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Radical Therapy for Software

Development Teams: Lessons in


Remote Team Management and
Positive Motivation 1st Edition Gregory
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Radical Therapy for Software Development Teams:


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Radical Therapy
for Software
Development Teams
Lessons in Remote Team Management
and Positive Motivation

Gregory Lind · Maryna Mishchenko
Radical Therapy
for Software
Development Teams
Lessons in Remote Team
Management and Positive
Motivation

Gregory Lind
Maryna Mishchenko
Radical Therapy for Software Development Teams: Lessons in Remote
Team Management and Positive Motivation

Gregory Lind Maryna Mishchenko


Oregon City, OR, USA Kharkiv, Ukraine

ISBN-13 (pbk): 979-8-8688-0186-0 ISBN-13 (electronic): 979-8-8688-0187-7


https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0187-7
Copyright © 2024 by Gregory Lind, Maryna Mishchenko
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
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The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if
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publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal
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Printed on acid-free paper
This book is dedicated to and inspired by the many amazing
colleagues, mentors, and friends I’ve had the good fortune
to work with over the last 20+ years. From collaborations
with government agencies and startups to contributions
in open source projects and enterprise ventures, I am pro-
foundly thankful for every opportunity and every individ-
ual who generously shared their knowledge. Each one has
left an indelible mark on the principles and insights within
these pages. As we move forward, I eagerly anticipate con-
tinued learning and knowledge exchange within our ex-
panding community, where small businesses and startups
are driven by a passion for innovation and excellence.
Above all, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to my friends and
family. Despite my often demanding schedule, filled with trav-
el and long hours, their unwavering support has remained
constant. Their understanding and encouragement have been
the foundation upon which this journey has been built.
—Gregory
I am deeply grateful to my family and friends for their un-
wavering support. The people who worked with me at the
beginning of my journey – in a nonprofit organization and
a software development company – and helped underrepre-
sented communities gain the best practices of development
and teamwork became the inspiration for this book. I’m
grateful to my mentor, who believed in me, the person who
continues to support me in all my beginnings. It’s crucial
to feel supported and surrounded by people who can share
knowledge, experience, and empathy when needed.
—Maryna
Table of Contents
About the Authors������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii

Chapter 1: Introduction to Radical�������������������������������������������������������1


Unveiling the Power of Radical Transparency�������������������������������������������������������1
Some Tools and an Example���������������������������������������������������������������������������������4
Embracing Radical Transparency in an Example Process�������������������������������4
Cultivating Open Communication��������������������������������������������������������������������������5
Daily Summaries and Inclusive Contributions������������������������������������������������������7
Early User Engagement and Feedback Loops�������������������������������������������������������8
Transparent Code Discussions and Reviews�������������������������������������������������������10
Alignment with Organizational Goals������������������������������������������������������������������11
Inspiring Transparency from Top to Bottom��������������������������������������������������������13
A Unified Vision of Success���������������������������������������������������������������������������������14
The Power of Radical Transparency��������������������������������������������������������������������15
Review����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15

Chapter 2: Team Dynamics�����������������������������������������������������������������19


Common Challenges Faced by Software Teams�������������������������������������������������21
Communication Problems�����������������������������������������������������������������������������23
Resolving Conflict Arising from Communication Problems���������������������������23
Misunderstood Technical Terms and Jargon�������������������������������������������������25
Lack of Trust and Motivation�������������������������������������������������������������������������28
Resolving Challenges������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32
Radical Transparency as a Problem-­Solving Approach���������������������������������32

v
Table of Contents

Review����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33
Case Study 1: Team Dynamics and Communication�������������������������������������������34
Case Study 2: Growth Mindset����������������������������������������������������������������������������37
Best Practices for Maintaining a Positive Team Culture and
Encouraging a Growth Mindset���������������������������������������������������������������������38
Review����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������40

Chapter 3: Where’s the Remote?��������������������������������������������������������43


Hiring Globally and Thinking Locally�������������������������������������������������������������������43
Hiring Remote Team Members����������������������������������������������������������������������������45
Consider Hiring an Agency����������������������������������������������������������������������������������50
Adapting Processes for Remote Teams��������������������������������������������������������������51
Celebrating Milestones and Achievements����������������������������������������������������53
Ensuring Clear Communication���������������������������������������������������������������������55
Maintaining a Strong Team Culture���������������������������������������������������������������57
Embracing Diversity in Remote Teams����������������������������������������������������������������58
Harnessing Diversity and Remote Work for Enhanced Organizational
Culture and Productivity��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������61
Diversity as a Catalyst for Positive Culture����������������������������������������������������61
Remote Work as a Catalyst for Enhanced Productivity����������������������������������62
Radical Transparency: The Glue for Remote Diversity�����������������������������������������62
Cultivating Positive Culture and Enhanced Productivity��������������������������������63
Review����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������64

Chapter 4: Therapy Is for the Clouds��������������������������������������������������67


Definition of Cloud-Native Software Development and Its Benefits
for Modern Software Development���������������������������������������������������������������������69
Strategies for Cloud-Native Teams���������������������������������������������������������������������72
Loosely Coupled–Share Nothing Pattern�������������������������������������������������������73
Chained Design Pattern���������������������������������������������������������������������������������74

vi
Table of Contents

Aggregator Design Pattern����������������������������������������������������������������������������74


Proxy Design Pattern�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75
Async Design Pattern������������������������������������������������������������������������������������76
Microapps vs. Monolithic Apps in the Cloud�������������������������������������������������������78
Microapps������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������78
Monolithic Apps���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������79
Hybrid Approaches����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������80
Review����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81

Chapter 5: Cloud-Native Development within Radical Therapy


Philosophy������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������83
Open Source�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������84
Communication and Collaboration����������������������������������������������������������������������86
Development Team Management Tools We Use��������������������������������������������87
Case Studies�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������90
Case Study 1: Ecommerce Site Release Management����������������������������������90
Case Study 2: Healthcare Application Release Management������������������������91
Cloud-Native Software Development Mastery: DevOps, Testing,
and Team Collaboration for Success�������������������������������������������������������������92
Optimizing Cloud-Native Software Development: Strategies and
Tools for Success������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������94
Review����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������96

Chapter 6: Radical Process����������������������������������������������������������������99


First Steps�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������99
Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������102
Check-Ins and Transparency�����������������������������������������������������������������������������107
Example Code����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108
Example Stand-Up���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������108
Case Study 1������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������109

vii
Table of Contents

Best Practices����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������110
Radical Process for Non-Software Products�����������������������������������������������������111
Step 1: Blueprint Integration������������������������������������������������������������������������111
Step 2: Daily Transparency Check-Ins���������������������������������������������������������112
Step 3: Continuous Improvement����������������������������������������������������������������112
Example�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������112
Case Study 2������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������113
Best Practices����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������114
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������115

Chapter 7: Empowering Ethical AI Through Radical Transparency�����117


A Paradigm Shift with Radical Transparency����������������������������������������������������118
Addressing Biases and Discrimination�������������������������������������������������������������119
User-Centric Ethical AI��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������120
Aligning Ethical AI with Organizational Goals����������������������������������������������������121
Embracing Ethical AI with Radical Transparency����������������������������������������������121
Using AI to Help Learn and Improve������������������������������������������������������������������122
Case Study 1: Harnessing AI for Seamless Cross-Cultural Communication
in Software Development����������������������������������������������������������������������������������124
Case Study 2: AI for Diverse Feedback Analysis�����������������������������������������������126
Case Study 3: Collaborative Code Review Enhanced by AI�������������������������������128
Case Study 4: Detecting Cultural Bias with AI���������������������������������������������������130
AI-Powered Solution: Cultural Bias Detection Tool��������������������������������������130
Benefits and Outcomes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������130
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������131

Chapter 8: Positive Feedback�����������������������������������������������������������135


Case Study 1: Positive Feedback During Code Review�������������������������������������137
Case Study 2: Positive Feedback During Pull Requests������������������������������������138

viii
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Encouraging Positive Feedback Within the Team����������������������������������������138


Establish a Feedback Culture����������������������������������������������������������������������139
Be Specific and Timely��������������������������������������������������������������������������������139
Focus on the Positive����������������������������������������������������������������������������������139
Incorporate Feedback into Performance Reviews���������������������������������������140
Encourage Peer Feedback���������������������������������������������������������������������������140
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141

Chapter 9: Why Use an Open Source Project Management


Methodology?�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������143
Community-Supported Standards for Multiple Project Types���������������������������144
The Ability to Customize a Method to Fit Your Needs and Share It with
Others����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������144
Agile (Scrum)�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������145
Lean�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������146
Waterfall������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147
Extreme Programming (XP)�������������������������������������������������������������������������147
Kanban��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������148
Scrumban����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149
DSDM (Dynamic Systems Development Method)����������������������������������������150
OpenPM�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������151
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������152

Chapter 10: Not So Agile�������������������������������������������������������������������155


The Agile Paradox: Bridging the Gap Between Theory and Reality�������������������155
The Agile Promise and the Reality: Why Standard Agile Falls Short�����������������156
The Agile Paradox: Planning vs. Doing��������������������������������������������������������157
The Agile Tool Integration Challenge�����������������������������������������������������������159
The Agile Paradox Resolution: Addressing Organizational
Processes and Transparency�����������������������������������������������������������������������163

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Use Case: Transitioning Away from Agile – The Case of XYZ Corporation���������165
Background�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������165
Challenges Faced����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������165
The Decision to Move Away from Agile�������������������������������������������������������166
The Consequences��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������166
The Radical Therapy and Radical Transparency Solution����������������������������167
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������171

Chapter 11: Infinite Possibilities������������������������������������������������������173


What Types of Projects Can Use These Methods?���������������������������������������������173
Deadline-Driven Projects with Tight Inflexible Timelines����������������������������������174
Long-Term Maintenance Projects with No End in Sight������������������������������������176
Sustaining Progress Through the Product Life Cycle Journey��������������������������177
Early Warning System���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������177
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������180

Chapter 12: Radical Therapy for Your Organization�������������������������183


Guide to Achieving Organizational Buy-In for Radical Transparency
and Positive Reinforcement������������������������������������������������������������������������������183
Embrace Transparent Communication���������������������������������������������������������184
Link Transparency to Productivity����������������������������������������������������������������186
Demonstrate Impact with Data��������������������������������������������������������������������188
Build Trust Through Transparency���������������������������������������������������������������190
Shift from Proprietary to Collaborative Culture�������������������������������������������191
Engage Leadership on Climate Transparency����������������������������������������������193
Create a Transparent Reporting Framework������������������������������������������������193
Lack of Transparency and Its Consequences����������������������������������������������������197
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������198

x
Table of Contents

Chapter 13: Fostering Empathy and Resilience��������������������������������201


Understanding Burnout in Software Development��������������������������������������������201
Recognizing Burnout�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������202
Fostering Open Communication and Creating Psychological Safety�����������204
Flexible Work Arrangements������������������������������������������������������������������������205
Empowering Work–Life Harmony����������������������������������������������������������������206
Promoting Work–Life Balance���������������������������������������������������������������������207
Utilizing Vacation Days��������������������������������������������������������������������������������208
The Liberating Power of Autonomy�������������������������������������������������������������208
Mental Health Support���������������������������������������������������������������������������������209
Real-World Examples of Burnout in Software Development�����������������������211
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������212

Chapter 14: An Example to Build On�������������������������������������������������215


Example������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������216
Step 1: Kickoff Meeting – Assembling Your Team���������������������������������������216
Step 2: Idea to Execution – Documentation and Planning���������������������������216
Step 3: Estimation – Timeline, Budget, Team Size, and Architecture�����������217
Step 4: Release Planning – Setting Milestones�������������������������������������������217
Step 5: Testing Framework – Ensuring Quality��������������������������������������������218
Step 6: Negotiating with Remote Teams – Building Your Dream Team��������218
Step 7: Tools and Processes – Setting the Stage����������������������������������������219
Step 8: Development Begins – Milestones and Celebrations����������������������219
Step 9: Review and Adapt – Continuous Improvement��������������������������������219
Step 10: Success Celebration – Acknowledging Achievements������������������220
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������220

xi
Table of Contents

Chapter 15: Radical Process Terminology����������������������������������������223


An Open Source Process and Free Information������������������������������������������������223
Leveraging Open Source Principles for Team Therapy��������������������������������������224
Review��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������227
Quotes and References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������229

Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������235

xii
About the Authors
With over two decades of professional experience, Gregory Lind’s
career has traversed every facet of software development. He has delved
into realms ranging from web design, HTML/CSS, and DevOps to
back-end engineering, data administration, project management, and
team leadership. This journey culminated in assuming roles within the
C-Suite of developer-focused startups. While the majority of his tenure
has been dedicated to nonprofit and government-oriented startups,
his commitment to open source principles has remained unwavering.
Throughout his journey, he’s consistently championed open source
methodologies, tools, and values, integrating them into every phase of
his work.

Maryna Mishchenko started her career at Open Build, a nonprofit that


helps underrepresented communities learn programming and initiate
their software journey. Her journey stands as a testament to merging
technical prowess with a passion for community improvement.

xiii
CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Radical
Unveiling the Power of Radical Transparency
In the heart of the software and tech industry, a tale of two approaches
unfolds – one shrouded in secrecy and the other thriving on openness. The
first scenario paints a picture of a proprietary system where decisions were
made behind closed doors. A select few dictated the direction, withholding
insights from the very users, developers, and managers who would be
impacted. This confined strategy seemed enticing in theory, promising
control and exclusivity. Yet, as reality set in, the pitfalls emerged. Delays
occurred, errors crept in unnoticed, and the end product bore little
resemblance to what was needed.
This story of a closed environment resonates with experiences
witnessed across industries. From the catastrophic failure of the Theranos
scandal to the fiasco of Volkswagen’s emissions scandal, hidden intentions
often lead to disaster. A study by Transparency International showed that
companies with low transparency scores were more prone to unethical
behavior and financial misconduct (www.transparency.org/en/press/
ti-study-finds-the-worlds-biggest-companies-need-to-be-a-lot-
more-transpare). In software development, this lack of transparency can
result in software that fails to meet user needs, leading to dissatisfaction
and lost resources.

© Gregory Lind, Maryna Mishchenko 2024 1


G. Lind and M. Mishchenko, Radical Therapy for Software Development Teams,
https://doi.org/10.1007/979-8-8688-0187-7_1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Radical

Contrast this with open source projects that embody the spirit of
collaboration and transparency. The Linux kernel, for instance, is an
exemplar of a collaborative approach, fostering innovation through open
dialogue and shared decision-making. Studies have shown that open
source software exhibits fewer defects and higher quality due to the
collective effort of developers worldwide. This approach also generates a
community around the project, and as long as the community is managed
with guidelines that allow for respectful collaboration and contribution,
the diversity of ideas can grow the project in ways the originators may have
never imagined.
What if we could take these lessons and apply them universally in
software development? What if we shifted from a secretive proprietary
model to one where transparency was the cornerstone – embracing open
source principles, freeing up communication, and building positive
internal and external communities? This book is your guide to unmasking
the potential of radical transparency in software development, for your
product teams and throughout your organization. By integrating feedback
loops, open communication, and inclusive decision-making, we can create
products that are not just functional, but adaptive and transformative.
Throughout these pages, we’ll explore real-world examples from
successful open source projects and internal or proprietary projects
being built with radical transparency. We’ll examine how companies that
practice transparency have cultivated positive cultures that breed trust and
innovation. We’ll dissect the shortcomings of proprietary approaches that
ignore transparency and reveal the practical steps to embrace openness
and collaboration. This book is an invitation to rewrite the narrative
of software development, product management, and organization
hierarchies and processes in general – one where every stakeholder’s voice
is heard, decisions are made collectively, and innovation is unbounded
by secrecy. Let’s embark on this journey to harness the power of radical
transparency, transforming how we build software and shaping the future
of our industry and many others.

2
Chapter 1 Introduction to Radical

Hello and welcome to radical therapy, a guide and tool to help you
bring some much-needed sunshine into the often cloudy world of software
development, cloud-native applications, and agile projects in general.
The ideas in here are not just for software, but that’s the “use case” we
will apply. Any team or set of teams that work from a business side and
technical side and have to interact can benefit from this book and the
learning within. What we hope you really get out of this is an idea of how to
keep you and the rest of your team, whatever role you play in it, motivated,
excited, and productive.
Now, you might be thinking: “Therapy? For software developers?
Isn’t that a bit... out there?” But hear me out. In today’s fast-paced and
constantly changing world of technology, it’s more important than ever to
take care of your mental health and well-being. And that’s where radical
therapy and more importantly radical transparency comes in. By fostering
a culture of openness, honesty, and positivity in your team, you can create
a work environment where everyone feels empowered to do their best
work and grow both personally and professionally. And the best part? You
don’t have to sacrifice creativity or innovation to do it. In fact, most teams
see a dramatic increase in productivity as well as increase in the longevity
of their teams through the retaining of talent.
In this book, we’ll explore the latest research and techniques from
the world of modern psychology and combine them with adaptive and
iterative processes and tools to help you build a team that’s both happy
and productive. We’ll talk about setting and meeting expectations,
fostering a growth mindset, and creating a self-managed development
process that allows for flexibility and creativity while still maintaining
structure. So buckle up, friends, and get ready for a radical journey to
software development nirvana.
Starting Chapter 1, we will introduce you to a pair of radical therapists;
they will be your guide through the tool as one therapist will be the skeptic
of the idea of transparency and positivity in the workplace and instead
want to stick with the old and tested methods. Meanwhile, the second

3
Chapter 1 Introduction to Radical

therapist will be making the argument for radical transparency, positive


feedback, ethical AI, and treating your product more like an open source
project. Hopefully, they will bring a bit of levity to the more technical
details as well as prepare you for any skeptics in your organization as
you hopefully make the argument for radical therapy and joining the
community.

Some Tools and an Example


E mbracing Radical Transparency
in an Example Process
Discover how to integrate radical transparency through an illustrative
process influenced by successful open source projects. Dive into a
methodology that nurtures open communication, stresses the significance
of daily updates, prioritizes thorough documentation and robust testing,
encourages early user engagement, fosters transparent code discussions
and reviews, aligns with organizational goals, and gains inspiration from
real-world instances.
As we start to introduce the concepts and ideas around radical
transparency, we will use the examples of software development a lot,
and specifically, we will highlight the successes this process has brought
to open source projects, as well as the failure of projects that weren’t
transparent enough.
To start, let’s go over some needed culture and process tools with cited
examples of their successes.

4
Chapter 1 Introduction to Radical

Cultivating Open Communication


Implementing radical transparency starts with nurturing an environment
of candid communication. Business and technical teams engage in regular
virtual stand-up meetings using tools like Slack, making sure that every
team member, irrespective of their geographical location, feels equally
valued (Figures 1-1 and 1-2). These stand-ups transcend mere status
updates and create an atmosphere where remote and local teams are
seamlessly integrated, fostering a unified sense of purpose. The primary
goal is to reduce redundant tasks, remove blocks from completing
important tasks, and ensure everyone upstream and downstream is aware,
but not interfering with the work being done. They should also be done
quickly and facilitate additional discussion where needed.

Figure 1-1. User surveys post-release

5
Chapter 1 Introduction to Radical

Figure 1-2. Communication channels

In the radical transparency version, you should focus on what’s next


and blocks... not what you did yesterday. This isn’t a competition to see
who completed what the fastest, it’s about being on the same page and
helping out where we can.
Benefits of Regular Stand-Up Meetings:

–– Cross-functional understanding and alignment

–– Early identification and resolution of roadblocks

–– Fostering collaboration and idea exchange

–– Bolstering the sense of a unified team

–– Mitigating potential conflicts through open dialogue

A study published in the Journal of Applied Psychology (source:


https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fapl0000220)

6
Chapter 1 Introduction to Radical

highlights that regular stand-up meetings enhance team coordination


and mitigate potential conflicts. By providing a platform for open
communication, these meetings create an environment where team
members feel valued and motivated to contribute effectively.

Daily Summaries
and Inclusive Contributions
Central to radical transparency is the practice of submitting daily
summaries and code contributions. At the close of each workday, team
members compile concise summaries of their accomplishments, struggles,
and code contributions. This ensures ongoing alignment, prevents
bottlenecks, and promotes collaboration.
This is different than the stand-up meeting – we focus on what we did
and where that work can be found. It’s about accountability, removing
blocks, and celebrating achievements. Kudos... Or congratulating your
team members is especially valued here.
Benefits of Daily Summaries:

–– Maintaining an updated overview of ongoing work


–– Addressing potential issues promptly

–– Enhancing accountability and ownership

–– Promoting a shared sense of responsibility

–– Providing a foundation for comprehensive team communication

A case study conducted by Atlassian (source: www.atlassian.com/


agile/scrum/standups) emphasizes the importance of daily summaries.
Teams that regularly share their achievements and challenges experience
improved collaboration, enhanced productivity, and a heightened sense of
mutual support.

7
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Her hart did leape, and all her hart-strings tremble,
For sudden ioy, and secret feare withall,
And all her vitall powres with motion nimble,
To succour it, themselues gan there assemble,
That by the swift recourse of flushing blood
Right plaine appeard, though she it would dissemble,
And fayned still her former angry mood,
Thinking to hide the depth by troubling of the flood.

When Glauce thus gan wisely all vpknit; xxx


Ye gentle Knights, whom fortune here hath brought,
To be spectators of this vncouth fit,
Which secret fate hath in this Ladie wrought,
Against the course of kind, ne meruaile nought,
Ne thenceforth feare the thing that hethertoo
Hath troubled both your mindes with idle thought,
Fearing least she your loues away should woo,
Feared in vaine, sith meanes ye see there wants theretoo.

And you Sir Artegall, the saluage knight, xxxi


Henceforth may not disdaine, that womans hand
Hath conquered you anew in second fight:
For whylome they haue conquerd sea and land,
And heauen it selfe, that nought may them withstand.[108]
Ne henceforth be rebellious vnto loue,
That is the crowne of knighthood, and the band
Of noble minds deriued from aboue,
Which being knit with vertue, neuer will remoue.

And you faire Ladie knight, my dearest Dame, xxxii


Relent the rigour of your wrathfull will,
Whose fire were better turn’d to other flame;
And wiping out remembrance of all ill,
Graunt him your grace, but so that he fulfill
The penance, which ye shall to him empart:
For louers heauen must passe by sorrowes hell.
Thereat full inly blushed Britomart;
But Artegall close smyling ioy’d in secret hart.

Yet durst he not make loue so suddenly, xxxiii


Ne thinke th’affection of her hart to draw
From one to other so quite contrary:
Besides her modest countenance he saw
So goodly graue, and full of princely aw,
That it his ranging fancie did refraine,
And looser thoughts to lawfull bounds withdraw;
Whereby the passion grew more fierce and faine,
Like to a stubborne steede whom strong hand would restraine.

But Scudamour whose hart twixt doubtfull feare xxxiv


And feeble hope hung all this while suspence,
Desiring of his Amoret to heare
Some gladfull newes and sure intelligence,
Her thus bespake; But Sir without offence
Mote I request you tydings of my loue,
My Amoret, sith you her freed fro thence,
Where she captiued long, great woes did proue;
That where ye left, I may her seeke, as doth behoue.

To whom thus Britomart, Certes[109] Sir knight, xxxv


What is of her become, or whether reft,
I can not vnto you aread a right.
For from that time I from enchaunters theft
Her freed, in which ye her all hopelesse left,
I her preseru’d from perill and from feare,
And euermore from villenie her kept:
Ne euer was there wight to me more deare
Then she, ne vnto whom I more true loue did beare.

Till on a day as through a desert wyld xxxvi


We trauelled, both wearie of the way
We did alight, and sate in shadow myld;
Where fearelesse I to sleepe me downe did lay.
But when as I did out of sleepe abray,
I found her not, where I her left whyleare,
But thought she wandred was, or gone astray.
I cal’d her loud, I sought her farre and neare;
But no where could her find, nor tydings of her heare.

When Scudamour those heauie tydings heard, xxxvii


His hart was thrild with point of deadly feare;
Ne in his face or bloud or life appeard,
But senselesse stood, like to a mazed steare,
That yet of mortall stroke the stound doth beare.
Till Glauce thus; Faire Sir, be nought dismayd
With needelesse dread, till certaintie ye heare:
For yet she may be safe though somewhat strayd;
Its best to hope the best, though of the worst affrayd.

Nathlesse he hardly of her chearefull speech xxxviii


Did comfort take, or in his troubled sight
Shew’d change of better cheare: so sore a breach
That sudden newes had made into his spright;
Till Britomart him fairely thus behight;
Great cause of sorrow certes Sir ye haue:
But comfort take: for by this heauens light
I vow, you dead or liuing not to leaue,
Till I her find, and wreake on him that her did reaue.

Therewith he rested, and well pleased was, xxxix


So peace being confirm’d amongst them all,
They tooke their steeds, and forward thence did pas
Vnto some resting place, which mote befall,
All being guided by Sir Artegall.
Where goodly solace was vnto them made,
And dayly feasting both in bowre and hall,
Vntill that they their wounds well healed had,
And wearie limmes recur’d after late vsage bad.

In all which time, Sir Artegall made way xl


Vnto the loue of noble Britomart,
And with meeke seruice and much suit did lay
Continuall siege vnto her gentle hart,
Which being whylome launcht[110] with louely dart,
More eath was new impression to receiue,
How euer she her paynd with womanish art
To hide her wound, that none might it perceiue:
Vaine is the art that seekes it selfe for to deceiue.

So well he woo’d her, and so well he wrought her, xli


With faire entreatie and sweet blandishment,
That at the length vnto a bay he brought her,
So as she to his speeches was content
To lend an eare, and softly to relent.
At last through many vowes which forth he pour’d,
And many othes, she yeelded her consent
To be his loue, and take him for her Lord,
Till they with mariage meet might finish that accord.

Tho when they had long time there taken rest, xlii
Sir Artegall, who all this while was bound
Vpon an hard aduenture yet in quest,
Fit time for him thence to depart it found,
To follow that, which he did long propound;
And vnto her his congee came to take.
But her therewith full sore displeasd he found,
And loth to leaue her late betrothed make,
Her dearest loue full loth so shortly to forsake.

Yet he with strong perswasions her asswaged, xliii


And wonne her will to suffer him depart;
For which his faith with her he fast engaged,
And thousand vowes from bottome of his hart,
That all so soone as he by wit or art
Could that atchieue, whereto he did aspire,
He vnto her would speedily reuert:
No longer space thereto he did desire,
But till the horned moone three courses did expire.
With which she for the present was appeased, xliv
And yeelded leaue, how euer malcontent
She inly were, and in her mind displeased.
So early in[111] the morrow next he went
Forth on his way, to which he was ybent.
Ne wight him to attend, or way to guide,
As whylome was the custome ancient
Mongst Knights, when on aduentures they did ride,
Saue that she algates him a while accompanide.

And by the way she sundry purpose found xlv


Of this or that, the time for to delay,
And of the perils whereto he was bound,
The feare whereof seem’d much her to affray:
But all she did was but to weare out day.
Full oftentimes she leaue of him did take;
And eft againe deuiz’d some what to say,
Which she forgot, whereby excuse to make:
So loth she was his companie for to forsake.

At last when all her speeches she had spent, xlvi


And new occasion fayld her more to find,
She left him to his fortunes gouernment,
And backe returned with right heauie mind,
To Scudamour, who she had left behind,
With whom she went to seeke faire Amoret,
Her second care, though in another kind;
For vertues onely sake, which doth beget
True loue and faithfull friendship, she by her did set.

Backe to that desert forrest they retyred, xlvii


Where sorie Britomart had lost her late;
There they her sought, and euery where inquired,
Where they might tydings get of her estate;
Yet found they none. But by what haplesse fate,
Or hard misfortune she was thence conuayd,
And stolne away from her beloued mate,
Were long to tell; therefore I here will stay
Vntill another tyde, that I it finish may.

FOOTNOTES:
[102] xvii 8 bathe 1609
[103] friend 1609
[104] xviii 8 strooke 1609
[105] xxiv 8 his om. 1609
[106] xxviii 6 He] Her 1596: Him conj. Upton
[107] certes 1596
[108] xxxi 5 withstand 1596
[109] xxxv 1 certes 1596
[110] xl 5 launc’t 1609
[111] xliv 4 in] on 1609
Cant. VII.

Amoret rapt by greedie lust


Belphebe saues from dread,
The Squire her loues, and being blam’d
his dayes in dole[112] doth lead.

Great God of loue, that with thy cruell dart[113] i


Doest conquer greatest conquerors on ground,
And setst thy kingdome in the captiue harts
Of Kings and Keasars, to thy seruice bound,
What glorie, or what guerdon hast thou found
In feeble Ladies tyranning so sore;
And adding anguish to the bitter wound,
With which their liues thou lanchedst[114] long afore,
By heaping stormes of trouble on them daily more?

So whylome didst thou to faire Florimell; ii


And so and so to noble Britomart:
So doest thou now to her, of whom I tell,
The louely Amoret, whose gentle hart
Thou martyrest with sorow and with smart,
In saluage forrests, and in deserts wide,
With Beares and Tygers taking heauie part,
Withouten comfort, and withouten guide,
That pittie is to heare the perils, which she tride.

So soone as she with that braue Britonesse iii


Had left that Turneyment for beauties prise,
They trauel’d long, that now for wearinesse,
Both of the way, and warlike exercise,
Both through a forest ryding did deuise
T’alight, and rest their wearie limbs awhile.
There heauie sleepe the eye-lids did surprise
Of Britomart after long tedious toyle,
That did her passed paines in quiet rest assoyle.

The whiles faire Amoret, of nought affeard, iv


Walkt through the wood, for pleasure, or for need;
When suddenly behind her backe she heard
One rushing forth out of the thickest weed,
That ere she backe could turne to taken heed,
Had vnawares her snatched vp from ground[115].
Feebly she shriekt, but so feebly indeed,
That Britomart heard not the shrilling sound,
There where through weary trauel she lay sleeping sound.

It was to weet a wilde and saluage man, v


Yet was no man, but onely like in shape,
And eke in stature higher by a span,
All ouergrowne with haire, that could awhape
An hardy hart, and his wide mouth did gape
With huge great teeth, like to a tusked Bore:
For he liu’d all on rauin and on rape
Of men and beasts; and fed on fleshly gore,
The signe whereof yet stain’d his bloudy lips afore.

His neather lip was not like man nor beast, vi


But like a wide deepe poke, downe hanging low,
In which he wont the relickes[116] of his feast,
And cruell spoyle, which he had spard, to stow:
And ouer it his huge great nose did grow,
Full dreadfully empurpled all with bloud;
And downe both sides two wide long eares did glow,
And raught downe to his waste, when vp he stood,
More great then th’eares of Elephants by Indus flood.

His wast was with a wreath of yuie greene vii


Engirt about, ne other garment wore:
For all his haire was like a garment seene;
And in his hand a tall young oake he bore,
Whose knottie snags were sharpned all afore,
And beath’d in fire for steele to be in sted.
But whence he was, or of what wombe ybore,
Of beasts, or of the earth, I haue not red:
But certes was with milke of Wolues and Tygres fed.

This vgly creature in his armes her snatcht, viii


And through the forrest bore her quite away,
With briers and bushes all to rent and scratcht;
Ne care he had, ne pittie of the pray,
Which many a knight had sought so many a day.
He stayed not, but in his armes her bearing
Ran, till he came to th’end of all his way,
Vnto his caue farre from all peoples hearing,
And there he threw her in, nought feeling, ne nought fearing.

For she deare Ladie all the way was dead, ix


Whilest he in armes her bore; but when she felt
Her selfe downe soust, she waked out of dread
Streight into griefe, that her deare hart nigh swelt,
And eft gan into tender teares to melt.
Then when she lookt about, and nothing found
But darknesse and dread horrour, where she dwelt,
She almost fell againe into a swound,
Ne wist whether aboue she were, or vnder ground.

With that she heard some one close by her side x


Sighing and sobbing sore, as if the paine
Her tender hart in peeces would diuide:
Which she long listning, softly askt againe
What mister wight it was that so did plaine?
To whom thus aunswer’d was: Ah wretched wight
That seekes to know anothers griefe in vaine,
Vnweeting of thine owne like haplesse plight:
Selfe to forget to mind another, is ouersight[117].

Aye me (said she) where am I, or with whom? xi


Emong the liuing, or emong the dead?
What shall of me vnhappy maid become?
Shall death be th’end, or ought else worse, aread.
Vnhappy mayd (then answerd she) whose dread
Vntride, is lesse then when thou shalt it try:
Death is to him, that wretched life doth lead,
Both grace and gaine; but he in hell doth lie,
That liues a loathed life, and wishing cannot die.

This dismall day hath thee a caytiue[118] made, xii


And vassall to the vilest wretch aliue,
Whose cursed vsage and vngodly trade
The heauens abhorre, and into darkenesse driue.
For on the spoile of women he doth liue,
Whose bodies chast, when euer in his powre
He may them catch, vnable to gainestriue,
He with his shamefull lust doth first deflowre,
And afterwards themselues doth cruelly deuoure.

Now twenty daies, by which the sonnes of men xiii


Diuide their works, haue past through heuen sheene,
Since I was brought into this dolefull[119] den;
During which space these sory eies haue seen
Seauen women by him slaine, and eaten clene.
And now no more for him but I alone,
And this old woman here remaining beene;
Till thou cam’st hither to augment our mone,
And of vs three to morrow he will sure eate one.
Ah dreadfull tidings which thou doest declare, xiv
(Quoth she) of all that euer hath bene knowen:
Full many great calamities and rare
This feeble brest endured hath, but none
Equall to this, where euer I haue gone.
But what are you, whom like vnlucky lot
Hath linckt with me in the same chaine attone?
To tell (quoth she) that which ye see, needs not;
A wofull wretched maid, of God and man forgot.

But what I was, it irkes me to reherse; xv


Daughter vnto a Lord of high degree;
That ioyd in happy peace, till fates peruerse
With guilefull loue did secretly agree,
To ouerthrow my state and dignitie.
It was my lot to loue a gentle swaine,
Yet was he but a Squire of low degree;
Yet was he meet, vnlesse mine eye did faine,
By any Ladies side for Leman to haue laine.

But for his meannesse and disparagement, xvi


My Sire, who me too dearely well did loue,
Vnto my choise by no meanes would assent,
But often did my folly fowle reproue.
Yet nothing could my fixed mind remoue,
But whether willed or nilled friend or foe,
I me resolu’d the vtmost end to proue,
And rather then my loue abandon so,
Both sire, and friends, and all for euer to forgo.

Thenceforth I sought by secret meanes to worke xvii


Time to my will, and from his wrathfull sight
To hide th’intent, which in my heart did lurke,
Till I thereto had all things ready dight.
So on a day vnweeting vnto wight,
I with that Squire agreede away to flit,
And in a priuy place, betwixt vs hight,
Within a groue appointed him to meete;
To which I boldly came vpon my feeble feete.

But ah vnhappy houre me thither brought: xviii


For in that place where I him thought to find,
There was I found, contrary to my thought,
Of this accursed Carle of hellish kind,
The shame of men, and plague of womankind,
Who trussing me, as Eagle doth his pray,
Me hether[120] brought with him, as swift as wind,
Where yet vntouched till this present day,
I rest his wretched thrall, the sad Æmylia.

Ah sad Æmylia (then sayd Amoret,) xix


Thy ruefull plight I pitty as mine owne.
But read to me, by what deuise or wit,
Hast thou in all this time, from him vnknowne
Thine honor sau’d, though into thraldome throwne.
Through helpe (quoth she) of this old woman here
I haue so done, as she to me hath showne.
For euer when he burnt in lustfull fire,
She in my stead supplide his bestiall desire.

Thus of their euils as they did discourse, xx


And each did other much bewaile and mone;
Loe where the villaine selfe, their sorrowes sourse,
Came to the caue, and rolling thence the stone,
Which wont to stop the mouth thereof, that none
Might issue forth, came rudely rushing in,
And spredding ouer all the flore alone,
Gan dight him selfe vnto his wonted sinne;
Which ended, then his bloudy banket should beginne.

Which when as fearefull Amoret perceiued, xxi


She staid not the[121] vtmost end thereof to try,
But like a ghastly Gelt, whose wits are reaued,
Ran forth in hast with hideous outcry,
For horrour of his shamefull villany.
But after her full lightly he vprose,
And her pursu’d as fast as she did flie:
Full fast she flies, and farre afore him goes,
Ne feeles the thorns and thickets pricke her tender toes.

Nor[122] hedge, nor ditch, nor hill, nor dale she staies, xxii
But ouerleapes them all, like Robucke light,
And through the thickest makes her nighest waies;
And euermore when with regardfull sight
She looking backe, espies that griesly wight
Approching nigh, she gins to mend her pace,
And makes her feare a spur to hast her flight:
More swift then Myrrh’ or Daphne in her race,
Or any of the Thracian Nimphes in saluage chase.

Long so she fled, and so he follow’d long; xxiii


Ne liuing aide for her on earth appeares,
But if the heauens helpe to redresse her wrong,
Moued with pity of her plenteous teares.
It fortuned Belphebe with her peares
The woody Nimphs, and with that louely boy,
Was hunting then the Libbards and the Beares,
In these wild woods, as was her wonted ioy,
To banish sloth, that oft doth noble mindes annoy.

It so befell, as oft it fals in chace, xxiv


That each of them from other sundred were,
And that same gentle Squire arriu’d in place,
Where this same cursed caytiue did appeare,
Pursuing that faire Lady full of feare,
And now he her quite ouertaken had;
And now he her away with him did beare
Vnder his arme, as seeming wondrous glad,
That by his grenning laughter mote farre off be rad.

Which[123] drery sight the gentle Squire espying, xxv


Doth hast to crosse him by the nearest way,
Led with that wofull Ladies piteous crying,
And him assailes with all the might he may,
Yet will not he the louely spoile downe lay,
But with his craggy club in his right hand,
Defends him selfe, and saues his gotten pray.
Yet had it bene right hard him to withstand,
But that he was full light and nimble on the land.

Thereto the villaine vsed craft in fight; xxvi


For euer when the Squire his iauelin shooke,
He held the Lady forth before him right,
And with her body, as a buckler, broke
The puissance of his intended stroke.
And if it chaunst, (as needs it must in fight)
Whilest he on him was greedy to be wroke,
That any little blow on her did light,
Then would he laugh aloud, and gather great delight.

Which subtill sleight did him encumber much, xxvii


And made him oft, when he would strike, forbeare;
For hardly could he come the carle to touch,
But that he her must hurt, or hazard neare:
Yet he his hand so carefully did beare,
That at the last he did himselfe attaine,
And therein left the pike head of his speare.
A streame of coleblacke bloud thence gusht amaine,
That all her silken garments did with bloud bestaine.

With that he threw her rudely on the flore, xxviii


And laying both his hands vpon his glaue,
With dreadfull strokes let driue at him so sore,
That forst him flie abacke, himselfe to saue:
Yet he therewith so felly still did raue,
That scarse the Squire his hand could once vpreare,
But for aduantage ground vnto him gaue,
Tracing and trauersing, now here, now there;
For bootlesse thing it was to think such blowes to beare.

Whilest thus in battell they embusied were, xxix


Belphebe raunging in that forrest wide,
The hideous noise of their huge strokes did heare,
And drew thereto, making her eare her guide.
Whom when that theefe approching nigh espide,
With bow in hand, and arrowes ready bent,
He by his former combate would not bide,
But fled away with ghastly dreriment,
Well knowing her to be his deaths sole instrument.

Whom seeing flie, she speedily poursewed xxx


With winged feete, as nimble as the winde,
And euer in her bow she ready shewed[124]
The arrow, to his deadly marke desynde.
As when Latonaes daughter cruell kynde,
In vengement of her mothers great disgrace,
With fell despight her cruell arrowes tynde
Gainst wofull Niobes vnhappy race,
That all the gods did mone her miserable case.

So well she sped her and so far she ventred, xxxi


That ere vnto his hellish den he raught,
Euen as he ready was there to haue entred,
She sent an arrow forth with mighty draught,
That in the very dore him ouercaught,
And in his nape arriuing, through it thrild
His greedy throte, therewith in two distraught,
That all his vitall spirites thereby spild,
And all his hairy brest with gory bloud was fild.

Whom when on ground she groueling saw to rowle, xxxii


She ran in hast his life to haue bereft:
But ere she could him reach, the sinfull sowle
Hauing his carrion corse quite sencelesse left,
Was fled to hell, surcharg’d with spoile and theft.
Yet ouer him she there long gazing stood,
And oft admir’d his monstrous shape, and oft
His mighty limbs, whilest all with filthy bloud
The place there ouerflowne, seemd like a sodaine flood.

Thence forth[125] she past into his dreadfull den, xxxiii


Where nought but darkesome drerinesse she found,
Ne creature saw, but hearkned now and then
Some litle whispering, and soft groning sound.
With that she askt, what ghosts there vnder ground
Lay hid in horrour of eternall night?
And bad them, if so be they were not bound,
To come and shew themselues before the light,
Now freed from feare and danger of that dismall wight.

Then forth the sad[126] Æmylia issewed, xxxiv


Yet trembling euery ioynt through former feare;
And after her the Hag, there with her mewed,
A foule and lothsome creature did appeare;
A leman fit for such a louer deare.
That mou’d Belphebe her no lesse to hate,
Then for to rue the others heauy cheare;
Of whom she gan enquire of her estate.
Who all to her at large, as hapned, did relate.

Thence she them brought toward the place, where late xxxv
She left the gentle Squire with Amoret:
There she him found by that new louely mate,
Who lay the whiles in swoune, full sadly set,
From her faire eyes wiping the deawy wet,
Which softly stild, and kissing them atweene,
And handling soft the hurts, which she did get.
For of that Carle she sorely bruz’d had beene,
Als of his owne rash hand one wound was to be seene.

Which when she saw, with sodaine glauncing eye, xxxvi


Her noble heart with sight thereof was fild
With deepe disdaine, and great indignity,
That in her wrath she thought them both haue thrild,
With that selfe arrow, which the Carle had kild:
Yet held her wrathfull hand from vengeance sore,
But drawing nigh, ere he her well beheld;
Is this the faith,[127] she said, and said no more,
But turnd her face, and fled away for euermore.

He seeing her depart, arose vp light, xxxvii


Right sore agrieued at her sharpe reproofe,
And follow’d fast: but when he came in sight,
He durst not nigh approch, but kept aloofe,
For dread of her displeasures vtmost proofe.
And euermore, when he did grace entreat,
And framed speaches fit for his behoofe,
Her mortall arrowes[128] she at him did threat,
And forst him backe with fowle dishonor to retreat.

At last when long he follow’d had in vaine, xxxviii


Yet found no ease of griefe, nor hope of grace,
Vnto those woods he turned backe againe,
Full of sad anguish, and in heauy case:
And finding there fit solitary place
For wofull wight, chose out a gloomy glade,
Where hardly eye mote see bright heauens face,
For mossy trees, which couered all with shade
And sad melancholy:[129] there he his cabin made.

His wonted warlike weapons all he broke, xxxix


And threw away, with vow to vse no more,
Ne thenceforth euer strike in battell stroke,
Ne euer word to speake to woman more;
But in that wildernesse, of men forlore,
And of the wicked world forgotten quight,
His hard mishap in dolor to deplore,
And wast his wretched daies in wofull plight;
So on him selfe to wreake his follies owne despight.
And eke his garment, to be thereto meet, xl
He wilfully did cut and shape anew;
And his faire lockes, that wont with ointment sweet
To be embaulm’d, and sweat out dainty dew,
He let to grow and griesly to concrew,
Vncomb’d, vncurl’d, and carelesly vnshed;
That in short time his face they ouergrew,
And ouer all his shoulders did dispred,
That who he whilome was, vneath was to be red.

There he continued in this carefull plight, xli


Wretchedly wearing out his youthly yeares,
Through wilfull penury consumed quight,
That like a pined ghost he soone appeares.
For other food then that wilde forrest beares,
Ne other drinke there did he euer[130] tast,
Then running water, tempred with his teares,
The more his weakened body so to wast:
That out of all mens knowledge he was worne at last.

For on a day, by fortune as it fell, xlii


His owne deare Lord Prince Arthure came that way,
Seeking aduentures, where he mote heare tell;
And as he through the wandring wood did stray,
Hauing espide this Cabin far away,
He to it drew, to weet who there did wonne;
Weening therein some holy Hermit lay,
That did resort of sinfull people shonne;
Or else some woodman shrowded there from scorching sunne.

Arriuing there, he found this wretched man, xliii


Spending his daies in dolour and despaire,
And through long fasting woxen pale and wan,
All ouergrowen with rude and rugged haire;
That albeit his owne deare Squire he were,
Yet he him knew not, ne auiz’d at all,
But like strange wight, whom he had seene no where,
Saluting him, gan into speach to fall,
And pitty much his plight, that liu’d like outcast thrall.

But to his speach he aunswered no whit, xliv


But stood still mute, as if he had beene dum,
Ne signe of sence did shew, ne common wit,
As one with griefe and anguishe ouercum,
And vnto euery thing did aunswere mum:
And euer when the Prince vnto him spake,
He louted lowly, as did him becum,
And humble homage did vnto him make,
Midst sorrow shewing ioyous semblance for his sake.

At which his vncouth guise and vsage quaint xlv


The Prince did wonder much, yet could not ghesse
The cause of that his sorrowfull constraint;
Yet weend by secret signes of manlinesse,
Which close appeard in that rude brutishnesse,
That he whilome some gentle swaine had beene,
Traind vp in feats of armes and knightlinesse;
Which he obseru’d, by that he him had seene
To weld[131] his naked sword, and try the edges keene.

And eke by that he saw on euery tree, xlvi


How he the name of one engrauen had,
Which likly[132] was his liefest loue to be,
For whom he now so sorely was bestad;
Which was by him BELPHEBE rightly rad.
Yet who was that Belphebe, he ne wist;
Yet saw he often how he wexed glad,
When he it heard, and how the ground he kist,
Wherein it written was, and how himselfe he blist:

Tho when he long had marked his demeanor, xlvii


And saw that all he said and did, was vaine,
Ne ought mote make him change his wonted tenor,
Ne ought mote ease or mitigate his paine,
He left him there in languor to remaine,
Till time for him should remedy prouide,
And him restore to former grace againe.
Which for it is too long here to abide,
I will deferre the end vntill another tide.

FOOTNOTES:
[112] Arg. 4 doole 1609
[113] i 1 darts 1609
[114] 8 launcedst 1609
[115] iv 6 snatcht vp from the ground 1609
[116] vi 3 reliques 1609
[117] x 9 ore-sight 1609
[118] xii 1 captiue Collier &c.
[119] xiii 3 doolefull 1609
[120] xviii 7 hither 1609
[121] xxi 2 th’ 1609
[122] xxii 1 Nor] For Collier
[123] xxv 1 Which] With 1596
[124] xxx 3 shewed, 1596
[125] xxxiii 1 Thenceforth 1596
[126] xxxiv 1 sad] said 1596
[127] xxxvi 8 faith 1596
[128] xxxvii 8 arrowes, 1596
[129] xxxviii 9 melancholy, 1596
[130] xli 6 neuer 1609
[131] xlv 9 wield 1609
[132] xlvi 3 likely 1609

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