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CONVERSIONS BETWEEN U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS AND SI UNITS
Acceleration (linear)
foot per second squared ft/s2 0.3048* 0.305 meter per second squared m/s2
inch per second squared in./s2 0.0254* 0.0254 meter per second squared m/s2
Area
circular mil cmil 0.0005067 0.0005 square millimeter mm2
square foot ft2 0.09290304* 0.0929 square meter m2
square inch in.2 645.16* 645 square millimeter mm2
Density (mass)
slug per cubic foot slug/ft3 515.379 515 kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
Density (weight)
pound per cubic foot lb/ft3 157.087 157 newton per cubic meter N/m3
pound per cubic inch lb/in.3 271.447 271 kilonewton per cubic
meter kN/m3
Energy; work
foot-pound ft-lb 1.35582 1.36 joule (Nm) J
inch-pound in.-lb 0.112985 0.113 joule J
kilowatt-hour kWh 3.6* 3.6 megajoule MJ
British thermal unit Btu 1055.06 1055 joule J
Force
pound lb 4.44822 4.45 newton (kgm/s2) N
kip (1000 pounds) k 4.44822 4.45 kilonewton kN
Force per unit length
pound per foot lb/ft 14.5939 14.6 newton per meter N/m
pound per inch lb/in. 175.127 175 newton per meter N/m
kip per foot k/ft 14.5939 14.6 kilonewton per meter kN/m
kip per inch k/in. 175.127 175 kilonewton per meter kN/m
Length
foot ft 0.3048* 0.305 meter m
inch in. 25.4* 25.4 millimeter mm
mile mi 1.609344* 1.61 kilometer km
Mass
slug lb-s2/ft 14.5939 14.6 kilogram kg
Moment of a force; torque
pound-foot lb-ft 1.35582 1.36 newton meter N·m
pound-inch lb-in. 0.112985 0.113 newton meter N·m
kip-foot k-ft 1.35582 1.36 kilonewton meter kN·m
kip-inch k-in. 0.112985 0.113 kilonewton meter kN·m
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CONVERSIONS BETWEEN U.S. CUSTOMARY UNITS AND SI UNITS (Continued)
5
Temperature Conversion Formulas T(°C) [T(°F) 32] T(K) 273.15
9
5
T(K) [T(°F) 32] 273.15 T(°C) 273.15
9
9 9
T(°F) T(°C) 32 T(K) 459.67
5 5
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Traffic and
Highway
Engineering
ENHANCED Fif th Edition
SI Edition
Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel
University of Virginia
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some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
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Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
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Traffic and Highway Engineering, © 2020, 2015, 2009 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Enhanced Fifth Edition, SI Edition Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage
Nicholas J. Garber, Lester A. Hoel
WCN: 02-300
Product Director, Global Engineering: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the
Timothy L. Anderson copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or
by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law, without
Senior Product Assistant: Alexander Sham
the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Associate Marketing Manager: Tori Sitcawich
Cengage
20 Channel Center Street
Boston, MA 02210
USA
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This book is dedicated to our wives,
Ada and Unni
and to our daughters,
Alison, Elaine, and Valerie
and
Julie, Lisa, and Sonja
With appreciation for the support, help, and encouragement that we received
during the years that were devoted to writing this textbook.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents
P a r t 1 j Introduction 1
1 The Profession of Transportation 3
Importance of Transportation 3
Transportation History 6
Transportation Employment 15
Summary 21
Problems 22
References 23
P a r t 2 j Traffic Operations 51
3 Characteristics of the Driver, the Pedestrian,
the Bicyclist, the Vehicle, and the Road 53
Driver Characteristics 54
Perception-Reaction Process 57
Older Drivers’ Characteristics 58
vii
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viii Contents
Pedestrian Characteristics 58
Bicyclists and Bicycles Characteristics 59
Vehicle Characteristics 60
Road Characteristics 84
Summary 87
Problems 88
References 91
5 Highway Safety 151
Issues Involved in Transportation Safety 152
Strategic Highway Safety Plans 155
Performance Measures 185
Computational Procedures for Safety Effectiveness
Evaluation Methods 210
Crash Patterns 218
Effectiveness of Safety Design Features 223
Safety Effectiveness of Some Commonly
Used Highway Design Features 225
Safety Effects of Pedestrian Facilities 233
Safety Effects of Traffic Calming Strategies 236
Safety Impact of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) 247
Summary 248
Problems 249
References 251
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Contents ix
7 Intersection Design 307
Types of at-Grade Intersections 309
Design Principles for at-Grade Intersections 315
Design of Railroad Grade Crossings 356
Summary 362
Problems 363
References 366
8 Intersection Control 367
General Concepts of Traffic Control 370
Conflict Points at Intersections 370
Types of Intersection Control 371
Signal Timing for Different Color Indications 388
Freeway Ramps 438
Evaluation and Optimization of Intersection Timing Plans 443
Summary 444
Problems 444
References 447
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x Contents
Summary 581
Problems 581
References 582
P a r t 3 j Transportation Planning 583
11 The Transportation Planning Process 585
Basic Elements of Transportation Planning 586
Transportation Planning Institutions 595
Urban Transportation Planning 599
Forecasting Travel 606
Summary 622
Problems 623
References 624
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Contents xi
16 Highway Drainage 837
Surface Drainage 838
Highway Drainage Structures 839
Sediment and Erosion Control 841
Hydrologic Considerations 842
Unit Hydrographs 855
Hydraulic Design of Highway Drainage Structures 856
Subsurface Drainage 895
Summary 913
Problems 913
References 915
Additional Reading 916
18 Bituminous Materials 965
Sources of Asphalt 966
Description and Uses of Bituminous Binders 968
Properties of Asphalt Materials 971
Tests for Asphalt Materials 974
Asphalt Mixtures 989
Superpave Systems 1010
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xii Contents
Summary 1037
Problems 1037
References 1040
21 Pavement Management 1177
Problems of Highway Rehabilitation 1177
Methods for Determining Roadway Condition 1180
Pavement Condition Prediction 1194
Pavement Rehabilitation 1202
Pavement Rehabilitation Programming 1203
GIS and Pavement Management 1213
Summary 1214
Problems 1214
References 1216
Appendixes 1219
Index 1245
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Preface
xiii
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xiv Preface
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Preface xv
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xvi Preface
Acknowledgments
The success of our textbook has been a source of great satisfaction, because we believe
that it has contributed to the better understanding of highway transportation in all its
dimensions. We wish to thank our colleagues and their students for selecting this book
for use in transportation courses taught in colleges and universities throughout the
United States and abroad and for the many suggestions received during the preparation
of all five editions.
The authors are indebted to many individuals who assisted in reviewing various
chapters and drafts of the original manuscript and succeeding editions. We especially
wish to thank the following individuals for their helpful comments and suggestions:
Maher Alghazzawi, Edward Beimborn, Rakim Benekohal, David Boyce, Stephen
Brich, Chase Buchannan, Bernard Carlson, Christian Davis, Michael Demetsky,
Brian Diefenderfer, Stacey Diefenderfer, Conrad Dudek, Lily Elefteriadou, Thomas
Freeman, Ron Gallagher, Per Garder, Alan Gesford, Richard Gunther, Jiwan Gupta,
Jerome Hall, Kathleen Hancock, Marvin Hilton, Jotin Khisty, Lydia Kostyniak, Michael
Kyte, Feng-Bor Lin, Qun Liu, Yuan Lu, Tom Maze, Catherine McGhee, Kenneth
McGhee, Richard McGinnis, Carl Monismith, Thomas Nelson, Ken O’Connell, Jack
Page, Emelinda Parentela, Brian Park, Mofreh Saleh, Mitsuru Saito, Anthony Saka,
Gerald Seeley, Robert Smith, Hamid Soleymani, James Stoner, Ed Sullivan, James
Taylor, Egons Tons, Erol Tutumluer, Joseph Vidunas, Joseph Wattleworth, Peter Weiss,
W James Wilde, F. Andrew Wolfe, Hugh Woo, Lewis Woodsen, Robert Wortman, Shaw
Yu, Yihua Ziong, and Michael Zmuda.
We especially wish to thank James Wilde for his valuable contributions to the
Enhanced Fifth Edition.
In the preparation of the Fifth Edition and earlier editions as well, we received
reviews, comments and suggestions on individual chapters from several of our colleagues
who have special expertise in the topics covered. We are most grateful for their willing-
ness to devote this effort and for their help in validating and augmenting these chapters.
They are: Richard Boaz, Michael Fontaine, Arkopal Goswami, Winston Lung, John
Miller, Adel Sadek, and Rod Turochy.
We also received a significant number of helpful comments from the reviewers of the
Fourth Edition. We wish to thank them for their insightful comments and helpful sugges-
tions many of which have been incorporated into this book. They are: Montasir Abbas,
Virginia Tech, Mashrur Chowdhury, Clemson University, Shauna Hallmark, Iowa State
University, David S. Hurwitz, Oregon State University, Wesley Marshall, University of
Colorado, Sam Owusu-Ababio, University of Wisconsin-Platteville, Kevan Shafizadeh,
California State University, Sacramento, Anuj Sharma, University of Nebraska, Lincoln,
Edward Smaglik, Northern Arizona University, and Claudia Mara Dias Wilson, New
Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology.
We also wish to thank reviewers of the Fifth Edition for their valuable feedback.
They are: Rahim Benekohal, University of Illinois, Naveen Eluru, University of Cen-
tral Florida, Daba Gedafa, University of North Dakota, Michael Knodler, University of
Massachusetts - Amherst, Suzanne LePage, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Daiheng
Ni, University of Massachusetts - Amherst, Aleksandar Stevanovic, Florida Atlantic
University, and Hao Wang, Rutgers University.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface xvii
The many organizations cited herein that permitted us to include material from their
publications deserve special mention because, without their support, our book would
not have been a reality. We also wish to thank Timothy Anderson and Alexander Sham
for their guidance in the preparation of this enhanced edition, and Rose Kernan of RPK
Editorial Services for her Production skills.
Nicholas J. Garber
Lester A. Hoel
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si lues; statim Christianus ad leonem acclamatur». Il popolo romano
avea, a tale riguardo, privilegi speciali. Nel Digesto leggiamo: «Ad
bestias damnatos favore populi praeses dimittere non debet: sed si
eius roboris vel artificii sint, ut digne populo romano exhiberi possint,
principem consulere debet» [916].
Ai tempi dell’Impero i cittadini romani erano esenti per legge dalla
damnatio ad bestias; i Cristiani però furono ben presto condannati a
quella pena, qualunque si fosse la loro condizione. Così, ad
esempio, in Lione nell’anno 177, reclamante populo, fu condannato
ad bestias un Cristiano il quale era cittadino Romano. Gli stessi
Imperatori si dilettavano di siffatte condanne; e di Caligola si legge
che un giorno, non essendovi in pronto rei da darsi alle fiere, fè
prendere alcuni spettatori, e, sospintili nell’arena, diè compimento
allo spettacolo. E quanto più prendevan voga i giuochi anfiteatrali,
tanto più gli Imperatori cercarono di trovar materia onde più
frequentemente celebrarli; e fra i condannati ad bestias vennero
annoverati i parricidi, i fratricidi e i rei di lesa maestà: «Etsi antea
insuti culleo in mari praecipitabantur, hodie tamen vivi exuruntur vel
ad bestias dantur»; e dei rei di lesa maestà leggiamo: «Hi antea in
perpetuum aqua et igni interdicebantur; nunc vero humiliores bestiis
obiiciuntur, vel vivi exuruntur» [917].
Dagli scritti di Tertulliano e di altri scrittori apprendiamo che, alla fine
del secondo secolo, le pene da subirsi dai Cristiani erano
determinate dall’arbitrio dei magistrati; ma il fatto ci ha dimostrato
che fra quelle non era ultima la «damnatio ad bestias». Onde il
condannato venisse meglio dilaniato dalle belve, legavasi ad un
palo; e perchè gli spettatori meglio lo vedessero, il palo collocavasi
in un punto alquanto elevato. Così leggiamo di S. Policarpo, che
ricusò di essere legato (nel rogo) al palo [918]; di Saturo: ad ursum
substrictum..... in ponte [919]; di s. Blandina: Blandina vero ad palum
suspensa bestiis obiecta est [920]. Questo pulpito o ponte vedesi
rappresentato in varî cimelî; come, ad esempio, in una lampada di
Cartagine, illustrata dal P. Bruzza [921], nella quale vedesi il
disgraziato paziente legato ad un palo che sorge su di un ponte,
mentre un feroce leone lo assalisce per dilaniarlo.
Non sempre le belve uccidevano la vittima, perchè per lo più, anzi
che di ultimo supplicio, quella condanna serviva per torturare e far
soffrire il paziente, usandosi in tali casi di belve ammaestrate [922]. E
questa fu forse la ragione per cui s. Ignazio scriveva ai romani che
nutriva la speranza di trovare nelle belve tale disposizione, che non
gli perdonassero la vita.
È notissimo che i seguaci di Cristo si propagarono in un modo
straordinario; e non possiamo negare che il Cristianesimo,
specialmente in Roma, abbia avuto uno sviluppo rapido e trionfale.
In una lettera, che s. Paolo scrisse ai Romani nell’anno 58 di C.,
leggiamo il nome di un gran numero di fedeli, ai quali in gran parte
erano connesse intiere famiglie. In quella lettera si ricordano infatti i
coniugi Aquila e Prisca et domesticam Ecclesiam eorum; Epitteto,
Maria, Andronico, Giunia, Ampliato, Urbano, Stachyn, Apelle; quei
della casa di Aristobolo; Erodione; quei della casa di Narcisso,
Trifena e Trifosa, Perside, Rufo, Asincrito, Flegonte, Erma, Patroba,
Ermine, et qui cum eis sunt fratres; Filologo, Giulia, Nereo e la sua
sorella Olimpiade, et omnes qui cura eis sunt sanctos [923]; e nella
lettera ai Filippesi S. Paolo fa menzione di coloro, qui de Caesaris
domo sunt. Nell’anno 64 dell’êra nostra, al triste momento
dell’incendio neroniano, fu tradotta innanzi ai tribunali, secondo la
frase di Tacito, una multitudo ingens di Cristiani: frase, dice
l’Armellini [924] che ha fatto impazzire un povero scrittore straniero,
Hochart P. [925], il quale non sapendo, per odio al Cristianesimo,
accettare questa testimonianza, ha finito col sentenziare, Tacito
essere non un autore genuino, ma uno pseudonimo d’uno scrittore
del medio evo!!
Nè per la persecuzione la nuova fede perdè terreno; giacchè,
secondo la espressione di Tertulliano, semen est sanguis
Christianorum; e talmente s’ingrossarono le sue file, che poco
mancò che nell’anno 80, coi nipoti di Domiziano, il Cristianesimo non
salisse al trono dei Cesari. Esso combattè gloriosamente per due
secoli ancora, e si propagò in tal guisa, che secondo lo stesso
Tertulliano, se i Cristiani, ritenuti dai pagani per loro nemici, avessero
emigrato in remote parti dell’orbe, i gentili avrebbero avuti più nemici
da combattere che cittadini cui comandare [926].
Una prova materiale poi del gran progresso del Cristianesimo in
Roma, l’abbiamo finalmente nelle aree primitive e nei cimiteri
sotterranei. Nel solo raggio di cinque chilometri dal recinto di Servio
Tullio, e senza considerare le aree ed i cimiteri minori, noi troviamo
circa 30 cimiteri detti maggiori, i quali tutti furono iniziati non oltre il III
secolo inclusive.
Da quanto fin qui si è detto, possiamo dedurre:
1.º Che Nerone proscrisse la religione cristiana, e che colle sue leggi
si diè principio all’êra delle persecuzioni;
2.º Che i delitti connessi col nome cristiano erano puniti da quelle
leggi con varie pene, e fra queste non era ultima la damnatio ad
bestias;
3.º Che i Cristiani furono tradotti dinanzi ai tribunali, sia perchè
ricercati d’ufficio dai magistrati, sia perchè accusati dai delatores, o
pagani o ebrei o rinnegati fratelli;
4.º Che i seguaci di Cristo furono realmente condannati ad bestias;
ed abbiamo addotto, per incedens, qualche esempio [927];
5.º Che essendo i Cristiani a quei tempi in gran numero, numerose
pur dovettero essere le vittime, nel mondo pagano in genere, e nella
sua capitale in ispecie.
*
**
S. Ignazio,
S. Eustachio e famiglia,
S. Taziana,
Ss. Abdon e Sennen,
S. Martina,
Ss. CCLXII soldati,
Ss. Vito e Modesto,
Ss. Sempronio e compagni.
Fig. 14.ª