MODULE 3

ROOF SYSTEMS
MODULE III - ROOF SYSTEMS
• Flat roof, Sloping roof and Curved roof.

• Deciding the slope or curvature of roof

• Roof terminology

• Wood trusses: Different types of trusses, King post truss, Queen post truss, Fink Truss, North light truss

• Structural Steel roof framing: Different types of Steel trusses and their construction details.

• Roof covering - thatching, tiling, AC sheets, GI and Aluminium sheets, FRP and RMP sheets and modern
roofing.

• Roof drainage systems

• Introduction to Space frames and Composite roof Systems

• Drawings: Types of Arches, Truss – King post truss, Queen post truss, Steelangular and tubular truss, details
of roof covering and gutter details.
 ROOF SYSTEMS
• The roof system functions as the primary
sheltering element for the interior spaces of a
building.
• The form and slope of a roof must be compatible
with the type of roofing—shingles, tiles, or a
continuous membrane—used to shed rainwater
and melting snow to a system of drains, gutters,
and downspouts.
• The construction of a roof should also control the
passage of moisture vapor, the infiltration of air,
and the flow of heat and solar radiation.
• Like floor systems, a roof must be structured to
span across space and carry its own weight as well
as the weight of any attached equipment and
accumulated rain and snow.
• Flat roofs used as decks are also subject to live Roofs can be classified as either:-
occupancy loads. • Flat - pitch from 0 to 10deg
• Pitched - pitch over 10deg
It is worth noting that for design purposes roof
pitches over 70deg are classified as walls.
 ROOF SYSTEMS

• The form of a roof structure –

whether flat or pitched, gabbled
or hipped, broad and sheltering,
rhythmically articulated – has a
major impact on the image of
building
CLASSIFICATIONOF
ROOFBASEDON
SHAPE
• Pitched roof
• Flat roof
• Curved roof : Curved roof –
Top surface curved in the
form of shells and domes.
ROOF SLOPES
FLAT ROOFS

• Flat roof requires continuous membrane roofing material

• Min recommended slope 1:50
• The roof slope can be achieved by inclining structural members or by tapering the layer of
thermal insulation
• The slope usually leads to drain
Sloping Roofs
• Sloping roofs may be categorized into
• Low slope roofs – upto 3:12
• Medium to high – slope roofs – 4:12 to 12:12

• The roof slope affects the choice of roofing material, the

requirements of underlayment and eave flashing and design
wind loads
• Low slope requires roll or continuous membrane roofing;
some shingles and sheet materials may be used on 3:12
pitches
• Medium and high slope roofs may be covered with
shingles, tiles or sheet materials
• The space under sloping roof may be usable
Sloping Roofs
Roof terminology
 Pitch of the roof

A tile or shingled roof needs a slope to prevent water from

seeping under the previous course.
 Typical detail of a pitched roof

Rafters – These are the main support

to the roof finishes and span down
the roof line to create an even
surface.
They are held at the top by the Ridge
board and at the bottom on the Wall
Plate.
They can also be supported by Purlins
at a point along their length.
 RoofPitch
Whether using roof trusses or stick building the roof, the pitch of the
roof must be selected.
Pitch is the slope of the roof.
Roof pitch is indicated by a fraction(1/3, 1/4, Etc.) or slope triangle.
When a fraction is used, it is the rise over the span.
When a slope triangle is used, it is rise over run.

What factors influence the best roof pitch for a building?

• Determine the rise for the rafter in the illustration for a 1/3 pitch.

Rise
Pitch =
Span
Rise = Pitch x Span
= 1 x 24 ft = 8 ft
3
Typical detail of a pitched roof
Typical detail of a pitched roof
 Single roof: these roofs consist of only one common rafters
which are secured at ridge and wall plates.

A double roof is a roof whose rafters are of such a length that they require an intermediate
support. This support is usually a beam which is secured under the rafters at a point halfway
between the ridge and the wall plate. This beam is known as a purlin.

Trussed roof :These roofs consist of three members

1. Common rafters
2.Partially supported by Purlins
3.Which in turn carried by trusses
Lean-to-roof/shed roof :

• It is used covering verandah, sheds and outhouses

connected to main building.
• Upper side common rafters are supported on a wall
plate which in turn rest on a projecting corbel stone
from the wall.
• Lower side rest on the wall plate. Roofing material
rests on battens, battens on common rafter and
common rafter on wall plate.
• Maximum span of the roof is 2.5m
Couple close roof
• Similar to couple.
• Two rafters are connected by
a wooden member which acts
as a tie.
• Tie prevents the outward
spreading of roof
• It can also act as support for
ceiling.
• It can be economically used
for spans up to 4.2m
Collar beam roof
• Members are same but just
raising the position of tie
beam.
• Used to increase the height of
room
• For spans between 4 to 4.5m
DOUBLE ORPURLIN ROOF
TRIPLE-MEMBERED OR FRAMED OR TRUSSED ROOF

PRINCIPAL
RAFTER

1: ridge beam, 2: purlins, 3: common rafters.

Timber roof structures
• 1.Rafter roof system – single roofs
• 2.Purlin roof system – double roofs
• 3. Truss roofs – framed or tripple
membered

TRUSS ROOF
RAFTER
ROOF
Wood trusses - Types of roof trusses
• A timber roof truss is a structural framework of timbers designed to
bridge the space above a room and to provide support for a roof.
• Trusses usually occur at regular intervals, linked by longitudinal
timbers such as purlins.
• The space between each truss is known as a bay.
• Rafters tend to flatten under gravity, thrusting outwards on the
walls.
• Pairs of opposing rafters were thus initially tied together by a
horizontal tie beam, to form coupled rafters. But such roofs were
structurally weak, and lacking any longitudinal support, they were
prone to racking, a collapse resulting from horizontal movement.
• A roof truss is cross-braced into a stable, rigid unit. Ideally, it
balances all the lateral forces against one another, and thrusts only
directly downwards on the supporting walls.
• The top members of a truss are known generically as the top chord,
bottom members as the bottom chord, and the interior members
as webs.
Wood trusses - Types of roof trusses
 KING POST ROOF TRUSS
• Wooden king post truss suitable for
spans varying from 5 to 9m.
• A king-post roofing truss consists of
two-principal rafters, a tie beam, a
king post and struts
• These roof trusses are spaced more
than 3m Centre to Centre
• King post prevents the tie beam
sagging at its Centre
King post trussdetail

Effective span 7.6m

 Queen Post Truss

• Suitable for spans 9 to 14m

• There are 2 wooden upright or vertical members called queen
post, instead of king post
• The upper ends of queen post are held in position by straining
beam
Queen Post Truss

• The wooden queen post roof differs from a king post truss in having 2 wooden
uprights or vertical member known as post – in this roof, queen posts is used instead
of king post.
• In this roof, the queen posts are the tension members which are used to prevent
sagging of tie beam.
 FINK TRUSS

• A fink roof truss is traditionally the most used truss type,

providing a simple, adaptable and cost efficient roofing solution.
• The “fink” is a basic webbed truss design that provides the most
economical roof solution.
• The web members form a ‘W’ to provide a high strength structure
with good load-carrying capacity.
• The roof load is transmitted entirely to support on the wallplates.
• Due to its design flexibility, the fink truss is the most frequently
used truss in roof design.
• With a large variety of spans up to 14 metres and pitch range
from 10° to 60°, the finks truss offers a cost effective and versatile
roof solution.
• Gusset plates are used to
connect beams and
columns together or to
connect truss members.
• They can be either the only
way of connecting the
beam and columns or they
can be used with bolts and
welds
 Roof lights in the slopes of
symmetrical pitch roofs which are generally set in east and
west facing slopes may cause discomfort through overheating
in summers and disrupt
manufacturing activities by the glare
from sunlight. To avoid these possibilities the north light roof is
used.

THEY ALLOW MAXIMUM BENEFIT TO BE GAINED FROM

NATURAL LIGHTING BY THE USE OF GLAZING ON THE STEEPER
PITCH WHICH GENERALLY FACES NORTH OR NORTH-EAST TO
REDUCE THE SOLAR GAIN.
NORTHLIGHT ROOF TRUSS USES – *IT IS USED IN WAREHOUSE,
INDUSTRIES, FACTORIES, ETC.
Structural steel roof framing

1. Primary beams

Secondary
beam
Structural steel roof framing
Different types of Steel trusses and their
construction details.
Structural steel sloping roof
Steel trusses • Gusset plates are used to
connect beams and
columns together or to
connect truss members.
• They can be either the only
way of connecting the
beam and columns or they
can be used with bolts and
welds
Structural Steel roof trusses
• Roof truss is a framed structure in which number of line members (straight members) are so arranged
and connected at the ends that the members form a triangle.
• The loads and reactions occur only at the joints of a truss.
• The force in the members are either compressive or tensile.
• Due to their efficiency, trusses are desirable in long span structures with high demands in stiffness
and strength.
• The members used in steel truss system are normally angles, double angles, C-channels, double C-
channels, square hollow section (SHS), rectangular hollow section (RHS), circular hollow section
(CHS), cold- formed steel and so on.
• Function halls, theaters, huge gathering areas and warehouses are housing unit with roof and
enclosing walls, but with no further floors above.
• The characteristics of such units are long span storage area, column free space for uninterrupted
view and movement of vehicular traffic for loading and unloading of materials and goods. The most
suited roof for such structures is steel trusses.
Structural Steel roof trusses
• Steel trusses are generally fabricated by welding or bolting structural angles and tees together to form
the triangulated frame work
• Because of the slenderness of this truss members connections usually requires the use of steel gusset
plates
• Heavier steel trusses require wide flange shapes and structural tubing

Rafters

Webs
Gussets

Bottom Cord
Posts
Structural steel truss details
 Steel trusses

Fink truss

Bow String truss

Steel truss
types
Steel truss types
Fink truss
• In a Fink truss, the internal joists are arranged in a “W”
shape, ensuring even weight distribution from one end to
the other
• Which is a very popular form, especially
for trusses built of steel.
• It has neither king-post nor queen-posts
• the tie-beam is of iron or steel instead of timber.
• This is a simple and cheap form of truss for any situation
where there is no floor or ceiling to be carried by the lower
chord.
• The struts may be of wood or of cast iron.
•
Steel truss types
 System Options

• The options available for steel roof trusses are as follows:

1. Angle and flat bar truss:
• Small angle bars may be welded directly onto each other forming very light
trusses up to about 12 m span.
• Due to the non-symmetrical shape of single angle bar truss members, the forces
produce moments at the connections.
• Such eccentricities need to be considered in the structural analysis.
• The length of the compression members must be reduced as much as possible to
avoid buckling.
• This results in trusses with a large number of diagonals (and connections) as for
example with the Fink or Polonceau Truss.
• For larger spans (> 12 m) and loads, double angle bar trusses with bolted
connections on gusset plates are used.
• angle bars are fairly expensive or not available in the required sizes and steel
tubes may then be the preferred element.
 SystemOptions
2.Steel tube truss:
• Steel tubes are readily available almost throughout the world at reasonable
prices since these are not only used for structural steel work but also for
water supply piping systems.
• However, the jointing of round surfaces is difficult; butt and fillet welding of
properly cut and shaped tubes is possible but slow and expensive.
• The use of gusset plates is almost inevitable if structurally sound and efficient
connections are expected.
• When using tubes, the number of connections per truss should be reduced
as much as possible.
3.Rolled sections truss
• Rolled sections other than angle bars used in truss designs are the channel
and universal beams.
• Half-section universal beams are particularly useful in truss design but their
availability is limited.
• Rolled sections are used in trusses of large spans (> 12m) and loads.
 SystemOptions

4.Rectangular hollow section truss

• Rectangular hollow sections (RHS) provide a particularly
neat appearance of steel trusses.
• Welded connections are common thanks to the regular
shape of the RHS.
• But the RHS are expensive and not readily available.
RHS trusses are not treated in detail here.
 Design considerations
• Fire rating required:
• Steel structures rapidly lose their strength with high temperature. Avoid using thin
sections (less than 6 mm thickness) if a high fire rating is required.
• A protective covering (insulating material, mortar, sprays or coating) may be employed to
improve the fire rating.
• · Corrosive environment:
• With thorough wire brushing or sand blasting, several layers of primer and appropriate
coating, steel structures can have remarkably long service lives even in corrosive (coastal)
environments.
• The design of the building and the truss must allow for good accessibility of all members
of the truss for repainting at regular intervals.
• When selecting the minimum thickness of the steel sections, allow for a loss of material
from scaling (removal of oxide) and from corrosion. This allowance is usually in the order
of 0.5 to 1 mm.
Tubular Steel roof trusses
• Tubular Steel roof trusses are used for large span
constructions such as factories, industry worksheds,
shopping malls, huge exhibition centres, multiplexes
etc. They are generally used for spans as large as 25-
30m.
• Advantages of Tubular Steel Roof Trusses
• Structures designed for material handling equipments
(e.g., a bridge and a tower crane) where weight
savings may be very substantial economic
consideration.
• 30% to 40% less surface area than that of an
equivalent rolled steel shape. Therefore, the cost of
• Advantages of Tubular Steel Roof Trusses
maintenance, cost of painting or protective coatings
reduce considerably. • The moisture and dirt do not collect on the smooth external
surface of the tubes. Therefore, the possibility of corrosion
• They have more torsional resistance than other
also reduces.
section of the equal weight.
• The ends of tubes are sealed. As a result of this, the interior
• They have a higher frequency vibrations under
surface is not subjected to corrosion.
dynamic loading than the other sections including the
solid round one.
Roof covering/Roofing
• Thatching,
• Tiling
• AC sheets, GI and Aluminium sheets
• FRP and RMP sheets and other modern roofing.
Purpose of roofing
• Roofing materials provide the water-resistant covering for a
roof system.
• They range in form from virtually continuous, impervious
membranes to overlapping or interlocking pieces of shingles
and tiles.
• The type of roofing that may be used depends on the pitch of
the roof structure.
• While a sloping roof easily sheds water, a flat roof must
depend on a continuous waterproof membrane to contain the
water while it drains or evaporates.
• Additional factors to consider in the selection of a roofing
material include -
o Requirements for installation,
o Maintenance, and durability
o Resistance to wind and fire
o If visible, the roofing pattern, texture, and color
Roof flashing
• To prevent water from leaking into a
roof assembly and eventually the
interior of a building, flashing must be
installed along roof edges, where
roofs change slope or abut vertical
planes, and where roofs are
penetrated by chimneys, vent pipes,
and skylights.
• Exterior walls must also be flashed
where leakage might occur – at door
and window openings and along
joints where materials meet in the
plane of the wall
ROOF FLASHING
ROOF FINISHES

These can be classified as

either:
• Flat pitch from 0 to 10 deg
• Pitched pitch over 10 deg
• It is worth noting that for
design purposes roof pitches
over 70deg are classified as
walls.
• Roofs can be designed in
many different forms and in
combinations of these
forms, some of which would
not be suitable and/or
economic for domestic
properties.
THATCH ROOFING

Thatch is the most commonly used

roof covering in the world, although
it is barely recognized by construction
experts.

In India, for example, some 40 million

houses are thatched. Almost any
vegetable material, from the bark of
trees to finely-tapering water reeds,
can be used, though grasses, reeds
and palms are most common.
Roof Structure

• Almost any shape of roof with a minimum pitch of 45° can be thatched. Thatch
will mould itself to any curve except a convex-shaped roof.

• Pole timbers and split battens may be used, and simple configurations work
best, that is, valleys and other changes of roof pitch are not recommended.
The Thatch roof:

• The sloping roof structure has wooden structure with columns and rafters forming the base with bamboo
rafters as the next layer.
• The wooden ridge is connected with bamboo rafters in the four corners with a pin.
• 2 columns connecting the ridge to the beam, help in keeping the structure stable.
• The intermediate bamboo rafters have holes which have a split bamboo tie connecting the rafters
together as shown in the sketch.
• Split bamboo purlins tied to these rafters are the base for the rice straw thatch.
• Every two years this thatch is replaced with a new layer.
 Roof Tiles
• Plain tiles
• Plain tiles have been used for hundreds of years with the earliest examples
being hand-made. Traditionally, they were made from clay, although
concrete has also been used since the 1950s.
• They are a simple rectangular shape and fairly small in size, commonly 265 x
165 mm.
• Plain tiles have to be laid double lapped, which means there have to be two
layers of tile throughout the roof and at the end laps of the tiles the top tile
must overlap the tile two below it.
• Due to the double lapping and the small size of these tiles, they can be
relatively expensive, slow to lay and roofs can be heavy.
• Interlocking tiles
• Interlocking tiles overlap and interlock at their sides and so can be laid single
lap.
• They are commonly around 420 x 300 mm and can be laid to angles as low as
15°.
• Due to their large size and single lap, they are relatively inexpensive, quick to
lay and weigh around 50-60% that of a plain tile covering.
ROOF UNDERLAYS
SINGLE LAP TILING

• So called because the single lap of one tile over

another provides the weather tightness as
opposed to the two layers of tiles used in double
lap tiling.
• Most of the single lap tiles produced in clay and
concrete have a tongue and groove joint along
their side edges and in some patterns on all four
edges which forms a series of interlocking joints
and therefore these tiles are called single lap
interlocking tiles.
• Generally there will be an overall reduction in the
weight of the roof covering when compared with
double lap tiling but the batten size is larger than
that used for plain tiles and as a minimum every
tile in alternate courses should be twice nailed,
although a good specification will require every tile
to be twice nailed.
Single – lap Roof Tiling
https://youtu.be/VGNhqczdEM4
• Most single lap tiles have a tongue-and-groove joint along
the side edges to form a series of interlocking joints.
• There is a reduction in weight of the overall roof covering
compared to double lap tiling, but the batton size will be
larger.
• Single lap tiles should be mechanically fixed with either a clip
or nail.

Tiles are attached to

battens with nails through
holes built into each tile.

Tile battens https://youtu.be/gCkslvNJEkA

elow
DOUBLE LAP TILES
• These are the traditional tile covering for pitched roofs
and are available made from clay and concrete and are
usually called plain tiles.
• Plain tiles have a slight camber in their length to
ensure that the tail of the tile will bed and not ride on
the tile below.
• Two nail holes provide the means of fixing the tile to
the batten; in practice only every fourth course of tiles
is nailed unless the roof exposure is high.
• Double lap tiles are laid to a bond so that the edge
joints between the tiles are in the centre of the tiles
immediately below and above the course under
consideration.
• Minimum pitch 35 machine-made, 45 hand-made.

https://youtu.be/rNhSJQV2X1o
DOUBLE LAP TILES
Typical double lap tiles include:

Standard plain tile: 265 x 165 mm

Eaves or top course tile: 190 x 165
mm
Tile-and-a-half tile: 265 x 248 mm
Half-round ridge tile: 300 or 450 x 200
mm
Curved valley tile.
CLAY TILE

• Clay tiles are produced by baking moulded clay. The density of the
clay is determined by the length of time and temperature at which it
is heated.
• Colors of clay tiles range from shades of white, yellow, orange and
brown. The most commonly used clay color is the Terra-Cotta.
• Another alternative to these natural earth tones is to add enamels
to the tile and make any color of roof tiles. This process is called
“ceramic” and consists of spraying enamel over the tile before
baking it. High temperatures of the kiln permanently bond this color
to the clay tile so it will not peel or fade.
•As a result there are a wide variety of tile profiles, styles, finishes
and colors available.
• Because clay tiles are made from a natural earth derived material,
they are environmentally friendly and easily recycled.
• Clay tiles are resistant to strong winds and cannot be destroyed in a
fire.
• Because of the way they are shaped, clay tiles protect the
underlayment of your roof, while also creating an air pocket thereby
helping to insulate and isolate any unwanted heat or cold from being
transferred to your home’s attic space.
CONCRETE TILE

• Concrete tiles are made of mixture of and, cement and water, which
are molded under heat and high pressure.
• The exposed surface of a tile may be finished with a paint like material.
• Concrete tiles have additional water locks, or inter locking ribs on the
edges that prevent water infiltration.
• Concrete tiles come in three main appearances :
• 1.Flat profile–no curves.
• 2.Low Profile–small curves and has a rise to width ratio equal to
1:5 or less.
• 3.High Profile: large curves and has a rise to width ratio greater than
1:5.
• Concrete tiles can simulate the appearance of traditional claytiles,
woodshake, slate and stone. Like clay, concrete tile surfaces can be
textured or smooth, and tile edges can be ragged or uniform.
• They are resistant to hail, wind, and fire, making them a very safe
roofing material when properly installed.
Slate
• Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an
original shale-type sedimentary rock.
• Substrate materials include ¾” boards, 1” boards, 1.5” boards, gypsum concrete
and nailable concrete.
• Slate roofing tile has some huge upsides, mostly due to the fact that it's a
natural stone product, giving it a unique, beautiful appearance, and the
longevity that slate is famous for.

1.Poor installation-the vast majority of roofing

contractors, as well as general contractors, know
very little about slate roofs.
2.Weight-residence evaluated from a structural
standpoint before you install slate roofing tile on
your home to make sure it can take the weight.
3.Durability-The fragility of slate roofing tile can
be a big negative for homeowners
4.Cost-the cost of slate roofing tile is probably its
biggest con.
• Roof shingles consisting of individual overlapping elements.
• These elements are typically flat, rectangular shapes laid in
courses from the bottom edge of the roof up, with each
successive course overlapping the joints below.
• Shingles are made of various materials such as woo, slate,
flagstone, fibre cement, metal, plastic, and composite material
such as asphalt shingles.
• Since the majority of that roofing waste can be attributed to
asphalt shingle roofing that needs replacement every 20 to 30
years
ASPHALT SHINGLES

• Organic shingles are made with a base mat of formerly

living (organic) materials such as paper (waste paper),
cellulose, wood fiber, or other materials saturated with
asphalt to make it waterproof, then a top coating of
adhesive asphalt is applied and ceramic granules are then
embedded.
• Organic shingles contain around 40% more asphalt per
square (100 sqft.) than fiberglass shingles. The paper-
based nature of "organic" shingles leaves them more
prone to fire damage

• Fiberglass shingles have a base layer of glass fiber

reinforcing mat.
• The mat is made from wet, random-laid fiberglass bonded
with urea-
formaldehyde resin.
• The mat is then coated with asphalt which contains mineral
fillers and makes the fiberglass shingle waterproof.
• Fiberglass shingles typically obtain a class "A" fire rating as
the fiberglass mat resists fire better than organic/paper
mats.
Composite shingles
ASPHALT SHINGLES
• A formerly-living organic base and fiberglass base.
• Both types are made in a similar manner with asphalt or
modified-asphalt applied to one or both sides of the asphalt-
saturated base, covered with slate, schist, quartz, vitrified
brick, stone, or ceramic granules and the back side treated
with sand, talc or mica to prevent the shingles from sticking
to each other before use.
• The top surface granules block ultra-violet light which causes
the shingles to deteriorate, provides some physical protection
of the asphalt and gives the shingles their color.
• Some shingles have copper or other materials added to the
surface to help prevent algae growth.
• Self-sealing strips are standard on shingles to help prevent the
shingles from being blown off by high winds. This material is
typically limestone or fly- ash-modified resins, or polymer-
modified bitumen.
 Corrugated Metal Roofing https://youtu.be/xrhhgzqL_z4

https://youtu.be/wMdOnxBmu0E
Typical details of corrugated metal roofing
Corrugated Metal Roofing

GALVALUME ROOFING
• GALVALUME sheet is 45% zinc and 55% aluminum
and looks similar to galvanized steel, but the visible
crystals are smaller and close together, giving it a
smoother appearance.

GALVANIZED STEELROOFING
• To protect against corrosion, the steel is bonded to
a layer of zinc, which works as a sacrificial coating
on the surface and also offers some protection to
cut edges and nicks by flowing to these areas.
• The heavier the zinc coating, the longer the
protection. The Metal Roofing Alliance
recommends G-90 galvanized steel for roofing,
which has 90 ounces of zinc per square foot.
• Galvanized (iron or steel) - coated with a protective
layer of zinc.
COMPARISON OF GALVALUME AND GALVANIZED STEEL ROOFING

• The combination of zinc and aluminium in Galvalume enhances both the positive and
negative effects of aluminium.
• Galvalume has barrier corrosion resistance and heat resistance similar to aluminized
material and good bare edge galvanic protection and forming qualities like galvanized
material.
• Galvalume is more corrosion resistant than galvanized steel, but because aluminium
provides barrier protection instead of galvanic protection, scratches and cut edges are
less protected.
• Galvalume is offered in both bare and pre-coated versions.
• Most Galvalume–like galvanized steel –is coated. But Galvalume has an excellent
performance life in bare exposures as well.
• Both galvanized steel and Galvalume weigh 100 to 150 pounds per 100 square feet
and contain about 35% recycled materials.
• The cost of Galvalume is about the same as that of galvanized steel.
• Galvalume should not be used on, in, or around concrete or mortar.
• Concrete and mortar are highly alkaline environments.
• Bare Galvalume and painted Galvalume sheets suffer rapid corrosion when in contact
with mortar and concrete.
• Bare Galvanized and painted Galvanized perform better in this type of environment.
PVC CORRUGATED SHEET
• Anti-corrosion : It resists chemical corrosion and its life span is
over 3 times longer than zinc panels
• Waterproof : 100% water proof Impact capacity : Resist impact,
tensile and hardly breakable
• Weather resistant : The UV agent mixing in the corrugated sheet,
which can truly resist the damage of ultra violet ray
• Lightweight : The weight is light, it can save other roofing
materials, then reduce the total cost
• UPVC roofing sheets are thermally insulated roofing sheets
excellent for use as a high-grade roofing material for high –
grade purposes.
• It regulates heat, is resistant against weather corrosion and
chemical corrosion, with high tensile strength and superb
sound insulation.

NOTE:
• PVC: Poly Vinyl Chloride
• UPVC: Un plasticized Poly vinyl chloride
• UPVC are more temperature resistant and resistant to
chemical erosion
Sheet metal roofing

• Standing seam metal roofing is defined as a

concealed fastener metal panel system that
features vertical legs and a broad, flat area
between the two legs.
• It's also described as having raised seams, or
vertical legs, that rise above the level of the
panel's flat area.
 Sheet metal roofing / standing seam roofing

• Standing seam metal roofing is defined as a

concealed fastener metal panel system that
features vertical legs and a broad, flat area
between the two legs.
• It’s also described as having raised seams, or
vertical legs, that rise above the level of the
panel’s flat area.
• Standing seam systems can be used for either
metal roofing, which is the most common, or metal
walls.

https://youtu.be/pmIF5kAnDMk
https://youtu.be/_F7_SjtRAcE

https://youtu.be/aIh93gKQUJ0
FRP ROOFING

• Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) (also fibre-

reinforced polymer) is a composite material
made of a polymer matrix reinforced with
fibres.
• The fibres are usually glass, carbon or basalt. Rarely,
other fibers such as paper or wood or asbestos
have been used.
• The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinyl ester or
polyester thermosetting plastic, and phenol
formaldehyde resins are still in use.
• Light in weight and fairly strong as compared to • Largely transparent allowing natural light to
roofing material made out of conventional • Do not rust and corrode and develop pinholes, a problem
material such as asbestos & metal. generally encountered in the use of Metallic (G.I.) Sheets.
• Dimensionally stable, impact resistant &un- • Ideal substitutes for G.I. and Asbestos sheets.
breakable. • Easily repairable at nominal charges incase of an accidental
• Resist rust and the degenerating effect of the damage.
harmful Ultra Violet Rays of sunlight. • Available in a wide range of corrugations /profiles, colors,
shapes & sizes.
POLY CARBONATESSHEETS
• Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of thermoplastic
polymers containing carbonate groups in their chemical
structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are
strong, tough materials, and some grades are optically
transparent.
• They are easily worked, moulded, and thermo formed.
Because of these properties, polycarbonatesfind many
applications.
• Polycarbonate is a durable material. Poly carbonate is
highly transparent to visible light, with better light
transmission than many kinds of glass.
 ROOFFINISHES

• Polycarbonate panels have a much cleaner and fresher look as compared to fiberglass. When exposed to
time and elements, fiberglass will start looking dull relatively faster.
• Polycarbonate maintains its clean look and strength irrespective of the type of or number of
modificationsmade to it.
• Fiberglass when damaged, broken or worn out ends up in landfills, while polycarbonate can be recycled
and processed for re-use in such cases. So, now you can decide as to which option is going to be more
environment- friendly.
• Polycarbonate weighs 40% lesser than fiberglass, which is very significant when it involves the two main
factors of shipping and installation.
POLY CARBONATE SHEETS
R.M.P (REGULAR MODIFIEDPOLYESTER) STEEL SHEET

• Most widely-used steel sheet coated with durable

Polyester paint and heat dried.
• The polyester steel is classified into RMP (Regular
Modified Polyester) and SMP (Silicone Modified
Polyester) according to the types of resin in the paint
applied.
• Applied to in/exterior materials with no heavy drawings.
• In variable colors and glosses with an economical
feasibility.
• Matt and wrinkle effect can be added to the top finish.
• End usage - Sandwich Panel, Interior Partition, Building
Interior/Exterior, Roof, Gutter, Shutter, Door, Garage Door,
Iron Frame Furniture, etc.
• Applied Materials - Galvanized(GI),
Galvalume(GL), Electro Galvanized(EGI), Aluminum
 • Steel sheet with SILICON resin modified Polyester paint coated and heat
S.M.P (Silicon dried.
• End usage : Due to its higher durability than the Regular Polyester, generally
Modified applied for building construction. SMP assures economical benefits under
circumstances of sea-side or industrial zones.
Polyester) Steel • Applied material : 15 years limited warranty provided. Public Construction
Sheet Material, Sandwich Panel, Corrugated Roof in Industrial Complexes, Airport,
etc. Main Materials Galvanized(GI), Galvalume(GL), Aluminum(AL)
ROOF FINISHES – ROOF DRAINAGE
 MATERIALS FORFINISHES – ROOF 1.For Flat roof
DRAINAGE
Rain gutters and Drains and guards
• Rain gutters, drains and guards are
roof finishing accessories that
collect and divert rainwater away
from the roof and building
foundation.
• These types of roof finishing
accessories may also reduce
erosion, prevent leaks in the
foundation or basement, reduce
water exposure on painted
surfaces, and collect water for
additional use.
• Rain gutter, drain and guard roof
finishing accessories may be
available with screens, louvers, or
hoods for additional protection.
Typical Rain Water Gutter Details
Weather Proofing - Flashing
Flashing or weatherproofing
materials Roof Flashing

• Roof finishing accessories also

include flashing, also known as
weatherproofing.
• Flashing refers to installing a thin,
continuous piece of sheet material
to prevent the passage of water
into the structure from a joint or
angle.
• Flashing roof finishing accessories
are commonly used around
protruding objects in the roof, such
as chimneys or pipes, to prevent
water from reaching seams or
joints.
Roof caps, drip edges, ridges and shingles, and
chimney caps
• Roof caps, drip edges, ridges and shingles, and chimney
caps are also common, functional roof finishing accessories .
Roof caps provide ventilation via the rooftop.
• They are commonly made from copper or galvanized steel,
and often include an insect screen.
• Drip edge roof finishing accessories are useful in stopping
water from seeping under a roof deck, which can prevent
frame rot. Roof ridge caps and shingles are also used as
finishing accessories.
• Roof shingles are individual, overlapping elements used for
water-resistance. At the roof ridge, there is typically a
copper, lead, or plastic cap to ensure water protection.
• Ridge vents are also commonly used as roof finishing
accessories to provide ventilation to attic or upper
crawlspaces
 MATERIALS FOR FINISHES

. Leader boxes, Finials and turrets and Weathervanes

• Finishing accessories can also be decorative. These accessories
include leader boxes, finials and turrets, and weathervanes.
• Leader box accessories are used with gutter systems to hide or
diminish the sight of leader elbows, and are available in a range
of decorative styles, shapes, and designs.
• Roof finials and turrets are caps or towers affixed to the highest
point of the roof, largely for decoration.
• Turrets are often designed to hold clocks or bells. Similarly,
weathervanes are another type of roof finishing accessory often
used for decoration at the highest point of the roof.
Weathervanes are not solely used for decoration, however, as
they also point to the direction of the wind. Other, unlisted types
of roof finishing accessories may also be available.
 Introductionto Space FrameStructures

• A growing interest in space frame structures has been

witnessed worldwide over the last half century.
• The search for new structural forms to accommodate
large unobstructed areas has always been the main
objective of architectsand engineers.
• With the advent of new building techniques and
construction materials, space frames frequently
provide the right answer and satisfy the requirements
for lightness, economy, and speedy construction
• New and imaginative applications of space frames
are being demonstrated in the total range of
building types, such as sports arenas, exhibition
pavilions, assembly halls, transportation terminals,
airplane hangars, workshops, and warehouses.
• They have been used not only on long-span roofs, but
also on mid- and short-span enclosures as roofs,
floors, exterior walls and canopies.
• A space frame or space structure (3D truss) is a
rigid, lightweight, truss-like structure
constructed from interlocking struts in a
geometric pattern.
• Space frames can be used to span large areas
with few interior supports.
• Like the truss, a space frame is strong
because of the inherent rigidity of the
triangle; flexing loads (bending moments) are
transmitted as tension and compression loads
along the length of each strut.

Stronger form is composed of interlocking

tetrahedral in which all the struts have unit
length.
• More technically this is referred to as an
isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width
an octet truss.
• More complex variations change the lengths
of the struts
• To curve the over all structure ,may
incorporation of other geometrical shapes
required. •
 Space FrameStructures

A space frame is a structure system

assembled of linear elements so arranged
that forces are transferred in a three-
dimensional manner
Thedifferencebetween planar structuresand space frames

• The difference between planar structures and space frames can be understood
also by examining the sequence of flow of forces. In a planar system, the force
due to the roof load is transferred successively through the secondary elements,
the primary elements, and then finally the foundation.
• In each case, loads are transferred from the elements of a lighter class to the
elements of a heavier class. As the sequence proceeds, the magnitude of the load
to be transferred increases, as does the span of the element. Thus, elements in a
planar structure are characterized by their distinctive ranks, not only judging by
the size of their cross-sections, but also by the importance of the task assigned to
them.
• In contrast, in a space frame system, there is no sequence of load transfer and all
elements contribute to the task of resisting the roof load in accordance with the
three-dimensional geometry of the structure. For this reason, the ranking of the
constituent elements similar to planar structures is not observed in a space frame.
The difference betweenplanar structures and space frames
The difference betweenplanar structures and space frames
• Advantages of SpaceFrames

• 1. One of the most important advantages of a space frame structure is its light
weight. It is mainly due to fact that material is distributed spatially in such a way
that the load transfer mechanism is primarily axial—tension or compression.
• Consequently, all material in any given element is utilized to its full extent.
Furthermore, most space frames are now constructed with steel or aluminum,
which decreases considerably their self-weight. This is especially important in
the case of long span roofs that led to a number of notable examples of
applications.
• 2. The units of space frames are usually mass produced in the factory so that
they can take full advantage of an industrialized system of construction.
• Space frames can be built from simple prefabricated units, which are often of
standard size and shape. Such units can be easily transported and rapidly
assembled on site by semi-skilled labor. Consequently, space frames can be built at
a lower cost.
 Space FrameStructures

• Advantages of SpaceFrames
• 3. A space frame is usually sufficiently stiff in spite of its
lightness. This is due to its three dimensional character and to
the full participation of its constituent elements.
• Engineers appreciate the inherent rigidity and great stiffness of
space frames and their exceptional ability to resist
unsymmetrical or heavy concentrated load. Possessing greater
rigidity the space frames also allow greater flexibility in
layout and positioning of columns.
• 4. Space frames possess a versatility of shape and form and
can utilize a standard module to generate various flat space
grids, latticed shell, or even free-form shapes.
• Architects appreciate the visual beauty and the impressive
simplicity of lines in space frames. A trend is very noticeable
in which the structural members are left exposed as a part of
the architectural expression. Desire for openness for both
visual impact as well as the ability to accommodate variable
space requirements always calls for space frames as the most
favorable solution.
Classification of space frames
 Double LayerGrids

• Double layer grids, or flat surface space frames,

consist of two planar networks of members
forming the top and bottom layers parallel to each
other and interconnected by vertical and inclined
web members.
• Double layergrids are usually composed of basic
elements such as:
• a planar latticed truss
• a pyramid with a square base that is essentially a
part of an octahedron
• a pyramid with a triangular base (tetrahedron)
• These basic elements used for various types of
double-layer grids are shown in in Figure
https://youtu.be/41lSmpyu2M4
Supporting columns
Types of Space Frames

Typical arrangement of Space Plane Cover

Method of erection https://youtu.be/sokoQLaG76w