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Internet

• The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide.
• It also known as “network of networks” that consists of millions of private, public,
academic, business, and government networks.

History of the Internet:

• The Internet was not developed within a period of a few days or a few months.

• In 1969, the American Department of Defense (DOD) started a network of devices called
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Administration Network) with one computer in
California and three in Utah.

• In September 1969, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), the Stanford
Research Institute (SRI), the University of California, Santa Barbara (USCB) and the
University of Utah were connected by a network that was called the ARPANET.

• The Internet, often referred to as the ‘Net’, consists of a complex network of computers
connected by high-speed communication technologies like satellites, microwave devices,
etc. It allows easy and quick access to a huge amount of information/resources stored at
many different locations around the world.

• The actual term “Internet” was finally coined in 1995 by the FNC (Federal Networking
Council, USA).

The Internet provides different online services.

Some examples include:

• Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser.
• Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online.
• Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and
videos.
• Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over
the Internet.
• Software updates – operating system and application updates can typically
downloaded from the Internet.

➢ The World Wide Web commonly known as the Web or www developed founded by Tim
Berners – Lee in 1989, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents that are
accessed via the Internet. These multimedia pages are ever-changing.
➢ A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for
retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web.

The structure of a URL can be represented as follows:

Server type://Hostname/directory/sub-directory/.../filename

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https://gradeup.co

Search Engines: A search engine is a complex program that searches documents

containing a specified set of keywords.

A search engine basically works in three phases:

1. The search engine sends a program (called the spider) that searches the web pages in
the Internet for the keyword.

2. After the spider fetches the result, another software called the indexer reads these
results. The indexer then creates an index based on the words contained in each of
the documents returned by the spider.

3. After indexing, the search engine presents only the documents matching the search
criteria to the user.

Domain Name: All the websites on the Internet have unique names associated with them.
To launch a website, we must have a unique domain name. In order to avoid any conflict
within the names of the websites the concept of domain names was developed.

A domain can be generic or according to the names of the country.

Some common domain names are:

• in – stands for India (country name)

• gov – indicates government agencies

• net – network organisations

• org – non-profit organisations

• edu – educational organisations

• com – commercial organisations

• mil – military or defence

Name Used for

http Hyper Text Transfer Protocol is used to
transfer the hypertext
ftp File Transfer Protocol is used to transfer
binary and text files over the Internet
file Local file
telnet For remote login over a TCP/IP connection
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol Internet
Protocol. TCP/IP consists of a set of two
protocols i.e. Transfer Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol. Transfer Control Protocol
controls the flow of data and is a reliable
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service protocol. Every computer in a

network has a unique IP address associated
with it. IP identifies and reach the target
computer on the network.
UDP User Datagram Packet is used to transfer
data between two computers. It is an
unreliable protocol, offering no guarantee for
data delivery.

Various features of a Web Browser

• Menu bar: The menu bar, located at the very top of the screen, can be accessed
using the mouse. Actions that are in black can be performed, while actions that
cannot be performed will be in gray or lightened.
• Tool bar: The tool bar is located at the top of the browser; it contains navigational
buttons for the Web. Basic functions of these buttons include:

Command Function
Home Opens or returns to starting
page
Back Takes you to the previous
page
Forward Takes you to the next page
Print Prints current page
Stop Stops loading a page
Reload Refresh/redisplays current
page
Search Accesses search engine

• Location bar: The location bar, below the tool bar, is a box labelled "Location," "GoTo,"
or "Address." You can type in a site's address, and press the Return or Enter key to open
the site.
• Status bar: The status bar is located at the very bottom of the browser window. You can
watch the progress of a web page download to determine if the host computer has been
contacted and text and images are being downloaded.
• Scroll bar: The scroll bar is the vertical bar located on the right of the browser window.
You can scroll up and down a web page by placing the cursor on the slider control and
holding down the mouse button.
• A website is a set of related web pages served from a single web domain.
• The Uniform Resource Locator (abbreviated as URL) is the Address for web sites. Most
of them begin with http (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), followed by a colon and two
slashes. In most web browsers, the URL of a web page is displayed on top inside an
address bar. An example of a typical URL would be "http://www.gradestack.com".
• A Home page, index page, or main page is a page on a website. A home page usually
refers to:
• A Hyperlink is a reference to data that the reader can directly follow either by clicking or
by hovering or that is followed automatically.
• Downloading means to receive data to a local system from a remote system, or to
initiate such a data transfer.
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• Uploading refers to the sending of data from a local system to a remote system such as
a server or another client with the intent that the remote system should store a copy of
the data being transferred.
• An email attachment is a computer file sent along with an email message. One or more
files can be attached to any email message, and be sent along with it to the recipient.
The first email was sent by Ray Tomlinson to himself in 1971.
• CC (Carbon Copy) in e – mail indicates those who are to receive a copy of a message
addressed primarily to another. The list of CCed recipients is visible to all other recipients
of the message.
• An additional BCC (blind carbon copy) field is available for hidden notification;
recipients listed in the BCC field receive a copy of the message, but are not shown on any
other recipient's copy (including other BCC recipients).
• The Drafts folder retains copies of messages that you have started but are not yet
ready to send.
• Hotmail, a free e-mail service provided by Microsoft which was established in 1995 was
co - founded by an Indian American entrepreneur Sabeer Bhatia along with Jack Smith in
July of 1996.
• An Internet Protocol address (also known as an IP address) is a numerical label
assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network. It
acts as an identifier for a computer. It is a unique address for every computer.
• Top-level domain: Each part of a domain name contains certain information. The first
field is the host name, identifying a single computer or organization. The last field is the
top-level domain, describing the type of organization and occasionally country of origin
associated with the address. For e.g. - .com – Commercial, .edu – Educational.
Internet protocol

• The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes
were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe.

• The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP).

• IP enables internetworking and, in essence, establishes the Internet itself.

IP Addresses

• The Internet provides IP addresses for locating individual computers on the network.

• IP addresses are used by the Internet infrastructure to direct internet packets to their
destinations.

• They consist of fixed-length numbers, which are found within the packet.

IPv4

• Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit number.

• Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of
the Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ≈4.3 billion
(109) hosts.

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IPv6

• Because of the growth of the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4 addresses, a
new version of IP IPv6, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger
addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic.

• IPv6 uses 128 bits for the IP address and was standardized in 1998.

• Currently IPv6 is in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address
registries (RIRs) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and
conversion.

Subnetwork

• A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network.

• The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.

IETF

• The IETF conducts standard-setting work groups, open to any individual, about the
various aspects of Internet architecture.

• The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has
been assumed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).