NAME: Muhammad Ameer Hamza

Reg # FA18-BEE-041

Lab Report 11
To Design Higher Order Active Filters and Sketch their Cut-off Frequencies Using Hardware and
Software Tools

.Objective:

 To measure the critical frequencies of higher order sallen key filter

 To design second order filter for any desired cut-off frequency
 To measure the AC voltages as a function of frequency of higher order active filter
circuits

Required Equipment:
Hardware:
 Wires / probes
 Resistances
 Capacitor
 Op-Amp
 Function generator
 Oscilloscope
Software:
 LT Spice

Methodology:
The Sallen Key is a second-order active filter which can be used as the basic building blocks for
implementing higher order filter circuits, such as low-pass high-pass and band-pass filter. The
circuit diagram of salen key high pas filter is given below:

Figure 1: Salen key high pas filter

The passive modules CA, RA, CB and RB form the second-order frequency-selective circuit. At low
frequencies, capacitors CA and CB appear as open circuits, so the input signal is blocked. At
higher frequencies, CA and CB appear to the sinusoidal input signal as short circuits, so the signal
is buffered directly to the output. The cutoff frequency of salen key high pas filter is given below:
The circuit diagram of second order low pas filter is given below:

Figure 2: salen key low pas filter

There are two low pass RC circuits that provide a roll-off of - 40dB/dec. One RC circuit consists
of RA and CA and the other circuit consists of RB and CB . The cutoff frequencies of second order
low pas filter is:

Implements the above two circuit on LT spice or hardware and calculated the reading.

Conclusion:
In this lab I learnt about the second order low and high pass salen key filter. The advantage of
using Sallen-Key Filter designs is that they are simple to implement and understand.