in the time domain 1.2
Ê(t) complex-valued, slowly varying component of E(t) 1.2
Ẽ(t) phasor description of E 2.3.3
E0 real-valued electric field amplitude 1.2
EB biexciton energy 9.1
Ee single-particle electron energy 9.1
Eh single-particle hole energy 9.1
En energy difference between two quantum states 1
Esignal radiated electric field from polarization 2.3.3
EX exciton energy 9.1
F{...} Fourier transform operation 1.2
E(ω) total electric field in the frequency domain 1.2
E0 electric field pulse area 1.2
f0 comb offset frequency 6.1
fCE carrier-envelope offset frequency 4.4
fn frequency of nth comb tooth 6.1
frep laser repetition rate 4.4
G(ω) Fourier transform of g(t) into the frequency domain 3.2
g(t) Gaussian distribution function in the time domain 3.10
H Hamiltonian operator of a system 1.4
H0 unperturbed Hamiltonian operator of a system 1.4
h Planck’s constant, h = 6.62607015 × 10−34 J·s 1
ℏ reduced Planck constant, ℏ = h/2π 1.4
I optical intensity 1.2
ISI spectral interferogram intensity 4.3
I electric field power spectrum in the frequency domain 1.2
Jmn one-exciton coupling strength between excitons m and n 5.3
Kmn two-exciton coupling parameter 5.3
x Table of symbols

k wavevector of light, k = 2π/λ 1.1

L sample length 1.3
LB potential barrier width 9.1
Lc laser cavity length 6.1
Lmin minimum potential barrier width for confinement 9.1
mc conduction band effective mass 7.1
me electron mass 7.1
mhh heavy hole band effective mass 7.1
mlh light hole valence band effective mass 7.1
N integer number pulses, data points, etc. 4.4
N particle density 5
Np number of particles 5.4
n refractive index 1.1
⟨Ô⟩ expectation value of operator Ô 1.4
P dielectric polarization density 1.1
Pψ probability of being in state |ψ⟩ 1.4
Q(x) probability distribution function 3.2
R inter-atomic separation distance 5.3
rc correlation parameter 6.4
T delay between second and third pulses 1.3
T0 optical transmission 1.3
T1 excited state population lifetime 3.1
T2 excited/ground state coherence time 3.1
T2∗ ensemble dephasing time 3.2
Trep laser repetition period 4.4
t signal emission time 1.3
V interaction Hamiltonian 1.4
V (R) long-range atomic interaction potential 5.4
V0 potential barrier height 9.1
vgr group velocity 6.1
vph phase velocity 6.1
vs translation stage velocity 4.4
W population inversion between quantum states 1.4
Xhh heavy hole exciton 7.1
Xlh light hole exciton 7.1
α0 absorption coefficient 1.3
β optical frequency chirp parameter 1.2
∆1 singly excited state interaction shift 6.4
∆2 doubly excited state interaction shift 6.4
∆B biexciton binding energy 9.1
∆T change in optical transmission 1.3
 Table of symbols xi

∆ϕce carrier-envelope phase-slip 6.1

∆X exciton binding energy 7.1
δ(t) Dirac delta function 2.3.1
δt temporal intensity pulse duration 1.2
δte temporal intensity e−1 half width 1.2
δte2 temporal intensity e−2 half width 1.2
δtFWHM temporal intensity full-width at half maximum 1.2
δU spectral intensity bandwidth in energy 1.2
δα0 change in absorption coefficient 1.3
δκ spectral intensity bandwidth in wavenumbers 1.2
δλ spectral intensity bandwidth in wavelength 1.2
δν spectral intensity bandwidth in frequency 1.2
δω spectral intensity bandwidth in angular frequency 1.2
δωe spectral intensity e−1 half width 1.2
δωe2 spectral intensity e−2 half width 1.2
δωFWHM spectral intensity full-width at half maximum 1.2
ϵ0 vacuum permittivity 3.1
Γ relaxation operator 1.4
Γ10 excited state population decay rate 3.1
Γgr grating relaxation rate 1.3
Γpop population relaxation rate 1.3
γ dephasing rate / homogeneous linewidth 1.3
γ10 excited/ground state decoherence rate 3.1
γij imaginary part of resonance frequency between states i and j 2.3.1
γ ph pure dephasing rate 1.4
γt single quantum dephasing rate 6.4
γτ double quantum dephasing rate 6.4
Θ(x) Heaviside step function 1.3
θ angle between beams 1 and 2 1.3
ϑ Bloch sphere polar angle 1.5
Λ spatial grating period 1.3
λ wavelength of light in vacuum 1
µ electric dipole moment 1.4
ν frequency of light 1
ν∗ difference frequency between signal and CW reference laser 4.4
π mathematical constant π ≈ 3.1415 1.1
ρ density matrix operator 1.4
σ N -particle spectral distribution width 3.2
τ delay between first and second pulses 1.3
τex two-level transition excited-state lifetime 1.3
χ electric susceptibility 1.1
xii Table of symbols

ϕ optical phase 1.2

ϕS,R phase of signal/reference electric field 4.3
φ Bloch sphere azimuthal angle 1.5
|ψ⟩ quantum mechanical wave function 1.4
Ωij complex resonance frequency between states i and j 2.3.1
Ωr Rabi frequency 1.4
ω optical angular frequency 1.2
ω0 resonant angular frequency of an optical transition 3.2.1
ωc carrier angular frequency of a laser 1.2
ωij real part of resonance frequency between states i and j 2.3.1
ωt frequency conjugate to emission time, t 3.1
ωτ frequency conjugate to coherence time, τ 3.1
Table of acronyms

Acronym Description
2DCS two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy
2DES two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy
AOM acousto-optic modulator
BS beamsplitter
◦
C degrees Celsius
c.c. complex conjugate
CAD computer-aided design
CB conduction Band
CCD charge-coupled device
CP compensation plate
CQD colloidal quantum dot
CVD chemical vapor deposition
CW continuous wave
DBR distributed Bragg reflector
DCM dichroic mirror
DCS dual-comb spectroscopy
DDS direct-digital synthesizer
DFT discrete Fourier transform
DQW double quantum well
DSP digital signal processor
EID excitation induced dephasing
EIS excitation induced shift
ESE excited-state emission
FFT fast Fourier transform
FPGA field programmable gate array
FTIR Fourier-transform infrared
FWHM full-width at half-maximum
GNE gold nanoelectrode
GSB ground-state bleaching
HeNe helium-neon
hh heavy hole
HWP half-wave plate
IFQD interface fluctuation quantum dots
IR infrared
lh light hole
LO local oscillator
LP lower polariton
xiv Table of acronyms

MAPI Methylammonium Lead Iodide

MBE molecular beam epitaxy
MDCS multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy
MONSTR multidimensional optical nonlinear spectrometer
MQC multi-quantum coherence
NA numerical aperture
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
NW narrow well
OD optical density
PBS polarizing beamsplitter
PL photoluminescence
PLE photoluminescence excitation
PZT piezoelectric transducer
QD quantum dot
QW quantum well
RBM radial breathing mode
RF radio frequency
SAQD self-assembled quantum dot
SERS surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SNR signal-to-noise ratio
SR-TFWM spectrally resolved transient four-wave mixing
STM scanning tunneling microscope
SWNT single-walled carbon nanotube
TBP time-bandwidth product
TC lock-in amplifier time constant
TCS tri-comb spectroscopy
TFWM transient four-wave mixing
TI-TFWM time-integrated transient four-wave mixing
TMD Transition Metal Dichalcogenide
Tr trace of a linear operator
TR-TFWM time-resolved transient four-wave mixing
UP upper polariton
VB valence band
WW wide well
ZPL zero phonon line
Contents

1 Basics of ultrafast spectroscopy 1

1.1 Basics of spectroscopy: linear versus nonlinear 2
1.2 Ultrashort pulses 6
1.3 Ultrafast nonlinear/coherent spectroscopy 10
1.4 The density matrix 15
1.5 Bloch sphere representation of quantum states 20
2 Introduction to multidimensional coherent spectroscopy 23
2.1 Concepts of multidimensional coherent spectroscopy 24
2.2 Spectrum classification 29
2.3 Density matrix formalism and double-sided Feynman diagrams 32
2.4 Phase matching 43
2.5 Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy 44
3 Interpretation of multidimensional coherent spectra 45
3.1 Isolated two-level system 45
3.2 Inhomogeneously broadened ensemble of two-level systems 49
3.3 Coherent coupling signatures 55
3.4 Incoherent coupling signatures 57
3.5 Doubly excited states and many-body interactions 58
3.6 Double-quantum spectra 62
3.7 Zero-quantum spectra 65
3.8 Three-dimensional coherent spectroscopy 67
3.9 Nonrephasing pathways and purely absorptive spectra 67
3.10 Finite-pulse effects 68
4 Experimental implementations 77
4.1 Experimental requirements and considerations 77
4.2 Overview of experimental approaches 80
4.3 Actively stabilized box geometry 81
4.4 Phase modulated collinear geometry 89
4.5 Comparison of different approaches 97
4.6 Data analysis 97
5 Multidimensional coherent spectroscopy of atomic ensembles 101
5.1 Single- and zero-quantum 2D spectra of atomic vapors 102
5.2 MDCS in optically thick samples 108
5.3 Probing many-body interactions with double-quantum 2D spect-
roscopy 112
xvi Contents

5.4 Probing many-body correlations with multi-quantum 2D spect-

roscopy 121
6 Frequency comb-based multidimensional coherent
spectroscopy 127
6.1 Introduction to frequency combs and dual-comb spectroscopy 128
6.2 Frequency comb-based four-wave-mixing spectroscopy 130
6.3 Frequency comb-based single-quantum 2D spectroscopy 135
6.4 Frequency comb-based double-quantum 2D spectroscopy 139
6.5 Tri-comb spectroscopy 144
7 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum
wells 151
7.1 Introduction to semiconductor optics 152
7.2 Many-body signatures in one-quantum 2D spectra 154
7.3 Many-body signatures in double- and multi-quantum 2D spectra 161
7.4 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of coupled quantum wells 165
7.5 Quantum well exciton-polaritons in microcavities 168
8 Three-dimensional coherent spectroscopy 171
8.1 Fifth-order 3D infrared spectroscopy 172
8.2 Fifth-order 3D electronic spectroscopy 173
8.3 Third-order 3D electronic spectroscopy 174
8.4 3D coherent frequency domain spectroscopy 191
9 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum
dots 193
9.1 Optical and electronic properties of quantum dots 193
9.2 2D coherent spectroscopy of GaAs quantum dots 197
9.3 2D spectroscopy of self-assembled In(Ga)As quantum dots 202
9.4 Coherent control of quantum dots 205
9.5 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of colloidal quantum dots 207
10 Two-dimensional spectroscopy of atomically thin 2D
materials 213
10.1 Introduction to 2D materials 213
10.2 Homogeneous linewidth in 2D materials 214
10.3 Valley coherence and coupling in 2D materials 217
11 Other applications of multi-dimensional coherent spectroscopy
in Physics 223
11.1 Semiconducting carbon nanotubes 223
11.2 Color centers in diamond 225
11.3 Perovskite materials 228
12 New trends in multidimensional coherent spectroscopy 235
12.1 Broadening the spectral range: from terahertz to x-rays 235
12.2 Improving the spatial resolution 237
 Contents xvii

12.3 Multidimensional spectroscopy with quantum light 239

12.4 Photoemission-detected MDCS 240
Figure Credits 243
References 245
Index 279
1
Basics of ultrafast spectroscopy

Starting from Issac Newton’s use of a prism to observe the spectrum of sunlight, optical
spectroscopists have been striving to further our understanding of matter by studying
how it absorbs and emits light. Spectroscopic techniques remained fundamentally un-
changed for centuries compared to Newton’s method. Light was dispersed by a prism
or diffraction grating and the intensity was measured as a function of angle, which can
be mapped into wavelength. Changes in the spectral intensity can be related to either
inherent properties of the source or the light passing through a medium that absorbs
at specific wavelengths. The absorption or emission wavelength can be converted to a
frequency through c = λν where c is the speed of light, λ is the wavelength of the light
and ν is its frequency. Using the quantum mechanical relation between energy, En , and
frequency, En = hν, where h is Planck’s constant, the frequency can be understood
as the energy difference between two quantum states such as electronic or vibrational
states.
Before the invention of the laser, spectroscopic measurements were all performed in
the linear regime where the material properties are independent of the intensity of the
light. In this regime the electric field of the light is weak compared to the internal fields
of the atom or molecule. A laser can produce light that is no longer weak compared to
the internal fields of an atom or molecule, thus the invention of the laser brought the
field of optical spectroscopy into a new era of nonlinear spectroscopy. In the nonlinear
regime, the material properties are no longer independent of the light intensity, signals
scale with a higher power of the laser intensity, and two laser beams can interact in a
sample. For instance, a strong pump beam can saturate an absorption resonance and
thus increase the transmission of a weaker probe beam. Also, wave-mixing of multiple
light fields in the sample can lead to a signal beam with an entirely new direction and
frequency.
Optical spectroscopic measurements can also be made not as a function of wave-
length but rather of time. Time-domain spectroscopy is analogous to the idea of a stro-
boscope, in that short flashes of light can capture stop-action images of ultrafast dy-
namics such as a chemical reaction or charge carriers relaxing in a solid. Measurements
made in the time domain using laser pulses can be converted into frequency-domain
spectra using a Fourier transform. In general, the time-domain spectra can be func-
tions of multiple time delays, so the resulting frequency-domain spectra are functions
of multiple frequencies and thus are multidimensional. The concept of multidimen-
sional Fourier transform spectroscopy was developed in nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) [108] and is now transforming the field of ultrafast laser spectroscopy.
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“It will be better to take yours, even if we are a little crowded, than to
go to a public place, and cause comment. We shall manage. Can
your horse travel fast?” asked the detective.
“Fairly so. It is only five miles to Denville.”
They were soon on their way through the gathering darkness, for it
was now fall, and the sun went down early.
“I only hope he stays at the hotel until we arrive,” murmured Mr.
Roscoe. “I never was after such a slippery fellow as he is. Every time
I thought I had him he was somewhere else.”
The last mile seemed the longest of all, and Dan thought some one
must have pulled up the marking stone, and set it down about twice
as far ahead as it ought to be. But at last they came in sight of the
village of Denville, and a little later they arrived at the hotel.
“You had better let me go ahead,” suggested the detective. “I am
used to this part of the game. If he saw you he might make a bolt to
escape before I could prevent him.”
Accordingly, after leaving the horse and carriage under the hotel
shed, Dan and Mr. Harrison remained in the shadow on the hotel
porch, while Mr. Roscoe went inside. He came out in a few
moments.
“Galt is in the barroom, playing cards,” he announced. “I am going in
and arrest him. You had better stay at the front door, Mr. Harrison,
and make a grab if he comes out that way. Dan, you go around back,
and get one of the stablemen to help you, if he makes a bolt out that
way. I will wait three minutes for you to get there, and place
yourself.”
Dan hurried around to the rear, and enlisted the services of a stout
Irish groom, briefly explaining what was about to take place.
Mr. Roscoe entered the barroom. At a table was Galt, dealing cards
to a number of men. Among them was a rather poorly dressed
individual, somewhat the worse for liquor.
No one paid any attention to the detective. Mr. Roscoe walked
quietly up to the table and, looking at Galt said:
“I want you to come with me.”
“Well, I like your impudence!” exclaimed the man. “Who are you?
And why should I go with you?”
“I would have explained privately if you had taken my hint,” said the
officer suggestively. “I am a detective, and I place you under arrest
for the robbery of the house of Dr. Maxwell, and the store of Hank
Lee.”
Galt jumped to his feet. Before he could make a move the detective
had snapped a pair of handcuffs on his wrists.
“Now, I want you also,” he added, turning to the shabbily dressed
man.
“Wan’ me? Wha’ fer?” was the stupid inquiry.
“As the accomplice in these robberies,” and the partly intoxicated
man was also handcuffed.
As might be expected the arrest created intense excitement. Men
crowded around the detective and his prisoners, but Mr. Harrison
who had been watching through the glass door, entered quickly and
took charge of the semi-intoxicated person, while Mr. Roscoe
managed Galt.
Then Dan, who heard the commotion, and saw that no escape was
being attempted, went in. At Mr. Roscoe’s suggestion the boy
telephoned to the police of Denville, a couple of officers arrived, and
the two prisoners were soon in the town lock-up.
“We will take them to Hayden in the morning,” said the detective.
“Well, I’m glad this job is over.”
“So am I!” exclaimed Dan joyfully. “My innocence can now be
proved.”
Amid great excitement the prisoners were brought to Hayden early
the following day. The news spread like wildfire that the men who
robbed Hank Lee’s store had been captured. A big crowd gathered
at the jail.
“So they’ve got th’ rascals, eh?” asked Hank, when some one told
him. “I’ll go have a look at ’em. Did they say Dan Hardy was one of
their gang?”
“I don’t know,” replied the man who brought the news.
Hank lost no time in going to the jail. The prisoners were just being
taken to cells. Hank gave one look at the poorly dressed man, and
exclaimed:
“Simon!”
“Oh, is that you?” asked the man. “Hello, Hank! You ain’t goin’ t’
prosecute your own brother, fer takin’ a few cigars, are you?”
“Brother? Are you his brother?” asked Mr. Harrison of the prisoner.
“That’s what I am. I’m his own brother, Simon Lee.”
“My good-for-nothing brother you mean!” exclaimed Hank. “I disown
you! You’ve disgraced me! To think of your being a robber,” and he
was much chagrined.
“Oh, I didn’t do it all. Galt did the most of it. I only helped.”
“Poor weak fool,” murmured Galt, who seemed cool enough under
the circumstances.
We need not further concern ourselves with the burglars except to
say that they both confessed to robbing the doctor’s house, and Mr.
Lee’s store.
There were three in the gang, but the third member was never
caught. It was also learned that the men Dan had seen that night
were the burglars, and they were hiding the doctor’s silverware,
which they afterward removed.
Simon Lee, it appeared, was a man with a weak nature. He had
fallen into criminal ways, been associated with Galt, and then had
tried to reform. For a time Galt had lost track of him, and then,
learning he had a brother who kept a store in Hayden, he had hunted
out the small village, and, on a threat of disclosing a certain crime in
which Simon was concerned, had compelled the fellow to join him in
other illegal acts. They had planned a robbery in Denville but were
arrested before they could accomplish it.
Part of Dr. Maxwell’s silver was recovered, but Hank Lee never got
any of his money back. Both burglars were sentenced to long terms
in prison and there was never any occasion for putting Dan on trial.
“Well, that turned out well, but I am sorry for those men—sorry for
their evil ways,” said the old soldier to Dan, one day, toward the
beginning of winter, when they were in their new cottage, near the
completed machine shop.
“Yes, I feel as if a load had been lifted from my shoulders,” replied
the boy.
“I never had any doubt about the outcome, but I am glad you were
so completely and quickly vindicated. It was quite a shock to Hank
Lee, to find his own brother had robbed him. But, Dan, I want to talk
about something pleasanter now. I have a proposition to make to
you. I have been observing you for some time, and I have made up
my mind, if you will consent to it, that I will adopt you as my son.”
“Your son?”
“Yes. I am all alone in the world, and so are you. Why should we not
always be together?”
“It is too good of you!”
“Nonsense. It will give me something more to live for. Then you
agree?”
“Oh yes, and thank you so much!” and Dan’s face showed his
pleasure.
“Then I will have the papers drawn up at once. Now another matter,
—I have decided to send you to school, and, if you like, to college.
There is nothing in this world like education, and the best use I can
put some of my money to is to enable you to rise in life.”
“Oh, Mr. Harrison. I never expected this!”
“Nor did I expect my legacy. It is good luck for both of us.”
And so it proved. Dan acquitted himself well at school, and if you
should go to Hayden now you would find it quite a thriving town, with
a large machine shop, of which Dan Hardy, no longer a farm boy, is
the head, having succeeded to all Mr. Harrison’s interests when that
good soldier became too old to take an active part. And here we will
leave Dan Hardy and his friends, for he has many.
THE END
 TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been
standardized.
Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.
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