SDADASviASDASDAsed-thesis-1

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering Architecture and

ⅰ Technology
SWIFTSWAP: A DEVELOPMENT OF AN AI-BASED REVERSE

VENDING MACHINE WITH CREDIT POINT SYSTEM
TO CONVERT SPECIFIED RECYCLABLES
INTO SCHOOL SUPPLIES
A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty of Computer Department

College of Engineering and Architecture Technology
Rizal Technological University
City of Mandaluyong
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
By:
Altizen, Charles Ian E.

Andam, Prinze Christian Z.
Avendano, Arvy James E.
Batalla, Danica P.
Kapangyarihan, Michaella Jane M.
Mendoza, Angela Nicole L.
Panganiban, Kurt Cobain D.
Perdiz, Michael I.
Piodos, Gilmar S.
Rodica, Junelyn M.
Rosario, Bryan Shane G.
Villare, Niah Christle M.
May 2023
College of Engineering Architecture and Technology i
APPROVAL SHEET
This capstone project entitled “SWIFTSWAP: A DEVELOPMENT OF

AN AI-BASED REVERSE VENDING MACHINE WITH CREDIT POINT
SYSTEM TO CONVERT SPECIFIED RECYCLABLES INTO SCHOOL
SUPPLIES”, prepared and submitted by Charles Ian E. Altizen, Prinze
Christian Z. Andam, Arvy James E. Avendano, Danica P. Batalla,
Michaella Jane M. Kapangyarihan, Angela Nicole L. Mendoza, Kurt
Cobain D. Panganiban, Gilmar S. Piodos, Junelyn M. Rodica, Bryan
Shane G. Rosario, Niah Christle M. Villare, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering,
is hereby approved and accepted.
BELINDA G. BUNAG, DTE

Subject Adviser
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ______

on _______.
INSTRUCTOR ALQUIN D. CEZAR

Thesis Adviser
DR. LEA S. NISPEROS ENGR. EMELITA C. PRESBITERO

Member Member
INSTRUCTOR MARVIN A. FUENTES DR. JENNIS N. ARTICONA

Member Chair
Accepted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering at the College of Engineering
and Architecture, Rizal Technological University - Mandaluyong Campus.
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER L. ZAPLAN

Head, Computer Engineering Department
Date:________________
DR. CORLETO R. BRAVO

Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Date:________________
College of Engineering Architecture and Technology ii
DEDICATION
This thesis is our way of saying a big thank you to everyone who helped
us during our studies.
To Almighty God, the source of wisdom, strength, and guidance
throughout our academic journey. His boundless grace has illuminated our
path, enabling us to overcome challenges and reach this significant milestone.
To our Families, whose unconditional support, sacrifices, and love have
been the foundation of our intellectual endeavor. Your support has fueled our
dreams, and your faith in us has served as a continual source of motivation.
To our Adviser and Professors, whose guidance, expertise, and
commitment molded our intellectual development. Your advice has been
beneficial in encouraging us to explore fresh perspectives and push the limits
of our understanding.
To our Group Mates, with whom we have faced the challenges of
research, collaboration, and deadlines. Your commitment, teamwork, and
shared aspirations have made this thesis a collective achievement.
SWIFTSWAP TEAM
College of Engineering Architecture and Technology iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The group extends its deepest gratitude to the Almighty God for His
unwavering guidance, strength, and wisdom throughout the academic journey.
His divine presence has served as the source of inspiration and fortitude,
enabling the group to overcome challenges and reach this significant
milestone.
Special appreciation is directed towards the dedicated thesis professor,
Dr. Belinda Bunag, whose experience, mentorship, and encouragement have
played a crucial role in defining the trajectory of the research. Her wise
assistance guided the group through complexities, and they sincerely
appreciate her vital efforts and patience.
Sincere gratitude is extended to the thesis adviser,xlfor his scholarly
insights and constructive feedback, which greatly enriched the depth and
quality of the thesis. His commitment to academic excellence served as a
guiding beacon, and the group is honored to have benefited from his expertise.
Heartfelt acknowledgement is expressed to the esteemed panels for
their thorough examination of the work and insightful comments. Their rigorous
evaluation undoubtedly enhanced the rigor and validity of the research, and
the group is thankful for their time and expertise.
The group acknowledges the unwavering support and understanding of
their families, which served as the bedrock of their journey. From financial
support to encouragement, patience, and love, the families sustained the

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology iv
group through challenges, and this achievement is as much theirs as it is the
group's.
Finally, the group expresses gratitude to the dedicated groupmates and
respondents who played an integral role in the success of the endeavor. Their
collaboration, hard work, and collective spirit made the academic pursuit
rewarding and enjoyable. Together, they have triumphed, and the group looks
forward to carrying the camaraderie forged during this thesis journey into future
endeavors.
College of Engineering Architecture and Technology v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET................................................................................... i
DEDICATION ............................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................viii
LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................x
CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND .........................1
Introduction ...........................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .....................................................................3
Objectives of the Study .........................................................................4
Significance of the Study ......................................................................5
Concept of Operation ............................................................................7
System Architecture……………………………..……….………………....8
Scope and Delimitation .........................................................................9
Definition of Terms .............................................................................13
CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, STUDIES, AND
PRIOR ARTS
Reverse Vending Machine………………………………...….………….17
Input Recyclable Materials………………………………...….………….19
Artificial Intelligence in Waste Segregation………………….………….21
Object Detection Algorithm……………………………………...…..……25
Pointing System and Conversion………………………………..……….28

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology vi
Rewards………………………………………………………..…..…….…31
Web Application………………………………..…………..…………..…..33
Laws and Policies………………….…………………...…………….…...36
ISO Evaluation………………………………………………...……..…….38
Conceptual Framework .......................................................................40
Synthesis ............................................................................................46
CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH AND ITS METHOD ........................................50
Research Method ...............................................................................50
Description of Respondents ................................................................54
Population of the Study ......................................................................55
Research Instrument ..........................................................................56
Questionnaires ...................................................................................59
Data Gathering Methods and Procedure ............................................61
Statistical Tools ..................................................................................63
Project Design ...................................................................................65
Software Requirements ......................................................................68
Hardware Components .......................................................................70
Design Phase .....................................................................................77
Testing Phase .....................................................................................79
Testing Procedures .............................................................................80
Unit Testing ........................................................................................81
Integration Testing ..............................................................................85
System Testing ...................................................................................87

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Deployment Phase .............................................................................90
Maintenance .......................................................................................90
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................92
Project Description……..…………………………….……...……...……..92
Project Structure……………………………………………...……..……..93
Web Application Interface…………………………...……..……………100
Evaluation Procedures……...………………………………..………….105
Unit Test Results……………………...………………………….………106
Integration Test Results……………………………………….………...110
System Test Results…………………………………………….……….114
Pre Survey Results……………………………………………….……...117
Post Survey Results……………………………………………….…….129
CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary………………………………………………………...….……140
Conclusion…………………………………………………………….....142
Recommendation……………………………………...…...…….……..144
REFERENCES ......................................................................................147
APPENDICES…………………………………….………….............……...155
College of Engineering Architecture and Technology viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Description Page
Table 1 Benchmarking Table 45
Table 2 5-point Likert’s Scale for User Acceptance Testing 58
Table 3 Input receptacle Components 71
Table 4 Rewards 72
Table 5 AI Components 73
Table 6 Sensors and Other Peripherals 74
Table 7 Vending Machine Components 75
Table 8 Other Electrical Components 76
Table 9 Other Miscellaneous Materials 77
Table 10 Unit Testing Parameters for Software 81
Table 11 Unit Testing Parameters for Hardware 83
Table 12 Integration Testing Parameters for Hardware 85
Table 13 Integration Testing Parameters for Software 86
Table 14 System Testing Parameters for Hardware 87
Table 15 System Testing Parameters for Software 88
Table 16 System Testing Parameters of Admin Web App Account 89
Table 17 Unit Test Results for Hardware 107
Table 18 Unit Test Results for Software 109
Table 19 Integration Test Results for Hardware 111
Table 20 Integration Test Results for Software 113
Table 21 System Test Results for Hardware 114

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology ix
Table 22 System Testing Results for Software 115
Table 25 System Testing Parameters of Admin Web App Account 116
Table 26 User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Security 130
Table 27 User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Usability 132
Table 28 User Acceptance Test Result for Functional Suitability 134
Table 29 User Acceptance Test Result for Performance Efficiency 136
Table 30 User Acceptance Test Result for Maintainability 138

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Number Description Page
Figure 1 Concept of Operation 11
Figure 2 System Architecture 38
Figure 3 Conceptual Framework of AI-Based RVM 38
Figure 4 Object Detection Flowchart 41
Figure 5 Agile SDLC Process Flow 49
Figure 6 Front Interface of SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine 53
Figure 7 Mechanical Components of SwiftSwap RVM 64
Figure 8 Internal Electronic Components of SwiftSwap 64
Figure 9 Software Design Phase 75
Figure 10 Design Phase for Hardware 76
Figure 11 SwiftSwap Front Interface 91
Figure 12 SwiftSwap Rear Interface 92
Figure 13 SwiftSwap Side Panels Interface 93
Figure 14 SwiftSwap Input Receptacle 94
Figure 15 SwiftSwap Compactor 95
Figure 16 SwiftSwap Rotating Bin 96
Figure 17 SwiftSwap Reward Panel 97
Figure 18 SWIFTSWAP User Interface 98
Figure 19 SWIFTSWAP Reward System 99
Figure 20 SWIFT SWAP Transaction History 100
Figure 21 SWIFT SWAP User Logs 100

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology xi
Figure 22 SWIFT SWAP Access Reward Stocks 101
Figure 23 SWIFTSWAP About Page 102
Figure 24 Demographic Profile of Respondents 62
Figure 25 Familiarity of respondents in Reverse Vending Machine 63
Figure 26 Respondent’s awareness of reward option in RVM 64
Figure 27 Familiarity in the concept of recycling and waste disposal 65
Figure 28 Beverage Preference Commonly Purchased by Respondents 67
Figure 29 Size of Water Bottles Commonly Purchased by Respondents 68
Figure 30 Size of Juice Beverages Commonly Purchased Respondents 69
Figure 31 Size of Soft Drinks Commonly Purchased by Respondents 70
Figure 32 Size of Energy Drinks Commonly Purchased by Respondents 71
Figure 33 Type of Reward System Preferred by the Respondents 72
Figure 34 School Supplies Commonly Used Daily by Respondents 73

College of Engineering Architecture and Technology 1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Every year, a student generates approximately 640 pounds of solid waste
(College and University Recycling Resources, 2020). In the Philippines,
educational institutions contribute 12.1 percent to the total waste, with
recyclable materials making up 27.28 percent (Mayuga, 2021). However, the
actual recycling rate in the National Capital Region stands at a mere 9 percent
with other waste being disposed of or leaked to the open environment
(Bagayas, 2020). According to Saleem et al. (2018), the most prevalent type
of recyclable waste includes paper at 25.5 percent, followed by plastic bottles
at 9 percent and cans at 7 percent.
In a study of Dacay et al. (2020), the researchers developed a Reverse
Vending Machine to mitigate plastic waste, encourage waste segregation, and
promote recycling within the university settings. The process mentioned
involved the use of recyclable materials as their input. Recyclable materials
such as PET bottles were used. Once the inputs are inserted in the receptacle,
the infrared sensor will determine if it is a PET bottle or not while the inductive
sensor will determine if it is an aluminum can. An equivalent point will be
generated and will be given to the user.
There are other studies in relation to Reverse Vending Machines.
According to Daniel and Kazuo (2012), the authors created a reverse vending
machine that accepts plastic bottles and has a monetary reward system. The
authors also used a load sensor to identify if the input inserted by the user is
indeed a plastic bottle. In identifying the users, an RFID card was used in which
it is going to be tapped on the machine in order for users to redeem their
reward. Another reverse vending machine related study is from a non-patent
research by Simatupang et al. (2022), the input that was used is also a plastic
bottle and in order to differentiate the PET bottles into other materials, the
authors used sensors to do so. The rewards are also monetary, and ID cards
were used in order to determine the user. Both studies focus on the recyclable
materials as the input of reverse vending machines. In addition, the
researchers used sensors in order to detect if the input is plastic bottles or not.
However, According to Banner (2022), where the author discussed that
despite the ability of sensors to identify plastic bottles, the reliability of using
sensors is still questionable due to issues with precision and response time in
the detection process.In order to solve this problem, the proponents are
proposing a reverse vending machine that will use artificial intelligence to
detect recyclable materials with segregation. The inputs mentioned are the
PET bottles, aluminum can and papers. The accumulated equivalent points
will be determined based on the predetermined weight of inputted PET bottles.
For every transaction, the points generated will be added to the user account
and an equivalent reward, which can be redeemed and exchanged for school
supplies. This reward system that will be implemented in the study is based on
the accumulated points reward system.

Statement of the Problem
The main purpose of this study was to design and develop an AI-Based
Reverse Vending Machine using object detection and image processing that
accepts selected PET bottles, aluminum cans and paper converting them into
credit points that can be further exchanged for essential school supplies. The
researchers aimed to comprehensively address the issue of recyclable wastes
by formulating a solution that advocates for recycling, reinforces educational
initiatives, and fosters environmental sustainability. This study was conducted
to answer the following questions:
1. How to develop and train an AI-based reverse vending machine with a
credit system using object detection capable of accurately accepting,
validating, and accumulating points for input, while also being able to
compact and segregate the given input?
2. How does the design facilitate user registration, implement a point
system, and enable the redemption of rewards, all while incorporating a
notification monitoring system?
3. How can software quality be assessed according to ISO 25010,
considering aspects such as: (a) Security, (b)Usability, (c) Functional
Suitability, (d) Performance Efficiency, and (e) Maintainability
4. How does the User Acceptance Test (UAT) contribute to assessing the
performance and management of the system from the perspective of end
users?
Objectives of the Study
The general objective of this study was to design and develop an AI
based reverse vending machine using object detection and image processing
that will convert plastic bottles, aluminum cans and tin cans, and bond paper
into school supplies based on the accumulated points. Specifically, this study
aimed to do the following objective:
1. To develop and train an AI-based reverse vending machine with a credit
system using object detection and image processing capable of
accurately accepting, validating, and accumulating points for input, while
also being able to compact and segregate the given input.
2. To design a user-friendly web application and establish its interface with
the machine to enable user registration, point system, and redeeming of
rewards with notification monitoring system.
3. To evaluate the software quality based on ISO 25010 in terms of the
following: (a) Security, (b) Usability, (c) Functional Suitability, (d)
Performance Efficiency, and (e) Maintainability.
4. To conduct system evaluation using the User Acceptance Test (UAT)
based on the end users in the performance and management of the
system.
Significance of the Study
This research focused on creating a vending machine that accepts
waste products such as selected PET bottles, tin and aluminum cans, papers
in exchange for school supplies. When the project is completed successfully,
the machine will benefit the following:
RTU Students will benefit upon the implementation of a credit point
system which also encourages recycling while providing students with a
beneficial incentive, developing environmental awareness and ethical
consumption choices. Students can also learn about the relationship between
technological innovation and environmental sustainability by integrating
technology into recycling equipment. This aids in their comprehension of
workable ideas that benefit the society.
Waste Management Division Understanding the functionality and
sustainability of Swiftswap reverse vending machines will help the university’s
waste management improve its waste recycling activities, creating a more
efficient and rewarding method for students to participate in sustainable
practices. The incorporation of a credit point system offers a novel incentive,
encouraging better recycling behavior and contributing to the overall success
of the university's waste management approach.
Rizal Technological University and its Administration would benefit
from swiftswap vending machines by implementing such a project may help
reduce environmental impact, strengthen the university's commitment to
sustainability, and perhaps save money by recycling selected recyclable
materials into valuable educational supplies. This research can also
encourage departmental cooperation inside the institution, resulting in

technical developments that are in line with the university's sustainability
objectives.
Researchers will be able to enhance their skills in software and
hardware development which can result in gaining significant abilities that
exceed beyond the boundaries of the study. Researchers will also improve
their critical thinking and problem solving skills which contribute to their overall
professional development.
Future Researchers can use this study as a reference material for the
studies who intend to create a vending machine. They can also use the study
as a guide in creating capstone projects related to computer engineering. This
can give them an overview about the hardware and software components
which can be used in their future studies.
Concept of Operation
Figure 1. Concept of Operation
SWIFTSWAP employs PET plastic bottles, aluminum cans and paper
recycling in a process where users begin by registering manually or via QR
code that seamlessly creates an account on the web application. Once
registered, users deposit either PET bottles, aluminum tin cans, or paper into
the machine, triggering a sorting system through the use of object detection
that assesses the type of input as well as its weight. Non-compliant items are
promptly rejected. Accepted bottles undergo compacting and are sorted into
their respective bins. Administrators receive real-time notifications when bins
reach capacity, ensuring timely maintenance. Users accumulate points for
each accepted input, viewable on the web app, and can claim rewards when
their points meet the required threshold. This integrated approach
encourages sustainable practices while providing users with a rewarding
recycling experience.
System Architecture
Figure 2. System Architecture
Figure 2 illustrates the SwiftSwap system architecture. To interact with
the machine, users need to scan a QR code generated via SwiftSwap's web
application. During the login process, the machine utilizes two cameras: one
for website authentication and the other is used to decrypt the user's unique
QR code from the database, allowing access to the point accumulation
feature. Once authorized, users may input the recyclable materials. When the
Raspberry Pi detects a valid input, it prompts the Arduino to initiate the sorting
mechanism.
When redeeming a reward, the website communicates with the second
Raspberry Pi via API. The Raspberry Pi then transmits string data to the
Arduino, which activates the corresponding motor to dispense the reward to

the user. The Arduino only has one serial port, thus it can connect to one
device at a time. To allow simultaneous contact between the second
Raspberry Pi and the Arduino, the proponents utilized RX/TX connections,
which eliminates the necessity for the same serial port. Additionally, a logic
converter is used to transform the data stream from 5V to 3.3V, ensuring
compatibility with the second Raspberry Pi and the Arduino.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The capstone project focused on developing an AI-Based Reverse
Vending Machine that accepts uncapped selected empty PET bottles,
aluminum cans, and used papers. The PET bottles that the machine accepted
ranges from bottles with size up to 2.25 by 11.2 inches, colored or transparent
PET bottles. The reverse vending machine is equipped with a linear actuator
designed for compacting the accepted input selected recyclable materials. It
features four separate compartment bins, with the first two bins designated for
colored and transparent PET bottles, the third bin for aluminum cans, and the
fourth bin for papers. Each bin is dimensioned at 15 inches in width, 15 inches
in depth, and 20 inches in height, with specific capacities: 50 to 100 crushed
PET bottles for each of the colored and transparent bins, 100 to 150 crushed
aluminum tin cans, and 200 to 250 uncrumpled bond papers and yellow
papers. The machine also includes LED light indicators for status indication.
When in standby mode, the indicator produces an orange glow. When a valid
input is received, the indicator changes color to a bright green. If the input is
rejected, it changes to a cautionary blinking red color.

The reverse vending machine has (6) reward choices, a pack of
graphite number-two (2) pencil with eraser, and a black ball-point pen, 5 inches
by 7 inches notebook filler, a pack of short bond paper which contains thirty
(30) sheets, a correction tape, a pack of 1/8 index card which contains twenty-
five pieces, and a pack of sticky notes to be dispensed each with a
corresponding credit point. A kilogram of PET plastic bottles will correspond to
12 points, 50 points for aluminum cans, and 8 points for paper.
The user must register and sign up in the web application which will be
used to store the user’s credit points and a unique QR code that will be used
to identify the user upon registration. Users have the choice to generate and
print a unique QR code, which has a two-day validity for reuse in subsequent
transactions. In instances where users are unable to print the QR code or
access their mobile phones, an alternative method is provided. The reverse
vending machine screen enables users to input their User ID to access their
user account and complete transactions.
The proponents employed a database using Firebase for monitoring
and database server for the stored points and for the products. The proponents
also developed a web-based application using ReactJS, accessible to both
IOS and Android platforms, to enhance the user interface and control system
of reverse vending machines (RVMs). The application provided users with a
seamless and intuitive interface for interacting with the RVM, allowing them to
collect points. A local server was developed to establish an offline platform for
users in the event of a power outage. Additionally, a transaction history feature

was integrated into the web application, which allowed users convenient
access to their past transactions stored on a secure and backed-up server.
Furthermore, the user can only create one (1) account.
The researchers also included a notification system for the operator of
the reverse vending machine. The system was also designed to alert the
operator when the bins reach full capacity. This notification prevents users
from depositing additional items into the machine, signaling that the unit
required emptying. The reverse vending machine can fit five (5) packs of thirty
(30) sheets of short bond paper, five (5) pieces of correction tape, five (5)
pieces of 5 inches by 7-inch notebook filler, five (5) sets of twenty-five (25)
pieces of ⅛ index card, five (5) pieces of graphite number-two (2) pencil,
erasers and black ball-point pen, and five (5) packs of sticky notes.
The Reverse Vending Machine was placed inside the Rizal
Technological University-Boni Campus, situated in Mandaluyong City. The
respondents included in the study were the students and faculty members of
Rizal Technological University Boni Campus only. Furthermore, the study
covered a seven-month timeline beginning from October 2023 to May of 2024,
that included the stages of design, creating the prototype, implementing and
deploying the reverse vending machine.
The reverse vending machine delimited the input into PET bottles,and
when these bottles are not compressed properly, it takes up a lot of space and
makes things messy to store inside the garbage bin. Also, the reverse vending
machine only accepted the pet bottles if they were empty and uncapped. In
cases where bottles were capped and not empty, the AI system utilizes a
dataset of uncapped and empty bottles to identify them and rejects them from
being accepted by the machine. Aluminum cans will also be accepted with size
up to 2 ¼ inch diameter and 5¾ inch of height. Furthermore, it will also accept
paper that is delimited to bond paper, and should be uncrumpled, with a size
of up to 8.5 by 11.75 inches and should only range from 1 sheet per input..
Additionally, the reverse vending machine applied a sorting algorithm
using an AI validation system. Object detection was achieved through the
implementation of a camera. For the AI model training, the proponents
underwent a process of capturing and annotating images of the inputs for the
reverse vending machine, ensuring a comprehensive data set . The device
cannot train the AI model itself and is not capable of data training.
Definition of Terms
Accumulated Pointing System is a pointing system where users can
store their points on their accounts on the application in which they are free
to pick whether they will spend their points instantly or store it in their
accounts.
Agile SDLC is a software development life cycle methodology utilizing
iterative, self-contained cycles for continual software evolution and delivery.
Well-suited to the custom nature of the reverse vending machine.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the use of computer systems and
algorithms to perform tasks that would otherwise require human intelligence.

The paper proposes using AI for accurately identifying and sorting plastic
bottle types and colors.
Compactor is a mechanism that compacts pet bottles effectively
increasing the number of pet bottles that can be stored.
Deep learning is a type of machine learning algorithm that mimics how
the human brain processes information. The Vending Machine uses a Deep
Learning AI system to precisely detect bottle weights.
Image Processing is an AI algorithm that differentiate the type of pet
bottles depending on their size, predetermined weight, and color.
Input Receptacle is a receptacle where all of the pet bottles will be
inserted in the machine.
Load sensor is a device that detects and measures pressure or
weight. The Vending Machine uses load sensors to validate if a plastic bottle
was inserted based on its weight properties.
Neural networks is an AI modeling approach loosely inspired by
human brain connectivity to interpret sensory input.
PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is a type of resin and a form of
polyester. Usually found in plastic water bottles and is the main material that
the vending machine will accept as an input.
Raspberry Pi is a mini computer that controls all of the mechanism of
the vending machine and stores all of the data that the application will use.
Reject Receptacle is a receptacle where all rejected pet bottles from
the input receptacle after being validated by the AI sorting software.

Reverse Vending Machine is a machine that dispenses school
supplies in exchange for pet bottles instead of coins.
Sorting Mechanism is a system using an actuator and AI image
processing to determine which compartment the different types of pet bottles
will go.
Systems integration is the coordination of various software and
hardware components into a cohesive, unified reverse vending machine
system. Encompasses integrating coding, electronics, mechanics, etc.
User interface is the visual display and controls that allow users to
interact with the reverse vending machine. This includes aspects like credit
point tracking, reward selection, etc.
LED indicator is to indicate if the user can be notified when the bottle
they have inserted was valid or not. green is emitted if the input is valid, when
orange is emitted it is when the machine is on standby mode, red glows if the
input is not valid.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, STUDIES, AND PRIOR ARTS
This chapter reviewed related literature on developing a reverse
vending machine that would be used on Rizal Technological University
premises. Materials that were used in this chapter were a combination of both
patent and non patent sources.
Reverse Vending Machine
In the study conducted by Kazuo and Daniel in (2014), titled "Reverse
Vending Machine" and holding a patent number of US8851265B2, the
authors introduced a novel reverse vending machine designed for processing
metallic and non-metallic beverage containers. This innovative machine
compacts, sorts, and stores containers within the apparatus, providing
additional features such as a self-cleaning system, a user information display
screen, a barcode scanner, a user ID reader, and a coupon printer. Transaction
details are electronically stored, and the machine autonomously returns
containers that are not empty or have unreadable barcodes. The storage bins,
made of plastic, are used for convenient and efficient storage of recyclable
items. The compactor sub-assembly and container remover play crucial roles
in the sorting process, ensuring efficient recycling. Nordbhyn's work in 2011
focused on a reverse vending machine for empty beverage containers. The
system utilizes biometric features as identification tokens for return value
payouts. The emphasis is on eco-friendly storage boxes made of plastic, and

solar energy serves as the primary power source, reducing carbon emissions.
The research highlights the efficiency and environmental advantages of using
solar power in container return systems.
Tomari et al. (2017) presented the "Development of Reverse Vending
Machine (RVM) Framework for Implementation to a Standard Recycle Bin."
This system integrates advanced technology into standard municipal recycle
bins, identifying users, weighing deposited items, and converting the weight
into reward points. The goal is to motivate recycling and contribute to
environmental sustainability, aligning with the waste-to-wealth concept.
The "Reverse Vending Machines for Plastic Bottles" by Mariya et al.
(2020), aims to address plastic waste by incorporating a reward system using
image processing technology. Depositors can claim points, redeemable as
promo codes for online shopping. The study emphasizes the importance of
efficient waste management and real-time monitoring of machine capacity.
The invention of Zia et al.(2022) focuses on plastic waste
management through the development of a low-cost and weight learning
Reverse Vending Machine. This incentive-based machine incorporates a cost-
effective computing device with a lightweight image processing algorithm,
achieving high testing accuracy and practicality in a university deployment,
effectively collecting plastic waste.
In the Philippines, the San Juan City local Government also proposed
a project that encourages residents of San Juan City to recycle PET bottles in
exchange for cash using a reverse vending machine. The reverse vending
machine is called Reverse Vending YC-301, it accepts aluminum cans as well
as PET bottles. It has different features such as bin fill level monitoring and
compression module. However, the incentive of this RVM is through cash or
coupons that can only be availed in selected redemption booths of the city
government (Garcia, 2022). Some SM malls in the Philippines also have a
reverse vending machine, specifically SM megamall and SM Mall of Asia. This
is in accordance with the project of SM cares, in which through recycling the
used PET bottles of customers, customers may receive up to 15% discount
coupons in SM skating and SM bowling (Rosales, 2023).
These studies collectively contribute to the advancement of reverse
vending machine technology for efficient and sustainable waste
management.
Input Recyclable Materials
In recycling, it is important to know and understand what materials
could be recycled, a recent study called Plastic Waste Management through
the Development of a Low Cost and Light Weight Deep Learning Based
Reverse Vending Machine by Zia et al. (2022), focuses on Plastic bottles. The
researchers focused specifically on plastic bottles in their study because
plastic bottles have become one of the major causes of plastic pollution. The
rapid increase in the consumption of soft and cold drinks in the last decade
has led to a significant increase in plastic bottle consumption, resulting in

environmental pollution and resource depletion. The production of plastic
bottles involves a significant amount of oil, and recycling plastic bottles is
considered one of the most effective ways to deal with plastic pollution.
Additionally, plastic production and consumption contribute to air pollution.
Therefore, the researchers aimed to address the issue of plastic pollution by
exploring recycling methods for plastic bottles.
A similar study called Automatic Cold Drink Vending Machine with
Reverse Vending System for Empty Bottles and Monitoring System using
VLSI from Babu et al (2019), also focuses on plastic bottles as input material
driven by the critical issue of plastic pollution and the need for effective
management of plastic waste. Plastic bottles are a significant contributor to
environmental problems, and their improper disposal can harm both the
environment and human health. By developing a system that can vend and
collect plastic bottles for recycling, the researchers aimed to reduce the
production of new plastic and promote a cleaner and more sustainable
environment.
IoT-Based Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) for Recycle Station by
Mohd Adzaharee et al (2021), on the other hand accepts a wider range of
recyclable materials, such as aluminum cans, plastic bottles, and glass
bottles. The researchers' focus on these three types of materials, namely
aluminum cans, plastic, and glass bottles, is because they are commonly
found in solid waste and have a significant impact on the environment. These
materials have a high potential for recycling and can be effectively processed
to reduce waste and conserve resources. By targeting these materials, the
researchers aim to develop a reverse vending machine (RVM) that can
efficiently collect and recycle them, promoting sustainable waste
management practices.
Artificial Intelligence in Waste Segregation
According to Mahendra (2023), as the world becomes more reliant on
technology, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an essential tool and one
area where it can make a significant impact is in waste management. Thus,
by moving to artificial intelligence for smart recycling and trash management,
garbage sorting and disposal procedures can be automated, resulting in more
sustainable recycling methods (Sharma & Vaid, 2021).
Recent studies by Abdallah et al. (2020) and Fang et al. (2023)
underscore the increasing prevalence of AI techniques in addressing solid
waste management challenges. Notably, Fang et al.'s findings reveal an
impressive accuracy range of 72.8% to 99.95% in waste identification and
sorting through AI.
In contrast to traditional waste management methods, Bolukonda, D.
(2021), in the invention with patent number AU2021101744A4, introduces a
waste segregation method leveraging machine learning techniques. The
method involves an automatic waste management process, employing
machine learning for the segregation of waste into organic and inorganic
categories immediately after collection by the trash bin. The integration of
machine learning, coupled with image recognition, facilitates the classification

of trash based on sensor input. The invention incorporates a comprehensive
set of components, including sensors, cameras, an online server dashboard,
IoT-connected cameras, motors, Raspberry Pi camera modules, Raspberry
Pi Boards, and other supporting elements, all aligned with the architecture of
the invention.
Similarly, Zubair et al. (2022) propose a comprehensive solution
integrating image processing, AI, and mechanical sorting for effective waste
segregation. Their prototype incorporates initial segregation mechanisms,
followed by image processing and AI algorithms, presenting a holistic
approach. Nafiz et al. 's (nd) work introduces a waste segregation machine
utilizing smart object detection algorithms and Deep Convolutional Neural
Networks (DCNN), employing deep learning and image processing for precise
waste classification. This innovative system includes sensors that notify
authorities about bin levels, contributing to resource optimization and efficient
waste management practices.
Furthermore, Susanth et al. (2021) advocate for decreased human
intervention in waste segregation through an image classifier using
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Their experimentation reveals that
DenseNet169 outperforms other CNN models, providing a more productive
waste segregation process. Rahman et al.'s (2022) intelligent waste
management system, employing deep learning and IoT, achieves a high
classification accuracy of 95.31%, highlighting the system's efficiency in
waste categorization. Parallel in the study of Thao (2023), he introduces an

innovative solution focused on precise waste sorting. The system employs a
camera in conjunction with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to achieve
a remarkable 99% success rate in accurately classifying waste items. To
complement this, a robotic arm is integrated into the system to physically sort
the waste into designated bins. The entire hardware setup is interconnected
through a wireless network, offering several advantages, including enhanced
worker health, heightened efficiency, and a reduction in human labor. This
holistic approach aligns with the principles of sustainable development,
presenting a comprehensive solution to the challenges of modern waste
management.
In the study conducted by K. Sreelakshmi et al. (2019), the focus is on
the application of Capsule-Net in solid waste management, specifically for the
separation of plastic and non-plastic materials. The evaluation of Capsule-Net
involves the use of two distinct datasets. Dataset 1 comprises materials
collected from public spaces, while Dataset 2 includes materials gathered
from private environments. The proposed architecture, utilizing Capsule-Net,
demonstrates a commendable accuracy of 96.3% for Dataset 1 and 95.7%
for Dataset 2.
In 2016, Sudha et al. presented an innovative automated recognition
system utilizing a Deep Learning algorithm within the realm of Artificial
Intelligence. This system aims to classify objects into biodegradable and non-
biodegradable categories. Once trained with an initial dataset, the system

exhibits real-time object identification capabilities, achieving a high level of
accuracy in classification.
Moreover, Zia et al. 's (2022) low-cost Reverse Vending Machine
(RVM) introduces an incentive-based user application, achieving high
accuracy in classifying used plastic bottles through a lightweight MobileNet
model. Their study underscores the potential of lightweight computing devices
in promoting efficient waste classification. These studies collectively
showcase the diverse applications of AI in waste management, ranging from
image classification to incentive-based recycling systems, contributing to the
global push for sustainable and technologically advanced waste solutions.
Object Detection Algorithm
The progress in object detection techniques based on deep
understanding has been remarkable, advancing features like extraction,
image representation, classification, and recognition. This surge is attributed
to the rapid growth in deep learning theory and technology (Nawaz et al.,
2022). In the exploration of object detection methods, two approaches have
been prevalent: one-stage and two-stage detection. One-stage architectures
provide both object locations and classes in a single step, while two-stage
detectors involve class-agnostic object proposals initially, followed by
classification into class-specific detections (Majchrowska et al., 2022). Deep
Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs), as argued by Kaur and Singh
(2023), have showcased excellent performance, finding applications in
various domains such as video processing, object detection, image

segmentation, image classification, speech recognition, and natural language
processing. Similarly, Majchrowska et al. (2022) noted a consistent
improvement in the quality of image recognition structures through
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), with numerous new architectures
identified as suitable for waste classification.
Various algorithms, including Histograms of Oriented Gradient (HOG)
and Support Vector Machine (SVM), have been presented for object
detection, leading to the creation of new architectures. Selective Search, used
in R-CNN, was later replaced by the Region Proposal Network (RPN) in
Faster R-CNN for enhanced efficiency (Bharath K., 2023). The development
of one-stage networks like YOLO v2, employing anchor boxes for network
predictions, contrasts with two-stage networks in terms of speed and
accuracy, especially for smaller objects (Alan Kilich, n.d.). The Histogram of
Oriented Gradients, introduced in 1986, is among the earliest object detection
methods, gaining popularity in computer vision tasks in 2005 (Bharath K.,
2023). Additionally, he mentioned that region-based convolutional neural
networks represent an improvement over previous methods like HOG and
SIFT, aiming to extract essential features using selective features and a
selective search algorithm. Furthermore, the fast R-CNN method processes
the entire image through a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network, utilizing
region of interest (RoI) pooling for enhanced efficiency. Faster R-CNN, an
advancement over fast R-CNN, addresses the challenges of its predecessor.
On the other hand, Bharath stated that YOLO is a popular model architecture,
offering high accuracy and speed by processing images in a single pass.
RetinaNet, introduced in 2017, competes with YOLO v2 and SSD models,
demonstrating superior object detection capabilities, especially in satellite
imagery. Moreover, in a comparative analysis of deep learning image
detection algorithms by Srivastava et al. (2021), Yolo-v3 demonstrated the
best overall performance, being the fastest and actively contributed to by the
open-source community. The choice of algorithm depends on the use case,
with Faster RCNN suitable for non-real-time scenarios with a small dataset,
Yolo-v3 is ideal for live video feed analysis, and SSD offers a balanced
compromise between speed and accuracy.
Arghadeep Mitra's study (2020) utilized convolutional neural networks
for waste classification, achieving a 91% accuracy rate. Similarly, Ahmed &
Asadullah (2020) incorporated CNN for selecting containers for recyclable
waste, achieving 63% and 22% accuracy with SVM and CNN training,
respectively. In parallel to Abdullah et al. (n.d.) he employed a CNN model
combining a pretrained Inception-Resnet V2 model, achieving a maximum
accuracy of 98% for ConvoWaste. Susanth et al. (2021) compared different
CNN models, with DenseNet169 showing superior performance. Liu et al.
(2022) proposed a high-similarity image recognition and classification
algorithm fused with CNNs, achieving over 90% identification accuracy.
Pointing System and Conversion
In a study conducted by Ortiz and Vintila (2020) titled Methods and
systems for digital reward processing with patent number US11790350B2, in

general, embodiments pertain to the field of reward processing; in particular,
they concern computer readable media, systems, and procedures for
distributed ledger-based digital reward processing. Utilizing distributed ledger
technology, consecutive entries that are cryptographically linked to one
another are maintained in distributed ledgers across several node computing
systems.
There could be a number of obstacles to overcome when processing
digital prizes, such as the need to allocate substantial resources to the
administration and processing of these awards. Different standards, triggers,
situations, and logical principles are taken into account within the computing
environment.In light of this, a decentralized solution that tackles one or more
of the difficulties related to digital reward processing might be preferable.
Innovative methods for rule propagation and transaction querying that are
either unavailable or too complex in a conventional centralized system are
also made possible by a decentralized solution.
According to Fordyce et al. (2022) with patent number US11276070B2
titled Transaction Evaluation for Providing Rewards Customers Pre-
select Loyalty Program Points, which they then trade for matching value-
added rewards that they have also pre-selected. When the customer uses
their consumer payment device to complete their pre-selected transaction,
they will receive the pre-selected incentive, which may be a value added back
to the device. Through the consumer's transactional use of their consumer
payment device, loyalty program points can be added back to the device and
subsequently exchanged for the consumer's pre-selected value-adding
prizes. Pre-selected value-added rewards by the customer, for example, may
show up as bill credits to a credit card linked to the payment device. Because
of this, there is a reason for the customer to choose in advance which
transaction to complete using their consumer payment device in order to
receive a matching pre-selected statement credit for their devoted usage of
the device.
The price of recyclables in the Philippines, while varying with type and
market conditions. Though generally stable in recent years, it has shown
fluctuations due to global market shifts. However, with the rising demand for
recycled materials across the Philippines, fueled by growing environmental
awareness, the industry displays a positive outlook, for white papers the junk
shop price per kilo is equivalent to 8 pesos, cartons are around 2 pesos and
50 cents, newspapers are around 24 pesos, assorted papers are 1 pesos and
50 cents, clean pet bottles are 16 pesos while the unclean ones are 12 pesos,
aluminum cans are 50 pesos, class A copper wires are valued 300 pesos,
class B are 250 pesos and the class C are valued at 150 pesos, steel is 12
pesos, tin cans are 3 pesos, bottles are valued between 1 pesos and 50 cents
to 2 pesos, ink jet cartridges are between 100 to 300 pesos, and car batteries
are valued 100, in kilogram conversion, in a 350ml of pet bottle it will need
157 pieces to have at least 1 kilogram, in 330ml it will need 70 pieces of pet
bottles to weight 1 kilogram, at 600ml the number of pet bottles needed are
51 pieces to get at least 1 kilogram, in aluminum cans in order for it to weight

1 kilogram it will need between 65 to 70 pieces of it, for papers to weight 1
kilogram it will take at least 300 sheet of paper.
According to the Philippine Institute of Environmental Studies (PIES),
Makati boasts a recycling rate of 30%, exceeding the national average of
20%. This burgeoning sector employs over 10,000 individuals, significantly
contributing to the local economy. Government support further bolsters the
industry. The Philippine government has implemented policies like the Solid
Waste Management Act of 2000, requiring local governments to establish
recycling programs. Additionally, the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) offers programs like the Green Business Program,
incentivizing sustainable practices, and the National Material Recovery
Facility (MRF) Program, funding the construction of MRFs.
Rewards
The reverse vending machine, a transformative force in recycling,
offers diverse rewards beyond monetary incentives, aligning with marketing
demands and institutional goals (Castillo et al., 2014). Patented inventions,
like Morishita and Chung's (2011) Reverse Vending Machine with patent
number US2012173014A1, introduce coupon printers to enhance user
engagement, providing immediate rewards for recycling, contributing to
environmental goals. Similarly, David and Eran's (2014) technology for
monetizing recyclable plastics with patent number US2013024252A1,
introduces a point-based system, offering users credits redeemable for
goods, services, or cash. Azeez et al. (2020) propose a Reverse Vending

Machine for Plastic Bottle Recycling, using credit points for online shopping
rewards.
Siddanth et al. (2023) present a Plastic Eco-Redeemer Vending
Machine, offering rewards like cash, vouchers, or loyalty points for recycling
beverage containers. Nordbhyn's (2011) invention with patent number
CN102084401A focuses on biometric recognition in reverse vending
machines, ensuring reliability and user-friendliness, with cash, value deposit,
or bonus lottery tickets as payment methods. Concurrently, vending
machines' role in dispensing rewards, such as rollers, RFID cards, and
conveying mechanisms, is explored by researchers, offering varied solutions
for different products.
Studies like Kamalanathan.P et al.'s (2015) Automatic Paper Vending
Machine and Sarfraz Nawaz et al.'s (2021) A4 Sheet Vending Machine
highlight the use of rollers for paper delivery, optimizing efficiency. Jiang Lei's
(2021) Double-spiral-body delivery device with patent number
CN214475285U and Li Guoyin's (2017) Pencil vending machine with patent
number CN206301427U explore conveying mechanisms for dispensing
stationary items, while Congying Chen et al.'s (2019) Intelligent Vending
Machine with patent number CN210199883U introduces a lifting mechanism
to reduce product damage risks. Meanwhile, Swamidurai's (2023) invention
on blockchain-based reward point transfers presents a novel method for
transferring loyalty points between programs. The transferred points can later
be returned from the second program back to the first one. The blockchain
node also creates a response message about the transfer, saying if it's done,
failed, or still in progress.
In this study, the RVM’s reward system is a credit point system that
can provide users with flexibility and choice in redeeming school supply
rewards. They can accumulate points over time and choose a reward that
aligns with their preferences or needs. In addition, by not requiring a
significant volume of recyclables for each transaction, the credit point system
encourages users to develop regular recycling habits. SWIFTSWAP provides
an array of school supplies as rewards, including ballpoint pens, bond paper,
correction tape, notebooks (fillers), pencils, highlighters, notepads, erasers,
and paper clips. The dispensing mechanism for paper-type rewards involves
a roller, a dingdong mechanical bell for pens and pencils, and a spring for
other unspecified rewards.
Web Application
Various registry mechanisms are employed in reverse vending
machines, with the invention of Nordbhyn (2011) with patent number
CN102084401A, it proposes a biometric identification, utilizing fingerprints,
facial features, and iris characteristics to ensure accurate user identification.
The work of Morishita and Chung (2011) with patent number
US2012173014A1 and Tomari et al. (2016) opt for ID card systems, requiring
users to register personal information before receiving their cards. David and
Eran (2011) with patent number US2013024252A1 use cards but incorporate
an application for registry, while Mariya et al. (2020) implement a similar

approach with a downloadable application. In contrast, Zia et al. (2022) utilize
a keypad interface for users to input personal information directly on the
machine, enhancing user convenience.
Effective bin fill level monitoring in reverse vending machines is vital,
providing notifications to administrators or users about PET bottle storage
status. In the invention of Morishita and Chung (2012) with patent number
US2012173014A1, they designed a machine with an LCD display indicating
full, nearly full, or not full statuses. Mariya et al. (2020) utilized an IR sensor
and an app for admin alerts, while Zia et al. (2022) sent notifications when the
collector detected a full bin, enhancing bin monitoring without the need for an
app.
Various studies contribute valuable insights into the development and
functionality of reverse vending machines, shedding light on the crucial role
of user applications. Zia et al. (2022) underscore the significance of user
applications by providing a detailed account of their development on Edge
Computing Devices (ECD). This approach not only facilitates user interaction
but also ensures real-time data display and seamless integration with
sensors, reflecting a holistic strategy for user engagement and machine
efficiency. Furthermore, Mohd Adzaharee, M. (2021), and Babu, J. (2019)
expand the discourse by emphasizing the pivotal role of specific software and
platforms, such as Arduino IDE, Blynk IoT, and VLSI technology. These
technologies are instrumental in enabling the smooth functionality and
operational efficiency of reverse vending machines, showcasing the

technological advancements that underpin these systems. In a practical
application, Zeid et al. (2012) provide a concrete example of a dedicated
mobile application that allows contributors to track their recycling efforts and
impact. This initiative connects individual actions to quantifiable sustainable
outcomes, creating a tailored mobile experience that not only incentivizes but
also rewards recycling efforts. Shifting the focus, Roy, A. (n.d) employs a
user-friendly interface for vending machine interaction, utilizing a flowchart-
based approach that guides users through transactions. This user-centric
design enhances the overall user experience, ensuring seamless interactions
with the vending machine and exemplifying a thoughtful approach to design
and functionality.
SWIFTSWAP employs a dual approach for its registry mechanism,
allowing users to register either through the web application in the mobile
device or the web-based application integrated into the machine. Upon
registration, users receive a unique QR Code, functioning as their user ID for
accessing the reverse vending machine. The web application serves as a
comprehensive platform where users can manage their credit points, redeem
rewards, and access a transaction history to monitor their recycling
engagement. Additionally, the application features a user-friendly menu
displaying rewards and their respective points required for redemption.
Notably, it incorporates a bin level notification system, informing users about
the machine's remaining bottle capacity and alerting administrators to unload
the bins when necessary.

Laws and Policies
In 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted Presidential Decree
No. 825, aiming to instill cleanliness and order in the Philippines as part of the
New Society's reforms. Issued on November 7, 1975, the decree mandated
residents, institutions, and businesses to maintain cleanliness, dispose of
garbage properly, and prevent breeding pests on vacant lands in Greater
Manila. Offenders faced jail or penalties for littering in public places, and
businesses risked maximum punishment. Neglecting to clean idle lots
empowered the government to intervene. The execution of the decree fell
under the purview of the Secretary of Public Works, Transportation, and
Communications (Official Gazette, n.d).
Republic Act No. 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, represents a comprehensive environmental policy
in the Philippines, addressing waste management challenges. Enacted to
promote sustainable practices, the law emphasizes waste reduction, effective
segregation, recycling, and the establishment of ecologically sound disposal
facilities. RA 9003 mandates local governments, corporations, and individuals
to participate in trash segregation and recycling programs, prioritizing
community-based initiatives like Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs). This
legislation plays a crucial role in environmental preservation, highlighting the
collective effort required to attain a cleaner and healthier Philippines
(Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 2000).

In 1993, President Fidel V. Ramos issued Administrative Order No.
90, establishing a Project Management Office on Solid Waste Management
within the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management. Responding to the
escalating waste crisis in Metropolitan Manila and other local government
entities, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources was
designated as the principal executing agency. The Project Management
Office's responsibilities included creating a national systems framework for
solid waste management, defining criteria for local waste management plans,
and overseeing the efficient implementation of the Solid Waste Management
Framework. It also managed technical support, database administration,
public awareness campaigns, and community relations activities related to
waste management facilities. Operating under the Presidential Task Force on
Waste Management until the establishment of the Waste Management
Authority, the Project Management Office evaluated proposals, monitored
compliance with environmental regulations, and ensured the financial viability
of disposal facilities. The Administrative Order took effect immediately upon
its issuance on October 19, 1993 (Official Gazette, n.d).
ISO Evaluation
A quality management system serves as a tool for overseeing and
regulating a company's operations concerning the fulfillment of client
requirements, encompassing the organizational structure, design, processes,
resources, and documentation. (Borg, 2021). According to Bielarczyk (2022),
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has developed

various models for determining and measuring efficiency in software
development, but these standardized models focus on different aspects and
do not support all aspects of efficiency.
As mentioned by Hargittay (n.d.), ISO 9001 is the most widely used
quality management systems standard in the world, with over 1.1 million
certificates issued to organizations in 178 countries. The author additionally
stated the fact that 85% of certified organizations report benefits including
improved company perception, higher demand for products and services, and
increased market share. The ISO 9001 standards offer comprehensive
guidelines applicable to organizations of all types, sizes, and product ranges,
facilitating the consistent delivery of products that align with customer,
statutory, and regulatory requirements. Emphasizing continuous
improvement, adherence to these standards is anticipated to elevate
companies' productivity, efficiency, product quality, customer satisfaction,
and, consequently, their overall financial performance (Corbett and Kirsch,
2005; Heras et al., 2002; Terlaak and King, 2006 as cited in Manders, 2015).
On the other hand, ISO 25010 is defined as the product quality model
that encompasses eight characteristics, further divided into sub
characteristics, addressing both the static properties of software and the
dynamic properties of computer systems. This model is applicable to a broad
scope, including computer systems and software products. (ISO/IEC
25010:2011, n.d.) Moreover, in the article of Rebes (2019), he outlines
essential features and aspects of the application before the release. Key ISO
terms, like Functional Suitability, assess alignment with specifications;
Performance Efficiency ensures optimal resource use; Compatibility checks
cross-platform functionality; Usability focuses on user interactions; Reliability
covers stability, availability, fault tolerance, and recoverability; Security
emphasizes data protection and GDPR compliance; Maintainability considers
future changes; and Portability examines usability across environments.
These criteria aid comprehensive app development, covering functionality,
efficiency, user experience, reliability, security, future modifications, and
adaptability.
Conceptual Framework
This section explored the theoretical foundation that supported the
operation and layout of reverse vending machines (RVMs). By investigating
the theoretical foundations and basic principles controlling RVMs, the
researchers aimed to provide a complete knowledge of the aspects impacting
their success in encouraging recycling and sustainable waste management.
The Swiftswap reverse vending machine was discussed and the
process used in the study considering its functionality, sustainability, accuracy
and precision focusing on both software and hardware components serving
as one of the backbone of this research.

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework of AI Based Reverse Vending Machine
The Input-Process-Output (IPO) model is a visual tool used to describe
a workflow, the flow of information, or activities within a system. A thorough
input mechanism was used to assess the efficiency of the reverse vending
machine incentive program at Rizal Technological University (RTU) Boni
Campus. Four hundred forty nine (449) respondents took part in a pre-survey
including qualitative questions designed to assess the frequency of machine
usage, user satisfaction, and obtain comprehensive insights. The number of
specified participants guaranteed a large and representative sample for
analysis, hence increased credibility of the findings. The popular usage habits
among students, instructors, and staff influenced the selection of rewards
such as pencils, ballpens, sticky notes, notebooks (fillers), colored paper,
correction tape, highlighters, paper clips, index cards, and bond paper. The
selection of rewards was based on observed user patterns, with the goal of
increasing user satisfaction and engagement. This conceptual approach tried
to develop a rewards system that resonated with the everyday academic and
administrative requirements by aligning the incentive packages with products
that cater to the different demands of the university community.
The input began when hardware and software components worked
together to form an advanced recycling mechanism within the reverse
vending machine. The Raspberry Pi served as the primary intellect, managing
the entire operation. A camera was employed for object detection in artificial
intelligence to precisely identify PET bottles, aluminum cans, and paper. A
compactor for space optimization and a sorting device were among the
hardware components. A dispensing mechanism with an LCD display on the
user interface provides rapid feedback and rewards post-recycling. The
software program merged these components flawlessly, regulating
information flow and providing a user-friendly experience. Proficiency in
Python, TensorFlow, JavaScript, and Firebase was essential. These
hardware and software requirements were integral to the overarching
conceptual framework, ensuring that the design and functionality of the
reverse vending machine aligned with the identified user needs while
necessitating specific skills for effective implementation and operation.
The process began with requirements collection in the Agile Software
Development Life Cycle (Agile SDLC) suited for a reverse vending machine,
where the specific needs for recyclable material recognition, user interface,
and hardware integration were defined. Ideation and stakeholder input were
used to shape the machine's vision during the concept and conception
phases. The iteration or construction phase was concerned with incremental
prototyping, which allowed for continual refinement based on user feedback.
Extensive testing guaranteed that components such as the identification
system and the sorting process worked properly. Following successful testing,
the machine was deployed for real-world use during the release phase. The
final level of review and assessment gathered insights from real usage,
leading improvements and shaping future revisions.
The output indicated Reverse vending machines with a credit point
system provided an innovative technique to incentivizing recycling by allowing
consumers to convert plastic bottles into valuable resources such as school
supplies. Users deposited plastic bottles into the machine, which were
detected and validated by complex hardware and software components of
this system. Users were rewarded with credits, which can be accumulated
and then exchanged for various school items. This effort not only promoted
environmentally responsible behavior, but it also had a real and good impact
on education, effectively transforming recycling into a way of assisting schools
and students. The addition of a credit point system made the reverse vending
machine into a dual-purpose instrument that addressed both environmental
and educational concerns.

Object Detection Flowchart
Figure 4. Object Detection Flowchart
The object detection flowchart began with the input of an image
captured through a camera. The image then underwent image processing to
enhance features and prepare it for analysis. Key points within the image were
detected, and their descriptions were compared to a pre-existing database. If
a new region of interest was identified, it was added to the database. If not,
the key points were matched against the database entries, and the system
produced an output based on the match results. This flowchart outlines a
process that combines image processing, key point detection, description
comparison, and database management to effectively identify and recognize
objects within the input image, adapting and updating the database as
needed.
Table 1. Benchmarking Table

Reverse IoT-Based Reverse Plastic waste Reverse

SWIFTSWAP vending Reverse Poverty: An Management Vending
machine Vending Automated through the Machines
Machine Recycling Development For Plastic
(RVM) for Reverse of Low-cost Bottle
Recycle Vending and Recycling
Station Machine lightweight
Deep
learning-
based
Reverse
vending
Machine
Design of Cylindrical Two storage Three Built-in Storage Bin Plastic Bins Storage Box
Garbage Plastic Bin Bin Bins
Receptacle
Input Materials Plastic Bottle, Plastic and Aluminum Plastic bottle, Plastic Bottles Cans,
Paper, Tin Metal cans, Plastics Aluminum Plastic
cans bottle, Glass cans Bottle
bottles
Sorting AI and Load cell Inductive, Barcode Capacitive

Mechanism Sensors Sensor Capacitive, Scanner camera, ECD
Load
Cell,Weight
Sensor
Using a Automatic Automatic

Compactor to Compactor Compaction
Compress the
pet bottle
Bin Level SMS Warning Mobile app Notification Notification

Monitoring notification message Notification Message Message
Identification of QR code ID card Access Cards Contact Account in

who to Reward details of Mobile App
User
Registry Web App ID card Mobile Input contact Mobile App

Mechanism registration Application details
Reward Accumulation Credit/coupon Currency Food Credit Credit

System of points,
School
Supplies
Power Source Electrical VDC DC Electrical

Outlet
Dispensing Roller, Paper roller Dispensing

Mechanism of Stopping Mechanism
rewards Mechanism
Synthesis
Table 1 focused on different features of the Reverse Vending Machine
compared to similar patented products. The Reverse Vending Machine,
accepts plastic bottles similar to SWIFTSWAP, it also has a compactor sorting

mechanism, and uses sensors. However, their invention failed to provide a
sensor for detecting metal materials, which was also part of their input. It only
used a load sensor, which is a sensor for detecting the weight of PET bottles.
Although it is possible to detect PET bottles using a load sensor, accuracy
was not guaranteed in using this sensor.
On the other hand, SWIFTSWAP utilized the help of Artificial
Intelligence (AI), cameras, and load sensors to accurately and precisely know
if the input was a PET bottle. They also used ID cards for registering and
identifying users, which was quite inconvenient, unlike in the SWIFTSWAP,
where users only need their phone to save a unique QR code and have it
scanned in the QR scanner integrated to the machine. Another feature that a
study has was the SMS notification for bin-level monitoring. However, the
notification only sends an SMS when the bin level approaches the warning
level. In the invention, SWIFTSWAP sent an SMS notification to the
administrator which indicated the status of the bin and the approximate
number of PET. SWIFTSWAP also features accumulation of points that later
can be converted to useful materials such as school supplies.
In the second document, which was the Systems and Methods for
monetizing recyclable plastics, the main advantage of SWIFTSWAP with their
invention was that although the study used a mobile application in their
method for identifying the user, end users still used a card for the machine to
recognize the user unlike in SWIFTSWAP, as long as users present their
unique QR code, the machine can automatically recognize the user. The
former study also used sensors. However, the former proponents only used
weight and size sensors, which was inaccurate, utilizing only one type of
sensor, unlike if the system was aided with AI, a camera, and a weight sensor.
IoT-Based Reverse Vending Machine (RVM) for Recycle Station, also
featured an application, capable of sending notifications if the bins were full,
as well as featuring a Capacitive Proximity Sensor to detect plastic and glass
bottles, and Inductive Proximity Sensor to detect aluminum cans. A load cell
sensor that detects the weight of the bin, and a weight sensor to measure and
tally the weight of the material deposited. While similar, SWIFTSWAP’s AI
aided sorting system proved to be more adaptable, and flexible as the
machine can be updated to recognize more materials should the researchers
decide to do so. SWIFTSWAP also offered a better reward system, and
featured a cumulative pointing system that utilized QR codes to recognize the
user.
Reverse poverty: an automated recycling reverse vending machine, a
promising recent study, featured a reward system that was focused on helping
the unfortunate, and kept track of the contributions of its members, while it
utilized a barcode scanner to determine what material was input. Although
promising, it lacked the compactor to make the storage more efficient, as
opposed to SWIFTSWAP which not only featured a compactor, but also a
more accurate and precise AI-aided sorting system.
Plastic Waste Management through the Development of a low-cost
and lightweight Deep Learning-based Reverse Vending Machine, on the other

hand, suggested a similar function with a capacitive sensor, ECD sensor, and
camera, with the help of Artificial Intelligence and deep learning for their
sorting mechanism, comparable to SWIFTSWAP’s AI-aided camera and load
sensors. The design proposed an inefficient alternative as opposed to
SWIFTSWAP’s system due to the sorting system lacking a compressor, and
with bulky PET bottles, this opens up a set of problems that could have been
easily avoided. SWIFTSWAP’s system proved more efficient in storage as the
compressor gave room for more bottles. D4 also featured an ID system reliant
on contact details, making the system outdated today, lacking both the
compactor and the reward system that SWIFTSWAP has, making the storage
impractical and the device less rewarding.
The last document, Reverse Vending Machine For Plastic Bottle
Recycling, accepted cans and bottles and offered a mobile application to keep
track of credits. While the design offered a wider input, the machine also
performed less in other regards. SWIFTSWAP used a linear-actuator type
compactor for more efficient storage of PET bottles and a sorting mechanism
aided by AI to separate PET bottles, paper and aluminum cans.
While similar to D5, SWIFTSWAP offered a simpler identification for
the user with the help of a QR Code, as opposed to D5’s mobile application,
as well as a lesser reward system using a credit system.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH AND ITS METHOD
In this chapter, the researchers arrayed an outline of research methods
to simplify the workflow and effectively manage the priorities. This included
the research method, project design, requirement analysis, system design,
development and implementation, testing, deployment, maintenance, and
evaluation, along with the research instruments and procedures used in
SWIFTSWAP: A Development of an AI-Based Reverse Vending Machine
with Credit Point System to Convert Specified Recyclables into School
Supplies.
Research Method
The researchers employed descriptive and developmental design of
quantitative research to the proposed project, SWIFTSWAP: A Development
of AI Based Reverse Vending Machine with Credit Point System to Convert
Recyclable Waste to School Supplies. According to Richey (nd),
developmental research is the systematic study of designing, developing, and
evaluating instructional programs, processes, and products that must meet
criteria of internal consistency and effectiveness. To gather baseline data, a
pre-survey was conducted, focusing on participants' awareness, incentives to
be dispensed, and perceptions of reverse vending machines before the
introduction of SWIFTSWAP. This initial survey served as a crucial element
of the descriptive research method, providing insights into existing attitudes
and practices related to plastic waste disposal and to the reverse vending
machine. Following the implementation of SWIFTSWAP, an expert was
consulted and a post-survey was administered to evaluate the user
acceptance on the machine. Concurrently, the developmental aspect involves
a hands-on engagement with additional respondents who interacted with the
SWIFTSWAP machine. This experiential approach aimed to assess the
system's quality and convenience, providing valuable insights into its practical
implications.
As cited in the study of Linkevičs, G. (2014), clients would like to have
feedback quicker than it was possible in traditional development. Hence, an
iterative Agile approach was implemented, enabling faster feedback and
facilitating cost-effective adjustments as needed. It contrasts with traditional,
linear SDLC models by emphasizing adaptability to changing requirements
and delivering smaller, functional increments of software throughout the
development process.
Therefore, the study necessitated the adoption of an Agile Software
Development Life Cycle to smoothly progress through key phases such as
requirement gathering and analysis, designing the requirements,
construction/iteration, deployment, testing, and integrating feedback. This
approach ensured the quality, adaptability, and responsiveness of the
SWIFTSWAP prototype.
Figure 5. Agile SDLC Process Flow
In Figure 3, the illustration described the Agile Software Development
Life Cycle (SDLC), which outlined the key steps in the development of
SWIFTSWAP. Beginning with requirements gathering and analysis, the
process defined project needs and checked technical and economic
feasibility. Moving to the design phase, researchers worked together and
employed various tools in the creation of the 3D model to accurately represent
the machine’s overall design.
Following that, the development phase involved designers and
developers and released a functional product within the estimated timeframe.
The process began with the collection of a diverse dataset consisting of pet
bottles, tin cans, and paper, which served as the foundation for training the AI
model used for object detection. Simultaneously, the hardware development
team focused on the design and fabricated various components of the
vending machine, which included the front face, base, sorting mechanism,
and dispensing system. Concurrently, the software development team worked
on creating the necessary software infrastructure, such as the web application
frontend and backend, developmental board raspberry pi 4, and additional
software components for hardware functionality.
After completing the development phase, SWIFTSWAP progressed to
the deployment stage, where it was introduced to the user's environment. This
involved the installation of the vending machine in the designated location,
which facilitated easy access and interaction for users.
Concurrently, the testing phase commenced, during which technical
experts carefully assessed SWIFTSWAP's performance. This evaluation
encompassed the functionality, reliability, and user experience, with any
identified issues or bugs promptly addressed.
Upon successful completion of the deployment and testing phases,
SWIFTSWAP progressed to the feedback stage, which marked the
conclusion of the Agile Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). During this
phase, feedback was systematically gathered from users, stakeholders, and
technical experts. This feedback was carefully analyzed to inform ongoing
improvement efforts aimed at enhancing SWIFTSWAP's functionality,
usability, and overall effectiveness in promoting recycling and sustainability.

Description of Respondents
Students, faculty, and staff from Rizal Technological University (RTU)
Boni Campus took part in this study. The researchers conducted a survey
among 450 university respondents who were considered as appropriate and
applicable to the study. The respondents in the pre survey were composed of
first year to fourth year undergraduate students, faculty, as well as staff in
Rizal Technological University, Boni campus. The respondents were chosen
since the reverse vending machine was deployed in the Rizal Technological
University Boni Campus and the respondents were composed of users when
the machine was implemented.
Stratified sampling was used in the study and the population was divided
into strata. The random selection served to ensure that the sample was
representative of the RTU Boni Campus student, faculty, and staff
population.The researchers employed a Stratified Sampling Technique to
divide a huge group into smaller, more consistent subgroups in order to get a
representative sample from the total population. This enabled a more
accurate and fair representation of the finished population, resulting in more
valuable conclusions with less margin for mistakes.
Population of the Study
The respondents of the study were composed of people in the
community of Rizal Technological University (RTU) Boni Campus. The
selection of this particular community ensured a focused investigation of the
machine's impact inside an academic setting, providing findings that were

immediately relevant to the creation of the reverse vending machine. The use
of stratified sampling was a deliberate strategy for increasing the study's
credibility because it gave every member of the RTU Boni Campus
community an equal chance of participating. This reduced selection bias and
enabled for a more accurate portrayal of the university's different opinions.
The selected participants, comprising a total of four hundred fifty (450)
individuals, were carefully chosen for the study based on Slovin’s formula.
The respondents were composed of one hundred twenty eight (128) first year
college students, ninety (90) second year students, eighty seven (87) third
year students, eighty two (82) fourth year students, thirty seven (37) faculty,
and twenty six (26) staff. The inclusion of individuals from different roles within
the institution, including students from diverse courses and academic levels,
along with faculty and staff members, enhanced the study by capturing a wide
range of perspectives.
Furthermore, after the initial data collection, a post survey was
conducted to identify the user acceptance to the reverse vending machine
and its system, which fostered a more comprehensive understanding of the
reverse vending machine's impact within the RTU Boni Campus community.
The post survey was composed of 60 respondents, 10 respondents from six
different strata.
Research Instrument
The study used a wide range of research instruments to successfully
develop an AI-based Reverse Vending Machine using object detection. These

instruments included the questionnaires, population of the study, and data
gathering procedure.
The data gathering questionnaire was one of the major instruments that
the researchers used to gather data from the respondents. The researchers
made pre-survey questionnaires intended for the students and faculty
members of RTU and other possible users of the reverse vending machine.
The data gathering has the following components
Part 1: Demographic Profile of the respondents. This section of the
questionnaire was focused on gathering the demographic characteristics of
the respondents that were important for the study, such as their school
department,
year level, whether they were a student or a faculty member of the school,
and also their student/employee number for verification purposes.
Part 2: Level of Awareness in Reverse Vending Machines. In this
section, the researchers’ main objective was to know the respondents’
familiarity with reverse vending machines. Questions regarding the concept,
products or materials, inputs, reward systems, and concept of recycling and
proper waste disposal. Obtaining this information helped the researchers to
create a convenient, functional, quality, and easy to use vending machine.
Part 3: Items Commonly Consumed by Students, Faculty and
Employees. In this section, the questions were mainly focused on what type
of beverages that the respondents consumed on a daily basis. Characteristics
of the beverages such as their types, sizes, and volume helped the
researchers to provide a wide variety of possible inputs for the reverse
vending machine.
Part 4: Possible Rewards. In this section, the researchers created
questions that were mainly focused on the possible outputs of the reverse
vending machine. Gathering the necessary data that helped the researchers
to decide on what type of reward system the machine will have and the
possible school supplies that the machine will dispense based on the
respondents’ answers.
Table 2. 5-point Likert’s Scale for User Acceptance Testing
Point Score Range Descriptive Rating
5 4.21 - 5.00 Strongly Agree
4 3.41 - 4.20 Agree
3 2.61 - 3.40 Neutral
2 1.81 - 2.60 Disagree
1 1.00 - 1.80 Strongly Disagree

An evaluation checklist was used by the experts in the field to evaluate
the Security, Usability, Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, and
Maintainability of the system. To evaluate the system’s performance and
management in alignment with end-user requirements, a post-survey,
specifically the User Acceptance Test (UAT), was conducted. This
assessment aimed to gather feedback from end users regarding their
experience with the system’s performance and management. The following
research instruments mentioned were validated through the use of ISO
25010, Systems and Software Engineering.
Questionnaires
In order to assess the viability and potential success of the proposed
project, a set of criteria can be developed based on the project. These criteria
centered around the level of familiarity and understanding demonstrated by
respondents regarding various aspects of the Reverse Vending Machine
concept and its associated components. It was important to note that the
questions in the questionnaire have been reviewed and verified by an expert.
Researchers not only conducted a pre-evaluation survey but also a
post-evaluation survey to comprehensively gauge the viability of the proposed
project. Firstly, respondents' comprehension of the Reverse Vending Machine
concept itself was integral to evaluating the project's feasibility. A
comprehensive understanding of the benefits and challenges posed by this

recycling technology was indicative of its potential for successful
implementation.
Secondly, respondents' knowledge of the specific products or
materials that can serve as inputs for the Reverse Vending Machine played a
significant role in determining its practicality. By gauging the familiarity with
acceptable inputs, an assessment was made regarding the project's ability to
handle and process a wide range of recyclable items. Similarly, respondents'
familiarity with the products or materials that can be employed as rewards
within the Reverse Vending Machine system held significance. This
understanding aided in the design of an incentivization mechanism that
effectively encouraged recycling behavior.
Furthermore, respondents' awareness of the reward system utilized by
the Reverse Vending Machine was a key criterion in evaluating its overall
efficacy. By gaining insights into the respondents' comprehension of the
specific mechanisms through which rewards are provided, an assessment
was made regarding the system's appeal and potential for encouraging
sustained participation.
Lastly, respondents' familiarity with the broader concepts of recycling
and proper waste disposal was of utmost importance. This criterion reflected
the overall awareness and understanding of the environmental implications
associated with recycling practices. By assessing respondents'
comprehension of recycling principles and waste management protocols, the
project's alignment with sustainability objectives was determined. Through a

thorough analysis of responses to these questions, the project was evaluated
based on the respondents' familiarity and understanding of the Reverse
Vending Machine concept, knowledge of acceptable inputs and rewards,
awareness of the reward system, and general comprehension of recycling
and waste disposal practices. The pre survey, post survey, along with an
accompanying evaluation checklist, played a vital role in ensuring that the
system aligns with recognized standards of quality. The survey and checklist
were designed aligned with the quality characteristics outlined in ISO 25010.
The pre survey and post survey used criteria aligned with ISO 25010,
including the usability, efficiency, satisfaction, and other aspects that
contribute to the overall quality of the system. Simultaneously, the checklist
came from the standard of ISO 25010 such as the Security, Usability,
Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency, and Maintainability of the
system.
Data Gathering Methods and Procedures
To take all the necessary data and interpretation that will be needed
for this study, the following were taken:
The questionnaire that research experts have validated was distributed
to the respondents. After obtaining the approval, the researchers
administered the survey to the Students of RTU, professors, and staff. The
survey had a cover letter explaining the purpose of the research, informed
consent, and instructions on responding. The questions were sent on different
platforms, such as a Facebook page and Messenger. Questions were asked

about awareness of reverse vending machines, most pet bottles consumed
and size, and possible rewards. The researcher assured the respondents that
the data gathered would be handled with confidentiality.
The study involved Rizal Technological University-Boni Campus
participants, which included students and faculty members. The researchers
employed stratified sampling, utilizing Slovin's Formula to determine the
sample size. The selected participants comprised a total of four hundred fifty
(450) individuals. Slovin's formula was applied, expressed as (Number of
respondents per year level / total population) * sample size. This formula was
beneficial because researchers need more information about the population's
characteristics. As indicated in their calculations, the researchers gathered a
total of 450 participants.
Statistical Tools
The researchers evaluated the outcomes of the acquired data using
various statistical tools. Slovin's Formula, proportionate stratified random
sampling, weighted mean, and percentage were among the statistical tools
employed.
1. Slovin’s Formula- When it is not possible to research a whole
population but the population is known, a smaller sample is taken using a
random sampling procedure.Slovin’s formula allows a researcher to sample
the population with a desired degree of accuracy (Stephanie, 2013). The
sample size was calculated using Slovin's formula.

Equation 1. Slovin’s Formula
Where:
n= Sample size (Minimum number of samples)
N= Total number of sample population
e= Margin of error
2. Proportionate stratified random sampling - The researcher
used proportionate stratified random sampling for it involves taking random
samples from stratified groups, in proportion to the population (Adam Hayes,
2023).
Equation 2. Proportionate stratified random sampling
Where:
nh= Sample size using proportionate stratified random sampling
Nh= Total stratum population
N= Total population
n= Sample size (Calculation results using Slovin’s Formula)
3. Percentage- According to Lavrakas (2008), a percentage
frequency distribution is a display of data that specifies the percentage of
observations that exist for each data point or grouping of data points. It is a
particularly useful method of expressing the relative frequency of survey
responses and other data.

Equation 3. Percentage
Where:
P= Percentage (%)
F= Frequency
N= Total number of respondents
4. Weighted Mean- The formula was applied to each question to
evaluate the purpose and findings based on the values obtained from the 5-
point Likert scale. The weights (w) represent the frequency of replies to each
question, while the values (x) come from the 5-point Likert scale. The
Weighted Mean was calculated by taking the product of weights (w) and
values (x) and dividing the result by the total weights (w).
Equation 4. Weighted Mean
Where:
𝑥𝑤= Weighted mean
𝛴𝑤𝑥= Summation of the product of Weights and Value
𝛴𝑤= Summation of Weights
Project Design
Researcher ideas and external expert inputs served as the foundation
for SwiftSwap's project design. Utilizing the AutoCAD software program, a

depiction of the SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine was created. Before
the development phase began, the project design gave an idea of how the
machine appeared and functioned. It also simplified the process of identifying
issues during the design phase, which decreased the likelihood of delays in
the future. Additionally, the illustrations accurately provided the placement of
each machine's electronic components, ensuring proper integration
throughout the development process.
Figure 6. Front Interface of SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine

Figure 7. Mechanical Components of SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine
Figure 8. Internal Electronic Components of SwiftSwap
Figures 5, 6, and 7 presented the design of the SwiftSwap Reverse
Vending Machine prototype. These visuals provided a comprehensive

overview of the system's electronic and mechanical components. The
prototype has four key mechanical hardware components: an input receptacle
box, a compactor, a rotating bin, and a reward dispenser. The main circuit,
located above the reward dispenser storage unit, acted as the primary
connecting point for all hardware pieces, including two Raspberry Pi 4 units,
an Arduino Mega, and an Arduino Uno. Power distribution was controlled by
12 and 5 volt power supplies, which ensured that each electrical component
received the correct voltage. This power regulation approach improved the
prototype's overall performance and dependability.
Software Requirements
The prototype used the following software components in order for it to
function accurately with its initial operations, therefore, it used the different
software IDEs as well as database management systems for its initial
operations to develop the web application, it included the following:
● ReactJS - ReactJS is a free library used to build user interfaces,
especially for single-page applications. It allows developers to create
large web applications that can display and update data without needing
to reload the entire page. ReactJS is efficient because it uses a smart
algorithm to only update the parts of the webpage that have changed,
while leaving everything else untouched. by using reusable components,
developers can easily build and organize their application. ReactJS

simplifies UI design and reduces the workload for programmers, allowing
them to focus on more important tasks. (Rawat & Mahajan, 2020).
● Python - Python is a versatile programming language gaining traction in
research due to its simplicity, readability, and adaptability across various
applications. As an interpreted, high-level language, Python offers
dynamic typing and garbage collection features. It's often referred to as
"batteries included," providing a comprehensive standard library with
modules for a wide range of tasks. (Rayhan & Gross, 2023)
● Arduino IDE - The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
is an open-source software primarily utilized for writing and compiling
code for Arduino modules. As the official Arduino software, it simplifies
the code compilation process, making it accessible even to beginners
without prior technical knowledge. Compatible with operating systems
like MAC, Windows, and Linux, the IDE runs on the Java Platform,
offering built-in functions and commands crucial for debugging, editing,
and compiling code. Various Arduino modules, such as Arduino Uno,
Mega, Leonardo, and Micro, are supported, each containing a
microcontroller programmed to accept code input. (Fezari & Al Dahoud,
2018)
● Google Firebase - Firebase is an advanced technology designed to
efficiently handle vast amounts of random data, offering rapid
performance compared to traditional relational database management
systems (RDBMS). The Firebase Realtime Database is a cloud-based

NoSQL platform that enables the storage and synchronization of data
among users in real-time. Data synchronization occurs instantly across
all clients, ensuring accessibility even when the application is offline.
(Chougale, et.al., 2022)
● Google Colab - Google Colaboratory, often known as "Google Colab"
or simply "Colab," is a research initiative aimed at prototyping machine
learning models using high-performance hardware like GPUs and TPUs.
It offers a serverless Jupyter notebook environment for interactive
development, allowing users to work collaboratively and experiment with
machine learning algorithms. Similar to other G Suite products, Google
Colab is freely accessible for use. (Bisong, 2019)
Hardware Components
The proponents obtained the necessary requirements for the study:
SWIFTSWAP: A development of an AI-based reverse vending machine with
credit point system to convert specified recyclables into school supplies, which
included the hardware requirements of the machine to be done.
Table 3. Input Receptacle Components

Item Name Descriptions Image Quantity Amount Price
Plywood Serves as the 8 pcs 770 6,170

body of the Input ½ inch
where the (9ft.x4ft)
recyclable
materials are
inserted and
object detection
happens
Linear Heavy-duty 1 2,500 2,500

Actuator device for
compacting the
deposited
materials.
LED Strip Flexible strip 1 150 150

with waterproof
coating for
adjustable lights
inside the
receptacle.
Web High-definition 3 900 2,700

Camera camera for real-
time object
identification
and monitoring.
Angle Bar Serves as the 2 470 940

frame of AI box
and Compactor.
Table 4. Rewards
Bond High-quality paper 100 pcs 3.6 360

Paper for printing and
writing purposes.
Ballpen Writing 100 pcs 2 200

instruments with
ink for note-taking
and writing tasks.
Correction Correction tool for 100 pcs 9 900

Tape neatly covering
mistakes on paper.
Filler Loose sheets of 100 pcs 4.58 458

paper used for
filling notebooks or
binders.
Sticky Sticky Notes are 5 pcs 10 50

Notes paperlike that lets
users take notes.
Pencil Writing instrument 50 pcs 8.24 412

for drawing and
writing, with eraser
for corrections.
Table 5. AI components
Item Name Description Image Quantity Amount Price

s
Raspberry A micro- 3 7,000 21,000

Pi computer
used as the
hardware
platform for
hosting the
web
application.
Sandisk SD Storage 1TB 4,999 4,999

Card device used
to store the
operating
system and
data for the
Raspberry
Pi, ensuring
reliable
performance
and data
integrity.
HDMI to This adapter 1 35 35

VGA facilitates
connectivity
between
devices with
different
display
interfaces by
converting
HDMI
signals to
VGA format.
Table 6. Sensors and other peripherals

Ultrasonic Sensor used to 6 150 900

Sensor measure
distance for
accurate fill
level detection.
Arduino Central 1 1000 1000

Mega processing unit
for data
controlling
actuators.
Arduino Uno Central 2 500 1,000

processing unit
for controlling
the bin
monitoring.
GSM Module Module 1 900 900

900 responsible in
sending
message to
the admin
when the bin is
already full
DC Motor Actuator 9 150 and 3,000

responsible for 1,800
the mechanism
of the trap door
and dispensing
rewards
Table 7. Vending Machine Components

4x8 Acrylic A transparent, 1 2,500 2,500

Glass durable sheet
measuring 4
feet by 8 feet,
for displays
and protective
barriers.
Vending Mechanism 6 995 5,910

Machine used to
Spring facilitate the
dispensing of
items from the
machine.
Touchscree Interactive 1 4,290 4,290

n Display interface for
user interaction
and selection
of vending
options.
DC Power Energizing the 1 2,500 2,500

Supply electronic
components
necessary for
the operation of
the reverse
vending
machine.
Exhaust fan Removes air and 2 500 1,000

fumes, ensuring
proper ventilation
and maintaining a
safe operating
environment
within the
machine.
12V Power This was used to 2 250 500

Supply power the motor
drivers for
compactor,
trapdoor and bin.
Extension This was used to 3 250 750

connect to the
power outlet all
the required
power supplies.
Connecting Establish 300 95 570

Wires electrical
connections
between various
components.
Ziptie This was used in 2 pack 30 60

cable
management
Table 8. Other electrical components

Polyester Fill in the gaps in 1L 250 250

Body filler the body of
machine
Paint Used to paint the 1L 200 600

(black, grey machine as well as
and green) the bin
Thinner Used to remove 4 60 240

paint (350mL)
Paint brush Used to paint the 8 35 280

machine
Welding Utilized in the 1 2,099 2,099

Machine fabrication and
and assembly of
Welding structural
rod components or
metal parts.
Nails Used to connect 2 kilo 100 200

the necessary
materials as well
as the
Hinge Utilized in doors 10 pcs 20 200

and in rewards
Table 9. Other Miscellaneous materials

Design Phase
Figure 9. Software Design Phase
The design phase of software for RVM includes a thorough
requirement analysis to determine capabilities, user interactions, and
regulatory compliance. Data flow and component interactions inside the RVM
are the main emphasis of the system architectural design that follows. The
complete design process ensures that the RVM software satisfies usability,
reliability, and security standards. It includes user interface design, database
structuring, algorithm optimization, integration with hardware components,
security implementation, error handling, testing strategies, and
documentation creation.
Figure 10. Design Phase for Hardware
The design phase for hardware in RVM begins with an understanding
of the machine's functional requirements and restrictions, such as physical
dimensions, power requirements, and environmental considerations.
Subsequently, comprehensive schematics and prototypes are developed to
specify the arrangement, constituents, and interconnections required for
optimal functioning. Thorough testing and validation guarantee that the
hardware satisfies performance requirements and works in unison with the
RVM's software components.
Testing Phase
To make sure that SwiftSwap met the specifications needed to perform
both hardware and software. A variety of testing techniques were done, such
as system, integration, and unit testing. These tests were needed in confirming
that the machine would fulfill the requirements for its hardware and software
functionalities, ensuring the specifications for operation, input, and the
expected output. The efficacy of the results obtained from these experiments
was evaluated in detail.
1. The first step is unit testing, which examined each component of
the hardware and software module, separately, The objective was
to find any defects or mistakes in these parts and determine if
they worked as planned and fulfilled the criteria
2. The next step was integration testing, in which the compatibility
of various hardware components and software modules were
evaluated. The motive of this step was to make sure that every
material that interacted with the other components would go as
expected. A
3. The final stage was system testing, and was then sent out to
assess SwiftSwap's overall functionality. This test made sure that
all of the input and predicted output requirements were met by the
system.
4. Following an assessment of the device's overall functionality, the
designers conducted a User Acceptance Test (UAT). This test
evaluated the SwiftSwap system in accordance with ISO 25010
specifications. It assessed the user's perception in several

domains, such as usability, security, functional suitability,
performance efficiency, and maintainability.
Testing Procedures
SwiftSwap was put through a thorough testing phase to make sure that
all of its modules, input data processing, and expected outputs were correct.
Unit testing, integration testing, and system testing comprised the two phases
of the testing stage
The first step was unit testing, which observes how well each system
component performed on its own. This stage made sure that each unit
functioned properly when used all by themselves.
Integration testing was done after unit testing to see how well the
system's various materials interacted with each other. The reason behind this
was to guarantee that the integration of these materials worked as visualized.
Finally, system testing was done to evaluate SwiftSwap's overall
performance under different conditions. This thorough assessment revealed
information on the behavior of the system in various settings and scenarios of
use.
Unit Testing
Table 10. Unit Testing Parameters for Software

Testing Components Input Expected Output

Description
Check if the user Sign up page Fill in the The end user
can register an credentials should be able to
account register
successfully and
be directed to the
SwiftSwap
dashboard. The
newly created
account would be
added to the
database once
verified.
Check if the Login Page Enter email The end user

registered user can address and should be logged
login and the password. in successfully and
website will directed to the
generate a QR SwiftSwap
Code for the next Dashboard.
login.
Check if the user Login Page Scan QR code The end user
can login via QR should be able to
Code scan the generated
QR using the
machine and will
be directed to the
dashboard once
QR is verified.
Check if the end Rewards Page Go to rewards End users should

user can view their page and tap on be able to view
points and redeem “redeem” their points and
items in the redeem products
rewards page only if their points
are sufficient. If the
points are
insufficient, the
redeem button will
not work.
Check if the Transaction History Transactions The end user

“Transaction should be recorded should see the
History” records after the end user history of
the previous redeemed a transactions if the
transactions product or points have been

accumulated points accumulated or
by inserting a deducted.
bottle.
Verify whether the Forgot Password Press the "Forgot" The database
"Forgot Password" Password" to would be updated
feature resets the change the and the user would
passcode for an account's have the option to
authenticated password. reset their account
account. password.
Check if the Admin Page Admin should sign The features of the
contents of the in to his/ her admin page should
admin page is account and be accessible only
functional. access the page to the admin.
through the admin
button.
As shown in Table 10 the unit testing components of the SwiftSwap
mobile app was conducted to ensure that all components are functional based
on the established parameters of their input and the anticipated outcomes of
the software modules.
Table 11. Unit Testing Parameters for Hardware


Description
Check if the Camera QR Code The QR code was

camera can scan scanned.
QR code
Check if the AI will Object Detection Recyclable The AI will accept

detect recyclable Materials. only valid
materials. materials and will
reject invalid
materials.
Check if the linear linear actuator signal from Once the linear
actuator will arduino actuator extends it
extend and retract will compress the
PET bottle and
cans and after
doing so, it will
retract.
Check if the Trapdoor DC signal from Recyclable

trapdoor will open motor arduino material fell
then close once properly and the
the input already trapdoor opened
fell. then closed.
Check if the bin Sorting bin DC signal from The bin rotates
will rotate and will motor arduino and and stops based
stop based on the raspberry pi 4 on the type of
type of recyclable recyclable material
material that was that was detected
detected. by the AI.
Check the DC Coil DC Motor signal from The servo motor

motor that is used arduino and rotates based on
on the redeeming raspberry pi 4 the type of school
of rewards. supply that was
redeemed.
The ultrasonic Ultrasonic sensor Recyclable The ultrasonic will

sensor in the bin materials will pass detect if the
can detect across the recyclable material
movement. ultrasonic sensor is near it.
The GSM SHIELD GSM SHIELD data from the the GSM will send
SIM900 can send SIM900 ultrasonic sensor a message to the
messages to the admin notifying

admin if the bin them if the bin is
level is full full
The LCD can LCD touchscreen Signal from Display web app
display the web Raspberry Pi 4
app
As shown in Table 11 the unit testing components of the SwiftSwap
hardware was conducted to ensure that all components are functional based
on the established parameters of their input and the anticipated outcomes of
the hardware modules.

Integration Testing
Table 12. Integration Testing Parameters for Hardware


Description
Scan the QR code Camera and LCD QR code The dashboard of

to log in the the web app with
machine. the credentials of
the user will be
displayed on the
screen.
Insert the input Input Material and Recyclable The ultrasonic will
material. The Ultrasonic sensor Material would detect recyclable
ultrasonic sensor in cross the sight of materials inside the
the input ultrasonic sensor input receptacle.
receptacle can
detect movement.
The object Camera and Object Signal from AI will detect the
detection will detection Raspberry pi 4 and type of object
detect if the input Object detection entered by the
inside the processes. user, add the
receptacle is valid equivalent point to
or invalid. the correct user.
The bin will rotate Metal Bin and DC Signal from The bin will rotate
after detection and Motor, and Object arduino. to segregate the
validation of the Detection recyclable
input material, and materials into its
segregate the appropriate bin
recyclable compartment.
materials.
The trapdoor will Trapdoor 1 DC Signal from When activated,

open to allow the Motor and Object arduino. the trapdoor will
input to fall into the Detection open, allowing the
compressor. input to fall into the
next compartment
where it will be
compressed.
The linear actuator Linear Actuator and Signal from The linear actuator
will compress the Object Detection arduino. compressed the
PET bottle and PET bottles and
cans, while it will cans except for
not turn on when paper.
paper is detected
by the AI.
After compressing, Trapdoor 2 DC Signal from When activated,

the second motor and Object arduino. the trapdoor will
trapdoor will allow Detection open, allowing the
the input to fall into input to fall into the
the bin. appropriate bin.
As shown in table 12 The Integration Testing parameter for hardware
components of SwiftSwap was performed to confirm that each component
functions correctly according to predetermined input parameters and to
ascertain the expectation between integrated hardware modules.

Table 13. Integration Testing Parameters for Software

Description
The end user will Redeem Button in Can redeem a Successful

redeem a reward Rewards Tab reward upon redemption of
from the web reaching required reward will be
application. Stocks Monitoring points. If the points shown, the
in admin page are insufficient, “redeem” button
redeeming a will not be clickable
reward is not if insufficient
permitted. points.
After successful
redemption, the
number of stocks
in the monitoring
page will be
updated.
The database will Transaction History The points of the Transaction History
update the in user in the will display
transaction history Navigation Bar database are updated changes
upon redeeming a changed after a to reflect recent
reward and Dashboard Header transaction has transactions.
accumulation of been made.
points.
As indicated in Table 13, the integration testing for software
components of the SwiftSwap web application was conducted to validate that
the components are working as intended based on the parameters of their
input and the expected output of the software modules. Furthermore, the
testing also served to analyze the interactions between the integrated
software components to one another.

System Testing
Table 14. System Testing Parameters for Hardware
Testing For Input Expected Output
Object Detection Recyclable Only valid recyclable materials

Materials are detected. Invalid materials
are rejected.
Compactor Signal from PET bottles and cans are

arduino compressed properly.
Trapdoor Signal from The trapdoors are working

arduino properly.
Bin Signal from The bin is working properly,

arduino and the recyclable materials
are falling into their designated
bin.
Bin Monitoring Signal from When the bin is full, the

arduino GSM900 will send a message
to the admin.
As shown in table 14, The system testing parameter for hardware was
done to ensure that the hardware components are working properly as a
whole based on the set parameter as well as the expected input and output.
Table 15. System Testing Parameters for Software
Add points Input a recyclable material The recyclables will

and object detection will undergo object detection
verify how many points will and once verified,
be added. corresponding points will
be added to the account
of the user.
Redeem Rewards End user will navigate to Reward button will only be
the redeem page and click operational once points
the “Redeem” button. are sufficient to redeem
the desired product. The
products will be dispensed
once the condition is met.
Login via QR Code The website scans the QR Once QR code is

Code for login presented and scanned by
the machine, the end user
should be directed to the
dashboard of the web
application.
As shown in Table 15, the system testing parameters of the software
components of the SwiftSwap mobile application were undertaken to ensure
each component is operating as intended based on the stated parameters of
their input and the expected output of the modules.
Table 16. System Testing Parameters of Admin Web Application Account
User Logs Make an end user sign up All accounts of signed in

to the web application users should be reflected
to the “user logs” page of
the application including

the inputted information
Transaction History Conduct a transaction Transactions such as

Logs whether redeeming a accumulation and
product or adding points redeeming of rewards will
appear to the transaction
history page of the admin
Reward Stocks Make an end user redeem Number of stocks should

Monitoring a product. be updated once a user
claims a reward. Admin
should also be able to add
products and set the
points required.
As shown in table 16, these system testing procedures for the admin
web application account were conducted to ensure that each component was
working as intended. In user logs, an end user is prompted to sign up for the
web application, with the expected outcome being the accurate recording and
reflection of all user accounts and inputted information on the 'user logs' page.
In addition, transaction history logs are examined by conducting transactions
such as redeeming products or adding points, and are systematically logged
for admin visibility. Furthermore, in testing reward stocks monitoring, an end
user's redemption of a product should automatically update the available stock
count, while admins should retain the capability to manage stock levels by
adding products and setting redemption points.

Deployment Phase
Following a thorough testing phase, the SwiftSwap Reverse Vending
Machine has been successfully introduced. The proponents meticulously
selected the deployment site within a designated building at Rizal
Technological University. Additionally, the proponents personally supervised
the installation and operation of the device at its designated location to ensure
the reverse vending machine’s smooth functioning. The deployment occurred
at Rizal Technological University's ITC Building and spanned for a period of
seven days, starting from one in the afternoon until six in the evening.
Throughout this duration, users engaged with the system, offering valuable
feedback for assessment and improvement.
Maintenance
After the deployment phase, the maintenance is essential to ensure the
functionality and effectiveness of the machine. Both the software and hardware
of the SwiftSwap System are subject to maintenance. To maintain the
program's operation, the proponents made regular maintenance. To maintain
the functionality of the device, the proponents also observed any unwanted
updates that would have a big impact on how well it worked, from start to finish.
They made sure to make changes on time.
To ensure efficient device maintenance and close monitoring of the user
accounts, a dedicated Administrator Account was made on the website. Using

this account, administrators can directly access the device. Access to the lists
of users, activity logs, and records of products redeemed through the
transaction history are also made available. This admin tool makes
management and monitoring of the system more efficient, which enhances the
usability and operation. The first step of system deployment and development,
the maintenance includes thorough inspections of the device's components,
wiring, and overall condition. This comprehensive maintenance ensures the
system's performance and durability in the future.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Project Description
The SwiftSwap: an AI-based reverse vending machine with credit point
system to convert specified recyclables into school supplies as the name
implies, is a prototype that is capable of accepting recyclables namely PET
bottles, papers and aluminum cans into a machine that is capable of object
detection through the use of AI or Artificial Intelligence and convert it into a
point wherein a user can redeem a school supply of their choice once they
accumulate enough credits. Each end user must sign up or log onto the web
application displayed on the touch-screen display attached on the reverse
vending machine or opt to sign in using a generated QR code and scanning
them from the prototype’s integrated camera to trigger the sorting mechanism
and begin the process of the SwiftSwap system. Once the end user places a
recyclable in the input receptacle of the machine, the integrated camera inside
the receptacle will automatically detect if the parameters are met, otherwise it
will be rejected and will stay in the receptacle terminating the process. If
accepted, the AI utilized in the machine will classify the recyclable, compact it,
and the sorting mechanism inside the machine will simultaneously rotate
according to the classified recyclable for it to be placed on the designated bin.
Once the sorting is done, the AI will then communicate with the Web
Application to display the end user’s equivalent point. The end user can only
redeem a school supply reward once the accumulated point is reached.
Project Structure
As stated in the project description, SwiftSwap reverse vending machine
machine was made to collect and sort pet bottles, cans, and paper. This
enabled users to accumulate points that can be redeemed for rewards,
specifically school supplies.
Figure 11. SwiftSwap Front Interface

In Figure n, the machine's front interface was presented which included
an LCD monitor, a reward dispenser, and a camera placed next to the two (2)
input receptacles designated for bottles, cans and paper. In order to start the
process, users must manually register or log in using the camera to scan a
QR code on the web application. Following placement in the input receptacle
and detection, the input material is compressed before being dropped into the
proper area of the rotating bin. The web application for alternative transactions
is shown on the LCD monitor. Reward specifics selected by users using the
web application are dispensed through a spring mechanism.
Figure 12. SwiftSwap Rear Interface

Figure 13. SwiftSwap Side Panels Interface

The rear interface of the SwiftSwap Machine was shown in Figure 12. It
featured a swing door equipped with hinges and a padlock, providing security
with a specific key. The door allowed access to the bin for removing recyclable
materials when it reached full capacity. Meanwhile, the images presented in
Figure n and Figure n.n displayed the two side panels of the machine,
designed simply as plain covers to ensure the secure enclosure of the
SwiftSwap machine.
Input Receptacle
Figure 14. SwiftSwap Input Receptacle

Figure 14 showed the receptacle box of the input materials. The input
receptacle box, which also functioned as the trap door, features a camera, an
ultrasonic sensor, a motor driver, and a DC motor. This component served as
the point where the input bottle is placed and identified. Once the collected
recyclable material reaches the predetermined threshold range, the AI-based
camera is triggered by the ultrasonic sensor to detect the precise type of
material placed within. It is therefore made easier to transfer the input material
into the compactor by the DC motor, which controls the trap door's opening
and closing in response to the detection. Apart from directing the spinning of
the DC motor, the motor driver also functioned as a voltage regulator.
Compactor
Figure 15. SwiftSwap Compactor

Figure 15 showed the compactor designed to compress the bottle and
can inputs. Upon detection, the input undergoes compaction facilitated by a
linear actuator, housed within a custom-made metal frame capable of
accommodating both the input receptacle box and the compactor. This
component also utilized a motor driver that serves as a voltage regulator.
Rotating Bin
Figure 16. SwiftSwap Rotating Bin

The machine's rotating bin is shown in Figure 16. It was divided into four
(4) divisions, each of which was assigned a particular set of input materials.
Following compaction, a second trap door controlled by a DC motor directs
the input into the rotating bin. The bin was housed in a custom-built metal
frame and rotates in response to the detected input. It was connected to the
shaft of a 24 volt wiper motor. The upper section of the bin has four ultrasonic
sensors integrated into it to monitor its capacity and notify the machine's
administrator when it reaches its maximum capacity with the use of
GSM900A.
Reward Dispenser
Figure 17. SwiftSwap Reward Panel

The spring mechanism controlled by the dc motor rewards dispenser of
the system, was depicted in Figure n. Based on the corresponding reward that
the user redeemed through the web application, each dc motor has been
programmed to rotate once in a 360-degree rotation. The users can then claim
the reward at the allocated collection area.
Web Application Interface
Figure 18. SWIFTSWAP User Interface
The SWIFTSWAP Reverse Vending Machine featured a user-friendly
interface that allowed users to conveniently interact with the machine. Users
can easily log in to the user interface by scanning a QR code provided by
SWIFTSWAP, ensuring a secure and personalized experience.
Claiming of Rewards
Figure 19. SWIFTSWAP Reward System
SWIFTSWAP offered a comprehensive reward system that allowed
users to claim various items by accumulating reward points. Users can earn
reward points by recycling eligible items in the machine. With these points,
users can choose from a selection of rewards such as bond paper, ballpen,
filler notebook, index cards, and pencils with erasers, and sticky notes.
Transaction History
Figure 20. SWIFT SWAP Transaction History
The SWIFTSWAP Reverse Vending Machine kept track of users'
transaction history. This feature allowed users to review their recycling
activities, including the items recycled, the dates and times of the transactions,
and the number of reward points earned or redeemed. The transaction history
provides transparency and helps users keep track of their recycling efforts.
Administrator User Logs
Figure 21. SWIFT SWAP User Logs
The SWIFTSWAP Reverse Vending Machine also included
administrator user logs, which were accessible only to authorized personnel.
These logs provided detailed information about system operations, user

activities, and any relevant actions. This feature supported monitoring and
managing the machine's overall functionality and security.
Access Reward Stocks
Figure 22. SWIFT SWAP Access Reward Stocks
SWIFTSWAP's Reverse Vending Machine has an inventory
management feature known as "Access Reward Stocks." This feature allowed
administrators to monitor and replenish the machine's stock of rewards. It
provided real-time information on the availability of different reward items,
ensuring that users have a diverse selection of rewards to choose from at all
times.
About
Figure 23. SWIFTSWAP About Page
The "About" section of the SWIFTSWAP Reverse Vending Machine
provided users with essential information about the machine and its purpose.
It may include details about the project behind SWIFTSWAP, the goals and
objectives of the recycling initiative, information about the technology used in
the machine, and any additional relevant information to educate and engage
users.
Evaluation Procedures
Survey questionnaires were created and distributed to participants in
order to assess the study Swiftswap: A Development Of An AI-Based Reverse
Vending Machine With Credit Point System To Convert Specific Recyclables
Into School Supplies. Experts also tested the different components of the
machine such as the accuracy of object detection, hardware and software

components for a more thorough evaluation of the study The survey
questionnaire helped the proponents be aware of the potency of the project.
1. The participants in the study included the enrolled students and
employees of Rizal Technological University - Boni Campus.
2. A physical survey questionnaire was provided by the proponents to the
participants for them to accomplish.
3. The questionnaires were designed using a 5-point Likert scale by the
proponents. Based on their use of the machine, the participants will rate
it on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 representing the highest rating.
Project Evaluation
As part of the research design, the Agile Software Development Life
Cycle was utilized to analyze the results of the numerous tests involved,
following the criteria specified in its testing sequence.
Unit Test Results
Unit testing was performed on each module that was required to
ensure the module's operation and behavior. The proponents assembled all
of the necessary hardware and software pieces and used them to exactly
develop the system architecture. The proponents built the software and
hardware part of SwiftSwap and tested each hardware and software module
to verify that it performs effectively according to the scenario, input, expected
and actual output. SwiftSwap was maintained beyond the testing phase to
guarantee that the proponents followed the study's security, usability,
functional suitability, performance efficiency, and maintainability.
Table 17. Unit Test Results for Hardware

Testing Components Input Expected Remarks

Description Output
Check if the Camera QR Code The QR code PASSED

camera can was scanned.
scan QR
code
Check if the Object Recyclable The AI will PASSED

AI will detect Detection Materials. accept only
recyclable valid materials
materials. and will reject
invalid
materials.
Check if the linear signal from Once the linear PASSED

linear actuator arduino actuator
actuator will extends it will
extend and compress the
retract PET bottle and
cans and after
doing so, it will
retract.
Check if the Trapdoor DC signal from Recyclable PASSED

trapdoor will motor arduino material fell
open then properly and
close once the trapdoor
the input opened then
already fell. closed.
Check if the Sorting bin signal from The bin rotates PASSED
bin will rotate DC motor arduino and and stops
and will stop raspberry pi 4 based on the
based on the type of
type of recyclable
recyclable material that
material that was detected
was by the AI.
detected.
Check the Coil DC Motor signal from The servo PASSED

DC motor arduino and motor rotates
that is used raspberry pi 4 based on the
on the type of school
redeeming of supply that was
rewards. redeemed.
The Ultrasonic Recyclable The ultrasonic PASSED

ultrasonic sensor materials will will detect if the
sensor in the pass across the recyclable
bin can ultrasonic material is near
detect sensor it.
movement.
The GSM GSM SHIELD data from the the GSM will PASSED
SHIELD SIM900 ultrasonic send a
SIM900 can sensor message to the
send admin notifying
messages to them if the bin
the admin if is full
the bin level
is full
The LCD can LCD Signal from Display web PASSED

display the touchscreen Raspberry Pi 4 app
web app
The table 17 shows the unit test for hardware that includes testing the
individual parts of the hardware to know if the scanner and actuator are working
properly. This test includes trying to scan a QR code using the scanner and
checking if the actuator is extending and retracting. The unit test also includes
the checking of DC motors if it was rotating clockwise and counterclockwise for
both the trap door and the coils. After performing the necessary test, the result
shows that the SWIFTSWAP passed all the necessary conditions that were set
and all of the individual materials are working properly.
Table 18. Unit Test Results for Software

A thorough test plan for Module 1 of SwiftSwap is given in Table 18, with
special attention to the Sign-up Page. It outlines the testing process, beginning
with the objectives of Module 1 and onto the requirements for testing, such as
inputs and anticipated outcomes. The table serves as a guide, demonstrating
how to test Module 1 from start to finish.

In short, Table 18 provides a well-structured plan outlining specific tasks
and expectations for testing Module 1 of SwiftSwap. Its meticulous
arrangement and extensive coverage demonstrate a commitment to ensuring
SwiftSwap functions effectively and is dependable for users.
Integration Test Results
The integration test results were completed after the unit test results
were fully validated. The proponents have carried out multiple tests integrating
different system components, which were validated using the test parameters
in chapter 3. Validating the integration results summary for the test case ID: n
was done to ensure that the system can initiate the process within five
consecutive successes to validate if the modules would meet the remarks and
produce a result.
Table 19. Integration Test Results for Hardware

Testing Components Input Expected Remarks

Description Output
Scan the QR Camera and QR code The PASSED

code to log in the LCD dashboard
machine. of the web
app with the
credentials
of the user
will be
displayed
on the
screen.
Insert the input Input Material Recyclable The PASSED

material. The and Ultrasonic Material ultrasonic
ultrasonic sensor sensor would cross will detect
in the input the sight of recyclable
receptacle can ultrasonic materials
detect sensor inside the
movement. input
receptacle.
The object Camera and Signal from AI will PASSED

detection will Object Raspberry pi detect the
detect if the input detection 4 and Object type of
inside the detection object
receptacle is processes. entered by
valid or invalid. the user,
add the
equivalent
point to the
correct user.
The bin will rotate Metal Bin and Signal from The bin will PASSED
after detection DC Motor, and arduino. rotate to
and validation of Object segregate
the input Detection the
material, and recyclable
segregate the materials
recyclable into its
materials. appropriate
bin
compartmen
t.
The trapdoor will Trapdoor 1 DC Signal from When PASSED

open to allow the Motor and arduino. activated,
input to fall into Object the trapdoor

the compressor. Detection will open,
allowing the
input to fall
into the next
compartmen
t where it
will be
compressed
.
The linear Linear Actuator Signal from The linear PASSED

actuator will and Object arduino. actuator
compress the Detection compressed
PET bottle and the PET
cans, while it will bottles and
not turn on when cans except
paper is detected for paper.
by the AI.
After Trapdoor 2 DC Signal from When PASSED

compressing, the motor and arduino. activated,
second trapdoor Object the trapdoor
will allow the Detection will open,
input to fall into allowing the
the bin. input to fall
into the
appropriate
bin.
The integration test results are accomplished after the complete
validation of the unit test results of the experts. The experts conducted
multiple tests integrating various components of the hardware system which
were validated using the test parameters. validating the integration results
summary for the test case of the Camera and LCD was conducted to ensure
that if the module can perform at least with an 80% success rate, the will
module would meet the required remarks and redirect the user to the website
dashboard using the QR code presented by the end user, and scanned by
the camera, and then be displayed in the LCD touchscreen monitor.
The integration results summary for the module 2 was conducted to test
the reliability and accuracy of the ultrasonic sensor in detecting an input
material whenever an end user inserted a recyclable material. The ultrasonic
sensor is placed near the input receptacle so that every time an end user
inputs an object, it will be detected by the ultrasonic sensor and signals the
AI to send the detected object. This test was done ten consecutive times to
ensure that the ultrasonic sensor is reliable and accurate if it produces an
80% success rate.
the accuracy of the AI object detection and image processing using the
A4Tech 1080P webcam. The AI would detect any input material that has been
inserted by the end user and validate the material into its corresponding
classification and send the appropriate points to the end user. This test was
done multiple times to ensure that the module is accurate in terms of sending
points to the user and detecting the input materials and validating it depending
on the classification of the material. if the module produces an 80% accuracy.
The integration results summary for module 4 was conducted to test the
accuracy of the segregation system of the metal bin in terms of sorting the
different types of input materials into their respective compartments. This test
was done multiple times to ensure the accuracy of the segregation system.
The module would be considered as reliable if it produces an 80% success
rate based on the test.
The integration results summary for module 5 was conducted to test the
integration of the Trapdoor DC Motor and AI to see if the trapdoor would open
once the AI detected a valid input and it would stay close if the detected
material is invalid. This test was done multiple times to ensure the reliability
of the trapdoor dc motor and AI in terms of which input will be let through the
trapdoor. The module would pass the integration test if it produces an at least
80% success rate.
the integration of the linear actuator with the AI system. The linear actuator
would compress the material if the AI system validated the input as a valid
input. This test was done multiple times to ensure the capability of the linear
actuator in compressing the input material. This integration test would have
to produce at least 80% success rate.
The integration test results summary for the module 7 was conducted to
test the integration of the trapdoor dc motor 2 and the AI system. This test
was conducted multiple times to ensure that the integration of the two
components will work together in terms of letting the input fall to the right
compartment which is validated by the AI system. The test would have to
produce an 80% success rate for it to be considered reliable in terms of its
functionality.
Additionally, the experts encountered a mix of successful and
unsuccessful results while testing the integration of each component, but
most of them were successful. The testing was done at least ten times to
ensure that the functionality of each module can be verified. Overall, all of the
integration system testing of the SWIFTSWAP hardware was conducted
thoroughly and all of the components resulted in success.
Table 20. Integration Test Results for Software
Table 20 shows how the main components of the reward system—which
include database operations and user interaction—have been effective.
Through the "Redeem Button" on the online app, users can redeem awards.
This begins point verification, updates their balance, and sends a confirmation
message.
The database refreshes the transaction history flawlessly upon
redemption for data storage. To ensure data consistency and real-time
reflection of changes.
System Test Results
The system testing followed the unit and integration tests. This sort of
system testing assesses SwiftSwap's overall performance across five
consecutive successes to ensure that the system performs as expected and
was based on specified hardware and software specifications, subsequently
undergoing an evaluation by software and hardware experts.
Table 21. System Test Results for Hardware Modules
Table 21 shows the system testing for hardware to verify the precision
of the object detection, the efficiency of the compactor, and the dependability
of the trapdoor mechanism for material deposit into the bin are main goals of
the system testing for the hardware of the RVM. It guarantees the smooth
working of these parts to enable effective recyclables sorting and compacting.
Avoiding clogs and guaranteeing appropriate sorting of the recyclable
materials.
Table 22. System Testing Results for Software
Table 22 shows two successful test cases that were created to verify the
incentive system of a web application are displayed in the accompanying table.
Both database functions and user interaction are addressed in these tests.
When a user successfully redeems a reward using a "Redeem Button,"
the system checks their points, adjusts the balance, and shows a confirmation
message. This is the first test case.
The focus of the second test case is data storage. Once a reward is
redeemed, the database updates the transaction history flawlessly.

Table 23. System Testing Parameters of Admin Web Application Account
A series of tests that confirm how user sign-ups in a web application transfer
to the backend are presented in Table 23. These tests make sure that the system
works as it should.
The "user logs" feature is the main focus of each test. An application sign-up
is simulated in the first test. The person's data, including any information they
submitted during sign-up, should show up on the "user logs" page. The table attests
to the successful completion of all three tests, demonstrating that the web
application correctly collects and retains user sign-up data.
Pre Survey Results
This section presents analyses and interprets the data gathered
through the use of a questionnaire. Thus, the tabular presentations and
discussions were organized based on the problems used in this study.
Analysis and interpretation revolved around the data gathered from the
questionnaires.
Part I: Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Figure 24. Demographic Profile of Respondents
The demographic profile of the respondents from Rizal Technological
University (Boni Campus), included students and was characterized based on
their respective year level, staff, and faculty members. According to Figure 4,
the distribution of survey participants across different year levels is as follows:
first-year students comprised 28.4%, second-year students yielded a result of
20.0%, third-year respondents constituted 19.3%, and fourth-year students
contributed a total of 18.2%. Additionally, employees represented 5.8% of the
respondents, while faculty members accounted for 8.2% in the survey.
Part II: Level of Awareness in Reverse Vending Machine

This section presents the understanding of the Reverse Vending
Machine (RVM). The first question assesses familiarity with the RVM concept.
Subsequent inquiries investigate knowledge about materials suitable for input
and those serving as rewards. Another aspect examined is understanding of
the RVM's reward system. The last question explores awareness of recycling
and proper waste disposal.
Figure 25. Familiarity of respondents in Reverse Vending Machine
Illustrated in Figure 5.1, the majority of respondents, totaling 138,
indicated a level of Somewhat Familiar with the concept of a Reverse
Vending Machine. Following closely, 119 of respondents chose Familiar as
their response, securing the second-highest result. Not Familiar
garnered a total of 107 as the third response, while Very Familiar was the
least common response, with respondents expressing a familiarity response
of 85 in the survey.
Figure 26. Respondent’s awareness of reward option in reverse
vending machine
In Figure 5.2, the graph focuses on respondents' awareness of reward
options in a reverse vending machine in a Reverse Vending Machine. The
majority, at 155, indicated Monetary as their response, securing the highest
result. Following closely, Vouchers obtained the second-highest response at
136. Services had a total of 107, and the least common response, Tangible
incentives, which garnered 51 responses. This indicates that a substantial
number of individuals are aware that they can acquire monetary rewards
through the utilization of reverse vending machines. Notably, a small
proportion of respondents explicitly mentioned receiving monetary incentives
from these machines. This insight serves as an indication that SwiftSwap
distinguishes itself through a unique approach. Unlike the more commonly

cited monetary rewards, SwiftSwap sets itself apart by offering tangible
incentives, including items like school supplies.
Figure 27. Familiarity in the concept of recycling and waste disposal
In Figure 5.3, the focus is on the respondents' familiarity with the
concept of recycling and waste disposal. A significant majority, totaling a
number of 263, indicated Very Familiar as their response in the survey.
Familiar garnered 132 responses, Somewhat Familiar amounted to 28, and
the least common response was Not Familiar, with a total of 26 respondents.
This implies that a significant number of respondents are willing to
participate in recycling waste materials, which constitutes the primary purpose
of a reverse vending machine. The machine's core function is to encourage
and facilitate the recycling process by incentivizing individuals to return their
recyclable items. The willingness of respondents to engage in this recycling

initiative underscores the effectiveness and alignment of user intentions with
the fundamental goal of reverse vending machines.
Part III: Items Consumed by Students, Faculty, and Staff
In this section, the researchers thoroughly examined the data gathered
from respondents, focusing on their beverage preferences. The analysis
centered around the types of beverages commonly purchased, as well as the
typical sizes preferred for bottled water, juice, carbonated soft drinks, and
energy drinks. The responses offer significant insights into the participants'
habits and preferences when it comes to beverage consumption.
Figure 28. Beverage Preference Commonly Purchased by
Respondents
In Figure 5.4, the analysis delved into respondents' preferences
regarding the types of beverages they frequently purchase. The predominant

response was Bottled Water, comprising 389 responses in total. Following
closely, Soda or Soft Drinks (Carbonated Drinks) garnered a 340
response. Juice Drinks came next with a total of 217, and Energy Drinks
had a total number of 47 responses, lastly, one response answered "Others”.
This result will highly benefit the researchers for it will serve as a guide in
choosing the input for the reverse vending machine through knowing the
beverages commonly consumed by respondents.
Figure 29. Size of Water Bottles Commonly Purchased by
Respondents
In Figure 5.5, the data description focuses on the size of water bottles
commonly purchased by respondents. The predominant response indicates
that 250 of the respondents commonly purchase water bottles with a size of
500 mL. Following closely, 233 of respondents favor the 350 mL size, while
1000 mL bottles are commonly purchased by 119 of the respondents.
Notably, 18 of the responses indicated the selection of "Others" as a size
preference.
Figure 30. Size of Juice Beverages Commonly Purchased by
Respondents
In Figure 5.6, the data outlines the volume or size of juice beverages
typically purchased by respondents. The most common response indicates
that 177 of the respondents usually opt for a size of 350 mL. Following closely,
153 of respondents prefer the 230 mL size. Notably, 92 of respondents
selected "Others" as a response, while 77 respondents indicated the least
preference for the 500 mL size of juice beverages.

Figure 31. Size of Soft Drinks Commonly Purchased by Respondents
In Figure 5.7, the data illustrates the standard volume or size of soft
drinks purchased by respondents. The primary response reveals a preference
for the 300 mL size, with 254 participants choosing it. Close behind, the 500
mL size attracted 155 responses. Notably, the 1500 mL size emerged as the
least common preference, with only 51 respondents selecting it.

Figure 32. Size of Energy Drinks Commonly Purchased by
Respondents
In Figure 5.8, the focus is on the volume or size of energy drinks
commonly purchased by respondents. The most prevalent response is
“Others”, constituting the highest number with 216 respondents.The
prevalence of “Others” as the most chosen option indicates that not all
respondents consume energy drinks, or that those who do consume them
may have preferences outside of the listed sizes. Following this, the 200 mL
size emerges as the second-highest preference, with 137 respondents. The
250 mL size is next with a number of 89 respondents, and the least common
response is the 350 mL size, accounting for 350 of the total responses.
Part IV: Possible Rewards
In this section, the researchers analyzed the data from the
respondents. The focus was on two reward systems: an Accumulated
Pointing System, enabling users to store points for later redemption, and an
Instant Reward System, where users choose rewards based on the quantity
of recyclables inserted. Additionally, respondents were asked to list their
daily-used school supplies. This inquiry aimed to capture insights into both
reward system preferences and essential daily items.
Figure 33. Type of Reward System Preferred by the Respondents
In Figure 5.9, the data outlines the respondents' preferences regarding
the preferred reward system. A significant majority, comprising 66.8% of
respondents, indicated a preference for the Accumulated Pointing System.
Conversely, 33.2% of participants opted for the Instant Reward System. This
states that most respondents prefer accumulating rewards rather than instant
rewards. This opens to the idea of accumulating their points before
purchasing their desired school supplies.
Figure 34. School Supplies Commonly Used Daily by Respondents
In Figure 5.10, the data illustrates the types of school supplies regularly
used by respondents. The highest rate of responses with a total of 449, was
reported for the use of ballpoint pens, followed by 332 for bond paper, 300
for correction tape, 278 for notebooks (fillers), and 189 responses for
pencils. Additionally, respondents reported using highlighters with a
response of 186, notepads at 184, erasers at 147, and lastly paper clips
with a total of 81 responses. 14 respondents answered other supplies,
including suggestions such as binders, clearbooks, scientific calculators,
CPE plates, rulers, yellow pads, and yellow paper of various sizes.
Post Survey Results
The User Acceptance Test (UAT) is used to assess the satisfaction
levels of various end users utilizing the SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine.
It thoroughly assesses a variety of technical factors such as security, usability,
functional suitability, performance efficiency, and maintainability of both the
machine and the web application. The researchers acquired insights into the
SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine operations' alignment with the
requirements and expectations of the end users through gathering and
analyzing responses. Moreover, this procedure helps in determining any
necessary improvements to the machine along with its web application.

Table 24. User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Security
Table 24 shows the results of the User Acceptance Test, which
evaluates the machine's security. As seen above, all of the findings were
interpreted with the descriptive rating of "Agree," with the weighted mean of
4.28 for the first statement and 4.12 for the second. The weighted mean for
the third statement is 4.18, the fourth statement is 4.03, and the final
statement is 4.1. The grand weighted mean of these security measures
responses was 4.14.
The respondents' assessment of the system and machine's security, as
stated in Table 24 above, is highly agreed upon. It concludes how secure the
system and machine are, and responders agree with the following
statements. As a result, the system and machines are secured as intended,
based on the acceptance tests provided by the machine's end user.

Table 25. User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Usability
The outcome of the end users' User Acceptance Test, which shows their
evaluation of the device's use, is displayed in Table 25. As can be seen above,
all of the findings were interpreted with a descriptive grade of "Agree," with the
weighted mean of the first statement being 4.17 and the second statement
being 4.17. The weighted means of the third and fourth assertions are 4 and
4.1, respectively, while the weighted mean of the last statement is 4.27. For
this set of responses, the grand weighted mean for usability was 4.14.
The respondents' evaluation of the system's usefulness is indicated in
Table 25 above. While the respondents agree with the following statements, it
determines how functional, effective, and operational the device is. Based on
the results of the system's end users' acceptance test, the device's
functionality is thus operating as expected.
Table 26. User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Functional Suitability
The results of the end users' responses to the User Acceptance Test for
the Functional Sustainability of the system are shown in Table 26 above. The
descriptive rating of "Agree" corresponds to the grand weighted mean of the
respondents' responses, which was 4.12. With a weighted mean of 4.42, all
respondents strongly agree with the first statement. Second, statement two's
weighted mean is 3.85, while statement three's weighted mean is 4.03. On the
other hand, the weighted meaning of the fourth and fifth statements is 4.18 and
4.13, accordingly.
It is clear that the SwiftSwap method received a high weighted mean
rating from the respondents. This shows that when it comes to the system's
functional suitability, the respondents completely agree with the remarks.

Table 27. User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Performance
Efficiency
Table 27 presents the User Acceptance Test results for the efficiency of
both the web application and the machine, as tested and evaluated by end
users. The grand weighted mean for efficiency is 4.18, with a descriptive rating
of "Agree." The first statement has a weighted mean of 4.27, the second
statement gained 4.12, and the third statement gained 4.23. The fourth
statement's weighted mean is 4.27, and the fifth statement has a weighted
mean of 4.03.
In terms of the efficiency, respondents agree with the following
statements, giving it a high weighted average. The web application and
machine function as intended, making the recycling process and transactions
efficient.
Table 28. User Acceptance Test Result of End Users for Maintainability
Table 28 shows the results of a User Acceptance Test conducted by end
users to examine the maintainability of both the web application and the
machine. The grand weighted mean, shown in Table n, is 4.15, suggesting an
"Agree" grade on the descriptive scale. The first statement obtains a weighted
mean of 4.25, whereas the second statement scores 3.98. The third statement
has a weighted mean of 4.22, followed by the fourth statement at 4. Finally,
the fifth assertion achieves a weighted average of 4.3. The cumulative
weighted average indicates that the SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine and
its associated web application are simple to maintain.
The table above contains input from respondents regarding the
machine's maintainability and associated system. Notably, respondents agree
with the offered claims. Thus, the evaluation, as evidenced by the grand
weighted mean, confirms the machine and system's maintainability.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter highlights the findings, from the design and development of
the hardware and software prototype to the testing, deployment, and data
collection, as well as the conclusions drawn. Similarly, the chapter contains
comments and recommendations to improve the system.
Summary
The features of the software applications and hardware prototype have
been effectively combined into one system. The hardware prototype and the
web application worked together as intended to produce the AI-trained reverse
vending machine through the use of a web application, as demonstrated by
the successful completion of the numerous tests. With the help of the device
and web application, the machine is now able to allow users to register for an
account, generate a special QR code for each user, convert recyclables into
credit points, store the earned points in a database, and redeem rewards
when the point total reaches the number of points needed to redeem a school
supply.
The machine was able to detect waste materials such as PET bottles,
aluminum cans, and short bond papers. The input is accurately detected,
compacted, and separated by the AI-trained object detection system.
Furthermore, the device had a user-friendly web application that let end users
register, check their point balance, review past transactions, and redeem
rewards. The proponents were able to implement and deploy the machine in
a controlled environment in the ITC building of Rizal Technological University-
Boni Campus, to be monitored by the admin.
The machine's performance was assessed by the machine's proponents
using unit, integration, and system testing procedures. While a few minor
errors were made throughout the unit testing, the researchers were able to
ascertain each component's capabilities and calibrate it based on its use and
function inside the system. As a result, the proponents were able to build
solutions that led to more dependable results. The input receptacle's trapdoor
only rotated clockwise during hardware testing; it was unable to complete its
rotation and functioned improperly. This was resolved by replacing each of the
circuit's connecting wires and modifying the microcontroller's code to enable
the trap door mechanism to function as intended. During the integration
testing, issues were also found when the end user scanned the generated QR
code to sign in; these were resolved by resolving the billing issue related to
the Firestore Database used by the proponents. During the integration testing,
the software and hardware components were combined for the machine's
functionalities and tested accordingly. Finally, in order to pass and be
considered acceptable, the system had to pass five consecutive iterations of
testing using the web application and the reverse vending machine. Overall,
the process went well with a few minor issues relating to the Raspberry Pi's
slight heating after being used for over thirty minutes.

User acceptance testing demonstrated to be successful in testing for end
users. Since the test's specifications were derived from ISO 25010, the results
were assessed using the standard, where 5 represents Strongly Agree and 1
represents Strongly Disagree. The SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine
functions in terms of security, usability, functional suitability, performance
efficiency, and maintainability, according to the results of a post-survey
conducted among 60 end-users. The answers indicated highly acceptable
results with a few minor usage-related problems. Therefore, the evaluation
produced notable findings based on the end user's assessment of the
system's capabilities, performance, and management.
Conclusion
During the requirements gathering, system design and development,
testing, deployment and maintenance of Swiftswap: A Development of an AI
- Based Reversed Vending Machine with Credit Point System To Convert
Specified Recyclables Into School Supplies, the proponents received a lot of
inputs by using the Agile Software Development Life Cycle model. By fulfilling
every requirement, each task specified in every stage of the agile SDLC
model, the system managed to accomplish the objectives.
1. Different types of software testing such as unit, integration and system
designed the AI based reverse vending machine to have the capabilities
of converting credited points of the specified recyclables into school

supplies. The web application is also designed to be capable of
monitoring and redeeming the desired rewards of the end user.
2. The integration of the software and hardware requirements throughout
the development enabled the machine to perform object detection and
accumulation of points to the account of the end user.
3. Through a series of tests, including unit, integration, and system testing,
the Security, Usability, Functional Suitability, Performance Efficiency,
and Maintainability of all hardware and software components as well as
the entire system were evaluated. This resulted in the resolution of minor
issues with machine maintenance and recalibration. Other minor
problems were mostly related to the device's operation, wiring, and web
app hosting.
4. According to surveys about the functionality and administration of the
system, the end users and experts who assessed the User Acceptance
Test (UAT) accomplished results that were considered satisfactory.
Throughout its operation, deployment, and survey, the machine
performs as intended for the end users.
Recommendation
During the development of the SwiftSwap Reverse Vending Machine
and the SwiftSwap web application budget and scheduling constraints
prevented the inclusion of some features and elements. Some suggestions for
enhancing and improving the gadget and web application were suggested by
the researchers. The purpose of the following suggestions is to direct future
studies to enhance the machine and web application.
1. Offline transaction mode of the machine.
The machine is only limited to logging in and accessing the transaction
history offline. During the deployment and evaluation of the machine, it was
recommended that end users should also be able to redeem offline using the
machine and web application. The offline mode should be enabled incase of
slow or interrupted internet connection. Future researchers can enable online
transactions by replacing the firebase database or adding a local host in the
raspberry pi. It was suggested to also use an automated backup power supply
such as unautomated power supply (UPS) in case of power interruption.
2. Add more rewards for the vending machine and improve its
aesthetics
During the deployment, respondents suggested adding more rewards to
the machine to encourage them more when it comes to recycling. This will
require future researchers to add more DC motors and coils for the rewards.
It was suggested to use a fabricated metal frame for the body for a better
stability of the machine.
3. To use hydraulics for recyclable compression

The evaluator suggested that the researchers should consider using
hydraulics instead of a linear actuator. The evaluator compared the cost
efficiency of both hydraulics and linear actuator when used as a compactor.
The significant difference between hydraulics and linear actuators is the
convenience of using both devices. While the hydraulics are one of the most
efficient devices when compressing most recyclable materials because of its
high force and speed, its downside is the inconvenience in refilling its
canisters since it uses compressed air to function. The linear actuator does
not use this compressed air and does not need to be refilled every once in a
while, since it uses electricity.
4. Boost the machine's capacity to handle several or bulk inputs at
once.
There is only one transaction that the reverse vending machine can
process at a time. The proponents propose exploring strategies to handle
numerous inputs of recyclable materials. Increasing the size of the
compacting receptacle and adding power to the linear actuator or replacing it
with a pneumatic cylinder can aid in boosting the machine’s capacity to handle
multiple inputs at once. For precise item detection, this will require intensive
artificial intelligence training.
5. Different types of data or input materials that the machine can accept.
A wider variety of recyclable materials such as the inclusion of other
sizes of PET bottles and cans will also encourage the end users to use the
machine. To achieve this, it is recommended to add more data sets and
consider RA 9003 when training for object detection. Additionally, the
proponents recommend figuring out a way such as using a weight sensor to
reliably determine whether the input materials are legitimate even if there is a
liquid or something inside.
6. Audio cues for verification of input materials
The proponents suggest incorporating audio cues alongside the existing
light indicators in verification of the input materials of the machine. The
machine only relies on visual cues such as red for invalid, orange for standby,
and green for valid or accepted. The integration of audio cues such as voice
prompts corresponding to each status (invalid, valid, standby) would enhance
the usability of the machine particularly for users with visual impairments or
environments with low light conditions.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A. ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION

PRE- SURVEY | Reverse Vending Machine
We are 4th year students at Rizal Technological University, currently
engaged in a research study titled "SWIFTSWAP: A Development of
Reverse Vending Machines with a Credit Point System to Convert
Plastic Bottles to School Supplies." As part of our study, we are
conducting a pre-survey among the students, faculty, and employees in
Rizal Technological University.
The objective of this pre-survey is to gather insights into the
respondents' current usage of school supplies and their preferences for
items that may be available in a school supply reverse vending machine.
The survey is entirely voluntary, requiring a few minutes to complete.
We assure you that all data collected will be handled with utmost
confidentiality and used exclusively for research purposes. We sincerely
appreciate your enthusiastic participation in our study. Your insights and
contributions are invaluable to the success of our research.
Researchers:
Altizen, Charles Ian Panganiban, Kurt Cobain
Avendano, Arvy James Perdiz, Michael
Andam, Prinze Christian Piodos, Gilmar
Batalla, Danica Rodica, Junelyn
Kapangyarihan, Michaella Jane Rosario, Bryan Shane
Mendoza, Angela Nicole Villare, Niah Christle

* Indicates required question
1. Email *: _______________
Data Privacy Act of 2012
In compliance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012 and its Implementing
Rules and Regulations, by providing responses in this form and
disclosing personal or sensitive personal information, you grant consent
to CEIT-03-701E researchers for the access, collection, and processing
of such information solely for survey purposes.
Rest assured, the gathered data will be handled with the highest degree
of confidentiality, adhering to the provisions of Republic Act 10173 -
Data Privacy Act, and your authorization signifies your approval for the
researchers to collect and process the indicated data for the survey's
success.
2. I understand that my personal information is protected by RA
10173, Data Privacy Act of 2012, and that I am required to provide
truthful information. I take full responsibility for the accuracy of the
information I provide. *
Mark only one oval.
I Agree
I disagree
I. Demographic Profile
Instruction: Kindly complete the demographic pro le questions. If a
particular question does not apply to you, kindly use "Others" as your
response. Your valuable feedback will help us in our study and we assure
you that your responses and information will be treated with utmost
confidentiality. Thank you for participating!
3. Respondent's Name (SN, FN, M.) Optional
__________________________________________
4. Respondent's Category *
Mark only one oval.
Student
Employee
5. Year Level *
Mark only one oval.
1st year N/A
2nd year
3rd year
4th year
6. College Department *
Mark only one oval.
College of Engineering and Architecture (CEA)

College of Business, Entrepreneurship and Accountancy (CBEA)
College of Education (CED)
College of Arts and Sciences (CAS)
Institute of Human Kinetics (IHK)
N/A
7. Institutional Email (Ex: 2020-100***@rtu.edu.ph) *
______________________________________
8. Student Number / Employee Number (Ex: 2020-100***) *
______________________________________
II. Level of Awareness in Reverse Vending Machine
Instruction: Good day! Please take a moment to answer the questions in
relation to the familiarization of reverse vending machine. Select the option
that corresponds to your answer. Your valuable feedback will help us in our
study and we assure you that your responses and information will remain
confidential. Thank you for participating!
9. How familiar are you with the Concept of Reverse Vending
Machine? *
Mark only one oval.
Very Familiar
Familiar
Somewhat Familiar
Not Familiar
10. How familiar are you on the products or materials such as PET
bottles and tin cans, which can be used as an input for a
Reverse Vending Machine? *
Mark only one oval.
Very Familiar
Familiar
Somewhat Familiar
Not Familiar
11. How familiar are you with the concept of recycling and proper
waste disposal? *
Mark only one oval.
Very Familiar
Familiar
Somewhat Familiar
Not Familiar
12. What common types of rewards can be found in Reverse
Vending Machines? *
Mark only one oval.
Monetary
Services
Vouchers
Tangible incentives (such as school supplies, mask, etc.)
III. Items Consumed by Students, Faculty, and Employees

Instruction: Please answer the questions regarding the items you
consume, such as bottled water, soda, juice, and energy drinks. If a
specific question does not apply to you, please choose "Others" as your
response. Your input is valuable, and we appreciate your cooperation. We
assure you that your responses and information will be treated with utmost
confidentiality. Thank you for participating!
13. Please tick the box that corresponds to the type of beverages
that you buy often. *
Check all that apply.
Soda or Soft Drinks (Carbonated Drinks)
Energy Drinks
Juice Drinks
Bottled Water
14. What size of bottled water do you typically consume? *
350mL
500mL
1000mL
Others
15. What size of juice beverages do you typically consume? *
230mL
350mL
500mL
Others
16. What is the typical volume or size of carbonated soft drinks
that you often consume? *
300mL
500mL
1500mL
Others
17. What is the typical volume or size of energy drinks that you
often consume? *
200mL
250mL
350mL
N/A
IV. Possible Rewards
Good day! Please take a moment to answer questions about your daily use
of school supplies and beverage consumption on campus. Tick the box that
corresponds to your answer. Your valuable feedback will help us in our study
and we assure you that your responses and information will remain
confidential. Thank you for participating!
18. What reward system do you prefer? *
Accumulated Pointing System: A pointing system where you
can accumulate your points. After inserting a valid recyclable
material, your points will be stored in the system that you can
redeem at any time.
Instant Reward System: A pointing system where after inserting
a valid input the machine will ask you to pick a reward that you
can redeem based on the number of input you inserted. If you
would like to redeem a more expensive reward, you would have
to insert a certain number of pet bottles in one go. For example, a
correction tape has an equivalent of 100 Bottles.
Mark only one oval.
Accumulated Pointing System
Instant Reward System
19. Please check the school supplies that you use on a daily
basis. *
Pencil
Ballpen
Notepads
Notebooks (Fillers)
Bond paper (short)
Colored Paper
Correction Tape
Eraser
Highlighters
Paper Clips
Index Card
Other: ______________________
20. What other school supplies would you like to
see in a vending machine? *
__________________________________________________________
21. Comments and Suggestions
__________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B. VALIDATION FORM

APPENDIX C: DOCUMENTATION PICTURES

Pre-Deployment and Testing Phase

Deployment Phase
APPENDIX D. RECOMMENDATION MATRIX

APPENDIX E. CURRICULUM VITAE


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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering Architecture and

SWIFTSWAP: A DEVELOPMENT OF AN AI-BASED REVERSE

A Capstone Project Presented to the Faculty of Computer Department

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Altizen, Charles Ian E.

This capstone project entitled “SWIFTSWAP: A DEVELOPMENT OF

BELINDA G. BUNAG, DTE

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ______

INSTRUCTOR ALQUIN D. CEZAR

DR. LEA S. NISPEROS ENGR. EMELITA C. PRESBITERO

INSTRUCTOR MARVIN A. FUENTES DR. JENNIS N. ARTICONA

Accepted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER L. ZAPLAN

DR. CORLETO R. BRAVO

us during our studies.

To Almighty God, the source of wisdom, strength, and guidance

path, enabling us to overcome challenges and reach this significant milestone.

To our Families, whose unconditional support, sacrifices, and love have

dreams, and your faith in us has served as a continual source of motivation.

To our Adviser and Professors, whose guidance, expertise, and

commitment molded our intellectual development. Your advice has been

beneficial in encouraging us to explore fresh perspectives and push the limits

To our Group Mates, with whom we have faced the challenges of

research, collaboration, and deadlines. Your commitment, teamwork, and

shared aspirations have made this thesis a collective achievement.

unwavering guidance, strength, and wisdom throughout the academic journey.

enabling the group to overcome challenges and reach this significant

Special appreciation is directed towards the dedicated thesis professor,

Dr. Belinda Bunag, whose experience, mentorship, and encouragement have

assistance guided the group through complexities, and they sincerely

appreciate her vital efforts and patience.

Sincere gratitude is extended to the thesis adviser,xlfor his scholarly

quality of the thesis. His commitment to academic excellence served as a

Heartfelt acknowledgement is expressed to the esteemed panels for

the group is thankful for their time and expertise.

The group acknowledges the unwavering support and understanding of

support to encouragement, patience, and love, the families sustained the

group through challenges, and this achievement is as much theirs as it is the

Finally, the group expresses gratitude to the dedicated groupmates and

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................v

LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................viii

LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................x

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND .........................1

Statement of the Problem .....................................................................3

Objectives of the Study .........................................................................4

Significance of the Study ......................................................................5

Concept of Operation ............................................................................7

Scope and Delimitation .........................................................................9

Definition of Terms .............................................................................13

CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE, STUDIES, AND

Reverse Vending Machine………………………………...….………….17

Input Recyclable Materials………………………………...….………….19

Artificial Intelligence in Waste Segregation………………….………….21

Object Detection Algorithm……………………………………...…..……25

Pointing System and Conversion………………………………..……….28

Laws and Policies………………….…………………...…………….…...36

Conceptual Framework .......................................................................40

CHAPTER 3. RESEARCH AND ITS METHOD ........................................50