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 Carlton
Adler
Balac

Principles of Radiographic Imaging

An Art and a Science
6th Edition

SE/Author/Author, Title Xe   ISBN-13: 9781337711067 ©2020 Designer:

Printer:   Binding: Casebound  Trim: 8.5” x 10.875”  CMYK
 6th Edition

Principles of
Radiographic
Imaging An Art and
a Science

Richard R. Carlton, M.S., R.T.(R)(CV), FAEIRS

Former Chair and Associate Professor of Radiologic and Imaging Sciences
Grand Valley State University
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Arlene M. Adler, M.Ed., R.T.(R), FAEIRS

Professor Emerita, Radiologic Sciences Programs
Indiana University Northwest
Gary, Indiana

Vesna Balac, M.S., R.T. (R)(MR)

Clinical Assistant Professor and Director, Radiologic Sciences Programs
Indiana University Northwest
Gary, Indiana

Contributors
Randy Griswold, Lisa King, Sharon Barrows Lakia, Matthew Marquess,
Kori Stewart, Christina Truluck

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 1 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 Principles of Radiographic
Imaging: An Art and a Science,
Sixth Edition
Richard R. Carlton, Arlene M. Adler,
and Vesna Balac
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Print Number: 01   Print Year: 2018
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 2
© 2020, 2013 Cengage Learning, Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
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11/29/18 8:35 PM
 Dedication
In memory of Raymond P. Rossi.
Our mentor, friend, teacher,
and coauthor. We miss you, Ray.
To Sidney Finkleman and Quentin Garlets for
teaching us to be radiographers, to LaVerne
Ramaeker, Kay Shriver, and our students
for teaching us to be teachers,
and, most importantly,
to our families and friends
for sustaining us throughout.

Contributors
Randy Griswold, MPA, RT(R)
Consultant and Lecturer, Former Program Director
School of Radiologic Sciences
Bellin College
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Lisa J. King, R.T.(R)(M)(BD), CBDT
Bone and Mineral Lab/JSC NASA
Wyle, Integrated Science and Engineering Group
Houston, Texas
Sharon Barrows Lakia, M.S., R.T.(R), RDMS, RVT
Former Director, Diagnostic Medical Sonography
Indiana University Northwest
Gary, Indiana

Matthew Marquess, MBA, RT(T)

Lecturer, Department of Medical Imaging &
Radiation Sciences
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Kori Stewart, MHS R.T.(R)(CT), CIIP
Clinical Director CT/MRI/SONO
University of Hartford
West Hartford, Connecticut
Christina A. Truluck, Ph.D., C.N.M.T., R.T.(N)
Associate Professor and Program Director (NM, PET/CT)
Department of Medical Imaging & Radiation Sciences
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 3 11/29/18 8:35 PM


Wilhelm Conrad
Röntgen (1845–1923)
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen became the
first radiographer when he discovered
x-rays on November 8, 1895, in his labo-
ratory at the University of Würzburg in
Germany. His original paper On a New
Kind of Rays is printed in Appendix A.
For his discovery he received the first
Nobel Prize in physics in 1901 and
was decorated by Prussia, Bavaria,
Great Britain, Austria, Mexico, Germany,
France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy,
Turkey, and the United States.
(Portrait courtesy of the American College of Radiology)
iv
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 4
Eddy Clifford Jerman
(1865–1936)
Ed C. Jerman is known as the “Father of
Radiography” in the United States because
he was the first teacher of radiography. He
began teaching x-ray techniques in 1897;
he founded the American Association of
Radiological Technicians (now known
as the American Society of Radiologic
Technologists), and personally examined
the first 1,000 members of the American
Registry of X-Ray Technicians. He brought
order to the principles of radiographic
exposure technique by naming the quali-
ties of the radiographic image: density,
contrast, detail, and distortion. In 1928
he published Modern X-Ray Technic, the
first book on radiographic principles.
(Portrait courtesy of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists)
The Founders
of Radiography
Arthur Wolfram Fuchs
(1895–1962)
Arthur W. Fuchs is known as the inven-
tor of the fixed kilovoltage technique of
radiography. His father, Wolfram Fuchs,
established the first x-ray laboratory in
Chicago in 1896 but became one of the
early martyrs of radiation, dying from
excessive exposure. Arthur performed
radiography for the U.S. Army in both
World Wars I and II. During World War II
he wrote the U.S. Army training manual
Principles of Radiographic Exposure,
in which he outlined his success with
the optimal fixed kVp technique system.
In 1955 he first published his book Prin-
ciples of Radiographic Exposure and
Processing.
(Portrait courtesy of the family of Arthur Fuchs)
11/29/18 8:35 PM
 Contents

List of Tables
Foreword
xii
xv C H A P T E R 3
Preface xvi
Electricity 35
About the Authors xviii
Acknowledgments xix Understanding Electricity / 36
Electrostatics / 36
Electrodynamics / 40
Unit I Series and Parallel Circuits / 47
Creating the Beam

C H A P T E R 1 C H A P T E R 4
Basic Mathematics 2 Electromagnetism 52
The Language of Science / 3 Magnetism / 53
Arithmetic / 3 Electromagnetism / 57
Algebra / 7 Solenoids and Electromagnets / 59
Units of Measurement / 14 Controlling Electrical Current / 67
Rectification / 71

C H A P T E R 2
Radiation Concepts 18
C H A P T E R 5
Matter And Energy / 19 The X-Ray Tube 78
Atomic Theory / 20
Types of Energy / 28 The X-Ray Tube / 79
Electromagnetic Spectrum / 30 The Cathode Assembly / 79
The Discovery of X-Rays / 32 The Anode Assembly / 82
X-Ray Properties / 33 The Envelope / 89

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 5 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 vi  Contents

Protective Housing / 89 Detection and Measurement of Ionizing

Rating Charts and Cooling Curves / 91 Radiation / 131
Recommendations for Extending Tube Life / 93

C H A P T E R 6 C H A P T E R 10
Radiation Protection Procedures
X-Ray Equipment 96
for Patients and Personnel 139
Types of X-Ray Equipment / 97
Advisory Groups and Regulatory
Power for X-Ray Generation / 99 Agencies / 140
A Basic X-Ray Circuit / 101 Limiting Exposure to Ionizing
Generators / 103 Radiation / 140
Automatic Exposure Controls / 106 Protection of Personnel / 142
Protection of the Patient / 145
C H A P T E R 7 Radiation Exposure and Pregnancy / 147

Automatic Exposure Controls 110

Historical Notes / 111
C H A P T E R 11
Ionization Chambers / 111 Filtration 151
Positioning Skills / 113
Filtration / 152

8
Measurement / 152
C H A P T E R Types of Filtration / 152
Effect on Output / 155
X-Ray Production 117
Conditions / 118
Target Interactions / 118 C H A P T E R 12
Emission Spectrum / 121 The Prime Factors 158
The Prime Factors / 159
Unit II
Protecting Patients Milliamperage-Second / 159
and Personnel Kilovoltage / 162
Distance / 164
Image Quality Factors / 167

C H A P T E R 9
Radiation Protection Concepts
and Equipment 126
C H A P T E R 13
X-Ray Interactions 169
The Basics of Radiation Protection Principles
and Practice / 127 X-Ray Interaction with Matter / 170
Quantities and Units Relevant to Photoelectric Absorption / 171
Radiation Protection / 129 Coherent Scattering / 173

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 6 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 Contents  vii

Compton Scattering / 173

Pair Production / 175 C H A P T E R 17
Photodisintegration / 176 The Patient as a Beam Emitter 213
Effect on Technical Factor Selection / 176
Attenuation / 214
The Human Body as an Attenuator / 215

C H A P T E R 14 The Patient’s Relationship to

Image Quality / 216
Pathology and Radiation Absorption / 217
Minimizing Patient Exposure 181
Increased Attenuation (Additive)
Choosing Exposure Factors / 182 Conditions / 219
Estimating Approximate Entrance Decreased Attenuation (Destructive)
Skin Exposure / 182 Conditions / 221
Typical Entrance Skin Exposure / 184
Reducing Patient Dose with
Communication / 184
Reducing Patient Dose with
C H A P T E R 18
Positioning / 184 The Grid 226
Reducing Patient Dose with Technical
Factors / 185 Purpose of the Grid / 227
Discussing Radiation Risk Versus Benefit Grid Construction / 228
with Patients / 189 Grid Patterns / 230
Grid Types / 230
Grid Uses / 231

C H A P T E R 15 Grid Selection/Conversions / 232

Beam Restriction
Controlling Scatter / 195
Beam Restrictors / 196
Ancillary Devices / 198
Grid Performance Evaluation / 232
194 Grid Errors / 233
An Alternate Scatter Reduction Method—
The Air-Gap Technique / 236
Use of Grids with Digital Image
Receptors / 237

Unit III
Creating the Image
C H A P T E R 19
Film and Screens Imaging
and Processing 242
C H A P T E R 16  adiographic Film / 243
R
Vision and Perception 202 Construction of Radiographic Film / 243
Latent Image Formation / 246
Image Perception / 203 Types of Film / 247
Controlling the Image in Space / 207 Film Storage and Handling / 247
Radiography as an Art Form / 208 Film Identification / 247

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 7 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 viii  Contents

Film Processing / 247 Image Processing / 294

Developing / 248 Image Display / 300
Fixing / 248 CR Technical Factors Selection / 300
Archiving / 249
Darkroom / 249

22
Silver Recovery Systems / 250
Sensitometry / 250 C h apter
Sensitometric Equipment / 250
The D Log E Curve / 253 Digital Radiography/Flat-Panel
Film Characteristics / 254 Detector Systems 305
Intensifying Screens / 259
Flat-Panel Detector Types / 306
Construction of Intensifying Screens / 260
Image Acquisition, Processing, and
Phosphors / 261
Display / 308
Characteristics of Intensifying Screens / 261
Flat-Panel Technology Features / 309
Cassettes and Holders / 264
DR Panel Precautions / 310
Care / 265
Emission Spectra / 265
Chracteristics of Film-Screen
Combinations / 266
C h apter 23
Unit IV Technical Considerations
Digital Radiography in Digital Imaging 314
Introduction
Effective use of Digital Imaging / 315
Digital Exposure Considerations / 315

C h apter 20 Digital Processing Considerations / 319

Digital Post-Processing Considerations / 320
Digital Image Processing 274 Digital Imaging Artifacts / 322

Historical Development / 275

Digital Image Formation / 275
Image Processing Operations / 277 C h apter 24
Digital Image Quality / 282
Informatics in Medical Imaging 328
Receptor Exposure / 284
Introduction / 329
Informatics / 329

C h apter 21 Informatics Standards / 330

Computers and Networks / 331
Computed Radiography 288 Display and Archives / 332
Storage / 335
Overview / 289 Workflow / 335
Image Acquisition / 289 Security / 337

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 8 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 Contents  ix

Unit V
Analyzing the Image C h apter 29
Distortion 400

C h apter 25 Defining Distortion / 401

The Imaging Process
The Imaging Process / 344
Professional Imaging Standards / 345
The Analytical Process / 346
Acceptance Limits / 348
Assessing Distortion / 401
343 Factors Affecting Size Distortion / 401
Factors Affecting Shape Distortion / 405
Effect on Image Appearance / 409
C h apter 30
The Art of Image Critique 413

C h apter 26 I mplementing Imaging Standards / 414

Identifying an Imaging Problem / 414
Image Receptor Exposure 353 An Effective Image Critique Method / 415
Defining IR Exposure / 354 Applying the Image Critique Method / 418
Assessing IR Exposure / 354
Effects on Image Appearance / 355
Factors Affecting IR Exposure / 355 C h apter 31
Quality Management 421

C h apter 27 Quality Assurance and Quality Control / 422

Contrast
Defining Contrast / 369
Assessing Contrast / 369
Image Contrast / 372
Evaluating Contrast / 374
Purchasing Equipment / 423
368 Monitoring Equipment Performance / 424
Ancillary Equipment / 428
PACS Systems / 429
Rejected Image Analysis / 430
Troubleshooting / 431

Unit VI
Special Imaging Systems
C h apter 28 and Modalities

Spatial Resolution 385

C H A P T E R 32
Defining Spatial Resolution / 386 Mobile Radiography 439
Assessing Resolution / 386
Effects on Image Appearance / 391 Mobile Radiography / 440
Factors Affecting Spatial Resolution / 391 Special Patient Considerations / 440

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 9 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 x  Contents

Special Radiation Protection Accessories / 490

Considerations / 442 Resolution / 492
Types of Equipment / 443 Digital Mammography / 492
Special Technical Factor Selection Quality Control / 494
Considerations / 443

C H A P T E R 36
C H A P T E R 33 Bone Densitometry 496
Fluoroscopy 448 Bone Densitometry / 497
History and Overview / 497
Historical Development / 449
Bone Science / 497
Fluoroscopy Uses / 449
Osteoporosis / 498
Types of Equipment / 449
WHO Diagnostic Criteria / 501
Fluoroscopic X-Ray Tubes / 449
DXA Principles and Instrumentation / 502
Image Intensification Tubes / 450
Scan Acquisition and Analysis / 502
Image Quality / 454
Femur / 503
Video Viewing Systems / 455
Spine / 504
Digital Fluoroscopy / 455
Forearm / 505
Flat-Panel Fluoroscopy Designs / 456
Quality Control / 506
Recording the Fluoroscopic Image / 457
Radiation Safety and Protection / 507
Mobile Fluoroscopic Equipment / 457

37
Radiation Protection During
Fluoroscopy / 458 C H A P T E R
Vascular Imaging Equipment 510
C H A P T E R 34 Vascular Imaging History / 511
Tomography and Digital Digital Image Acquisition / 511
Tomosynthesis 462 Modes of Digital Image Acquisition / 512
Image Post-Processing / 513
The Tomographic Principle / 463 C-Arm Assembly / 514
Tomographic Quality / 464 Vascular Imaging Tables / 515
Types of Motion / 467 Contrast Medium Injection Devices / 516
Digital Tomosynthesis / 468 Quality Control / 517
Tomographic Procedures / 469
C H A P T E R 38
C H A P T E R 35 Computed Tomography 519

Mammography 473 Computed Tomography Scanning / 520

The Invention of Computed
Historical Development / 474 Tomography / 520
Generator Characteristics / 478 Scanner Generations / 521
X-Ray Tube / 481 The Components of a Ct Unit / 524

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 10 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 Contents  xi

Ct Numbers (Hounsfield Units) / 529

Image Reconstruction / 530 C H A P T E R 42
Image Quality / 533
Diagnostic Medical Sonography 611
Scanning Procedures / 535
Advanced CT Applications / 536 Introduction / 612
Artifacts / 536 Sound Waves / 613
Radiation Protection / 538 Attenuation / 620
Range / 621

C H A P T E R 39 Field / 622
Doppler / 622
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 543 Harmonics / 622
Contrast Agents / 623
History / 544 Transducer and Components / 624
Instrumentation / 544 Instrumentation / 626
Mri Physics / 548

A
Mri / 550
Mr Safety / 559 A P P E ND I X

C H A P T E R 40 On a New Kind of Rays

by W. C. Röntgen 630
Nuclear Medicine
and Molecular Imaging 563
Nuclear Physics / 564
Radioactive Decay / 564
A P P E ND I X B
Radiochemistry and Radiopharmaceuticals / 565 Answers to Case Studies 634
Imaging Instrumentation / 573
Positron Emission Tomography (Pet) / 578
Hybrid Imaging / 580
Nonimaging Instrumentation / 582 A P P E ND I X C
Radiation Protection / 584 Fixed and Variable kVp Technique
Clinical Applications / 586
System Charts 636
Hybrid Imaging / 590

C H A P T E R 41 A P P E ND I X D
Radiation Therapy 593
Epigraph Sources and Credits 640
Historical Overview / 594
Consultation / 594 Glossary 642
Treatment Planning / 596
Treatment / 600
Index 659
Specialized Treatments and Units / 608

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 11 12/13/18 8:06 PM

 List of Tables

1-1. Multiplication Notation 3

1-2. SI Units of Measurement 15
1-3. SI Unit Values 15
1-4. Commonly Used SI Prefixes 15
2-1. Atomic Particles 24
3-1. Properties of Conducting Materials 41
3-2.  ffect of Circuit Type on Current, Potential Difference, and Resistance
E
(with an Example Circuit of Three Resistances) 47
4-1. Fleming’s Hand Rules for Electromagnetic Relationships 58
5-1. Heat Unit Rectification Constants 92
5-2. Recommendations for Extending Tube Life 94
6-1. Common Diagnostic X-Ray Console Controls 103
8-1. Characteristic Photon Emissions from X-Ray Target Materials 121
9-1. 
Comparison of Collective Effective Dose(S) and Effective Dose per Individual in the U.S. Population
(EUS as Reported in NCRP (1987a)) and in This Report (Annual Values for Percent Are Rounded to the
Nearest 1%) 130
9-2. 
Conversions between Conventional and SI Units 130
9-3. Comparison between SI and Conventional Units 132
10-1. Effective Dose Limit Recommendations 141
10-2. Occupational Dose Limits for Adults—NRC Regulation IOCFR20 142
11-1. Minimum Half-Value Layer (HVL) Requirements for X-Ray Systems in United States
(Title 21 of 21 CFR 1020.30) 153
11-2. 
Percent Attenuation of Monochromatic Radiation by Various Thicknesses of Aluminum Filtration 155
11-3. 
Recommended Minimum Total Filtration Levels 155
11-4. 
Comparison of Patient Exposure with Filtration 156
12-1. Factors Affecting X-Ray Emission 159
13-1. K-Shell Binding Energies of Radiologically Significant Elements 172
13-2. 
Percentage of Photon Interactions, Attenuation, and Transmission Characteristics in
Soft Tissue Based on Effective Photon Energies 173
14-1. A Typical mR/mAs Chart 183

xii

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 12 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 List of Tables  xiii

14-2. 
Medical ESE Values for Selected Radiographic Exams 185
14-3. Effects of Radiographic Exposure Variables on Patient Dose 186
14-4. 
Comparison of Approximate Entrance Skin Exposures with Fixed and Variable kVp Technique Systems 187
14-5. 
Gross Comparison of Relative Radiation Levels 190
14-6. 
Estimated Loss of Life Expectancy due to Various Causes 190
17-1. 
Basic Substances Comprising the Human Body 214
17-2. Summary of Pathology Problems 219
18-1. Grids for Use in Digital Imaging 228
18-2. Grid Conversion Factors 232
19-1. Standard Radiographic Film Sizes 245
19-2. Example Opacities, Optical Density Numbers, and Light Transmission Percentages 253
19-3. Relationship between Contrast, Latitude, and Patient Dose 259
19-4. Relationship between Speed and Patient Dose 259
19-5. Relationship Between Relative Speed Number and Exposure Sensitivity 266
20-1. Binary Code Numbers 276
20-2. 
Typical Memory Requirements for Various Imaging Modalities Typical Image Grayscale
Bit Images per Approximate Storage Imaging 283
20-3. 
Exposure Indicator Numbers Relative to Imaging Plate Exposure 284
23-1. Suggested Optimal kVp Ranges for DR Systems 316
23-2. A Step-by-Step Approach to Establishing an Exposure Technique Chart 316
24-1 DICOM Information Classes 331
26-1. Conversion Factors Effect of Generator ϕ on IR Exposure 359
26-2. Projections That May Use the Anode Heel Effect to Advantage 360
26-3. mAs Change Factors for Approximate Exposure Maintenance When Distance Changes 362
26-4. Effect on IR Exposure When Factors Are Changed 365
27-1. Relationship between Terms Used to Describe Contrast 369
27-2. Changes Necessary to Produce Visible Contrast Differences on a Film-Screen Image 376
27-3. 
Effects of Changing Factors on Film Contrast 381
28-1 Spatial Resolution Quality Measures 387
28-2. Grayscale Bit Depth 388
28-3. Effects of Intensifying-Screen Factors on Resolution 396
28-4. Effects of Various Methods for Reducing Exposure Time to Avoid Motion 397
28-5. 
Effect of Changing Factors on Spatial Resolution 397
29-1. SID Compensations for Common Tube Angulations 409
29-2. Effect of Changing Factors on Distortion 409
31-1. FOCUS-PDCA Method 422
31-2. Reject Percentage by Room 430
31-3. Reject Percentage by Technologist 430

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 13 11/29/18 8:35 PM

 xiv  List of Tables

32-1. Radiation Protection Rules for Mobile Radiography 443

35-1. Technical Differences between Mammography and Conventional Radiography 479
35-2. Characteristic X-Rays from Mammography X-Ray Targets 486
36-1. Risk Factors Associated with Osteoporosis 499
36-2. DXA Collimator/Detector Types 503
36-3. Radiation Safety and Patient Dose 507
37-1. Modes of Digital Image Acquisition 512
37-2. Factors Affecting Flow Rate 516
37-3. Safety Mechanisms for Contrast Medium Injectors 517
38-1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Helical (Spiral) Computed Tomography 522
38-2. CT Pitch Formulas 523
38-3. Hounsfield Units (HUs) (CT Numbers) of Various Tissues 531
38-4. 
Appropriate Computed Tomography Window Widths 534
40-1. Half-Lives, Gamma Energies, Production Methods, and Usages of Radionuclides in Nuclear Medicine 566
40-2. Technetium-99m–Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Uses 568
40-3. Non-Tc-99m Radiopharmaceuticals and Their Uses 569
40-4. Radiopharmaceuticals used for PET 569
40-5. Radiopharmaceuticals Used for Radionuclide Therapy 570
40-6. Radiopharmaceutical Quality Control Tests 571
40-7. Quality Control Testing of Imaging Instrumentation 583
40-8. Highlights of NRC Regulations Pertaining to Operation of a Nuclear Medicine Facility; Title 10 of the
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 20 Addresses Radiation Protection Requirements; Part 35 Addresses
Medical Uses of Byproduct Material 585
42-1. Average Propagation Speeds 617

11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 14 11/29/18 8:35 PM


O hhhh, was my mother right!
Life is about making choices, and a good life is
about making more right than wrong choices. Yes, a bit of
good fortune and happenstance is in all of our lives, but
ultimately, making good decisions is what it’s all about.
Unfortunately, at the times we make these choices, we
lack the foresight to see the consequences, good or bad.
But such is life.
Fortunately for our profession, Rick Carlton and
Arlene Adler have continued to make the right decisions,
by authoring Principles of Radiographic Imaging, 6th
edition. It is a monumental task writing a textbook and to
do so again, after so many years in the profession, makes
it even more daunting. But that is the decision they have
made and it is a great choice. Even better, is their deci-
sion to seek out experts and resources in the professions,
such as Vesna Balac. Doing so complements the accuracy
and relevancy of the information written in many of these
chapters. That choice reflects their admission that one,
single person cannot be expert on all aspects of this great
profession. It is a tribute to their many years of develop-
ing a network of contacts who can contribute to this end.
Again, their great decision-making over the years, has cre-
ated a wide network of friends and resources, willing to
contribute to this edition. Such is the nature of this 6th ed.
It reflects their genuine and sincere effort to represent the
principles of radiology in a real-world, practical fashion.
This 6th edition is faithfully consistent with pre-
vious editions through its excellent illustrations and
exhibits. Updated materials for instructors with labora-
tory exercises and instructor resources are included as
well. For the educator, you can expect to continue to
enjoy its simple and concise explanations of complex
concepts. New chapters on digital radiographic imag-
ing have been added and existing chapters have been
updated with practical information that is relevant to
the real-world of digital radiography. In fact, much
of this information could be studied by practicing
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 15
Foreword
radiographers, to update their working knowledge. With
newer digital technologies, the old rules of exposure
and image quality do not apply. Seasoned-technologists
in the profession find this concept hard to accept. The
6th edition helps with this understanding. Topics deal-
ing with the role of radiographic grids, detector inter-
facing, exposure indices and assessing digital image
quality, have been added to better understand that as
this digital revolution continues, we need to get our
arms around it, to improve image quality and ALARA
compliance. The role of the radiographer is undergo-
ing profound change with digital, and a renaissance is
underway through the applications of digital detectors.
This 6th edition makes the learning more interactive
and exciting, through the use of web-based technology.
Existing chapters on the advanced imaging modalities still
remain with updated information from experts in their
respective fields. A wonderful choice.
As my mother said, it’s about choices. We are grate-
ful Rick and Arlene, and now Vesna, have chosen to
write again. In doing so, they introduce potentially new
resources to educators, technologists and all members of
the medical imaging community: the best profession in
medicine!
To those who know me, they would say I am a pas-
sionate educator, as my passion for this professions runs
deep. I am no different than many other professionals, in
this regard. Incorporating the Principles of Radiographic
Imaging, 6th edition into my professional lifestyle, is my
choice, and for that I cannot thank these three authors
enough for their continued contributions.
Randy Griswold, M.P.A., RT(R)
Consultant and Lecturer,
Former Program Director
School of Radiologic Sciences, Bellin College
Green Bay, Wisconsin
xv
11/29/18 8:35 PM

INTRODUCTION
As radiography educators, we designed this textbook
with students and educators in mind. Since we now have
a completely revised approach from a digital standpoint,
we also believe practicing radiographers would greatly
benefit from a review since there are new principles
toward establishing radiographic exposure techniques.
Each chapter contains an outline, key terms, objectives,
a summary, review questions, and a detailed bibliography.
There is also a considerable number of ancillaries that fac-
ulty can access through their Cengage Learning represen-
tative (they can be reached through the website at www
.cengage.com, or for product information and technology
assistance, contact them at Cengage Learning Customer
and Sales Support, 800-354-9706.). Although the order of
the chapters is based on our experiences in reaching our
students, most chapters stand alone and can be used in
the order that is most appropriate within a given program.
We have made a special effort to represent our belief
that professional development should be a prime objec-
tive of any radiography curriculum. This is best achieved
through the demonstration of technical competence. This
book is designed to assist students in developing this
cornerstone of professionalism. Through technical com-
petence and a professional demeanor, students will be
ready to assume their role as experts in the radiographic
imaging process. In addition, we believe that true profes-
sionals take immense pride in their work to the extent that
it becomes an art as well as a science.
There is a special focus on making sure digital
imaging terminology and parameters are the primary ori-
entation with very limited references to conventional film-
based imaging. Special effort is made to emphasize both
the technical information and the ethical importance of
understanding the specifics of image receptor sensitivity
in order to be able to reduce exposure to the patient and
adhere to ALARA concepts.
References are used extensively to assure both
educators and students that we address all content
xvi
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 16
Preface
expected for successful professional practice including
the American Registry of Radiographic Technologists’
Content Specifications for the Examination in Radiogra-
phy, the Radiography Curriculum by the American Society
of Radiologic Technologists, and various materials pre-
pared by the Canadian Association of Medical Radiation
Technologists.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
The rapid changes in technology present a challenge to
textbook authors who are committed to providing current
information for learners. The authors and contributors to
the sixth edition carefully reviewed all content to identify
areas requiring updating or new topics. As a result, numer-
ous changes were made.
A special attempt was made to provide an introduc-
tion to physics and the imaging modalities, as well as to
explore the new details of the principles of radiographic
exposure techniques that have been brought on by the use
of digital technology. Well-established image quality fac-
tors (density/image receptor exposure, contrast, recorded
detail, and distortion) have been revised to reflect the
realities of establishing radiographic exposure factors.
The new factors are:
◾◾ Image Receptor Exposure
◾◾ Contrast
◾◾ Spatial Resolution
◾◾ Distortion
◾◾ Histogram Fulfillment
◾◾ Look Up Table (LUT)
Because histogram fulfillment and use of the proper
look up table (LUT) are critical to successful digital image
production, they have both been included in the primary
image quality factors.
Five phases of digitized image production are intro-
duced: acquisition, processing, archiving, displaying, and
analyzing. Each includes well-known radiographic imaging
11/29/18 8:35 PM

parameters but each is also enhanced by the addition of
digital factors that now impact on all imaging decisions.
Most importantly, this entire edition has been revised
with current clinical practices in mind, with many changes
that now reflect our digital radiography world, from end
to end.
ORGANIZATION
The overall design of the book separates the 42 chapters
into six units: Creating the Beam, Protecting Patients
and Personnel, Creating the Image, Digital Radiogra-
phy, Analyzing the Image, and Special Imaging Systems
and Modalities. Unit IV, Digital Radiography, has been
completely rewritten into 5 redesigned chapters; Digital
Image Processing, Computed Radiography, Digital Radi-
ography/Flat-Panel Detector Systems, Technical Consid-
erations in Digital Imaging, and Informatics in Medical
Imaging. In addition, Unit V Analyzing The Image now
reflects the new paradigm for technical exposure fac-
tors; Image Receptor Exposure, Contrast, Spatial Reso-
lution, and Distortion. We continue to offer framework
information on all radiologic and imaging sciences
modalities and treatments. This design helps organize
the content for students by following a logical progres-
sion from introductory physics through the production
and control of the beam to advanced modality systems.
We remain extremely pleased that our book remains
one of the resources listed in the Radiography Curriculum
of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists, and
we have long been pleased that this book continues to be
recommended by the Canadian Association of Medical
Radiation Technologists for preparation for its certifica-
tion in Radiological Technology.
Features
In addition to the updated and new content, this new edi-
tion continues to feature the following learning aids and
critical content, with the addition of supporting video
clips for the new digital radiography chapters:
◾◾ Physical concepts are clearly explained and
illustrated with many high-quality full color figures.
◾◾ Effects of changing parameters on image quality are
carefully described and illustrated with numerous
images.
◾◾ Criteria for image analysis are presented to help
learners develop analytical skills.
◾◾ High-quality radiographs are included throughout
the text.
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 17
Preface  xvii
◾◾ Radiation protection concepts and procedures are
emphasized for both patients and radiographic
personnel.
◾◾ Chapter-end summaries provide a quick reference to
critical concepts and developments in the science of
radiography.
◾◾ Numerous troubleshooting tips are included to
ensure quality radiographs.
◾◾ Extensive references and recommended readings
provide a historical perspective and provide
learners a means to expand their understanding of
concepts and systems.
◾◾ Video clips are now available for the chapters on
digital image production.
◾◾ Epigraphs and historical photos help trace the
evolution of radiography to the present.
◾◾ Unique emphasis on the art versus the science of
radiography illustrates the broad applications of the
technology.
STATEMENT OF CONTENT
ACCURACY
Although we assume full responsibility for any errors,
including those that may be construed as arising from quot-
ing other works out of context, we have made every effort to
ensure the accuracy of the information. However, appropri-
ate information sources should be consulted, especially for
new or unfamiliar procedures. It is the responsibility of every
practitioner to evaluate the appropriateness of a particular
procedure in the context of actual clinical situations. There-
fore, neither the authors nor the publisher take responsibil-
ity or accept any liability for the actions of persons applying
the information contained herein in an unprofessional
manner. This information is designed to supplement and
enhance the instructional methodologies of educators in
JRCERT (Joint Review Committee on Education in Radio-
logic Technologies [USA]) and CAMRT (Canada) approved
radiography programs and should not be applied, especially
to human subjects, without this background. In committing
this book to print, we fully realize that it is never finished,
merely suspended for the time being.
Finally, as a reader your perceptions are important
to us. We encourage you to communicate with us regard-
ing facets of the book you appreciate or would like to
see changed. We especially appreciate constructive com-
ments and notice of errors. Our intention is to present the
principles of radiography in an interesting format that pro-
vides a base from which true professionalism can develop.
Any commentary readers care to make toward this end
will be valued and welcomed.
11/29/18 8:35 PM

Richard R. Carlton is a Former Chair and Associate
Professor of Radiologic and Imaging Sciences at Grand
Valley State University in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He is
a past President and Chairman of the Board of the Asso-
ciation of Educators in Imaging and Radiologic Sciences.
Rick co-founded the Michigan Radiologic and Imaging
Sciences Consortium (a consortium of community col-
leges and a university that offers advanced clinical edu-
cation), and established the Center for Medical Imaging
in Bioanthropology (for field work x-raying mummies
in Peru), Lambda Nu (the national honor society for the
radiologic and imaging sciences), and The Sectional Anat-
omy Consortium. He has published more than 20 books,
was the founding editor of two journals, and is a charter
Fellow of the Association of Educators in Radiologic Sci-
ences (AEIRS). Rick has been a JRCERT accreditation
site visitor for more than 30 years, and was a Fulbright
Scholarship alternate, as well as author of numerous
journal articles. He has given more than 250 lectures in
36 states and 9 countries.
He holds an M.S. from National Louis University, B.S.
in Radiologic Sciences from The Chicago Medical School,
and an A.A.S. from Illinois Central College. He is ARRT
certified in radiography and cardiovascular-interventional
technology and has taught radiologic sciences for over
30 years in ­ Chicago, Ohio, San Francisco, Arkansas,
and M­ ichigan. With Arlene Adler, he is the author of the
best-selling radiographic physics textbook Principles of
Radiographic Imaging as well as Introduction to Radio­
graphy and Patient Care, both now in fifth editions.
Rick has also been the radiology section consultant to
Taber’s Cyclopedia Medical Dictionary for the past three
editions.
Arlene Adler is Professor Emerita, Radiologic Sci-
ences Programs at Indiana University Northwest in Gary.
She received her radiography education at Michael Reese
Medical Center in Chicago. She has a B.S. degree in
xviii
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 18
About the Authors
Radiologic Sciences from the University of Health Sci-
ences/Chicago Medical School and a Master’s Degree
in Education from the University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign. Arlene has been an active member of the
American Society of Radiologic Technologist and the
Association of Educators in Radiologic Sciences (AEIRS).
For her service to AEIRS, she was awarded Fellow status.
She has lectured across the country on numerous top-
ics in radiologic sciences and, in particular, was a past
Honors Lecturer for an AEIRS Annual Meeting and a past
Keynote Speaker for the Associated S ­ cience Program at
the Radiologic Society of North A ­ merica (RSNA) annual
meeting. For her service on the Indiana Radiation Con-
trol Advisory Commission, she received the Governor’s
Award, Sagamore of the Wabash.
In addition to her professional service, Arlene has
authored numerous articles and, along with Rick Carlton,
is coauthor of the text Principles of Radiographic Imag-
ing: An Art and a Science and coeditor of the text Intro-
duction to Radiography and Patient Care.
Vesna Balac is a Clinical Assistant Professor and
Director of the Radiologic Sciences Programs at Indiana
University Northwest in Gary, Indiana. She received
her radiography education as well as her B.S. degree in
Radiologic Sciences at Indiana University Northwest.
She has a Master’s Degree in Adult Education from
Indiana University in Bloomington and is currently a
doctoral candidate in Instructional Systems Technology
at the School of Education at Indiana University Bloom-
ington. She is ARRT certified in radiography and mag-
netic resonance imaging and an active member of the
American Society of Radiologic Technologist (ARRT),
the Association of Educators in Radiologic Sciences
(AEIRS), and the Indiana Society of Radiologic Tech-
nologists (ISRT). In addition to her professional service,
Vesna is a contributing author to the text Introduction to
Radiography and Patient Care.
11/29/18 8:35 PM

We wish to acknowledge the support provided by Dean
Patrick Bankston, Associate Dean Linda DeLunas, and
the wonderful radiologic sciences faculty at Indiana
University Northwest, including Melynie Durham, Robin
Jones, Tamekia Smith, Amanda Sorg, Sue Woods, Shannon
Baimakovich, Angela Brite, Heather Govert, Heather
Hardesty, Susan Janosky, Samantha LoBue, Giovanna
Lucido, Deborah Moss, Zack Pajkos, Camilla Pulliam, Lisa
Shepley, Sheri VonderWoude, and Becky Wantland.
The sixth edition has been produced by our most
dedicated team at Cengage Learning.
We are especially grateful to Joe Chovan, the most
spectacular artist we have ever worked with. Joe’s artistic
skills are on exhibit throughout the many editions of this
book, as he allows us to bring new insight into complex
content through his sparkling and insightful illustrations.
We are indebted to the unstinting contributions
from Randy Griswold from Bellin College in Green
Bay, Wisconsin. A significant portion of the accuracy
of the book derives from the constant inspection and
contributions he has made. Randy Griswold has been an
enthusiastic and regular contributor to this text for many
years and his additions and updates have been greatly
appreciated. Dennis Bowman from the Community Hos-
pital of the Monterey Peninsula in Monterey, California
worked with us in his facility to refine digital techniques
as well as prepare our video clips and illustrations.
We have also been very appreciative of the constant
input of Denise Moore, Professor Emeritus at Sinclair
Community College in Dayton, Ohio, who has been our
constant conscience from the first edition. We also can-
not forget the contributions made to the first through
fourth editions by Barry Burns of the University of North
Carolina, who routinely went far beyond our wildest
hopes in critiquing our text, producing films to illustrate
his points, disproving old wives tales in his laboratory,
and generously sharing his results (and venison) with us.
Barry became a backbone of the technical aspects of this
book. Eugene Frank, formerly of the Mayo Clinic and
Riverland Community College in Minnesota, continued
11067_fm_hr_i-xxii.indd 19
Acknowledgments
his persistent and knowledgeable critique of our efforts.
We are grateful for Gene’s unique contributions, espe-
cially his ability to never let nearly two decades of friend-
ship come between us and a more accurate reworking of
verbiage or the details of an illustration.
We acknowledge detailed contributions from John
Skinner at Mid Michigan Community College; Jeff Lloyd
at Spectrum Butterworth in Grand Rapids, Michigan;
John Godisak at Grand Rapids Community College,
Michigan; and Jennifer Lockhart from Saint Anthony
Medical Center in Crown Point, Indiana.
The students, faculty, and staff at Arkansas State
University played a major role in the third edition. Special
thanks were due Dean Susan Hanrahan for unremitting
support and constant enthusiasm for what we are trying
to accomplish in the radiologic sciences.
We thank the faculty and students who have found
our work valuable in the process of radiography educa-
tion and practice since the first edition was published.
The success of this book and the invitation to produce a
new edition are a direct result of the acceptance of our
work by the radiography profession, which we gratefully
acknowledge.
Our families once again deserve our thanks for their
understanding. Don Adler, Lynn Carlton, Louis Stevovich,
and Mirko, Zorka, and Milorad Balac have given countless
hours that were rightfully theirs, for which we extend a
peace offering of love. Much appreciation is also extended
to Arlene’s daughters Meri and Katie, and Vesna’s daughter
Emili for their love and support. Rick’s family now
includes not only his children but his growing group of
grandchildren: Nate, Michael, Zach, Mercie-Marie, Max,
the twins Paige and Addison, Silas, Henry, and Penelope,
all of whom get their time, book or not.
Once again, we have been assisted in our work by a
wide spectrum of colleagues in the radiologic sciences and
related fields. In addition to those who assisted us during
the earlier edition, we wish to add our colleague Dennis
Bowman from the Community Hospital of the Monterey
Penisula; Euclid Seeram of British Columbia Institute
xix
11/29/18 8:35 PM
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Valentinian document in, does not quote Fourth Gospel, ii. 117 n.
1, 177;
MS. of, and its provenance, ii. 134, 135;
heavens of Ineffable One and First Mystery not described in, ii.
146;
Melchizidek seldom mentioned in, ii. 148 n. 1;
thought by some the Interrogations of Mary, ii. 157;
doctrine of interpretation in, ii. 157 n. 2;
appears at first sight entirely Ophite, ii. 158;
but more clearly Valentinian, ii. 159, 160, 161;
Authades of, compared to Valentinus’ Demiurge, ii. 162 n. 2;
Adamas of, compared to Valentinus’ Diabolos, ii. 163;
nearness of Parusia dominant in part of, ibid.;
description of Millennium in, ii. 164;
lesser initiates must give passwords and seals, ii. 165, 169;
mystery of the First Mystery is Baptism, ii. 168-170;
mystery of the Ineffable One is the Eucharist, ii. 170-171;
supreme revelation of book union with Jesus, ii. 171;
“Mysteries of Light” not described in P.S. proper, ii. 173;
open to all the world, ii. 174;
Egyptian character of book (Maspero), ii. 175-177;
probably by Valentinus, ii. 178;
read by Fathers?, ii. 179;
astrology condemned in, ii. 185;
cryptogram between 1st and 2nd vols of, ii. 188 n. 2;
fragment in Bruce Papyrus links P.S. with Texts of Saviour, ii. 192,
193;
parent work on which all the others based, ii. 194;
Apelles’ teaching as to body of Jesus from same source as, ii.
219;
twelve hours theory of, like that of Tun-huang treatise, ii. 293 n. 2;
quoted, i. 195 n. 1; ii, 54 n. 2, 78, 92 n. 3, 144 nn. 3, 4, 5, 8, 145 n.
1, 146 nn. 2, 3, 147 n. 5, 148 nn. 1, 2, 3, 149 nn. 1-5, 151 n. 3,
152 nn. 1, 2, 154 n. 1, 155 nn. 1, 4, 156 nn. 1, 4, 161 nn. 1, 3, 4,
162 n. 3, 163 n. 2, 164 nn. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 165 n. 1, 167, 168, 169
n. 2, 170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 182 n. 2, 184 nn. 1, 4, 185 nn. 1,
2, 188, 193 n. 4, 194 n. 1, 292 n. 2, 293 n. 2.
 See Petermann, Schwartze
Plato, alone of ancients sees Socrates’ monotheism, i. 11;
says few real initiates in mysteries, i. 65;
chief authority for charlatanism of Orpheotelestae, i. 140;
creator of, not jealous, i. 149 n. 1;
his ideas the paradigms of perceptible things, i. 198;
God of, too high to touch matter, ii. 42;
says souls given daemons as guides through life, ii. 110 n. 1;
Marcion never alludes to Logos of, ii. 214;
quoted, i. 65, 140, 149 n. 1; ii. 110 n. 1
Pleroma, the, word Church apparently used by Ophite writer for, ii.
43;
Ophite Christos descends from, to Sophia, ii. 59;
Ophite, consists of Father, Son, Mother, and Christos, ii. 64;
the same in Diagram, ii. 68;
perfect Ophites share in, ii. 76;
Valentinus’, originally consists of twenty-eight members, ii. 104 n.
1;
Christos and Holy Spirit added to, after Fall of Sophia (Valentinus),
ii. 105;
Stauros partly within and partly without (id.), ii. 105 n. 2;
Ectroma called Sophia Without (id.), ii. 106;
Jesus the Joint Fruit of (id.), ii. 106 n. 2, 110, 113, 117, 159 n. 3;
four “places” outside (id.), ii. 108;
Pneumatics to enter into (id.), ii. 110 n. 2;
Christos and Holy Spirit remain within (id.), ii. 114;
projects another thirty aeons (id.), ii. 144 n. 8
Pliny, solar monotheism of, i. 118;
his account of Essenes, i. 155;
quoted, i. 155 n. 1
Plutarch, his monotheism (Dill), i. lvii;
makes Zoroaster 5000 years before Trojan War, i. lxii;
a chief source of our knowledge of Eastern religions, i. 9;
authority for meeting of Philip and Olympias, i. 22;
his contempt for oracles of foreign gods, i. 23;
 legend of Osiris and his de Iside et Osiride, i. 33-35, 43, 48;
does not conceal identification of Dionysos with Osiris, ii. 65 n. 4;
says water the emblem of Osiris, i. 68;
gives episode of Isis as swallow, i. 70 n. 1;
puts festival of Birth of Horus at spring equinox, i. 71;
identifies Greek Typhon with Egyptian Set, i. 105;
Dionysos of, once human, but deified for merit, i. 144 n. 3;
Osiris and Set neither gods nor men but great daemons, ii. 16;
acquainted with Persian religion, ii. 214 n. 2;
says worship of Mithras first introduced into Rome by Cilician
pirates, ii. 228, 229;
describes Persians as sacrificing to Hades, ii. 239;
calls Mithras μεσίτης, ii. 249;
equates Hades with Ahriman, ii. 255;
thinks evil must have separate principle of its own, ii. 289 n. 3;
quoted, i. 22, 23, 48, 70 n. 2, 144 n. 3; ii. 16, 214 n. 2, 228, 229,
249, 255, 289 n. 3.
See Dionysos, Hades, Theopompos of Chios
Pluto, name of Hades, i. 40, 47, 48;
ruler of Hades, called in magic Huesimigadôn, i. 99, 100;
one of the gods of Samothrace, i. 136 n. 2;
in Orphic hymn to Persephone, i. 142, 143.
See Hades
Pneuma, name of Valentinian Sophia, ii. 109
Point, the Little or Indivisible, source of everything in universe ap.
Simonians, i. 194 n. 3;
and ap. Basilides, ii. 90 n. 5;
referred to in Bruce Papyrus, ii. 292 n. 1
Polycleitos, his statue of Dionysos with attributes of Zeus, i. 125 n. 2
Pomoerium, Alexandrian gods expelled from, temp. Tiberius, i. 78
Pompeii, Isium at, when founded, i. 53
Pompey the Great, suppression of Cilician pirates by, ii. 229
Pontus, birthplace of Marcion, ii. 9, 204;
and of Mithridates, ii. 204;
 Tertullian’s rhetorical exaggeration as to, ii. 204 n. 3;
its kings claim descent from Persian heroes, ii. 225 n. 1
Porphyry, the neo-Platonist, says Egyptian magicians threaten gods,
i. 104 n. 3;
his account of Essenes copied from Josephus, i. 155;
describes books on Mithras worship, ii. 236;
says Mithraic cave represents universe, ii. 247, 249;
says Mithraists teach metempsychosis, 257;
gives “eagles” as name of Mithraist Fathers, ii. 265 n. 2;
says High Priest of Mithras may only marry once, ii. 268;
quoted, i. 104 n. 3, 155; ii. 236, 249, 265 n. 2, 268
Poseidon, the god, Greek type of, on Indian coins, i. 17 n. 2;
of Homer, shares empire with Zeus, i. 46;
cattle and horses sacrificed to, i. 95;
on Mithraic monuments, ii. 238.
See Neptune
Powers, the Three Triple. See Tridynami
Praedestinatus, heresiology of, its sources, ii. 10 n. 1;
describes “rabbling” of Ophites by Christian bishops and mob, ii.
77
Praetextatus, Vettius Agorius, his rank in Mithraism, ii. 268;
one of the last Pagan noblemen, ii. 358.
See Paullina
Praxidice, Orphic epithet or variant of Persephone, i. 142
Precept, the First, in Pistis Sophia perhaps personification of Jewish
Torah, ii. 141;
highest spirit in Treasure-house, ii. 147;
power passed into Confusion originates in, ii. 164
Preller, says that Orpheus is a “collective” person, i. 121 n. 1
Prepon, the heresiarch, a Syrian teaching in Rome, ii. 9;
follower of Marcion who thinks Jesus intermediate between good
and evil, ii. 220
Priests, state officials in Persia and Egypt, i. 24;
 of Greek confraternities, i. 25;
greed of Egyptian, i. 28;
always powerful in Africa, i. 31;
their disastrous rule in Egypt, i. 31, 32;
hereditary, of Mysteries, i. 39;
native Egyptian, keep aloof from Alexandrian, i. 51;
of Isis on Herculaneum frescoes, i. 68, 69;
importance of, in Alexandrian religion, i. 76, 77;
secular and regular, in same, i. 79, 80;
break up of Asiatic and Egyptian colleges of, spreads magic, i.
107;
necessity of, among Gnostics, ii. 22;
temporal power of Anatolian, ii. 29;
Cybele’s eunuch, ii. 31;
high priests of Magic Papyri, ii. 34 n. 4;
mention of, among Naassenes, ii. 66;
among other Ophites, ii. 77;
Valentinians probably frequent orthodox, ii. 125;
of Marcionites, ii. 205;
of Persians, the Magi, ii. 233, 234;
of Cybele, ally themselves with Mithraists, ii. 258;
of Mithras called “Father,” ii. 261;
qualifications and duties of Mithraic, ii. 267, 268;
like modern churchwardens, ii. 273;
Manichaean, called sons of knowledge, ii. 312;
organization of neo-Manichaean, ii. 330
Proclus, the neo-Platonist, gives Isis’ assertion of eternity and
virginity, i. 63;
identifies Bendis with Persephone, i. 137;
makes all gods contained in Dionysos, i. 146 n. 1;
makes man come from tears of gods, ii. 153 n. 2, 176;
quoted, i. 63, 137 n. 2; ii. 153 n. 2
Prohegumeni, the Two Forerunners of the Treasure-house in the
Pistis Sophia, ii. 149
Prophthasia, Alexander at, said to receive grapes from Greece, i. 4
n. 1.
 See Farrah
Proserpine, Isis called Stygian P. by the Sicilians, i. 56;
Lucius at initiation treads threshold of, i. 62.
See Persephone
Prunicos, or the Substitute, name of Sophia among early Ophites, ii.
45, 59.
See Achamoth, Sophia
Psammetichos, King of Egypt, letter of Nephotes to, on
lecanomancy, i. 101
Psyche, name of Valentinus’ Demiurge, ii. 109
Ptah, the god, one of oldest gods of Egypt, i. 32;
priesthood of, in early times, i. 33;
Ptolemy Epiphanes called the beloved of, i. 51
Ptah-Seker-Osiris, the god, triune deity of Saitic period, i. 33; ii. 195
Ptolemy I Soter, called Saviour-god, i. 18;
his wisdom in choosing and ruling Egypt, i. 28, 29;
his preparationsfor its defence, i. 29, 30;
decides to found syncretic religion uniting Egyptians and Greeks, i.
30;
his court and capital both Greek, i. 44;
his Museum and its “stuffed capons,” i. 45;
his dream as to Serapis-statue, i. 48, 77;
Egyptians reject his religious schemes, i. 51;
success of his religion outside Egypt, i. 52, 53, 54;
five centuries between him and Apuleius, i. 76;
seizes Jerusalem, i. 151;
colonizes Samaria with “Macedonians,” i. 177
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, Asoka’s mission to, i. 20;
attribution of foundation of Museum to, erroneous (Bouché-
Leclercq), i. 44 n. 2
Ptolemy IV Philopator, decline of Egyptian power after, i. 151
Ptolemy V Epiphanes, his coronation at Memphis (Rosetta Stone), i.
51
Ptolemy VI Philometor, petitions to, of Ptolemy son of Glaucias, i. 79
Ptolemy IX Physcon, expels philosophers from Museum, ii. 88
Ptolemy, the son of Glaucias, recluse in Serapeum, i. 79. See
Kenyon
Ptolemy, the Valentinian, his theory of the Cosmocrator as the
creation of the Demiurge, ii. 108 n. 1;
a leader of the Italic School, ii. 119;
his letter to Flora, ii. 131
Punjab, part of, in Persian Empire, i. 1
Purser, Louis Charles, collects authorities on Orpheus, i. 121 n. 1
Puteoli, temple to Serapis at, 100 B.C., i. 53
Pythagoras, pupil of Pherecydes of Syros, i. 124;
says our souls part of world-soul, i. 129;
his theory of transmigration, ibid.
Pythagoreans, the, all early Orphic poems ascribed to, i. 122;
Orphics take transmigration from, i. 127;
find withdrawal from world necessary to salvation, i. 129;
Jews take Ecpyrosis from (Hippolytus), i. 155 n. 2

Quadratus, his lost Apology for Christianity, ii. 202, 203 n. 1

Ra, the god, corporation of priests of, earliest in Egypt, i. 31;

the sun-god, i. 31, 63;
Osiris invoked with him in Book of Dead, i. 32;
legend of, and Isis, i. 38 n. 2; ii. 37 n. 1;
increase of power of, with XIIth Dynasty, i. 63 n. 1;
the serpent Apep his enemy, ii. 78
Ramsay, Sir William, F.R.S., has revived Alexandrian alchemist’s
dream of transmutation, i. 45
Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, says name of Christians not mentioned
by classic writers, i. 1 n. 1;
 all gods of mysteries forms of One, i. 56 n. 4;
date of Hadrian’s visit to Egypt, i. 86 n. 5;
thinks Anatolian Jews coalesce with natives, ii. 28;
state of Phrygia in Ist cent., ii. 29;
characteristics of Anatolian religion, temp. Apostles, ii. 29, 30, 67
n. 3;
importance of Mother of Gods due to matriarchate, ii. 40;
many names of divine pair worshipped in Phrygia, ii. 67 n. 1;
androgyne nature of same and symbol of double axe, ibid.;
quoted, i. 1 n. 1, 56 n. 4, 86 n. 5; ii. 28 n. 3, 29 n. 5, 30 nn. 1, 2, 3,
31 n. 1, 40 n. 3, 67 n. 3
Raphael, the archangel, name of, in Magic Papyri and O.T.
Apocrypha, ii. 34;
in Diagram name of terrestrial daemon, ii. 70;
planet Mars connected with, ii. 75 n. 1
Rawlinson, Canon George, on government of Persian Empire, i. 2 n.
2, 3 nn. 2, 3
Rawlinson, Sir Henry, Omen Tablets in Cuneiform Inscriptions of
W.A., i. 114 n. 1
Rayet, M. Octave, shows identification of Demeter and Persephone
from inscription and vases, i. 46 n. 1
Reade, Winwood, his Martyrdom of Man quoted, i. 11 n. 3, 149 n. 2;
ii. 2, 3, 227 n. 1
Reformation, the German, sects of, compared to Gnostics, ii. 19;
dissidents near to, strictly Christian, ii. 20;
like makers of, Marcion appeals to Scripture, ii. 207;
Manichaeism may have survived till, ii. 357;
leaves Church stronger than before, ii. 360
Reinach, M. Salomon, Orphic password discussed by, i. 134 n. 1
Renaissance, the, Hecate still goddess of sorcerers through Middle
Ages and, i. 147;
sorcerers of, use words of Mass, ii. 267
Renan, Joseph Ernest, warlike characteristics of great goddesses, i.
58;
describes policy of Church of Rome as to Pagan customs, i. 85;
abundance of diviners and sorcerers in Rome of Nero, i. 108;
says Bar Coziba called Monogenes (George the Syncellus), i. 124
n. 3;
account of War of Extermination (Derenbourg), i. 163 n. 1;
revolt of Jews under Trajan, i. 172 n. 1;
says Gnosticism attacks infant Church like croup, ii. 21;
his interpretation of Caulacau, ii. 94 n. 3;
quoted, i. 83 n. 1, 85 n. 1, 124 n. 3, 163 n. 1; ii. 21 n. 1, 94 n. 3
Réville, Albert, his controversy with Gladstone on Genesis, i. liii;
quoted, i. 93 n. 4
Revillout, Eugène, thinks words in Egyptian spell, adaptation of
those of the Mass, i. 87;
to true Gnostic all religions merely veils, ii. 18;
quoted, i. 87 n. 3; ii. 18 n. 4
Rhacotis, Egyptian name of site of Alexandria, i. 44
Rhamnusia, a name of Nemesis identified with Isis, i. 56
Rhapsodists, the, their theogony, i. 123;
Orphic poems recited by, at games, i. 135, 136;
Ophites probably get lines of Homer and Pindar from, ii. 83
Rhea, the goddess, the earth-goddess sometimes called Cybele,
Demeter etc., i. 124, 126;
mother of Attis, i. 139 n. 1; ii. 54
Rhodes, worship of Alexandrian gods at, i. 52
Rhodo, refutes Tertullian’s slanders against Marcion, ii. 218;
his quotation from Apelles the Marcionite, ii. 219;
other Marcionite leaders mentioned by, ii. 220
Ritschl, his theory that both St John Baptist and Jesus were
Essenes, i. 156 n. 1
Rochat, E., on dates of birth and death of Manes, ii. 279 n. 1, 282 n.
2;
 on authenticity of Acta Archelai, ii. 280 n. 3;
on Manes’ father Fatak or Patecius, ii. 285 n. 2;
on authenticity of letter to Marcellus, ii. 288 n. 2, 289;
on Mandaites as descendants of Mughtasilah, ii. 305 n. 1;
quoted, ii. 279 nn. 1, 3, 280 n. 2-6, 281 nn. 1, 3, 5, 282 n. 2, 283
nn. 1, 6, 285 nn. 2, 4, 286 nn. 3, 5, 287 n. 2, 289, 305 nn. 1, 3
Rogers, Dr Robert William, exposes Winckler’s and Jeremias’ astral
theory, i. 115 n. 1
Romans, the, take over Greek pantheon en bloc, i. 17;
frustrate Antiochus Epiphanes’ attack on Egypt, i. 151;
their toleration for Jewish religion and customs fruitless, i. 163;
punish Palestinian towns for rebellion, temp. Vespasian, i. 170;
receive orgiastic worship of Cybele, ii. 30 n. 3;
their long struggle with Persians, ii. 225-227;
their severe laws against Manichaeism, ii. 278, 356
Rome, becomes monarchical as she acquires world-power, i. 15;
welcomes Euhemeristic theory, i. 19;
Alexandrian gods obtain a foothold in, i. 53;
their worship becomes an established church in, i. 79;
gathering of charlatans in, temp. Nero, i. 108;
Orphic gold plates found at, i. 131;
Simonians numerous in, i. 199;
all heretics attracted to, ii. 203
Roots, the six of Simon Magus, i. 180;
expression used by Empedocles and Athamas the Pythagorean, i.
197
Rosetta Stone, the, marks turning of Ptolemies to ancient Egyptian
gods, i. 51
Roxana, wife of Alexander the Great, i. 5, 12
Rutilianus, accomplice and dupe of Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. 24

Sabaoth, used in Hebrew spell identifying Yahweh with Zeus and

Serapis, i. 106;
 name belonging to a secret theology (Origen), ii. 34, 35;
Ophite ruler of planetary sphere (Irenaeus), ii. 47;
the same in Diagram, ii. 69;
address to, ii. 73;
name recurs in Pistis Sophia, ii. 158
Sabaoth the Good, the Great, soul of Jesus on Incarnation received
from (Pistis Sophia), ii. 139, 149;
the emanation of Jeû and acts through messenger (P.S.), ii. 149;
why so called, ii. 149 n. 2;
appears in Bruce Papyrus, ii. 193
Sabaoth the Good, the Little, messenger or substitute of Great
Sabaoth, ii. 149;
his action at Incarnation, ii. 149 n. 2;
identified with Gate of Life, ibid.;
appears in Texts of Saviour, ii. 149 n. 2, 187;
gives cup of perception to righteous soul in same, ii. 187, 309 n. 2
Sabaoth Adamas, in Pistis Sophia a wicked power, ii. 149 n. 2;
in Texts of Saviour ruler of Wicked Aeons, ii. 182;
in same bound with his subjects to Sphere, ii. 182;
his “receiver” Jaluha gives cup of oblivion to soul, ii. 187
Sabazius, the god, comes into Greece before Alexander, i. 17, 137;
a Phrygian god called “Lord of all” and son of Cybele, i. 137;
rites of, described by Demosthenes, i. 138;
identified with Attis and Adonis, i. 139 n. 1;
for Orphics, a form of Dionysos, i. 145;
Phrygia seat of worship of, ii. 28;
called Pappas, ii. 57;
male aspect of androgyne deity of Anatolia (Ramsay), ii. 67 n. 3
Saboï, cry of initiates in Sabazian mysteries, i. 138
Sabos, in Orphic hymn possibly name of Iacchos, i. 138 n. 2
Saclas or Asaqlun, son of King of Darkness among Peratae and
Manichaeans, ii. 329
Sadducees, dominant party among Jews, i. lv, 162;
a “philosophic” sect (Josephus), i. 151;
 their sympathy with Hellenism, i. 162
Salathiel, The Apocalypse of, part of Fourth Esdras called, i. 167
Salmon, Dr George, his theory of forgery of Gnostic documents, i. lxi
n. 1; ii. 11 n. 2;
on authorship of Clementines, i. 178 n. 1;
on discovery of Philosophumena, ii. 11 n. 2;
thinks return of worlds to Deity rather than salvation of mankind
aim of Gnosticism, ii. 42 n. 2;
his interpretation of name of Ialdabaoth, ii. 46 n. 3;
and of Caulacau, ii. 94 n. 3;
Marcion’s life described by, ii. 204;
on early establishment of Marcion’s heresy, ii. 207;
quoted, i. 178 n. 1; ii. 11 n. 2, 41 n. 1, 42 n. 2, 94 n. 3, 204 n. 2,
205 n. 3, 206 nn. 3, 5, 207 nn. 3, 4, 222 n. 1
Salome, speech of Jesus to, in Gospel of Egyptians, i. 196 n. 2;
questions of, in Pistis Sophia, ii. 157
Samarcand, modern name of Maracanda, a foundation of
Alexander’s, i. 5 n. 3
Samaria, Simon Magus’ deeds in, i. 176, 178, 191 n. 3;
re-colonized by Alexander and Ptolemy Soter, i. 177;
destroyed by John Hyrcanus, and rebuilt by Gabinius and Herod
the Great, ibid.;
its mixed population of Semites and Persians, i. 197
Samaritans, the, hatred between Jews and, i. 177;
religion of, temp. Christ, ibid.;
reverence of, for Pentateuch, i. 184 n. 2;
Simon said to appear to, as the Father, i. 192;
appeal of Simon’s doctrines to, i. 202
Sammael, a name of Ophite Ophiomorphus, ii. 52;
identified with Satan in Ascension of Isaiah, ii. 69 n. 2, 75 n. 1
Samothrace, seat of Cabiric Mysteries, i. 61, 136 n. 2;
the god of, called Adam, i. 137 n. 1, 139 n. 1; ii. 54 n. 6
Sandracottus. See Chandragupta
Sapor or Shâpûr I, the Shah, exiles Manes from Persia, ii. 281
Sarapis or (Lat.) Serapis, the god, his recluses or monks, i. 20, 80,
86;
charlatans round altars of (Plutarch), i. 23;
purification of religion of, i. 24;
typical statue of, i. 49;
Modius distinctive attribute of, i. 50;
Ptolemy compels Egyptians to take him into their temples
(Macrobius), i. 52;
early temple to, at Puteoli, i. 53;
“Sarapis alone is Zeus,” i. 55;
all Greek and foreign gods included in, i. 56;
merciful and compassionate to man, i. 58;
friend of man in next world, i. 59, 60;
initiation into “nocturnal orgies” of (Apuleius), i. 64;
special hymn and air addressed to, i. 68, 72;
identified with Osiris (Minucius Felix), i. 70;
April festival of, i. 71;
Oracle of, at Alexandria, i. 77;
identified with Asklepios, i. 78, 87;
statue of, in Alexander Severus’ lararium, i. 82;
statue and temple of, at Alexandria destroyed by Christians, i. 84;
ritual of, adapted to Christian use, i. 85;
joint worship of, and Christ (Hadrian), i. 86;
trinity of, Sarapis, Isis, and Horus, i. 88;
the “Great God” (Mag. Pap.), i. 101, 104, 125 n. 3;
representation of, on scarab used in Jewish spell, i. 106, 107;
identified with Sun, i. 118;
books buried in tombs of worshippers of (Ael. Aristides), i. 132 n.
3;
Simon Magus may have borrowed from religion of, i. 198;
Phrygian deities identified with, ii. 31;
appears as Zeus on Mithraic monument, ii. 238 n. 2;
splendour of worship of, contrasted with that of Mithras, ii. 269
Sargon, King of Akkad, astrological tablets going back to reign of, i.
113, 114
Sarmizegetusa, Mithraic monument at, ii. 264
Sarrebourg, Mithraic monument at, ii. 264
Satan, cosmocrator or world-ruler to Essene initiates (Kohler), i. 153
n. 4;
Marcion called the first-born of, ii. 10;
maker of the body in Gnosticism, ii. 54 n. 2;
enemy of world-creating angels and god of Jews (Saturninus), ii.
89;
cosmocrator in system of Valentinus, ii. 108;
active agent of matter in that of Marcion, ii. 210;
composite form of, in that of Manes, ii. 291;
antagonist of Manichaean First Man, ii. 293;
imprisonment of Manichaean, after Ecpyrosis, ii. 297;
called Hummâma by later Manichaeans, ibid.;
and Great Archon, ii. 298;
and Sindîd, ii. 304.
See Sammael
Saturn, the planet, presides over category of terrestrial things, i. 116;
soul of dead reincarnated when S. in certain position (Texts of
Saviour), i. 118 n. 1;
one of seven heavens in Ophite system, ii. 48;
connection in Diagram between S. and demon Michael, ii. 75;
set over 360 rulers of wicked powers (Texts of Saviour), ii. 182;
in Mithraism soul descends through sphere of, ii. 256;
lead associated with, ii. 257 n. 4;
in same, lowest initiate’s soul will return to sphere of, ii. 265
Saturninus or Saturnilus, the heresiarch, a native of Antioch, ii. 9;
his Docetism, ii. 17;
confusion as to name of, ii. 20 n. 1;
a follower of Simon Magus and predecessor of Basilides and the
Nicolaitans (Epiphanius), ii. 25 n. 5;
makes god of Jews one of the seven world-creating angels
(Irenaeus), ii. 47 n. 3;
denounces marriage and procreation as work of Satan, ii. 89;
Valentinus later than (Epiphanius), ii. 93 n. 3
Saulasau, mystic name of secondary world used by Ophites, ii. 94 n.
3
Saviour, The Texts of the, time of reincarnation dependent on
planetary motions, i. 118 n. 1; ii. 185 n. 2;
affinity of male and female soul explained, i. 195;
sexes united at the length, i. 196 n. 2;
rebellion of half the Twelve Aeons in, ii. 48 n. 4, 152 n. 1;
body of man made by evil daemons, ii. 54 n. 2;
place of punishment of wicked souls above the earth, ii. 69, 182 n.
1;
planet Jupiter ruler of the Five Planets, ii. 73 n. 1;
the angel Zarazaz called by name of demon Maskelli, ii. 75 n. 1,
148 n. 3;
the Serpent of Outer Darkness the Outer Ocean, ii. 78, 155 n. 4,
166 n. 2;
repeats Basilides “one in 1000 and 2 in 10,000,” ii. 92 n. 3, 172;
many members of the Ineffable One, but one body, ii. 145 n. 2;
Jeû the First Man overseer of the Light and Legate of First
Precept, ii. 147 n. 5;
the Books of Jeû written by Enoch in Paradise, ibid.;
Melchizidek Great Receiver of the Light, ii. 148 n. 2, 154 n. 1;
Great Sabaoth the Good and Gate of Life, ii. 149 n. 2;
Great Iao the Good, leader of Middle, ii. 149 n. 3;
Virgin of Light has seven virgins for assistants, ii. 150;
Barbelo called βδελλη in, ii. 151 n. 4;
the Kingdom of Adamas opposite the place of the Virgin of Light, ii.
152 n. 1;
Ialdabaoth in, one of the torturers in hell, ii. 155 n. 3;
says Baptisms and Chrism lead soul into Place of Light, ii. 167 n.
1;
renunciation of the world leads to Mysteries of the Light, ii. 167 n.
2;
thaumaturgic Eucharist of, ii. 172 n. 3, 192;
sacraments called Mysteries of Light, etc., ii. 173 n. 1;
the MS. of, described, ii. 180;
cannot be Valentinian, ii. 180 n. 3;
gives prayer of Jesus in unknown tongue, ibid.;
 puts souls of Patriarchs in Place of Jabraoth, ii. 182 n. 2;
extracts from other documents probably mixed with, ii. 182 n. 3,
183 n. 2;
threefold division of soul into Power, Moira and Counterfeit of the
Spirit, ii. 184;
no division of mankind into pneumatic, psychics and hylics in, ibid.;
magic recommended for conversion of heathen, ii. 185;
Pistis Sophia mentioned in, as daughter of Barbelo, ii. 186;
Orphics’ cups of oblivion and memory reappear in, ibid.;
unknown words of prayer of Jesus in, like those of Marcus’
baptismal formula, ii. 189;
sacraments of Bruce Papyrus resemble those of, ii. 193;
degradation of belief in, ii. 194;
returns to native Egyptian ideas, ii. 195-198;
fear of hell sanction of belief in, ii. 198;
quoted, i. 118 n. 1, 195 n. 1, 196 n. 2; ii. 54 n. 2, 75 n. 1, 78 nn. 4,
5, 92 n. 3, 145 n. 2, 147 n. 5, 148 nn. 1, 3, 149 n. 2, 150 nn. 2,
3, 5, 152 n. 1, 154 n. 1, 155 nn. 3, 4, 166 n. 2, 167 nn. 1, 2, 172
nn. 3, 4, 173 n. 1, 180 nn. 1-4, 182 nn. 1-3, 183 nn. 1-3, 184 n.
4, 185 nn. 1, 2, 186, 187, 198, 199
Saviours, the Twelve, furnish spotless souls for the Twelve Apostles
(Pistis Sophia), ii. 136, 147
Saviours, the Twin, “the boy of a boy” (Pistis Sophia), ii. 142, 171;
reappear in Texts of Saviour and Bruce Papyrus, ii. 193;
functions of, never alluded to, ii. 355 n. 2
Sayce, Prof. A. H., his translation of omen or astrological tablets
from Nineveh, i. 114
Sches-Hor, the, royal tribe of earliest invaders of Egypt, i. 36
Schmidt, Dr Carl, his text and translation of Pistis Sophia and Bruce
Papyrus, ii. 13 n. 2, 190
Schmiedel, Dr P. W., revives Tübingen theory that Simon Magus is
St Paul, i. 179 n. 3;
his mistake about Menander, i. 199 n. 7;
on community of goods, ii. 2 n. 3
Schwartze, Maurice G., transcriber and translator of Pistis Sophia, ii.
18, 134
Scythia, in story of Manes probably means Turkestan, ii. 285;
Addas disciple of Manes missionary to, ii. 352
Scythianus, father of Manes in Christian tradition, ii. 285;
identified with Patecius or Fatak (Kessler), ii. 285 n. 2;
may represent non-Aryan Medes, ii. 286
Sebaste, name of Samaria when rebuilt by Herod, i. 177
Secrecy, of Mysteries of Eleusis very strict, i. 41;
as to burial of Dionysos at Delphi, i. 47;
as to names of God and Goddess of Eleusis (Foucart), i. 47 n. 1;
of initiation into Mysteries of Isis, i. 62;
of Alexandrian doctrine that Osiris god of dead, i. 64 n. 3;
observed as to contents of chest carried in procession of Isis, i. 73;
reason for, as to Mysteries of Eleusis, their foreign origin (Foucart),
i. 130 n. 1;
or jealousy, i. 139 n. 2;
of tenets of Hellenizing Jews, i. 175 n. 2;
as to Dying God not observed by Cretans, ii. 16:
of Gnostics as to their opinions, ii. 18;
of Basilides’ followers, ii. 92, 189;
of Manichaeans, ii. 356
Secunderabad, preserves name of Alexander, i. 5
Secundus, the Valentinian, a leader of the Italic School, ii. 119;
imagines “a right and left tetrad, i.e. light and darkness”
(Hippolytus), ii. 147 n. 4
Seistan, part of Persian Empire, i. 1;
Alexander when in, said to receive grapes from Greece, i. 4 n. 1
Seker or Socharis, the god, a very ancient deity in Egypt, i. 32;
dreary life in next world of his worshippers, ii. 195
Seleucus I Nicator, grants privileges of citizenship to Jews in all cities
of his Empire, ii. 28;
affection of Persians for, ii. 224
Seleucus II Callinicus, defeated by Parthians under Arsaces, ii. 224
Semele, mother of Dionysos on his second or third incarnation, i. 40
n. 4, 42, 145;
in Alexandrian religion Dionysos called the fruit of the vine S.., i.
64 n. 3;
Dionysos son of S., Zagreus re-born, i. 125
Seneca, last speech of, ii. 87
Sepher Jetzirah and Sepher Zohar, books of VIth or VIIth century A.D.,
ii. 35.
See Cabala
Septuagint, the, familiarizes Jews with Old Testament, i. 157;
belongs to Western Diaspora, ii. 53 n. 2.
See Peshitto
Serapeum, the, Egyptian, at Memphis separated from Greek, i. 51;
Athenian, facing the Acropolis, i. 52;
oracle of Serapis at Alexandrian, i. 55;
represented on Herculaneum fresco (von Bissing), i. 68 n. 1;
Bryaxis’ statue in, i. 78 n. 2;
recluse in S. of Memphis, i. 79, 80;
destruction of Alexandrian, i. 83-85
Serapis. See Sarapis
Serpent, Dionysos begotten by Zeus in form of, i. 42;
live, used in Sabazian rites, i. 138;
in Orphic poems represents earth, i. 145 n. 2;
Ophites = worshippers of, ii. 26 n. 4;
“Bull father of serpent,” etc., ii. 39;
external Ocean figured as, ii. 49;
in Asia Minor emblem of goddess’ husband, ii. 49. n. 3;
emblem of Dionysos and soul of world, ii. 50, 55;
called “Michael and Sammael” (Ophites), ii. 52;
taught to coil round Eucharistic bread (Ophites), ii. 61;
called Leviathan in Diagram, ii. 70, 77;
Christian mob kill Ophite, ii. 77;
drops out of Ophite teaching, ii. 78;
 enemy of sun-god in Egypt, ibid.;
“serpent and dove,” ii. 135 n. 3;
death figured as seven-headed, ii. 156 n. 3;
Outer Darkness s. with tail in mouth, ii. 183;
part of, in Mithraic Tauroctony, ii. 245;
represents earth on Mithraic monuments, ii. 247, 250;
“the World-ruler, the Great S.” in Magic Papyrus, ii. 256.
See Tarentum
Set, the god, murderer of Osiris, i. 33;
defeated by Horus, i. 34;
his wife Nephthys comes over to Osiris, i. 35;
Perabsen returns to worship of, i. 36;
aided in war by Ethiopians, i. 37;
the “Osiris whom S. murdered” in Magic Papyrus, i. 92 n. 2;
Typhon Greek equivalent of (Plutarch), i. 105;
magician threatens to tear S. limb from limb, i. 125 n. 3;
like Osiris, a great power or daemon (Plutarch), ii. 16;
sect of Sethiani possibly named after him, ii. 74 n. 4
Seth, Ophites accept Genesis’ account of, ii. 52;
of Sethiani may be Sitheus of Bruce Papyrus, ii. 76 n. 4;
Manichaean or Mandaite story of, ii. 304
Seth, The Paraphrase of, Apocrypha used by Sethiani, i. 175; ii. 53
n. 3;
and by Ophites, ii. 79
Sethiani, the, sect derived from Orphics (Hippolytus), i. 175;
Simonians and they, only Gnostic sects not admitting Jesus’
divinity, ii. 15 n. 1;
their connection with Ophites, ii. 27, 76;
Ialdabaoth appears in system of (Theodoret), ii. 46 n. 3;
a Jewish but apparently non-Christian sect, ii. 53, 76.
See Linus
Severus, Caius Julius, Hadrian’s general, lays waste Palestine, i.
170
Severus, the Emperor Septimius, imitation of Alexander temp., i. 14
n. 1
Shamash, the god, sun-god of Chaldaeans identified with Mithras, ii.
241
Shâpûr. See Sapor
Shapurakan, the, of Manes quoted, ii. 307
Shem, identified by Moses of Chorene with Zervan, i. lx
Sheol, dreariness of Jewish, i. 58, 150;
Gentiles to be swallowed up by (Enoch), i. 161
Sheshonq or Shishak, King of Egypt, suzerain of Solomon, i. 31
Shilluks, the, Nilotic tribe who worship secondary god, but not
Supreme Being, ii. 39 n. 5
Shimnu, Buddhist Devil appearing in Khuastuanift, ii. 335 n. 1
Shishak. See Sheshonq
Sibyl, the, announces decline of worship of Serapis and Isis, i. 86;
Jewish forgeries in name of, i. 173
Sicarii or Zealots, escape before Fall of Temple to Africa and commit
outrages, ii. 5 n. 3
Sicilians, the, call Isis “Stygian Proserpine,” i. 56
Sicily, scene of Rape of Proserpine (scholiast on Hesiod), i. 40;
Isis-worship brought into, by Hiero II, i. 53;
Orphic gold plates found in, i. 131;
Demeter and Persephone tutelary deities of, i. 135
Sidon, Mithraic monuments at, ii. 261 nn. 1, 4
Sige or Silence, female consort of Bythos in Valentinian system, ii.
96, 98;
called also Charis or Grace, ii. 96 n. 5
Simon of Cyrene, crucified instead of Jesus (Basilides), ii. 17
Simon Magus, accused of magic by Hippolytus, i. 110;
thinks souls attracted into bodies by sexual desire, i. 153 n. 3;