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MODULE – 2
Kinds of Information Systems:

TYPES OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

1. Transaction Processing System (TPS)
2. Management Information System (MIS)
3. Decision Support System (DSS)
4. Executive Information System (EIS)
5. Expert System (ES)
6. Office Automation System

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Decision-Making Levels of an Organization

Executive level (top)
Long-term decisions
Unstructured decisions
Managerial level (middle)
Decisions covering weeks and months
Semi-structured decisions
Operational level (bottom)
Day-to-day decisions
Structured decisions

Decision-Making Levels of an Organization

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Three level pyramid model based on the type of

decisions taken at different levels in the organization

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

• Transaction Processing System are operational-level systems at the bottom of the
pyramid.
• They are usually operated directly by shop floor workers or front line staff, which
provide the key data required to support the management of operations.
• This data is usually obtained through the automated or semiautomated tracking of
low-level activities and basic transactions

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TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

• Transaction = an event that generates or modifies data
• Used at Operational level of the organization
• Processes business events and transactions to produce reports
• Goal: to automate repetitive information processing activities within organizations
• Increases speed
• Increases accuracy
• Greater efficiency
• Supports the monitoring, collection, storage, processing, and dissemination of the
organization’s basic business transactions Mainly includes accounting and financial
transactions. Mainly used for providing other information systems with data.

TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

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TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

Role of TPS
Produce information for other systems
Cross boundaries (internal and external)
Used by operational personnel + supervisory levels
Efficiency oriented
Examples
Payroll processing
Sales and order processing
Inventory management
Accounts payable and receivable

OBJECTIVES OF TPS
• Efficient and effective operation of the organization
• Provide timely documents and reports
• Increases the competitive advantage
• Provides necessary data for tactical and strategic systems such as DSS
• Provide a framework for analyzing an organization’s activities

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TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM

OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

• Office automation is the integration of computer, telecommunications and office
equipment technologies to improve the execution of business functions through
increasing the productivity, effectiveness and working conditions of office support.
• The concept of office automation encompasses the application of computer and
communication technology to improve the productivity of all types of office workers
including clerical, administrative, professional and executive.

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OFFICE AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

• Help people perform personal record keeping, writing, and calculations efficiently Aim is
to improve the productivity of managers at various levels of management by providing
secretarial assistance and better communication facilities.
• Main types of tools include:
• Spreadsheet programs
• Text & image processing systems
• Presentation packages
• Personal database systems and note-taking systems
Examples:
• Communicating and scheduling
• Document preparation
• Analyzing data
• Consolidating information

COMPONENTS OF OFFICE AUTOMATION

SYSTEM AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
COMPONENT & FUNCTION
1. Word Processing: Facilitates the preparation of typed documents
2. Electronic Mail : Allows typed messages to be transmitted electronically
3. Voice Mail : Allows spoken messages to be transmitted electronically
4. Facsimile : Allows documents to be transmitted electronically
5. Teleconferencing : Allows bringing together of participants electronically without
travel
6. Telecommuting : Allows employees to work from home
7. Computer Terminals : Provide access to other components of the automated office
8. Micrographics : Stores documents on microfilm for ease of storage and retrieval

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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Refers to the data, equipment and computer programs that are used to
develop information for managerial use
• Converts raw data from transaction processing system into meaningful
form
• Focus on the information requirements of low to middle level managers

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM

Role of MIS
• Based on internal information flows
• Support relatively structured decisions
• Inflexible and have little analytical capacity
• Used by lower and middle managerial levels
• Deals with the past and present rather than the future
• Efficiency oriented
Some examples of MIS
• Sales management systems
• Inventory control systems
• Budgeting systems
• Management Reporting Systems (MRS)
• Personnel (HRM) systems

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OBJECTIVES OF MIS
• Provide summary information of organisational activity at periodical intervals
• Operational control and efficiency
• Focus on internal information
• Useful to structured decisions

FUNCTIONS OF MIS

FUNCTIONS OF A MIS IN TERMS OF DATA PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS

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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

• A Decision Support System can be seen as a knowledge based system, used by senior
managers, which facilitates the creation of knowledge and allow its integration into
the organization.
• These systems are often used to analyze existing structured information and allow
managers to project the potential effects of their decisions into the future.
• Such systems are usually interactive and are used to solve ill structured problems.
• They offer access to databases, analytical tools, allow "what if" simulations, and may
support the exchange of information within the organization.

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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

• Refers to systems which support the process of decision-making dealing with
unstructured problems
• May be defined as the “what-if” approach that assists management in formulating
policies and projecting the likely consequences of decisions
• Considered as an extension of MIS
• An effective blend of human intelligence, information technology and software
• Provides strategic information

FUNCTIONS OF A DSS
• DSS manipulate and build upon the information from a MIS and/or TPS to generate
insights and new information

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DSS

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)

• More and more, companies are turning to groups and teams to get work done.
Hours upon hours are spent in meetings, in group collaboration, in communicating
with many people.
• To help groups make decisions, a new category of systems was developed—the
group decision support system (GDSS)

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USE OF GDSS IN INDUSTRIES

• Preplanning: A clear-cut agenda of the topics for the meeting.
• Open, collaborative meeting atmosphere: Free flow of ideas and communications
without any of the attendees feeling shy about contributing.
• Evaluation objectivity: Reduces “office politics” and the chance that ideas will be
dismissed because of who presented them instead of what was presented.
• Documentation: Clear communication about what took place and what decisions
were made by the group.
• Preservation of “organizational memory”: Even those unable to attend the meeting
will know what took place; great for geographically separated team members.

Group System Tools

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Goals of GDSS
Mitigate the Problems of Group Work:
• Social pressures of conformity may result in “groupthink”.
• Lack of co-ordination of work and poor planning of meetings.
• Inappropriate influence of group dynamics.
• Tendency of group members to rely on others to do most of the work.
• Tendency toward compromised solutions of poor quality.
• Social “loafing”
• Tendency to repeat what was already said.
• Larger costs of making decisions.
• Tendency of group to take riskier decisions than they should.
• Incomplete or inappropriate use of information.
• Inappropriate representation in group.

Goals of GDSS
Accentuate the Benefits of Group Work:
• Groups are better than individuals at understanding problems.
• Groups are better than individuals at catching errors.
• A group has more knowledge/information than any one member.
• Working in a group may stimulate the participants and the process.
• The participation of the members in a decision means less likelihood to resist
implementation.
• People are accountable for the decisions that they participate in.

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Goals of GDSS
Support Multiple Group Processes:
• Provide methods that aid the decision and judgment process.
• Provide access to rules that will aid the choice between alternatives.
• Provide methods for reconciling conflict.

Limitations of GDSS
• Perhaps the greatest drawback to a GDSS is that it requires participants to type in
their ideas, comments and criticisms. Most people are used to meetings based on
oral discussions. Even if they have adequate typing skills, a GDSS can inhibit some
managers.
• Along the same lines, in a traditional meeting, only one person speaks at a time, and
everyone concentrates on the same issue at the same time. With a GDSS your focus
is continually drawn to the many different comments and discussions taking place at
the same time. People who type rapidly and fit from topic to topic will find that they
can dominate the discussions.
• In terms of costs, maintaining a separate meeting room with networked computers
can be expensive. Unless the facility is used on a regular basis, the computers will be
idle a great deal of then time. When you factor in the costs for network software, the
GDSS software, and other utilities, the costs multiply.
• The use of GDSS also requires a trained facilitator – someone who can lead

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Limitations of GDSS
• The use of GDSS also requires a trained facilitator – someone who can lead
discussions, help users, and control the GDSS software on the network. Hiring an in-
house specialist can be very expensive of there are only a few meetings a year. Again,
using facilities are scrupulously honest; there might be some topics that you do not
want to discuss with non-employees.

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Role of DSS
1. Support ill- structured or semi-structured decisions
2. Have analytical and/or modelling capacity
3. Used by more senior managerial levels
4. Are concerned with predicting the future
5. Are effectiveness oriented
Some examples of DSS
• Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS)
• Computer Supported Co-operative work (CSCW)
• Logistics systems
• Financial Planning systems
• Spreadsheet Models

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COMPARISON BETWEEN MIS AND DSS

EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Executive Information Systems are strategic-level information systems that are found
at the top of the Pyramid.
• They help executives and senior managers analyze the environment in which the
organization operates, to identify long-term trends, and to plan appropriate courses
of action.
• The information in such systems is often weakly structured and comes from both
internal and external sources.
• Executive Information System are designed to be operated directly by executives
without the need for intermediaries and easily tailored to the preferences of the
individual using them.

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EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM

• Specialized form of DSS
• Used by top-level managers
• Reduce the information overload on executives
• Makes use of internal and external information
• Provides managers and executives flexible access to information for monitoring
operational results and general business conditions
• Provides a comprehensive picture of business performance by analysing key
performance indicators for growth
• Meets strategic information needs of the top management
• Also known as Executive Support System

EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM

Role of EIS
• Are concerned with ease of use
• Are concerned with predicting the future
• Are effectiveness oriented
• Are highly flexible
• Support unstructured decisions
• Use internal and external data sources
• Used only at the most senior management levels
Some examples:
• Executive Information Systems tend to be highly individualized and are often custom
made for a particular client group; however, a number of off-the-shelf EIS packages
do exist and many enterprise level systems offer a customizable EIS module

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FUNCTIONS OF AN EIS

Information Systems that Span Organizational Boundaries

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EXPERT SYSTEMS
• Expert systems can be defined as programs that help the computer make decisions in a
similar way as an expert in specific domain, a particular subject area of interest.
• It aims at formalizing expertise and make it available for repetitive type of business
decisions.
• It makes use of artificial intelligence to generate knowledge out of the information,
existing theories, beliefs and experiences of managers in various business activities.
• It mimics the judgment of experts by following sets of rules that experts would follow.
• They’re useful in such diverse areas as medical diagnosis, portfolio management, and
credit assessment.

EXPERT SYSTEMS
Expert systems can be used in several areas of an organisation:
Accounting and finance
• In selecting forecasting models
• In providing tax advice
Marketing
• In establishing sales quotas
• In responding to customer inquiries
Manufacturing
• In determining whether process is running correctly
• In analyzing quality and providing corrective actions
• In product design and layout
Others
• In assessing project proposals etc.

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INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND ETHICS

Information systems bring about immense social changes, threatening the existing
distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations. It also raises new kinds of crimes,
like cyber-crimes.

Following organizations promote ethical issues −

• The Association of Information Technology Professionals (AITP)

• The Association of Computing Machinery (ACM)
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR)

The ACM Code of Ethics and Professional

Conduct
• Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness, and dignity in both the process and
products of professional work.
• Acquire and maintain professional competence.
• Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.
• Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
• Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts,
including analysis and possible risks.
• Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.
• Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.
• Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so.

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The IEEE Code of Ethics and Professional

Conduct
• To accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety, health and
welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or
the environment;
• To avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them
to affected parties when they do exist;
• To be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data;
• To reject bribery in all its forms;
• To improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential
consequences;
• To maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks
for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent
limitations;
• To seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct
errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others;

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