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<>CENGAGE
THIRD
EDITION
DATABASE
PRINCIPLES
fundamentals of design,
piementation, and management
Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product
text may not be available in the eBook version.
/ 'CENGAGE
Cover Image(s): ©Vijay Kumar/Getty Images For product information and technology assistance,
contact us at emea.info@cengage.com
ISBN: 978-1-4737-6804-8
Glossary 912
Index 938
Preface xiii
Changes to the Third Edition xv
Acknowledgements xvi
About the Authors xvii
Walk Through Tour xviii
Dedication xx
Teaching and Learning Support Resources xxi
2 Data Models 34
Preview 34
2.1 The importance of data models 35
2.2 Data model basic building blocks 36
2.3 Business rules 37
2.4 The evolution of data models 39
2.5 Degrees of data abstraction 58
Summary 64
Key terms 65
Further reading 65
Review questions 65
Problems 66
vi Contents
Business Vignette: Using Data to Improve the Lives of Children and Women 163
Business Vignette: EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database for Disaster Preparedness 523
Business Vignette: The Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Data Scandal and the GDPR 707
Glossary 912
Index 938
We are excited to introduce the third edition of Database Principles, which is designed to provide a
solid and practical foundation for the design, implementation and management of database systems.
This foundation is built on the notion that, while databases are very practical things, their successful
creation depends on understanding the important concepts that define them.
This edition is suitable for a first course in databases at undergraduate level and will also provide
essential material for conversion postgraduate courses. Providing comprehensive and practical coverage
of core database concepts, it is an ideal text not only for those studying database management systems
in the context of computer science, but also those on courses in the areas of business technology,
introductory data science and data analytics.
■ Most difficult problems associated with database system management seem to be triggered
by poorly designed databases. It hardly seems worthwhile to use scarce resources to develop
excellent and extensive database system management skills in order to exercise them on crises
induced by poorly designed databases.
■ Design provides an excellent means of communication. Clients are more likely to get what they
need when database system design is approached carefully and thoughtfully. In fact, clients may
discover how their organisations really function once a good database design is completed.
■ Familiarity with database design techniques promotes one’s understanding of current database
technologies. For example, because data warehouses derive much of their data from operational
databases, data warehouse concepts, structures, and procedures make more sense when the
operational database’s structure and implementation are understood.
Because the practical aspects of database design are stressed, we have covered design concepts and
procedures in detail, making sure that the numerous end-of-chapter problems are sufficiently challenging
for students to develop real and useful design skills. We also make sure that students understand
the potential and actual conflicts between database design elegance, information requirements, and
transaction processing speed. For example, it makes little sense to design databases that meet design
xiv Preface
elegance standards while they fail to meet end-user information requirements. Therefore, we explore
the use of carefully defined trade-offs to ensure that the databases are capable of meeting end-user
requirements while conforming to high design standards.
This edition retains the use of UML (Unified Modelling Language) notation for data modelling.
Continual development by the Object Management Group has led to UML becoming an International
Standard (UML 2.5.1 is available as the 2017 edition standard: ISO/IEC 19505-1 and 19505-2), which
is continually reviewed. In keeping with the second edition, UML has continued to be used to produce
entity relationship models within this third edition. However, as organisations still use both Chen and
Crow’s Foot notation approaches to data modelling in order to maintain legacy systems, it is important
that familiarity is maintained. Appendix E, Comparison of ER Modelling Notations, contains coverage
of both these notations.
CHANGES TO THE THIRD EDITION
In this third edition, we have added some new features and continued to strengthen the already strong
database design coverage. Here are just a few of the highlights:
■ To support the growth of Big Data and NoSQL technology, we have added a new Chapter 16: Big
Data and NoSQL. The chapter focuses in greater depth on the characteristics of Big Data and the
technologies that have been developed to support its use, including Hadoop and MongoDB.
■ New and expanded coverage of data visualisation tools and techniques in Chapter 15, Databases
for Business Intelligence.
■ New and updated Business Vignettes to provide topical discussion points in the classroom.
■ Coverage of MongoDB with hands-on exercises for querying MongoDB databases (Appendix Q).
■ An additional appendix containing coverage of Neo4j with hands-on exercises for querying graph
databases (Appendix R).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The publisher acknowledges the contribution of the following lecturers, who provided invaluable
feedback on the second and third editions:
For this edition, I would like to say a special thanks to Pamela Quick, who previously worked as a
Senior Lecturer in the School of Computing, Maths and Digital Technology at Manchester Metropolitan
University. Her years of experience within the database field have been very valuable, specifically the
coverage of relational algebra.
On this third edition, I have been lucky to work with a very patient, supportive and professional
Publisher, Marinda Louw. Marinda provided fantastic support in answering all my emails. It has been
a pleasure working with you.
Last, and certainly not least, thank you to my family (my ohana) for your patience and support.
Keeley Crockett
January 2020
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Carlos Coronel is currently the Lab Director for the College of Business Computer Labs at Middle
Tennessee State University. He has over 25 years of experience in various fields as a Database
Administrator, Network Administrator, Web Manager and Technology Specialist, and has taught
courses in Web development, database design and development, and data communications at the
undergraduate and graduate levels.
Steven Morris completed his Bachelor of Science and PhD from Auburn University. He has taught
Database Design and Development, Database Programming with Advanced SQL and PL/SQL, Systems
Analysis and Design, and Principles of MIS at Middle Tennessee State University. Steven has published
many articles, and currently serves on the review boards of several journals.
Dr Craig Blewett has been researching and teaching in the area of Information Systems and Technology
in South Africa for over 25 years. His Masters explored the application of Artificial Intelligence to
database transaction management. His PhD, in education technology, resulted in the development of
the Activated Classroom Teaching (ACT) model, a unique approach to teaching with technology. Craig
is the founder of multiple technology companies and is the author of numerous books covering topics
such as computer literacy, database systems, teaching with technology, running, and active living. He
is also an internationally acclaimed speaker who is using his innovative approaches to help change
education in our rapidly changing digital world.
WALK-THROUGH TOUR
Business Vignettes illustrate the part topics with a Chapter Previews set the scene for the chapter and
genuine scenario and show how the subject integrates with provide an overview of the chapter’s contents.
the real world.
CHAPTERS
Relational Model
Characteristics
PREVIEW
Learning Objectives appear at the start of each chapter Online Content boxes draw attention to relevant material
to help you monitor your understanding and progress on the online platform for this book.
through each chapter. Each chapter also ends with a Notes highlight important facts about the concepts
summary section that recaps the key content for revision introduced in the chapter.
purposes.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"You will naturally ask why I am telling these facts now. I have
two reasons. Fortune has deserted me at last. I had intended to
reveal Guy's parentage when he stood in the dock so deeply stained
with crime that part of the odium he incurred would necessarily fall
upon you. More recently I determined that I would refrain from
putting that coping stone on the edifice of my revenge. Not out of any
misplaced tenderness for you. Do not think that. My reason was a
purely selfish one. My adopted son had somehow endeared himself
to me. I foresaw in him an ornament to my own profession. I became
sentimental and so, foolish. I thought he should always remain my
son. I forgot that he had your blood in his veins and I let him fall
under your influence. I forgot too that a girl can shatter the most
complete philosophy with a glance of her eyes. The young fool has
fallen in love with Meriel Challys, and the consequence is that he has
got into his head a ridiculous idea that he must deliver himself up to
justice in order to make amends for his legitimate spoiling of the
Egyptians, Flurscheim and yourself. He is proposing to do so within
the next forty-eight hours, so you may have time to prevent his
voluntary martyrdom—a martyrdom he will certainly regret, judging
from my own experience. Do not think, however, that I am only
animated by Guy's interests. I am still keenly alive to my own safety.
I have had quite enough of prison life, and am well prepared with
means of escape, though I do not desire to end my existence just
yet. Of course, if you care to sacrifice your son in order that I shall
not escape, that is your affair. Guy knows nothing of his parentage,
though I have taken steps to inform him of it should you fail to do so.
I shall not leave him entirely in your hands."
Captain Marven laid the letter down, and, dropping his face in
his hands, he groaned aloud. His heart was sick with anguish. His
long lost son was returned to him, but in what guise? By training, by
profession, he was a thief. Guy Marven, his son, a thief! The horror
of it was almost too great to be borne! It was the bitterest blow of his
life, far more bitter even than the blow which had fallen when his
baby boy had been stolen from him. If Lynton Hora could have
watched the effect produced by his communication, even his thirst
for revenge would have been satisfied. But more bitter even than the
knowledge of what his son had become was the realisation of the
burden of duty which the revelation thrust upon him. As he realised
his duty in the matter, Captain Marven's face was grey with anguish.
He had found his son only to lose him again—to lose him amongst
the yellow-garbed denizens of the convict prison. More, it was he
who must, with his own hand, send him to that outer darkness. God
grant that his son would be a man! God grant it! That was Captain
Marven's earnest prayer.
Then his wife and Meriel? What if they were to learn of Guy's
relationship. Captain Marven could only dimly conceive the effect
upon them.
The servant came again to announce that the cab was awaiting
him. Marven rose, but it was as a man ten years older than the one
who had opened Hora's letter ten minutes before. His face was lined,
and his hand tremulous, but his lips were set firmly. He saw his duty
plainly before him. There was only one path he could tread, even
though every step on that path gave him a fresh pang. But he must
see Guy first, before he took that step.
He entered the cab and was driven to the Albany. He was more
master of himself by the time he arrived. He wondered what he
should do if Guy should be absent from home, for the time at his
command was short. Within an hour he was due at the Foreign
Office.
Guy opened the door, and started with amazement at sight of
his visitor's face.
"Captain Marven!" he exclaimed. Then a great fear took
possession of him. "Meriel?" he gasped.
Marven grasped the intention of the query.
"Meriel was all right when I left her this morning," he replied.
Guy's relief was obvious. "Are you ill? Is anything the matter?"
he asked, as he closed the door behind the Captain, and followed
him into his sitting-room.
Marven was at a loss for words. Hora's letter was in his hand.
He held it out to Guy, and said huskily, "Read this."
"But——" interrupted Guy.
"No, read this," repeated Marven.
Guy took the letter. He recognised the handwriting, and he
wondered. His wonder gave place to amazement as he read.
Amazement was succeeded by horror, and, when he had finished
reading, the paper dropped from his hands, and he turned his face
away from the man who had brought it, in a vain endeavour to
conceal his emotion. He was hardly aware that a hand was laid on
his arm, until a voice, tremulous with emotion, said, "Guy, my son."
He disdained concealment then. He wheeled round and
clutched blindly at the two hands outstretched to meet his own.
"Father, forgive! forgive!" he muttered brokenly.
CHAPTER XXVII
DUTY CALLS
"Vivien,"
"The Guarded Flame," etc.
"A Confession,"
"The Widow," etc.