MODULE 4

Common Luminaires
Architectural lighting fixtures/ Luminaires
Sources of illumination
Luminaire (light fitting): It is the apparatus which distributes, filters or transforms the light
given by a lamp. It includes all the items necessary for fixing and protecting the lamps and
for connecting them to the supply circuit.
A luminaire, or light fixture, is a unit consisting of the following components:
• lamps
• lamp sockets
• ballasts
• reflective material
• lenses, refractors, or louvers
TYPES OF LAMPS
1. Standard Incandescent lamp: They are historically the oldest and the most
common found in common use.

•With efficacies ranging from 6 to 24 lumens per watt, least energy-efficient

electric light source and have a relatively short life (750-2000 hours).

•Inexpensive to buy but running costs are high. Only last 1000hrs. Used in
frequent rooms.

• Least energy efficient. Light is produced by passing a current through a tungsten

filament, causing it to become hot and glow. With use, the tungsten slowly
evaporates, eventually causing the filament to break.

• Advantage: Light quality and colour are very consistent.

• Disadvantage: Requires lot of energy and faster degradation of filament

leading to shorter life span.
TYPES OF LAMPS
TYPES OF LAMPS
2. Tungsten Halogen Incandescent lamp:

small quartz capsule contains the filament and a halogen gas. The small capsule size
allows the filament to operate at a higher temperature, which produces light at a higher
efficacy than standard incandescents. The halogen gas combines with the evaporated
tungsten, redepositing it on the filament. This process extends the life of the filament
and keeps the bulb wall from blackening and reducing light output.

•Twice to thrice as energy efficient as incandescent globes.

•popular in retail applications for display and accent lighting. In addition, tungsten-
halogen lamps generally produce a whiter light than other incandescent lamps, are
more efficient, last longer

•They last approximately 3,600 hours—three times longer than incandescent bulbs—
but are not as efficient as compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) or LED bulbs. ... Because
they operate at higher temperatures, halogen bulbs have higher color temperatures and
produce brighter light than incandescent bulbs
TYPES OF LAMPS
3. Fluorescent lamp:

•Most efficient form of artificial lighting.

•This family covers florescent tubes and compact florescent lamps.
• Fluorescent lamp construction consists of a glass tube with the following
features:
• filled with an argon or argon-krypton gas and a small amount of mercury
• coated on the inside with phosphors
• equipped with an electrode at both ends

•Fluorescent lamps dissipate less heat and have a longer service life than
incandescent lamps.
• The typical luminous effect of fluorescent lighting systems is 50-100 lumens per
watt.
•Fluorescent lamps are available in color temperatures ranging from warm
(2700(K) "incandescent-like" colors to very cool (6500(K) "daylight" colors.
"Cool white" (4100(K) is the most common fluorescent lamp color. Neutral white
(3500(K) is becoming popular for office and retail use.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL):
• Fit into conventional light sockets. 1/5th power of incandescent globes to provide the
amount of light.
• Ideal for rooms where lighting is required for long periods of time and Higher CRI,
such as in the living room, reading room, library and kitchen.
• Frequenting switching these lights on and off can reduce their life so they are not
recommended for pantries and toilets.

Advantages
• 10 times energy efficient than incandescent.
• long-lasting, energy-efficient substitute for the incandescent lamp.
• Various wattages, color temperatures, and sizes are available
Limitation
• In Dimming applicaion

Tubular Fluorescent lamp:

•Tubelights available as straight or circular tubes.
•Ideal for kitchens, bathrooms, rumpus rooms, garages and workshops.
TYPES OF LAMPS
4. High intensity discharge lamp (HID):
Typically used in large areas that require high levels of overhead light and when energy efficiency
and/or light intensity are desired (e.g., gymnasiums, large public areas, warehouses, movie theatres,
football stadiums, outdoor activity areas, roadways, parking lots and pathways).

Mercury – vapour lamp

• Produce a blue-green light, consist of a mercury-vapor arc tube with tungsten electrodes at both
ends
• More energy efficient than incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
• It has luminous efficacies of 35 to 65 lumens/watt.
• Their advantages are long bulb lifetime in the range of 24,000 hours and a high intensity, clear
output.
• Used for large area overhead lighting, such as in factories, warehouses, and sports arenas as well as
for streetlights.

• They require a warm-up period of 4 – 7 minutes to reach full light output.

TYPES OF LAMPS
TYPES OF LAMPS

High Pressure sodium lamp

• Uses sodium to produce light. Between 50 W and 1000 W – higher power lamps.
• Achieve high luminance efficacy up to 130 lm/W. Life: 16000 – 24000 hrs.
(more life time than LPS, 50 to 140 lumens - less energy efficient compared to LPS lamp)
• They have poor colour rendering than other types of lamps. (CRI low but better than
LPS lamp)
•Used where lighting from height of around 5m is desired, for driveways in campus, or
car parking.
•They have also been widely used for outdoor area lighting such as streetlights and
security.
• Used indoors in cafes and restaurants for aesthetic effect.
•Efficacy of the lamp is very high ( as much as 140 lumens per watt).
•Higher efficacy makes it a better choice than metal halide
•Sodium, the major element used, produces the "golden" color that is characteristic of
HPS lamps.
TYPES OF LAMPS
Low Pressure sodium lamp
• High efficiency up to 180 lm/W, quite long life up to 16000 hours and reduced
running costs.
• Highly efficient electrical light sources, but their yellow light restricts applications to
outdoor lighting such as street lamps.
• LPS lamps are available with power ratings from 10 W up to 180 W.
• Modern LPS lamps have a service life of about 18,000 hours and do not decline in
lumen output with age, though they do increase in energy consumption by about 10%
towards end of life.
• Monochromatic light source- all colors appear black, white, or shades of gray under
an LPS source
• LPS lamp use has been generally limited to outdoor applications such as security or
street lighting and indoor,
• Low-pressure sodium lamp can explode if the sodium comes in contact with water.
TYPES OF LAMPS

Metal Halide lamp (similar to mercury vapor lamp in composition)

• Similar to mercury vapor lamps but use metal halide additives (Sodium Iodide) inside the
arc tube along with the mercury and argon.
• These additives enable the lamp to produce more visible light per watt with improved color
rendition

• Metal-halide lamps have high luminous efficacy of around 75–100 lumens per watt which
is about twice that of mercury vapour lights and 3 to 5 times that of incandescent lights and
produce an intense white light.

• Lamp life is 6,000 to 15,000 hours.

• They are used for wide area overhead lighting of commercial, industrial, and public spaces,
such as parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores as well as residential security
lighting and automotive headlamps (xenon headlights).

• Advantages: high efficacy, good color rendering, wide range of wattages

TYPES OF LAMPS
Metal Halide lamp (similar to mercury vapor lamp in composition)

Disadvantages:

• The rated life of metal halide lamps is shorter than other HID sources; lower-wattage
lamps last less than 7500 hours while high-wattage lamps last an average of 15,000 to
20,000 hours.
• The color may vary from lamp to lamp and may shift over the life of the lamp and
during dimming.

Because of the good color rendition and high lumen output, these lamps are good for sports
arenas and stadiums. Indoor uses include large auditoriums and convention halls. These
lamps are sometimes used for general outdoor lighting, such as parking facilities, but a
high pressure sodium system is typically a better choice.
TYPES OF LAMPS
LED (Light Emitting Diode)

• LEDs are small in size but can be grouped together for higher
intensity.
• The efficacy of a typical residential application LED is
approximately 20-100 lums/W
• LED strip lights can be installed under counters, in hallways, and
in staircases;
• Concentrated arrays can be used for room lighting
• Some manufacturers consider applications, such as gardens,
walkways, and decorative fixtures outside garage doors, to be the
most cost-efficient.
• LED lights are more rugged and damage-resistant than compact
fluorescents and incandescent bulbs.
• LED lights do not flicker. They are very heat-sensitive; excessive
heat or inappropriate applications dramatically reduce both light
output and lifetime.
TYPES OF LAMPS
TYPES OF LAMPS - Comparison
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHT FIXTURES /
LUMINAIRES
• Ceiling mounted fixtures: A luminaire consisting of a lamp set mounted on a ceiling
to direct a beam of light downward. flush mount and direct ceiling lights (that get
concealed in ceiling)

Spotlight: A lamp designed to project a strong focused beam of light on an

object or areas. Also called, spot.
•Troffer: A luminaire having a trough shaped reflector holding one or more LED
or florescent lamps.
•Track lighting: Lighting provided by adjustable spotlights mounted a long
narrow, ceiling-or-wall mounted metal track through which currents is
conducted.

Indirect Lighting or Cove lighting: These lights are installed in false ceiling in such a
way that the reflection of light produced is visible. Cove lights can only be installed
where false ceiling is available to can be created.
Recessed lighting: Recessed lights are like concealed lights. Recessed lights can
installed on normal ceiling and false ceiling, both. Recessed lights can be used for
different purpose like overall room lighting, as a task light, or as accent lights, or as
décor. In recessed lights you have different trims/style of lighting fixtures like baffles,
splay, eyeball, reflector, open, decorative, and shower.
• Wall lighting: A luminaire consisting of a lamp set mounted on a wall to direct a beam
of light downward / upward / both.

• Wall Washer: A downlight mounted close to the plane of a wall and equipped
with a reflector, baffle or lens to illuminate to the vertical surface. (accent)

LED wall washer

•Wall Sconces: Surface-mounted to the wall, sconces can direct light upwards or
downwards, and their covers or shades can add a stylish touch to a room. Wall sconces
provide ambient / accent or task lighting(corridor) depending on where it is placed.

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•Chandelier: A decorative lighting fixture suspended from a ceiling. Usually

having branched supports for a number of lamps.
•Pendants: Suspended from the ceiling, a pendant light directs its light down,
typically over a table or kitchen island. A pendant can enhance the decorative
style of a room. Pendants can provide ambient or task lighting.

•Table lamps: for task – bedside/study

•Floor Lamps: Made in a wide range of sizes and styles, lamps are extremely
versatile and portable sources of light in a room. Lamps are often used a task
lights, particularly for reading but can also provide ambient light.

•Gooseneck Lamp: A desk lamp having a flexible shaft resembling the neck of a
goose.
• Floodlight: A lamp designed to project or diffuses a comparatively uniform
level of illumination over a large are. Also called as flood lamp.

• Downlight: A luminaire consisting of a lamp set in meta cylinder, recessed into

or mounted on a ceiling to direct a beam of light downward.
•Light strip: A row of lamps provided with a reflector for floodlighting the stage,
used as border lights, foot lights, backing lights, etc.

•Droplight: A lighting fixture suspended from a ceiling or wall by a flexible cord,

by which it can be released or lowered.
•Bridge Lamp: A floor lamp having the light source on a horizontal adjustable
arm.

•Torchlere: a floor lamp having its light source within a reflecting bowl that
directs the light upward.
LUMINAIRE ARRANGEMENT
Type of Lighting
There are three basic types of lighting that can work to improve a certain room; the ambient
lighting, task lighting, and the accent lighting (decorative lighting).
An excellent lighting plan maximizes the use of these three lighting types to illuminate a room
depending on function and style
Task and accent lighting are more specific on its purpose while ambient lighting provides the
overall illumination to a room. This type of lighting should never be taken for granted.
Type of Lighting
• Ambient Lighting: A hidden
source of light that washes the
room with a glow. It flattens an
interior and creates very little
shadow.
•Task Lighting: Task
lighting is lighting
which is focused on a
specific area to make
the completion of
visual tasks easier
Accent Lighting:
Lighting that calls
attention or adds
interest to a particular
object or unusual
feature of interest in a
room.