DISRARR REVIEWER
sideways movement or motion experienced
Natural hazards – natural phenomena
that pose threats or cause negative impacts
to people and property. e.g. typhoons, storm
surges, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis,
volcanic eruptions, lahar flows, drought, red
tides, pestilence, and fire
Human-made hazards - These arise
directly as a result of human activities. e.g.
civil conflict, environmental degradation,
industrial-technological hazards like leakage
of toxic waste, oil spills, fish kills, nuclear,
gaseous, chemical contamination, famine,
drought, fires, and flood.
Combination or Socionatural hazards -
arise through the interaction of natural
processes and human activities e.g.
pollution or desertification, smog, and fog,
Note: Flooding and drought can fall under
this category if these are due to deforestation
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake poses a lot of hazards that
can contribute to large economic and
human losses and represents a serious
impediment to socioeconomic
development, the creation of jobs, and the
availability of funds for poverty reduction
initiatives.
Earthquake Hazards refer to earthquake
agents that have the potential to cause
harm to a vulnerable target which can
either be humans, animals, or even your
environment.
Ground shaking - disruptive up-down and
during an earthquake.
- Hyatt Terraces Hotel in Baguio City
collapsed during the 16 July 1990
Luzon Earthquake.
- Effects: ground shaking is damage or
collapse of structure; may
consequently cause hazards such as
liquefaction and landslide
Ground rupture - displacement on the
ground due to movement of fault.
- A continuous fault scarp of the North
Bohol Fault in Brgy. Anonang,
Inabanga, Bohol
- Effects: fissuring, displacement of
the ground due to movement of the
fault
Tsunami - sea waves resulting from the
disturbance of the ocean floor by an
earthquake
- Damaged jeep due to tsunami during
the 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake
- Effects: flooding; coastal erosion;
drowning of people and damage to
properties
Liquefaction - is a process that transforms
the behavior of a body of sediments from
that of a solid to that of a liquid when
subjected to extremely intense shaking
- Gasoline tank pops out in Dagupan
City due to 'liquefaction’
- Effects: sinking and/ or tilting of
structure above it; sandboil; fissuring
Earthquake-induced landslide - failures
in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake
- Earthquake-induced landslides
rendered the road impassable for
4-wheeled vehicles in Cotabato
- Effects: erosion; burial and blockage
of roads and rivers
Hazard Maps are maps that show different
hazards that may affect a certain area. For
earthquakes, a ground-shaking hazard map
shows the distribution of earthquake-shaking
levels that have a certain probability of
occurring. A ground rupture hazard map
shows areas wherein faults cut across. There
are hazard maps for liquefaction,
earthquake-induced landslides, and
tsunamis.
These maps were generated to provide the
most accurate and detailed information
possible to assist engineers in designing
buildings, bridges, highways, and utilities
that will withstand shaking from
earthquakes in an area.
Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising
from volcanic activity that pose a
potential threat to persons or property in a
given area within a given period of time.
Volcano-related hazards
• Lahars
• Ash falls
• Pyroclastic flows
• Ballistic projectile
• Volcanic gases
• Lava flows
1. LAHARS
- Lahars are a rapidly flowing thick
mixture of volcanic sediments (from the
pyroclastic materials) and water, usually
triggered by intense rainfall during
typhoons, monsoons, and thunderstorms.
- Lahar can occur immediately after an
eruption or can become a long-term
problem if there is voluminous pyroclastic
materials erupt such as in the case of the
1991 Pinatubo eruption.
- Lahars can also occur long after an
eruption has taken place such as the lahars
at Mayon Volcano after the 1984 eruption
Negative Impacts:
- Lahars can be destroyed by direct impact
(bridges, roads, houses)
- Lahars can block tributary streams and
form a lake
- Lahars can bury valleys and communities
with debris
2. ASHFALL OR TEPHRA FALL
- are showers of airborne fine- to
coarse-grained volcanic particles that
fallout from the plumes of a volcanic
eruption; ashfall distribution/ dispersal is
dependent on prevailing wind direction
Negative Impacts:
- During peak of eruption with excessive
ash, can cause poor or low visibility
(driving, slippery roads)
- Loss of agricultural lands if burial by
ashfall is greater than 10 cm depth,
- Producing suspensions of fine-grained
particles in air and water which clogs filters
and vents of motors, human lungs, industrial
machines, and nuclear power plants.
3. PYROCLASTIC FLOWS AND
SURGES
- are turbulent masses of ejected
fragmented volcanic materials (ash and
rocks), mixed with hot gases (200oC to
700oC to as hot as 900oC) that flow
downslope at very high speeds (>60kph).
Negative Impacts:
- Destroy anything on its path by direct
impact
- Burn sites with hot rocks debris
- Burn forests, farmlands, destroy crops and
buildings
4. BALLISTIC PROJECTILES
- are volcanic materials directly ejected
from the volcano’s vent with force and
trajectory
Negative Impacts:
- Ballistic projectiles endanger life and
property by the force of impact of falling
fragments, but this occurs only close to an
eruption vent.
5. VOLCANIC GASES
- gases and aerosols released into the
atmosphere, which include water vapor,
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen
fluoride
Negative Impacts:
- SO2 can lead to acid rain.
- High concentrations of CO2 which is
colorless and odorless can be lethal to
people, animals, and vegetation.
- Fluorine compounds can deform and kill
animals that graze on vegetation covered
with volcanic ash.
6. LAVA FLOWS
- are stream-like flows of incandescent
molten rock erupted from a crater or
fissure. When lava is degassed and/or very
viscous, it tends to extrude extremely
slowly, forming lava domes.
Negative Impacts:
- Lavas can burn
- Lavas can bury
- Collapsing viscous lava domes can trigger
dangerous pyroclastic flows.
SIGNS OF IMPENDING VOLCANIC
ERUPTION
- Increase in the frequency of volcanic
quakes with rumbling sounds;
occurrence of volcanic tremors
- Increased steaming activity; change
in color of steam from white to gray
due to entrained ash
- Crater glow due to presence of
magma at or near the crater
- Ground swells (or inflation), ground
tilt and ground fissuring due to
magma intrusion
- Noticeable increase in drying up of
vegetation around the volcano's
upper slopes
Hazard maps
- are generated for various uses and are most
useful in determining risks of living in
identified potentially hazardous areas.
- can also help people to become aware of
specific dangers (lava flow, pyroclastic
flows, ashfall, lahars, etc) they might face if
a volcano reactivates.

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL
HAZARDS

Tropical cyclone is a rotating, organized

system of clouds and thunderstorms that
originates over the tropical waters.
Tropical cyclones rotate in a
counterclockwise direction in the northern
hemisphere (conversely, clockwise in the
southern hemisphere). The term tropical
cyclone encompasses tropical depressions,
Modified Coronas Climate Classification
tropical storms, typhoons and hurricanes.
- describes the monthly rainfall variations in
different parts of the country
Public Storm Warning System (PSWS) and
Cyclone Classification as adopted by
FIRE
PAGASA (as of 01 May 2015) are as
- the active principle of burning,
follows:
characterized by the heat and light of
combustion (RA 9514). It is a rapid
oxidation process accompanied with the
evolution of light and heat of varying
intensities.

Tracks of tropical cyclones that formed in

the Western North Pacific (WNP) during the
period 1948-2010 (1154 out of 1641 TC or
70% entered or formed in the Philippine
Area of Responsibly (PAR) (Source: JMA
Data set, 2010)
STAGES OF FIRE P – Pull the pin
A – Aim the nozzle
S – Squeeze the lever
S – Sweep side to side at the base of the fire

CLASSES OF FIRE

CLASS A
- Wood, Paper, Cloth, Etc.
- Ordinary Combustibles
CLASS B
- Flammable Liquids
- Grease, Oil, Paint, Solvents
CLASS C
- Live Electrical Equipment
- Electrical Panel, Motor, Wiring
CLASS D
- Combustible Metals
- Magnesium, Aluminum, Etc.
CLASS K
- Commercial Cooking Equipment
- Cooking Oils, Animal Fats,
Vegetable Oils
S – sound the alarm
A – advice the fire brigade/station
F – fight the fire
E - evacuate
T – tell others
Y – you get clear
BIOLOGICAL PANDEMIC
- A pandemic is defined as “an
epidemic occurring worldwide or
over a very wide area, crossing
international boundaries and usually
affecting a large number of people”.
The classical definition includes
nothing about population immunity,
virology or disease severity.
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and
CommunityBased Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management (CBDRRM)
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the
concept and practice of reducing disaster
risks through analysis and management
of the causal factors of disasters. It leads
to reduced exposure to hazards, lessening of
vulnerability of people and assets, effective
management of land and the environment
and improved preparedness for adverse
events.
Disaster risk reduction usually requires
long-term planning across sectors and
must be integrated into general national and
regional development strategies.
DRR strategies usually begin with plans for
assessing
(a) the hazards and risks that threaten the
target area,
(b) the extent of harm that would occur to
communities and infrastructure, and
(c) the vulnerable people’s capacities to cope
with and recover from possible disasters.
PRE-EVENT (PMAP)
Prevention
- The outright avoidance of adverse impacts
of hazards and related disasters
Mitigation
- The lessening or limitation of the adverse
impacts of hazards and related disasters.
Adaptation
- The adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected
climatic stimuli or their effects
Preparedness
- The knowledge and capacities to
effectively anticipate, respond, and recover
from the impacts of hazard events or
conditions.
POST-EVENT
Response
- The provision of emergency services and
public assistance during or immediately
after a disaster to save lives, and reduce
health impacts, ensure public safety and
meet the basic subsistence needs of the
people affected. - Disaster response is
predominantly focused on immediate and
short-term needs and is sometimes called
“disaster relief”
Recovery
- The restoration of facilities, livelihoods,
and living conditions of disaster-affected
communities, including efforts to reduce
disaster risk factors.
Community-based Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management (CBDRRM)
The CBDRRM is a process which at-risk
communities are actively engaged in the
identification, analysis, treatment,
monitoring, and evaluation of disaster risks
in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and
enhance their capacities (ADPC 2003)
Community Preparedness Plan
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan
aims to provide policies, plans and programs
to deal with
disasters in the Philippines. It also serves as
“the principal
guide to disaster risk reduction and
management (DRRM)
efforts to the country….” The Framework
envisions a country
of “safer, adaptive and disaster resilient
Filipino communities
toward sustainable development.”
Four DRRM Thematic Areas
Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Department of Science and
Technology:
- GOAL: Avoid hazards and mitigate
their potential impacts by reducing
vulnerabilities and exposure and
enhancing capacities of communities
● Reduce vulnerabilities and
exposure of communities to health
hazards
● Enhance capacities of communities
to reduce their risks and cope with
the impacts of all hazards
Disaster Preparedness
- Department of the Interior and
Local Government
- GOAL: Establish and strengthen
capacities of communities to
anticipate, cope and recover from the
negative impacts of emergency
occurrences and disasters
● Increase level of awareness of the
community to threats and impacts of
all hazards
● Equip the community with
necessary skills to cope with the
negative impacts of a disaster
● Increase the capacity of a
community.
● Develop and implement disaster
preparedness policies and plans.
● Strengthen partnership among all
key stakeholders
Disaster Response
- Department of Social Welfare and
Development
- GOAL: Provide life preservation and
meet the basic subsistence needs of
affected population based in
acceptable standards during or
immediately after a disaster
● Decrease the number of
preventable deaths and injuries
● Provide basic subsistence needs of
affected population
● Immediately restore basic social
services
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
- National Economic and
Development Authority
- GOAL: Restore and improve
facilities, livelihood and living
conditions and organization
capacities of affected communities,
and reduce disaster risks in
accordance with the ”build back
better” principle
● Restore people’s means of
livelihood and continuity of
economic activities
● Restore shelter and other
installations
● Reconstruct infrastructure and
other public utilities
● Assist in the physical and
psychological rehabilitation of
persons who suffered from the
effects of disaster.