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 Edited by Shyam Saran

C U LT U R A L A N D
C I V I L I S AT I O N A L L I N K S
BETWEEN INDIA AND
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Historical and
Contemporary Dimensions
Cultural and Civilisational Links between India
and Southeast Asia
 Shyam Saran
Editor

Cultural and
Civilisational Links
between India and
Southeast Asia
Historical and Contemporary Dimensions
Editor
Shyam Saran
Centre for Policy Research
New Delhi, India
Research and Information System
for Developing Countries (RIS)
New Delhi, India

ISBN 978-981-10-7316-8    ISBN 978-981-10-7317-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7317-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018937672

© ASEAN-India Centre at Research and Information System for Developing Countries

(RIS) 2018
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and
institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Kreangagirl/Getty Images

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore
189721, Singapore
 Foreword

India and Southeast Asia inhabit a shared geographical and cultural space.
India’s cultural and civilizational linkages with Southeast Asia date back
thousands of years. In fact, no other country has such strong links with
Southeast Asia as India does, by way of religion, language, culture and
civilization.
India’s relations with ASEAN have gained momentum, embedded
firmly in “culture, commerce and connectivity”. Starting as a sectoral part-
ner of ASEAN in 1992, India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN in
1996, a summit-level partner in 2002 and a strategic partner in 2012. On
January 25, 2018, India and ASEAN celebrated 25 years of their partner-
ship, at a commemorative summit in New Delhi, with the participation of
Heads of State/Government from all the ten countries of ASEAN and
India. For the first time, all the ten ASEAN leaders also attended India’s
Republic Day celebrations on January 26, 2018, in New Delhi, as Guests
of Honour.
Our shared cultural linkages help us to understand and confront con-
temporary challenges. Our leaders recognize that there is a need to deepen
ASEAN-India ties, based on our rich cultural affinities. It is also recog-
nized that there is a need to create greater awareness of the linkages
between India and ASEAN.
The ASEAN-India Centre (AIC), Research and Information System for
Developing Countries (RIS) in collaboration with the Indian Council for
Cultural Research (ICCR) and the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA),
Government of India, organized an International Conference on “ASEAN-
India Cultural Links: Historical and Contemporary Dimensions”, which

v
vi Foreword

was held at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, on July 23–24, 2015.
Twenty-four eminent scholars from several parts of the world presented
their research papers at this Conference. This book titled Cultural and
Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia: Historical and
Contemporary Dimensions, edited by Ambassador Shyam Saran, presents
several dimensions of cultural linkages between India and Southeast Asia.
It contains research papers, written by eminent scholars on various aspects
of historical and cultural relations between India and Southeast Asia,
which were presented at the Conference.
As India’s engagement with the ASEAN countries moves forward, the
socio-cultural linkages between the two regions can be utilized effectively
to expand collaboration, beyond the economic and political domains into
areas of education, tourism and people-to-people contact. Several new
ideas for strengthening our cultural relations emerge in this book.
I congratulate Ambassador Shyam Saran and the AIC in publishing this
book for the use of a larger audience. I am confident this book will serve
as a valuable reference for researchers and policymakers.

Preeti Saran
 Preface

India–Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) relations have

witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. At the ASEAN–India
Commemorative Summit 2012 in New Delhi, the two sides elevated rela-
tions to a strategic partnership. The summit welcomed the report of the
ASEAN–India Eminent Persons’ Group and its vision statement on the
future of these relations. In this context, the summit encouraged ‘the
study, documentation and dissemination of knowledge about civilization
along links between ASEAN and India’. India’s Act East Policy has
imparted fresh momentum to these relations in all their multifarious
dimensions, including in the field of arts and culture. ASEAN and India
are celebrating twenty-five years of partnership.
The ASEAN–India Centre (AIC) at the Research and Information
System for Developing Countries (RIS) in collaboration with the Indian
Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) and the Ministry of External
Affairs (MEA), Government of India, organised an international confer-
ence ‘ASEAN–India Cultural Links: Historical and Contemporary
Dimensions’ at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi on 23–24 July 2015.
Twenty-four eminent scholars from ASEAN countries, India and several
other countries presented original research papers at this conference. They
discussed a number of key issues that are relevant to the objective of deep-
ening ASEAN–India cultural relations. These are now presented in a sin-
gle volume, which will become a valuable reference for scholars and
researchers, but will be of interest to the general reader as well.
I would like to record my appreciation of the efforts made by Dr Prabir
De and his team at AIC in putting together this volume. I wish to thank

vii
viii PREFACE

the Director General, Dr Sachin Chaturvedi, and other colleagues at RIS

for their constant support and cooperation. I wish to thank the President
of ICCR, Professor Lokesh Chandra, and its former Director General, Dr
Satish C. Mehta, who lent their valuable support to the conference and
contributed to its success.
I am also grateful to Ambassador Anil Wadhwa, former Secretary (East),
MEA, Government of India; Ambassador Preeti Saran, Present Secretary
(East), MEA, Government of India; Ms Pooja Kapur, former Joint
Secretary (ASEAN Multilateral), MEA, Government of India; and Mr
Anurag Bhushan, the current Joint Secretary (ASEAN Multilateral),
MEA, Government of India for their support and cooperation.
This book provides new ideas and suggestions related to deepening
ASEAN–India cultural relations. It will be welcomed by all those who
have an interest in the rich and remarkable history and contemporary
dimensions of India’s cultural engagement with its Southeast Asian
neighbours.

New Delhi, India Shyam Saran

 Acknowledgements

Cultural and Civilisational Links between India and Southeast Asia:

Historical and Contemporary Dimensions has been edited by Ambassador
Shyam Saran, former chairman, RIS, with the support of Prof. Prabir De,
Coordinator, AIC at RIS, who has also coordinated the ASEAN–India
Cultural Links Project under the overall guidance of Ambassador Shyam
Saran.
We are grateful to Prof. Sachin Chaturvedi, Director General, RIS for
his guidance and encouragement. The publication has immensely bene-
fited from discussions with Ms Malini Saran and Dr Sudha Gopalakrishnan.
In particular, we are thankful to Dr Kapila Vatsyayan and Prof. Lokesh
Chandra for their contribution, guidance and cooperation. Editorial assis-
tance has been received from Ms Sarah Hasan, Mr Sunando Basu and Ms
Sreya Pan.
Every chapter in this volume went through a peer review process. We
are thankful to the authors who have extended their fullest support and
adhered to deadlines while revising these chapters, despite their busy
schedules.
We are grateful to Ambassador Anil Wadhwa, former Secretary (East),
MEA, Government of India; Ambassador Preeti Saran, Present Secretary
(East), MEA, Government of India; Ms. Pooja Kapur, former Joint
Secretary (ASEAN Multilateral), MEA, Government of India; Mr Anurag
Bhushan, the current Joint Secretary (ASEAN Multilateral), MEA,
Government of India; Col. Sandeep Puri, Director (ASEAN Multilateral),
MEA, Government of India; and Mr Abhijit Chakraborty, Deputy

ix
x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Secretary (ASEAN Multilateral), MEA, Government of India, for their

support and cooperation.
In particular, we are thankful to Ambassador Suresh Reddy, Indian
Ambassador to ASEAN, for his cooperation. Ms Niharika Gupta and Ms
Kiran Wagh extended very useful administrative assistance throughout the
project. At Palgrave Macmillan, we are thankful to Dr Sagarika Ghosh and
Ms Sandeep Kaur for fast-tracking the project and for extending their
cooperation at every stage of publication.
Views expressed in this book are those of the contributors and not
those of the Government of India or those of ASEAN countries, RIS,
AIC, ASEAN Secretariat, or the Indian Council for Cultural Relations
(ICCR). Usual disclaimers apply.
 Contents

1 Introduction   1
Shyam Saran

Part I Trade and Maritime Links Between South and

Southeast Asia  17

2 Early Contacts Between Bali and India  19

I Wayan Ardika

3 Trans-locality and Mobility across the Bay of Bengal:

Nagapattinam in Context  31
Himanshu Prabha Ray

4 Indian Patterned Cotton Textiles and Trade with the East

and Southeast  51
Lotika Varadarajan

Part II Continuities and Change  65

5 Indigenous Thought on Indian Traditions in Thailand  67

Amara Srisuchat

xi
xii Contents

6 Panyupayana: The Emergence of Hindu Polities in the

Pre-Islamic Philippines  93
Joefe B. Santarita

7 Indian–Southeast Asian Contacts and Cultural

Exchanges: Evidence from Vietnam 107
Le Thi Lien

Part III Representations of Religions and Rituals 129

8 From Śivaśāsana to Agama Hindu Bali: Tracing the

Indic Roots of Modern Balinese Hinduism 131
Andrea Acri

9 Power, Prestige and Possession: Interwoven Legacies of

Ida Pedanda Istris ‘Priestesses’ in Balinese Hinduism 151
Madhu Khanna

Part IV Textual Traditions and Transmissions 179

10 Transmission of Textual Traditions in South and

Southeast Asia: A View from India 181
Sudha Gopalakrishnan

11 The Bhagavad-Gı̄tā Sections of the Old Javanese

Bhı̄ṣmaparwa, Text-Building and the Formation of the
State in Pre-modern Indonesia 193
Thomas M. Hunter

12 The Reworking of Indian Epics in the Hands of

Javanese and Malay Authors 209
Ding Choo Ming

13 Camille Bulcke’s Ramakatha-Utpatti aur Vikas:

An Important Reference Work for Scholars in the Field
of Ramayana Studies 225
Malini Saran and Vinod C. Khanna
 Contents 
   xiii

Part V Sacred Geographies and Localisations of Beliefs 239

14 Archaeology as Soft Power in ASEAN–India Cultural

Contexts 241
Sachchidanand Sahai

15 Shiva’s Land: Understanding the Religious Landscape

of Early Southeast Asia 253
John Guy

16 Ancient Architectural Influence Between Bali and

Majapahit: Drawing Upon the Affinities with Ancient
Indian Architecture and the Way It Is Developed in Bali 275
Ir Nyoman Popo Priyatna Danes

Part VI Evolving Artistic Expressions: From Tradition to

Modernity 291

17 Natyasastraic Links in Cambodia, Thailand and Indonesia  293

Padma Subramanyam

Part VII Writing Our Own Histories: Changing

Methodologies 299

18 An Imperial Divorce: The Division of South and

Southeast Asia in the Colonial Discourse of the
Nineteenth Century 301
Farish A. Noor

19 Monuments, Motifs, Myths: Architecture and its

Transformations in Early India and Southeast Asia 325
Parul Pandya Dhar

Appendix A: Programme of the ASEAN–India Civilizational

Links Conference, 23–24 July 2015 347
xiv Contents

Appendix B: Keynote Address by Ambassador Anil Wadhwa,

Secretary (East), Ministry of External Affairs at the
International Conference on ‘ASEAN–India Cultural
Links: Historical and Contemporary Dimensions’
Held at New Delhi on 23 July 2015 351

Appendix C: Inaugural Address by Prof. Lokesh Chandra,

President, ICCR at the International Conference on
‘ASEAN–India Cultural Links: Historical and
Contemporary Dimensions’, Held at New Delhi on 23
July 2015 357

Appendix D: Special Address by Prof. Lokesh Chandra,

President, ICCR at the International Conference on
‘ASEAN–India Cultural Links: Historical and
Contemporary Dimensions’, Held at New Delhi on 24
July 2015 363

Appendix E: Valedictory Address by Dr Kapila Vatsyayan,

Chairperson, IIC-Asia Project at the International
Conference on ‘ASEAN–India Cultural Links: Historical
and Contemporary Dimensions’, Held at New Delhi on
24 July 2015 367
 Notes on Contributors

Andrea Acri EPHE, PSL, Paris, France

I Wayan Ardika Faculty of Letters, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
Ir Nyoman Popo Priyatna Danes Scholar and Architect, Bali, Indonesia
Parul Pandya Dhar Department of History, University of Delhi, New
Delhi, India
Ding Choo Ming Former Principal Research Fellow, Institute of Malay
World & Civilization, National University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Sudha Gopalakrishnan Sahapedia, New Delhi, India
John Guy Florence and Herbert Irving Curator of South and Southeast
Asian Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
Thomas M. Hunter Department of Asian Studies, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Madhu Khanna National Museum, New Delhi, India; Centre for the
Study of Comparative Religion & Civilisations, Jamia Millia Islamia, New
Delhi, India
Vinod C. Khanna Former Ambassador of India to Indonesia, New
Delhi, India
Le Thi Lien Institute of Archaeology, Vietnamese Academy of Social
Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam

xv
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Farish A. Noor S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS),

Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
Himanshu Prabha Ray Distant Worlds Programme, Ludwig Maximilian
University, Munich, Germany
Sachchidanand Sahai Preah Vihear National Autimhority, Royal
Government of Cambodia, Preah Vihear, Cambodia; UNESCO Expert
for the Archaeological Complex of Sambor Prei Kuk, Phnom Penh,
Cambodia
Joefe B. Santarita Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman,
Quezon City, Philippines
Malini Saran Independent Researcher, New Delhi, India
Shyam Saran Centre for Policy Research, New Delhi, India; Research
and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS), New Delhi,
India
Amara Srisuchat Fine Arts Department, Ministry of Culture, Bangkok,
Thailand
Padma Subramanyam Bharata-Ilanimgo Foundation for Asian Culture
(BIFAC), Chennai, India
Lotika Varadarajan National Museum, New Delhi, India
 List of Figures

Fig. 2.1 Rouletted sherds, Arikamedu sherd of type 10, and a complete
rouletted ware bowl from Kobak Kendal, West Java. Source:
Author’s own 20
Fig. 2.2 A sherd of Arikamedu type 18, an inscribed sherd of Kharosthi
or Brahmi script and gold beads from Sembiran. Source:
Author’s own 22
Fig. 2.3 Stupa Pagulingan and Gunung Kawi rock arts. Source:
Author’s own 23
Fig. 3.1 Archaeological sites along the east coast of India. Source:
Author’s own (map drawn by Uma Bhattacharya) 37
Fig. 3.2 Bronze Buddha from Nagapattinam now in the Government
Museum, Chennai. Source: Author’s own 41
Fig. 3.3 Bronze Jambhala and consort from Nagapattinam now in the
Government Museum, Chennai. Source: Author’s own 42
Fig. 3.4 Sixteenth-century Lokesvara image from Vellipalayam
Nagapattinam district now in the Government Museum,
Chennai. Source: Author’s own 44
Fig. 4.1 Batik. Hair of Bima, Symbolic of Strength. Source: Textil
Museum, Jakarta 52
Fig. 4.2 Ramayana panel. Kalamkari. Probably South Coromandel.
Listed as ceremonial cloth and sacred heirloom (mawa or
ma’a), eighteenth century. Traded to Toraja people, Sulawesi,
Indonesia. Source: National Gallery of Australia, Canberra.
Gift of Michael and Mary Abbott, 1991 52
Fig. 4.3 Sarassa, fragment used in Japanese tea ceremony. Mayeda
Collection. Source: Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan 53

xvii
xviii List of Figures

Fig. 4.4 Poleng, as depicted on wayside shrine. Bali, Indonesia. Source:

Author’s own 54
Fig. 4.5 Ma’a cloth, Sulawesi. Source: Spertus-Holmgren Collection,
New York57
Fig. 5.1 Bronze drum from Ko Samui, Surat Thani Province, fifth–first
century bce. Source: Author’s own 69
Fig. 5.2 Tympanum of the bronze drum from Ko Samui depicting a
stylized boat carrying either spirits of the dead or men with
bird-like headdresses. Source: Author’s own 70
Fig. 5.3 Sanskrit inscription written in Pallava script, sixth century, from
Wat Maheyong in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Source:
Author’s own 74
Fig. 5.4 Stone dharmacakra from Nakhon Pathom Province, seventh–
eighth century, depicting on its lower segment the
personification of god Surya holding a lotus bud in each hand.
Source: Author’s own 76
Fig. 6.1 Courtesy of K.M. Panikkar. Source: Author’s own 94
Fig. 7.1 Google map of Vietnamese and Indian early cultural centers:
(a) center of the Jiao Chi realm; (b) center of the Liny–early
Champa realm; (c) port-city of the Óc Eo–Funan realm.
Source: Google 110
Fig. 7.2 Beads from Lang Vac site, Nghe An province (Photo: Le Thi
Lien). Source: Author 113
Fig. 7.3 Beads from Nam Tho Son (Quang Nam province). Source:
Author114
Fig. 7.4 Dau Lady Buddha, Bac Ninh Province. Source: Author 115
Fig. 7.5 Mukhalinga, Óc Eo site, An Giang province. Source: Nguyen
Huu Thiet 119
Fig. 9.1 Pedanda Istri Mayun with her husband, Denpasar. Source:
Author155
Fig. 9.2 Ida Pedanda Istri Kania Mas Kajeng in her shrine, Badung.
Source: Author 156
Fig. 9.3 Senator, Ida Ayu Agung Mas, Sua Bali. Source: Author 157
Fig. 9.4 Ida Ayu Agung Mas in the ceremonial attire of Pedanda Istri.
Source: Author 158
Fig. 9.5 Pedanda Istri Ida Ayu Agung Mas honouring a young priest
with a crown. Source: Author 158
Fig. 9.6 Ida Pedanda Istri Kania Mas Kajeng adorned with a crown.
Source: Author 165
Fig. 9.7 Balian Metwun, Denpasar. Source: Author 169
Fig. 9.8 Author with two Ida Pedanda Istri, Denpasar, 2009. Source:
Author173
 List of Figures 
   xix

Fig. 14.1 Temple N 17, Smiling Face in the Kudu, Ishanapura,

Cambodia. One of the salient features of the temple is the
kudu or semi-circular arches in which divine and semi-
divine figures are placed. This feature also known as chaitya
window, is popular both in South and North Indian
temples. In this Cambodian example from Ishanapura, one
of the several faces smiles in the kudu placed around temple
N 17. Source: Author 247
Fig. 14.2 Title: The N 7 Temple in Ishanapura (Cambodia). There are ten
octagonal temples in Ishanapura. In the north group of temples
only N 7 is octagonal. These temples are octagonal from the base
to pinnacle. Top to bottom octagonal brick temples in India are
not known. These temples are called flying palaces since on the
outer side walls of the temple, palaces are shown being carried by
sculpted winged animals. Source: Author 249
Fig. 14.3 Winged animals, horse, garuda and lion shown carrying the
octagonal temple as flying palace, Ishanapura, Cambodia.
The octagonal temples have been documented from different
parts of India, but the motif of winged animals carrying the
temple/palace is absent in Indian examples. Source: Author 250
Fig. 15.1 Comb decorated with auspicious emblems (astamangala)
and hamsa. Ivory, Deccan or Andhra Pradesh, c, second
century ce, excavated Chansen, central Thailand. Source:
National Museum, Bangkok 255
Fig. 15.2 Seal impression from an Indian matrix, probably Bihar; clay
impression found U Thong, central Thailand, early to
mid-sixth century. Source: U Thong National Museum,
Suphanburi256
Fig. 15.3 Rock-cut inscription of Purnavarman, ruler of the kingdom
of Tarumanagara, Sunda, west Java, Indonesia, early sixth
century (photographed in situ, Ciaruteun River, Ciampea,
c. 1920). Source: Author 259
Fig. 15.4 Envoy from Langkasuka; detail of Liang zhgong tu (Illustrated
History of the Liang). Handscroll. Eleventh-century copy of
sixth-century original. Source: National Museum of China, Beijing 262
Fig. 15.5 Detail of lintel depicting the Lingodbhavamurti myth and a
king’s consecration, mid-seventh century. Found at Wat Eng
Khna, Kampong Thom province, Cambodia. Sandstone.
Source: National Museum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 264
Fig. 15.6 Shiva as an Ascetic, seventh century. Found in Stung Treng
province, northeastern Cambodia. Sandstone, h. 164 cm.
Source: National Museum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 266
xx List of Figures

Fig. 15.7 Shiva installed on a lustration pedestal, eighth century.

Recovered from temple A4, My Son, Quang Nam province,
central Vietnam. Photographed in situ in 1903. Source: Author 267
Fig. 15.8 Ganesha, late seventh–eighth century. Recovered from
temple E5, My Son, Quang Nam province, central Vietnam,
Sandstone, h. 96 cm. The Museum of Cham Sculpture, Da
Nang, Vietnam. Source: Author 268
Fig. 15.9 Tympanum depicting Shiva dancing before his assembled
family and royal devotee. My Son, Champa, central Vietnam.
Sandstone, h. 143 cm, w. 170 cm. Source: My Son Site
Museum, Quang Nam 268
Fig. 15.10 Shiva Natesha, rock cut, Badami, Karanataka, India.
Chalukya dynasty, early seventh century. Source: Author 269
Fig. 15.11 Shiva’s footprints (Shivapada), second half of seventh–eighth
century. Found in Stung Treng province, northeastern
Cambodia, in 1911. Sandstone, 17 × 32 × 32 cm. Source:
National Museum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 270
Fig. 15.12 Stele with Shaiva Trident, Axe and Vase of Plenty, second half
seventh century. Found at Vihar Thom, Kampong Cham
province, southeastern Cambodia. Sandstone, h. 102 cm.
Source: National Museum of Cambodia, Phnom Penh 271
Fig. 16.1 Expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia. Source: www.
wikipedia.org277
Fig. 16.2 Majapahit Empire. Source: www.wikipedia.com281
Fig. 16.3 Extent of Majapahit Empire in fifteenth centuries. Note:
Majapahit was a thalassocracy, extending its territory through
maritime trade and dominance. At its height the realm and
its diplomatic relations extended as far as Japan and South
India. Source: Wijaya (2014) 281
Fig. 16.4 Maospahit temple in Denpasar. Source: Author 285
Fig. 19.1 A view of the brick temples of Campā at Mỹ Sơ n, Vietnam.
Source: Author 328
Fig. 19.2 Flat-roofed structure, N 17, Sambor Prei Kuk, Cambodia.
Source: Author 329
Fig. 19.3 Temple-mountain of Angkor Wat, Cambodia. Source:
Author329
Fig. 19.4 Caṇḍi Arjuna, Dieng Plateau, Central Java, Indonesia.
Source: Author 331
Fig. 19.5 Arjuna Ratha, Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Source:
Author333
Fig. 19.6 ‘Flying Palace’ on the exterior wall of an octagonal brick
temple in the Southern group at Sambor Prei Kuk,
Cambodia. Source: Author 335
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CHAPTER XIV.
HOW IT ALL ENDED.

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asleep, leaning against their mother's knee; and Martha, in
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Somebody came in with a light step, and Sarah

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Martha sat slowly more upright, wearing a dazed look.

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"And the children up still?"

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didn't seem to want to leave it. I must have been near
asleep too," Martha gasped listlessly. "Well, I've got to wake
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"Wait a minute. I'll light your candle. I've got a loaf of

bread here, and some butter and a jug of milk. Poor thing!"
as a faint cry escaped Martha. "You're so hungry, aren't
you? There's a basket of food come from Mr. Hughes, and I
knew John would want you to have a share. Don't you stir
yet."

Martha did not move. She sat motionless, staring down

at the little head on her arm.

Mrs. Holdfast had already lighted the candle, and pulled

down the blind.

"Why, you're as white as a sheet, you poor thing!" she

said, stirring quickly about. "There! Give the children
something to eat before they go to bed. And it's plain you
want it too. Well, my husband's in hopes the strike will soon
be over; and I'm sure I hope the same. It's been a hard
time for you all. I'll tell you what—a cup of tea will do you
more good than anything. Haven't got any? Never mind, I'll
put the kettle on to boil, and get a pinch in from next door."

Martha had not answered save by silence.

She looked strangely pale, and the dazed expression in

her eyes had increased. The little child on her knee lay
motionless, and when Mrs. Holdfast came near, Martha
shielded the tiny face from observation.

"He's off—sound!" she said hoarsely.

"Well, let him be a few minutes," said Sarah cheerfully.

"Don't you get up yet. I'm sure you're not fit. Now, Millie,
Bobbie—wake up, wake up."

She aroused the two drowsy children; and Bobbie at

once broke into fretting sobs. "I'm so hungry! I'm so
hungry!" he wailed.

Martha made no response at all, but Sarah took him to

the table, and Bobbie's pitiful face changed into smiles at
the sight of bread and butter. When he and Millie were
supplied, Sarah hastened away for the "pinch of tea."

On her return, she found Martha still in the same

position, passive and white as an image, only with a
bewildered wildness in her eyes. There was again the
shielding motion of both hands to hide baby Harry's face.
Mrs. Holdfast noticed it now, and wondered, but said
nothing till the tea was ready. Then she poured out a cup,
hot and strong, and brought it with a goodly slice of bread
and butter to Martha's side.
 "That'll do you good," she said. "And you'll let me see to
Harry, won't you? It's time he should have something."

"No, he's sound—sound;" repeated Martha in a hollow

voice.

"Baby Harry hasn't eaten nothing all day," said Millie.

"Then he oughtn't to wait, I'm sure. Give him to me."

Martha did not resist when Sarah lifted the child from
her lap, only her eyes followed him with a strange gaze, and
Mrs. Holdfast's own face changed; for the little fair head fell
helplessly, and the long lashes lay upon cheeks of waxen
whiteness.

Sarah checked the cry which rose to her lips. She

turned to the fire, away from Martha.

"He don't wake up, not even for your taking him," said
Millie. "He must be dreadful sleepy."

"He is—very sound," Mrs. Holdfast answered in

trembling tones, as she pressed the tiny cold form more
closely in her arms.

"Give him back to me!" demanded Martha hoarsely.

"No, my dear—take your tea first," said Mrs. Holdfast.

"I'll lay him in his cot—just for—"

"No, no—give him to me! I won't have him laid—laid out

—nowhere!" cried Martha, in a voice of sharp anguish. "Give
my baby back to me!"

"I'll hold him for you. Just a minute or two. You take
your tea and bread and butter. You must eat, you know."
 Martha obeyed silently, rapidly. It was almost more than
Sarah had ventured to hope. Tea and bread and butter alike
vanished, and a faint tinge of colour came to Martha's lips.
She was able now to stand up, with outstretched hands.

"Not yet," insisted Mrs. Holdfast. "You just put Millie and
Bobbie to bed, and I'll see to him. Yes, do, my dear—it's
best for you. Take them," pleaded the good woman.

Martha yielded again. She hurried the two children

away, and saw them both in bed. Undressing did not take
long, but Sarah was busy also during her short absence.

Harry's little cot had been much in the kitchen of late.

He had slept away most of the day, often, in his growing
weakness. When Martha returned, still with half-wild, half-
dreamy eyes, she found Mrs. Holdfast standing beside the
cot, and within lay Harry, prepared as if for the night. He
had his little night-dress on, and the calm white baby-face
rested peacefully on the pillow. The lips, just parted, were
rigid in repose, and one wee waxen hand was crossed over
the other.

"You've put him to bed," said Martha's hollow voice.

"Yes, my dear; I've put him to bed," said Sarah

pityingly.

Martha came nearer, and gasped for breath, gazing

upon the fair little image. Then her eyes went with
passionate appeal to Sarah's.

"Poor thing!" murmured Sarah.

 She hung over the cot, sobbing wildly.

"You think I don't know! But I do!" said Martha bitterly.

"I do! I do! He's murdered! If ever anybody was murdered,
it's my—" and then she broke into a bitter wail—"O my
baby! My baby Harry!"

She hung over the cot, sobbing wildly, and Sarah's arm
came round her in support.

"He'll never be hungry again," she whispered. "Think of

that, my dear; and don't you want him back. There 'll be no
strikes up there. He's got to the end of all the trouble. Don't
you go and say that to your husband when he comes.
Stevens 'll have enough to bear!"

Enough indeed! There was not one of his children whom

Stevens loved as he loved baby Harry.

An hour later he returned, light-footed and eager with

the news which, he felt sure, would gladden Martha's heart.
The door was flung open, and he entered briskly.

"I say, Martha, it's all right! We've settled to accept the
masters' proposals, and I'll be off to work to-morrow
morning. It's all right. Just as you wanted."

A gesture from Mrs. Holdfast checked Roger. She was

present still, having persuaded a neighbour to stay with her
own little ones for a time.

Martha sat beside the cot, dropping hot quiet tears at

intervals, and the desolate look of the mother's eyes, lifted
to his, Stevens would not soon forget.

"Too late now!" she whispered.

Roger's glance went from her to the small face on the

pillow—the face of his own little Harry, the child who till
lately had never failed to greet him with a joyous spring,
and cry of "Dadda." Harry had always been the father's
especial pet. Even of late, when the child was too weak to
spring or cry out, the tiny face had always brightened at the
sound of Roger's voice.

It did not brighten now; yet that was no look of

common sleep. Roger knew the difference.
 "You don't say—What's the matter? Why don't you give
him something, eh? Letting him lie there! And the room as
cold—! What d'you want for him, Martha? Tell me, sharp,
and I'll get it. I can now; we're going to work again, and it'll
be all right."

Martha's tears fell faster, and a sound like a sob crept

into Roger's rough voice.

"No use," Martha said brokenly; "the strike's done it at

last. It's killed him—our baby Harry!"

"He's better off. He'll never know trouble again," said

Mrs. Holdfast. "Don't you go and want him back again too
much—both of you. He's out of it all now!"

"If I'd known! Why didn't somebody tell me?"

demanded Stevens, hoarsely. "I'd have done—anything—if
I'd known!"

Sobs came hard and thick from the father's heart. But
no sounds of grief could bring back the household darling;
no wailing could reach him on that distant shore which he
had reached. He was "out of it all now," indeed! The better
for little Harry!

So the strike was at an end; and Peter Pope, finding his

services no longer required, betook himself elsewhere.

There were some who counted that the working-men of

the place owed him much, seeing that by dint of the strike
he had won for them an increase of seven and a half per
cent. on their wages.
 There were others who held that the same increase
would have come, probably as soon, without the pressure
exerted by the strike.

There were very many who found that the said increase
of wages would by no means suffice to repay them for the
heavy losses they had suffered through the strike.

There were not a few who maintained that the trade of

the town, and its consequent prosperity, had received
lasting injury from the strike.

On the whole it may be safely said, that if the strike had

done some possible good, it had also done a considerable
amount of positive harm. It may be hoped that the working-
men of the town, having learnt wisdom from a success
which involved more of loss than of solid gain, would be
long before they embarked in another such enterprise.

THE END.
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