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INVENTION AND CRAFT
A Guide to College Writing
MLA Updated Edition
INVENTION AND CRAFT
A Guide to College Writing
MLA Updated Edition
Ronda Leathers Dively

Southern Illinois University Carbondale
INVENTION AND CRAFT: A GUIDE TO COLLEGE WRITING, MLA UPDATED EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2016 by
McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written consent of McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
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ISBN 978-1-259-98866-0
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Dively, Ronda Leathers.

Invention and craft : a guide to college writing / Ronda Leathers Dively, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale.
pages cm
ISBN 978-0-07-340603-9 (alk. paper)
1. English language—Rhetoric. 2. Report writing. 3. College readers. I. Title.
PE1408.D585 2015
808'.042—dc23
2014038968
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
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DEDICATION
To my family
Brief Contents
Preface xxii
Part ONE Creating Contexts for Understanding Composition 1
1 Composition and Creativity 1
2 Composing Processes and Creative Processes 17
3 Rhetorical Situations 33
4 Invention Strategies 53
5 Research Strategies 65
Part TWO Creating Texts That Inform 77
6 Introduction to Texts That Inform 77
7 Memoir 85
8 Profile 109
9 Report 131
10 Annotated Bibliography 163
Part THREE Creating Texts That Analyze 185
11 Introduction to Texts That Analyze 185
12 Writing-Process Analysis 191
13 Visual Analysis 207
14 Rhetorical Analysis 225
15 Literary Analysis 247

vi
Brief Contents vii
Part FOUR Creating Texts That Argue 277
16 Introduction to Texts That Argue 277
17 Research Proposal 287
18 Review 309
19 Position Paper 329
20 Problem-Solution Paper 347
Part FIVE Creating Presentation-Quality Final Products 373
21 Source Integration and Citation 373
22 Document Design 391
23 Revision and Editing 405
24 Peer and Instructor Review 421
25 Portfolios 431
Photo Credits 443

Text and Line Art Credits 444
Index 445
Contents
Preface xxii
Part ONE Creating Contexts for Understanding Composition 1
1 Composition and Creativity 1

Some Straight Talk about Composition Courses 2
The Search for Creativity in Expository Writing 3
Expository Writing and Other Creative Activities 4
Creativity and Self-Awareness 6
The Transfer of Composing Knowledge 8
Conditions for Knowledge Transfer 9
Routes for Knowledge Transfer in Composition 10
Processes Involved in Knowledge Transfer 11
Negative Transfer and Composing Myths 13
An Invitation to Create in Your Composition Course 13
2 Composing Processes and Creative Processes 17

A Composing Model 18
Invention 19
Drafting 21
Revision 22
Editing 23
Expository Writing as a Creative Act 24
The Creative Process Model 24
First Insight 25
Preparation 26
Incubation 26
Insight 27
Verification 28
viii
Contents ix
The Creative Process Model and Expository

Writing 28
Reflection and Your Development as a
Writer 29
3 Rhetorical Situations 33
Overlap between Creative and Expository
Writing 34
Creativity and the Rhetorical Situation 36
Rhetoric and Constructive Constraints 37
Elements of the Rhetorical Situation 40
Audience and Forum 40
Topic 42
Genre 44
Author’s Purpose 45
Author’s Role 46
Rhetorical Appeals 47
Ethos 47
Pathos 48
Logos 49
Rhetoric and Creative Drive 50
4 Invention Strategies 53
Prewriting Techniques 54
Unstructured Prewriting Techniques 55
Structured Prewriting Techniques 60
Invention beyond the Composition Classroom 63
5 Research Strategies 65
Research Methods 66
Primary Research 67
Secondary Research 71
Strategies for Managing Secondary
Research 74
Research, Invention, and Knowledge
Transfer 75
x Contents
Part TWO Creating Texts That Inform 77
6 Introduction to Texts That Inform 77

Purposes and Strategies for
Informing 78
Application in College and the
Workplace 81
7 Memoir 85
Distinguishing Features of a Memoir 86
Processes for Composing a Memoir 88
Invention toward First Insight 88
Preparation through Research 90
Invention toward More Focused Insight 91
Strategies for Drafting 93
Revision and Editing 95
Transfer to Other Writing Situations 96
READINGS 98
“One Writer’s Beginnings,” by Eudora Welty 98
“The Workers,” by Richard Rodriguez 102
8 Profile 109
Distinguishing Features of a Profile 110
Processes for Composing a Profile 111
READINGS 119
“From a Dream to Reality,” by Erin
Anderson, a First-Year Composition
Student 119
“Reinventing Rio,” by Alan Riding 122
Contents xi
9 Report 131
Distinguishing Features of a Report 132
Processes for Composing a Report 138
READINGS 143
“Mirror, Mirror on My Facebook Wall: Effects of Exposure to Facebook
on Self-Esteem,” by Amy L. Gonzales and Jeffrey T. Hancock 143
“The History and Psychology of Clowns Being Scary,” by Linda Rodriguez
McRobbie 153
10 Annotated Bibliography 163

Distinguishing Features of an Annotated Bibliography 165
Processes for Composing an Annotated Bibliography 168
READINGS 176
“Teen Dating Violence: A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography,”
by Priscilla Offenhauer and Alice Buchalter 176
“Design and the Social Sector: An Annotated Bibliography,” by Courtney
Drake and Deirdre Cerminaro with William Drenttel 179
Part THREE Creating Texts That Analyze 185
11 Introduction to Texts That Analyze 185

Purposes and Strategies for Analyzing 186
Application in College and the Workplace 187
xii Contents
12 Writing-Process Analysis 191

Distinguishing Features of a Writing-Process Analysis 192
Processes for Composing a Writing-Process Analysis 194
READINGS 202
“The Watcher at the Gates,” by Gail Godwin 202
“A Way of Writing,” by William Stafford 204
13 Visual Analysis 207

Distinguishing Features of a Visual Analysis 208
Processes for Composing a Visual Analysis 211
READINGS 217
“Is Team USA’s Militaristic Uniform a Problem?,” by
Paul Achter 217
“The Heritage of Berlin Street Art and Graffiti Scene,” by
Simon Arms 219
14 Rhetorical Analysis 225

Distinguishing Features of a Rhetorical Analysis 226
Processes for Composing a Rhetorical Analysis 229
Contents xiii
READINGS 234
“A More Perfect Union,” delivered by Senator Barack Obama on March 18,
2008 234
“Why It Worked: A Rhetorical Analysis of Obama’s Speech on Race,” by
Roy Peter Clark 241
15 Literary Analysis 247

Distinguishing Features of a Literary Analysis 248
Processes for Composing a Literary Analysis 253
READINGS 258
“ ‘Neither Can Live While the Other Survives’: The Driving Force of
Revenge in Harry Potter,” by Heidi Nielson 258
“Untold Story: The Lying Narrator in ‘The Black Cat,’ ” by Susan Amper 265
Part FOUR Creating Texts That Argue 277
16 Introduction to Texts That Argue 277

Purposes of and Strategies for Arguing 278
Tone 278
Structure 279
Logical Fallacies 281
Application in College and the Workplace 285
17 Research Proposal 287

Distinguishing Features of a Research Proposal 288
Introduction 290
Statement of Purpose 290
Projected Contributions 290
Literature Review 291
Research Methods 291
Conclusion 292
Works Cited or References 292
The Parts as a Whole 292
xiv Contents
Processes for Composing a Research Proposal 296

READINGS 301
“Exploring and Developing Stage Combat Methodologies,” by Whitney
Elmore, an Undergraduate Student 301
“The Evolution of Ethics,” by Matt Warren, an Undergraduate
Student 304
18 Review 309
Distinguishing Features of a Review 310
Processes for Composing a Review 314
READINGS 322
“ ‘Gris Grimly’s Frankenstein’ Revisits, Enhances Shelley’s Famous Tale,”
by Karen Sandstrom 322
“Old ‘Cosmos’ vs. New ‘Cosmos’: Who’s the King of the Universe?,” by
Chris Taylor 323
19 Position Paper 329

Distinguishing Features of a Position Paper 330
Processes for Composing a Position Paper 335
READINGS 341
“Homeschooling’s Liberalism,” by David Mills 341
“Educating Girls Is a Good Investment,” by Becky Smith Conover 344
Contents xv
20 Problem-Solution Paper 347

Distinguishing Features of a Problem-Solution Paper 348
Processes for Composing a Problem-Solution Paper 353
READINGS 359
“The Creativity Crisis,” by Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman 359
“It Can’t Happen Here: Why Is There So Little Coverage of Americans
Who Are Struggling with Poverty?,” by Dan Froomkin 366
Part FIVE Creating Presentation-Quality Final Products 373
21 Source Integration and Citation 373

Strategies for Meshing Sources 374
Summary 374
Paraphrase 375
Direct Quote 378
Synthesis 380
Strategies for Citing Sources 381
Logic of Citation in MLA and APA 382
MLA Internal Citations 382
MLA Works Cited Page Entries 383
APA Internal Citations 385
APA References Page Entries 386
Transfer across Writing Situations 389
22 Document Design 391

Emphasis 392
Bold Print 392
Italics (or Underlining) 393
Scare Quotes 394
xvi Contents
White Space 394

Paragraphs 395
Subheadings 395
Bulleted and Numbered Lists 396
Alignment 398
Images and Tables 399
Images 399
Tables, Charts, and Graphs 401
23 Revision and Editing 405

Revision 406
Criteria for Productive Revision 406
Processes for Revising 407
Editing 410
Common Surface Errors 410
Processes for Editing 418
24 Peer and Instructor Review 421

Invention Workshops 422
Peer Review 424
Instructor Feedback 426
Writing Center Visits 427
25 Portfolios 431
Portfolio-Based Composition Courses 432
Portfolio Content 433
Document Selection 434
Reflective Introduction 435
A Word about Procrastination 439
E-Portfolios 440
Photo Credits 443

Text and Line Art Credits 444
Index 445
List of Readings, Myths, and Genre Diagrams
Readings by Chapter
Chapter 7
“One Writer’s Beginnings,” by Eudora Welty 98
“The Workers,” by Richard Rodriguez 102
Chapter 8
“From a Dream to Reality,” by Erin Anderson, a First-Year Composition
Student 119
“Reinventing Rio,” by Alan Riding 122
Chapter 9
“Mirror, Mirror on My Facebook Wall: Effects of Exposure to Facebook
on Self-Esteem,” by Amy Gonzales and Jeffrey T. Hancock 143
“The History and Psychology of Clowns Being Scary,” by Linda
Rodriguez McRobbie 153
Chapter 10
“Teen Dating Violence: A Literature Review and Annotated
Bibliography,” by Priscilla Offenhauer and Alice Buchalter 176
“Design and the Social Sector: An Annotated Bibliography,” by
Courtney Drake and Deirdre Cerminaro with William Drenttel 179
Chapter 12
“The Watcher at the Gates,” by Gail Godwin 202
“A Way of Writing,” by William Stafford 204
Chapter 13
“Is Team USA’s Militaristic Uniform a Problem?,” by Paul Achter 217
“The Heritage of Berlin Street Art and Graffiti Scene,” by Simon
Arms 219
Chapter 14
“A More Perfect Union,” delivered by Senator Barack Obama on
March 18, 2008 234
“Why It Worked: A Rhetorical Analysis of Obama’s Speech on Race,”
by Roy Peter Clark 241
xvii
xviii List of Readings, Myths, and Genre Diagrams
Chapter 15
“‘Neither Can Live While the Other Survives’: The Driving Force of
Revenge in Harry Potter,” by Heidi Nielson 258
“Untold Story: The Lying Narrator in ‘The Black Cat,’” by Susan Amper 265
Chapter 17
“Exploring and Developing Stage Combat Methodologies,” by
Whitney Elmore, an Undergraduate Student 301
“The Evolution of Ethics,” by Matt Warren, an Undergraduate
Student 304
Chapter 18
“‘Gris Grimly’s Frankenstein’ Revisits, Enhances Shelley’s Famous
Tale,” by Karen Sandstrom 322
“Old ‘Cosmos’ vs. New ‘Cosmos’: Who’s the King of the Universe?,” by
Chris Taylor 323
Chapter 19
“Homeschooling’s Liberalism,” by David Mills 341
“Educating Girls Is a Good Investment,” by Becky Smith Conover 344
Chapter 20
“The Creativity Crisis,” by Po Bronson and Ashley Merryman 359
“It Can’t Happen Here: Why Is There So Little Coverage of Americans
Who Are Struggling with Poverty?,” by Dan Froomkin 366
Myth and Reality Boxes by Chapter

Chapter 1 5 14
Chapter 2 21 26
Chapter 3 36 44
Chapter 4 54
Chapter 5 67 74
Chapter 7 87
Chapter 8 110
Chapter 9 132
Chapter 10 168 171
Chapter 12 192
Chapter 13 212
Chapter 14 226
Chapter 15 248 255
Chapter 16 279
Chapter 17 288
Chapter 18 310
Chapter 19 335
List of Readings, Myths, and Genre Diagrams xix
Chapter 20 349
Chapter 21 375 375
Chapter 22 393 395
Chapter 23 409 410 412 414 418
Chapter 24 426 427 428
Chapter 25 435
Genre Diagrams by Chapter

Figure 6.1
Elements of an informative text 81
Figure 7.1
Key elements in a memoir 87
Figure 8.1
Relationships between elements of a profile 111
Figure 9.2
Some key features of a report 134
Figure 10.2
Path of development for an annotated bibliography 165
Figure 11.2
Elements of an analysis 188
Figure 12.1
Schematic for focusing a writing-process analysis 193
Figure 13.2
Schematic for conceiving a visual analysis 209
Figure 14.1
Interpretive lens for a rhetorical analysis 227
Figure 15.3
Elements of a literary analysis 250
Figure 16.3
Elements of the Toulmin system plotted in an argumentative essay 281
Figure 17.1
Role of a research proposal in the research process 289
Figure 18.3
Elements of a review 313
Figure 19.3
Elements of a position paper 332
Figure 20.3
Relationships between causes and solutions 355
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Invention and Craft: A Guide to College Writing 1st Edition Ronda Leathers Dively full chapter instant download

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Invention and Craft: A Guide to College

Writing 1st Edition Ronda Leathers

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Ronda Leathers Dively

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Dively, Ronda Leathers.

Part ONE Creating Contexts for Understanding Composition 1

1 Composition and Creativity 1

2 Composing Processes and Creative Processes 17

Part TWO Creating Texts That Inform 77

6 Introduction to Texts That Inform 77

10 Annotated Bibliography 163

Part THREE Creating Texts That Analyze 185

11 Introduction to Texts That Analyze 185

12 Writing-Process Analysis 191

13 Visual Analysis 207

14 Rhetorical Analysis 225

15 Literary Analysis 247

Part FOUR Creating Texts That Argue 277

16 Introduction to Texts That Argue 277

17 Research Proposal 287

19 Position Paper 329

20 Problem-Solution Paper 347

Part FIVE Creating Presentation-Quality Final Products 373

21 Source Integration and Citation 373

22 Document Design 391

23 Revision and Editing 405

24 Peer and Instructor Review 421

Photo Credits 443

Part ONE Creating Contexts for Understanding Composition 1

1 Composition and Creativity 1

2 Composing Processes and Creative Processes 17

The Creative Process Model and Expository

Part TWO Creating Texts That Inform 77

6 Introduction to Texts That Inform 77

10 Annotated Bibliography 163

Part THREE Creating Texts That Analyze 185

11 Introduction to Texts That Analyze 185

12 Writing-Process Analysis 191

13 Visual Analysis 207

14 Rhetorical Analysis 225

15 Literary Analysis 247

Part FOUR Creating Texts That Argue 277

16 Introduction to Texts That Argue 277

17 Research Proposal 287

Processes for Composing a Research Proposal 296

19 Position Paper 329

20 Problem-Solution Paper 347

Part FIVE Creating Presentation-Quality Final Products 373

21 Source Integration and Citation 373

22 Document Design 391

White Space 394

23 Revision and Editing 405

24 Peer and Instructor Review 421

Photo Credits 443

Myth and Reality Boxes by Chapter