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Understanding Chinese Culture 1st ed. Edition Guobin Xu full chapter instant download
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U N D E R STA N D I N G
CHINESE
C U LT U R E
P H I LO S O P H Y
RELIGION
SCIENCE
T E C H N O LO G Y
Understanding
Chinese Culture
Philosophy, Religion, Science and Technology
Editors
Guobin Xu Yanhui Chen
Guangdong University of Foreign Guangdong University of Foreign
Studies Studies
Guangzhou, China Guangzhou, China
Lianhua Xu
Guangdong University of Foreign
Studies
Guangzhou, China
Translators
Kaiju Chen Xiyuan Xiong
Guangdong University of Foreign Sun Yat-sen University Press
Studies Guangzhou, China
Guangzhou, China
Wenquan Wu
Guangdong University of Foreign
Studies
Guangzhou, China
v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
vii
viii Contents
1.2 Religion 18
1.2.1 Taoism 18
1.2.1.1 Characteristics and Essential
Teachings of Taoism 19
1.2.1.2 Influence of Taoism on Chinese
Culture 20
1.2.2 Buddhism 21
1.2.2.1 Introduction and Sinicization
of Buddhism 21
1.2.2.2 Ongoing Relationship Between
Buddhism and Chinese Culture 22
1.2.3 Islam and Christianity 23
1.2.3.1 Introduction of Islam into China
and Its Development 23
1.2.3.2 Christianity in China: Its Beginning
and Development 25
References 27
5 Literature 107
5.1 An Overview107
5.1.1 Prose107
5.1.2 Poetry110
5.1.3 Drama113
5.1.4 Fiction114
5.2 The Famous Four Books and the Five Classics117
5.2.1 The Four Books118
5.2.1.1 The Confucian Analects 118
5.2.1.2 The Book of Mencius 118
5.2.1.3 The Great Learning 118
5.2.1.4 The Doctrine of the Mean 119
5.2.2 The Five Classics119
5.2.2.1 The Book of Songs 119
5.2.2.2 The Book of Documents 120
5.2.2.3 The Book of Rites 121
5.2.2.4 Zhou Yi: The Book of Changes
and Yi Zhuan 121
5.2.2.5 The Spring and Autumn Annals 122
5.3 Comments on Other Literary Classics122
5.3.1 Pre-Qin Era122
5.3.1.1 Chuci 122
5.3.1.2 Zuo Zhuan 123
5.3.1.3 Zhuangzi 123
5.3.1.4 Zhan Guo Ce 124
xii Contents
8 Sports 185
8.1 Ancient Sports185
8.1.1 Formation of Ancient Sports185
8.1.2 Evolution of Ancient Sports187
8.1.3 Origin and Development of Chinese
Martial Arts188
8.1.3.1 Chinese Martial Arts Before
the Twentieth Century 188
8.1.3.2 The Last 100 Years’ Developmental
Breakthroughs in Chinese Martial
Arts 189
8.2 Modern Sports: 1840–1949190
8.2.1 Spread of Modern Western Sports in China190
8.2.2 Modern Sports in the Republic of China Era191
8.2.2.1 Sports Theories 191
8.2.2.2 Sports Management System
and Regulations 191
8.2.2.3 Evolution of Sports Education System 192
8.2.2.4 Development of Competitive Sports 192
8.2.2.5 Advent of New Democratic Sports 193
8.3 Modern Sports Since 1949193
8.3.1 Establishment of the Modern Sports System194
8.3.2 Modern Mass Sports194
8.3.2.1 Workers’ Sports 194
8.3.2.2 Rural Sports 195
8.3.2.3 Minority Sports 195
8.3.2.4 National Defense Sports 195
8.3.3 Modern School Physical Education196
8.3.3.1 Administrative System of School
Physical Education 196
8.3.3.2 Development of School Physical
Education 196
8.3.4 Competitive Sports197
8.3.4.1 Establishment of Sports Management
System 197
8.3.4.2 Training Systems 197
8.3.4.3 Domestic Competition Systems
and National Athletic Meets 198
xvi Contents
9 Cultural Industries 207
9.1 What Is Cultural Industry?208
9.1.1 Definition of Cultural Industry208
9.1.2 Cultural Industries Classified209
9.1.3 Issues Concerning Classification of Cultural
Industries211
9.1.3.1 Classification of Cultural
Organizations 211
9.1.3.2 Culture-Related Services 211
9.1.3.3 Categorization of Cultural Industries 212
9.1.3.4 Definition of Marginal Cultural
Activities 212
9.2 History of Chinese Cultural Industries212
9.2.1 The Emergence of Chinese Cultural Industries212
9.2.2 Chinese Cultural Industries in the Making216
9.2.3 Development of Cultural Industries
in the Twenty-First Century217
9.2.3.1 The Momentum of Cultural Industries 218
9.2.3.2 Achievements in the Chinese Cultural
Industries Sector 219
9.2.3.3 Constructive Government Policies 223
9.2.3.4 Strategies and Future Prospects
for China’s Cultural Industries 226
References 228
Contents
xvii
10 National Spirit 231
10.1 National Characteristics versus National Spirit231
10.2 Evolution of a Chinese National Spirit232
10.2.1 Evolution Rules232
10.2.2 Integrated Diversity: Formation
and Development of the Chinese Nation233
10.2.2.1 The Environment 234
10.2.2.2 National Formation
and Development 234
10.2.3 Three Developmental Stages of the
National Spirit237
10.2.3.1 National Spirit of Ancient China 237
10.2.3.2 Foundations of the Modern
National Spirit 238
10.2.3.3 Contemporary National Spirit 241
10.3 Basic Forms of the Chinese National Spirit242
10.3.1 The Core: Patriotism242
10.3.2 Basic Forms242
10.3.2.1 Peace Espousal 242
10.3.2.2 Diligence and Courage 243
10.3.2.3 Constant Self-Improvement 243
10.3.3 Need for Continued Encouragement244
10.3.3.1 How Best to Enhance Cultural
Development 244
10.3.3.2 National Spirit Best Sensitized
Through Education 245
10.3.4 Purest Form for a Harmonious Society245
10.4 Contemporary Expansion of Chinese National Spirit246
10.4.1 How to Define Core Socialist Values246
10.4.1.1 Marxist Ideology: The Soul
of the System 247
10.4.1.2 Common Ideal for Socialism
with Chinese Characteristics 247
10.4.1.3 Spirit of the Times with Reform
and Innovation at the Core 247
xviii Contents
1.1.1.1 Taoism
This school of thought preached that the universe is an organic system
with endless vitality, and that the ultimate source of the universe is the Tao,
which impregnates and transcends everything. Taoism is best elaborated
by its two most famous masters: Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Laozi (580–500 BC): otherwise referred to as Li Er, was a native of Ku
County in the kingdom of Chu (now Luyi County, Henan Province).
Laozi served as the curator of the National Library in the Zhou dynasty
(1046–256 BC). Although born 30 years earlier than Confucius, it is
believed he once instructed Confucius on ethics. There are, in fact, three
Lao Zi recorded in Chinese history:
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