A Winter Training report on Jammu and Kashmir Transmission

Corporation Limited - JKPTCL (Kashmir)

132/33 KV SUBSTATION Habbak, Srinagar

An Internship Project Report Submitted in Partial requirement of

Bachelors in Technology (B-Tech) - Electrical Engineering

Under the Supervision of G.M Jeelani

(Junior Engineer - JKPTCL)

SUBMITTED BY

NAME OF THE STUDENT: Musharaf Aijaz Baba

ENROLLMENT: 2021BELE115
B-Tech 4th Sem
Regn No: 2021NITSGR1067
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work “Study of the 132/33 kV

Substation, Jammu and Kashmir Transmission Corporation Limited'' is
a bonafide work of MUSHARAF AIJAZ BABA Enrollment No: 2021BELE115,
an intern of JKPTCL carried out in partial fulfillment requirement for
the award of degree of BACHELORS IN TECHNOLOGY ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING from NIT Srinagar. This project is original and is not
submitted earlier for the award of any degree/diploma or associate
of any University/Institution.

Signature:_________________

Mr. Geelani
Project Coordinator

Place:________________

Date:_________________

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 DECLARATION

I, Musharaf Aijaz Baba, hereby declare that I'm the sole author of the
project titled “Study of the 132/33 kV Substation, Jammu and Kashmir
Transmission Corporation Limited” submitted to the Electrical
Engineering Department of, “NIT Srinagar” in fulfillment of the
requirement of the award of the degree of Bachelors in Technology
(Electrical Engineering). This is an original work carried out by me.
This project contains no material previously published or written by
any other person, except where due references are made.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Winter training plays an important role in exposing the real life

situation in an industry. It was a great experience for me to work on
training at Jammu and Kashmir POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION
LIMITED through which I could learn how to work in a professional
challenging environment.
Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been
a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my
summer training. I am sincerely grateful to Mr. Khalid(AEE) at 132/33
KV substation, Habbak (Srg) who rendered me his valuable
assistance. I wish my deep sense of gratitude to MR. Mr. Geelani
(Junior Engineer) whose affectionate guidance, teachings and
constant encouragement which made this training actually possible
has enabled me to complete this training successfully. I also wish my
deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Sheikh Javed Iqbal (HOD: EE
Department) and Training & Placement Officer Dr. Sheikh Shahid
Saleem and other faculty members whose guidance and
encouragement made my training possible and successful.

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 ROUGH DESCRIPTION OF HABBAK SUB-STATION

TYPE: Outdoor grid substation.

Incoming Line Voltage: 132 kV
Outgoing feeder Voltage: 33 kV

HABBAK substation receives power from Alustange (220kV) sub-station.

HABBAK Substation has Eleven (11) Circuits at 132 kV level:
1. BADAMPORA I & II
2. WAGANPOPRA I & II
3. CHASHMASHAHI I (Not in use)
4. BUS COUPLER
5. TRANSFORMERS - 3
6. ALUSTANGE I & II

HABBAK Substation has FOURTEEN 33kV Outgoing lines:

These transformers are of the 33kV Habbak substation. Which feeds the
supply to different areas.
There are Three Transformers in the substation:
I. 50 MVA, 132/33 kV = 3 nos.

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6
 Layout of Input Circuit of 132/33kV Habak Sub Grid Station
11 Bays at 132kV (7 Circuit bays, 3 Transformer bays and 1 BusBar Bay)

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The SLD (Single Line Diagram) of 132/33kV Habak Sub Grid Station
11 Input Circuits, 3 Transformers and 13 Output Circuits

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Introduction: The present-day electrical power system is based on
alternating current (AC) which means that the electric power is
generated, transmitted, and distributed in the form of alternating
current. Power stations, located in favorable places, are responsible for
generating the electricity. These power stations are generally located
quite far away from the consumers. The electricity is then delivered to
the consumers through a vast network of transmission and distribution
lines. At various points along this network, it may be necessary to
change some characteristics of the electric supply such as voltage,
frequency, power factor, etc. This is accomplished by the use of
specialized equipment, known as substations. For example, the voltage
at the power station is typically stepped up to high voltage (such as
220 KV or 132KV) for transmission over long distances. Once the
electricity reaches the vicinity of the consumers, the voltage is then
stepped down to a level that is suitable for use in homes and
businesses. Substations play a crucial role in ensuring that the electric
supply is safe and efficient for consumers.

Definition of substation: A substation is a facility used to switch, change

voltage levels, and control the flow of electrical energy in an electric
power system. It acts as a hub that connects high-voltage transmission
lines with lower-voltage distribution lines. The main components of a
substation include power transformers, switchgear, and control
equipment. The power transformers raise or lower the voltage level of
the electricity, switchgear is used to control the flow of electricity, and
control equipment is used to monitor and control the substation's
operations. Substations are typically located near population centers,
industrial areas, or other electrical loads. They play a critical role in the
safe and efficient distribution of electricity to homes and businesses.

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They also play an important role in maintaining the stability of the
power system by regulating the flow of electricity and helping to
prevent blackouts. Overall, substations are key components of an
electrical power system, they help to ensure the safe and efficient
distribution of electricity to consumers, and play a critical role in
maintaining the stability of the power system.

About the substation: The substation in HABBAK is a critical component

of the Srinagar electricity division as it supplies power to the local
industrial area and surrounding neighborhoods. The substation plays a
crucial role in ensuring a safe and reliable supply of electricity to the
local community. One of the most important aspects of any substation
is its grounding or earthing system. A proper grounding system is
essential for the safety of the operation personnel as well as for proper
system operation and performance of the protective devices. The
substation in HABBAK is equipped with an earthing mat buried at a
suitable depth below ground and supplemented with ground rods at
suitable points. This earthing system is designed to ground the extra
high voltage to the ground, ensuring the safety of the operation
personnel and the proper operation and performance of the
protective devices. This is important because it is dangerous to go near
the substation equipment without proper grounding. If the instruments
are not grounded properly, they may give a huge shock to anyone
who would stay near it and also it is dangerous for the costly Instrument
as they may be damaged by this high voltage. In summary, the
substation in HABBAK is a critical component of the Srinagar electricity
division as it supplies power to the local industrial area and surrounding
neighborhoods. The substation's grounding or earthing system is one of
the most important aspects of the substation as it ensures the safety of

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the operation personnel as well as for proper system operation and
performance of the protective devices. A proper earthing system is
important to avoid dangerous shocks and to protect the costly
instruments from damage.

Site Selection & Layout 132 KV Substation: Site selection and layout are
crucial steps in the design and construction of a 132 KV substation. The
first step in selecting a site for a substation is to determine the load
requirements and the required capacity of the substation. This
information is used to determine the size and number of transformers,
switchgear, and other equipment needed for the substation. Once the
load requirements are known, potential sites can be evaluated based
on factors such as location, land availability, zoning, and
environmental considerations. The layout of a substation is also an
important factor to consider during the design and construction phase.
The layout of the substation should be designed to optimize the
functionality and safety of the substation while minimizing the impact
on the surrounding area. The layout of the substation should be
designed with safety in mind, ensuring that all equipment is located in a
safe and accessible location. Additionally, the substation layout should
be designed to minimize the impact on the surrounding area, both
visually and environmentally. In summary, site selection and layout are
important steps in the design and construction of a 132/33 KV
substation. The site should be selected based on load requirements
and the potential sites should be evaluated based on factors such as
location, land availability, zoning and environmental considerations.
The layout of the substation should be designed to optimize
functionality and safety, minimizing the impact on the surrounding area
both visually and environmentally.

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Selection of Site:

1. Load requirements: The site for a grid substation should be

selected based on the load requirements and the required
capacity of the substation. This information is used to determine
the size and number of transformers, switchgear, and other
equipment needed for the substation.
2. Proximity to transmission lines: The site should be close to existing
transmission lines to minimize the cost and complexity of
connecting the substation to the grid.
3. Availability of land: The site should have sufficient land area to
accommodate the substation and allow for future expansion if
needed.
4. Accessibility: The site should have good road access for the
delivery and installation of equipment, and for maintenance and
repair work.
5. Environmental factors: The site should be evaluated for
environmental factors such as flood risk, proximity to wetlands,
and potential impact on wildlife.
6. Zoning: The site should be in an area that is zoned for industrial or
commercial use.
7. Power transmission capacity: The site should have the power
transmission capacity and infrastructure to support the substation
and the surrounding area.
8. Cost: The site should be cost-effective in terms of land acquisition,
construction, and ongoing maintenance costs.

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 9. Safety: The site should be safe for the operation personnel and
the surrounding community, it should be away from residential
areas and public places.
10. Future expansion: The site should have the ability to
accommodate future expansion if the substation needs to be
expanded in the future.

Equipments in a 132KV Sub-Station:

A 132 KV substation is a facility that is used to switch, change voltage
levels, and control the flow of electrical energy in an electric power
system. The main components of a 132 KV substation include power
transformers, switchgear, circuit breakers, current and voltage
transformers, and protective relays. The power transformers are used to
raise or lower the voltage level of the electricity, the switchgear is used
to control the flow of electricity, and the circuit breakers are used to
open or close an electrical circuit, and to protect the substation
equipment from damage due to overcurrents or short circuits. Current
and voltage transformers are used to measure the current and voltage
in the substation and to provide signals to the control and protection
equipment. Protective relays are used to protect the substation
equipment and the transmission and distribution lines from damage
due to faults or abnormal conditions. All of these equipment work
together to ensure the safe and efficient distribution of electricity to
homes and businesses. A132KV EHV Substation has the following major
equipments:-

1) Bus-bar :- A bus bar is a metallic strip or bar that is used to make

electrical connections in a substation. It serves as a common
connection point for multiple circuits and equipment, such as

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transformers and switchgear. Bus bars are typically made of copper or
aluminum and are used to distribute electrical power within the
substation. They can be found in both indoor and outdoor substations
and are typically located in a substation's switchgear room. In a
substation, bus bars are connected to the incoming power lines and
then to the substation's equipment, such as transformers and
switchgear. The bus bar is used to transfer electrical power between
the incoming power lines and the substation's equipment, allowing the
substation to control and distribute the electrical power as needed. Bus
bars are also used to connect different sections of the substation
together, allowing power to flow between them. In summary, a bus bar
is a metallic strip or bar that serves as a common connection point for
multiple circuits and equipment in a substation, it is used to distribute
electrical power within the substation and connect different sections of
the substation together. It is typically located in the substation's
switchgear room and made of copper or aluminum. It plays a crucial
role in controlling and distributing the electrical power as needed in the
substation.

2) Insulators:- An insulator in a substation is a

device that is used to electrically isolate different
parts of the substation. It is a non-conductive
material that is used to separate live electrical
parts from ground or other parts that are not
intended to carry electrical current. Insulators are
typically made of ceramic, glass, or composite
materials, and are designed to withstand high
temperatures, mechanical stresses, and

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environmental factors such as extreme weather and pollution. In a
substation, insulators are typically used to separate high voltage
equipment from ground, to electrically isolate different parts of the
substation and to protect the substation equipment and personnel
from electrical shock. Insulators are used on transmission and
distribution lines, on bus bars, on transformers and on switchgear. They
are also used to support overhead power lines and to provide
electrical isolation between the conductor and the supporting
structure. In summary, an insulator in a substation is a non-conductive
material that is used to separate live electrical parts from ground or
other parts that are not intended to carry electrical current. It is used to
separate high voltage equipment from ground, to electrically isolate
different parts of the substation and to protect the substation
equipment and personnel from electrical shock. Insulators are typically
made of ceramic, glass, or composite materials, and are designed to
withstand high temperatures, mechanical stresses, and environmental
factors such as extreme weather and pollution. The different types of
insulators are: 89A, 89B, 89L, 89T. The 89 A, B, T, and L types of isolators
are used as electrical insulation materials in high-voltage electrical
equipment such as transformers, switchgear, and other electrical
components.
● 89A is a high-temperature-resistant type of electrical insulation
material that is commonly used in high-voltage transformers and
other electrical equipment.
● 89B is a type of electrical insulation material with high mechanical
strength and good electrical insulation properties.
● 89T is a type of electrical insulation material with good thermal
stability and excellent electrical insulation properties.

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 ● 89L is a type of electrical insulation material with high dielectric
strength and excellent resistance to heat, moisture, and
chemicals.

3) Isolating Switches:- An Isolating Switch, also known as a disconnect

switch, is a type of switch that is used in a substation to isolate electrical
equipment from the power source. It is used to physically disconnect a
section of the substation from the power source, allowing for safe
maintenance and repair work to be carried out. Isolating switches are
typically used in conjunction with other types of switchgear such as
circuit breakers, fuses, and protective relays. An isolating switch is an
important safety feature in a substation as it allows for the isolation of
equipment or sections of the substation without affecting the power
supply to other parts of the substation. It also allows for the section of
substation to be taken out of service for maintenance or repair while
the other parts of the substation continue to operate. Isolating switches
are available in different types, such as knife switch, knife blade switch,

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rotary switch, and link switch. They are designed to withstand the high
voltage and current levels found in substations, and are typically made
of materials such as copper, aluminum, or stainless steel.

4) Circuit breaker:- A circuit breaker is a type of switch that is used to

protect electrical equipment and systems from damage due to
overcurrents or short circuits. It is an automatic device that is designed
to interrupt the flow of electrical current in a circuit when an abnormal
or unsafe condition is detected. Circuit breakers are typically found in
substations, power plants, and other electrical distribution systems.
Circuit breakers work by sensing abnormal electrical conditions, such as
overcurrents or short circuits, and quickly interrupting the flow of
electrical current. This prevents damage to the electrical equipment
and systems, and helps to prevent fires and other hazards. Circuit
breakers can be manually operated, or they can be automatically
operated by sensors that detect abnormal conditions. There are
different types of circuit breakers such as, oil circuit breaker, air circuit
breaker, SF6 Circuit breaker, Vacuum Circuit breaker. They are
designed to handle different levels of voltage and current, and are
used in a variety of applications such as residential, commercial and
industrial electrical systems. The major types of circuit breakers are
discussed below:

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1. Oil Circuit Breaker: These circuit breakers use oil as an insulating
medium and a coolant. They are typically used in high voltage
power transmission systems, as they can handle large amounts of
current and have a long service life.
2. Air Circuit Breaker: These circuit breakers use compressed air as
an insulating medium. They are typically used in medium voltage
power distribution systems, and are known for their compact size,
low maintenance requirements, and high interruption capacity.
3. SF6 Circuit Breaker: These circuit breakers use sulfur hexafluoride
gas (SF6) as an insulating and arc-quenching medium. They are
typically used in high voltage power transmission systems, as they
have a high interruption capacity, are highly reliable, and have a
long service life.

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 4. Vacuum Circuit Breaker: These circuit breakers use a vacuum as
an insulating medium and an arc-quenching medium. They are
typically used in medium voltage power distribution systems, and
are known for their compact size, high interruption capacity, and
high reliability.
5. Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB): These are small circuit breakers
that are used to protect electrical circuits in residential and
commercial buildings. They are designed to protect against
overcurrents and short circuits and are typically used for low
voltage electrical systems.
6. Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB): These are larger circuit
breakers that are used to protect electrical circuits in industrial
and commercial buildings. They are designed to protect against
overcurrents and short circuits and are typically used for medium
voltage electrical systems.
7. Low Voltage Circuit Breaker (LVCB): These are circuit breakers
that are used to protect low voltage electrical systems such as
those found in residential and commercial buildings. They are
designed to protect against overcurrents and short circuits and
are typically used for low voltage electrical systems.

5) Protective relays:- Protective relays are devices that are used to

detect abnormal or unsafe conditions in an electrical power system,
and to quickly respond by isolating the affected area to prevent
damage to equipment or injury to personnel. They are used in electrical
distribution and transmission systems, including substations, power
plants, and transmission and distribution lines. They are designed to
detect and respond to a wide range of abnormal conditions, such as

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overcurrents, undercurrents, short circuits, ground faults, and voltage
faults.
There are several important types of protective relays used in electrical
distribution and transmission systems, including:
1. Overcurrent Relays: These relays are used to detect overcurrents
in a circuit, and to quickly open the circuit to prevent damage to
equipment. They are typically used in conjunction with fuses or
circuit breakers to provide additional protection.
2. Distance Relays: These relays are used to protect transmission and
distribution lines from faults. They are designed to detect the
location of a fault along a transmission or distribution line, and to
quickly isolate the affected area to prevent damage.
3. Differential Relays: These relays are used to detect ground faults in
a circuit, and to quickly open the circuit to prevent damage to
equipment. They work by comparing the current flowing through
a protected circuit to the current flowing through a reference
circuit, and are typically used in conjunction with overcurrent
relays to provide added protection.
4. Under-Voltage Relays: These relays are used to detect
under-voltage conditions in a circuit, and to quickly open the
circuit to prevent damage to equipment. They are typically used
in conjunction with over-voltage relays to provide added
protection.
5. Distance Relays: These relays are used to detect faults on a
transmission or distribution line, and to quickly isolate the affected
area to prevent damage. They work by measuring the voltage
and current on a transmission or distribution line, and are typically
used in conjunction with other types of relays to provide added
protection.

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 6. Distance protection relay: These relays are used to detect faults
on transmission lines and to quickly isolate the affected area to
prevent damage. They work by measuring the voltage and
current on a transmission line, and are typically used in
conjunction with other types of relays to provide added
protection.
7. Directional overcurrent relay: These relays are used to detect
overcurrents in a circuit, and to quickly open the circuit to
prevent damage to equipment. They are typically used in
conjunction with fuses or circuit breakers to provide additional
protection.
All these protective relays play a crucial role in ensuring the safe and
efficient operation of electrical distribution and transmission systems by
detecting abnormal conditions and quickly isolating the affected area
to prevent damage to equipment or injury to personnel.

6) Instrument Transformers: Instrument transformers are devices that are

used to step down or isolate high voltage and/or high current levels in
an electrical power system, so that they can be safely measured and
controlled by electrical instruments and control devices. They are used
in a variety of applications, such as power generation, transmission,
and distribution. There are two main types of instrument transformers:
current transformers (CTs) and voltage transformers (VTs).
Instrument transformers are typically used in electrical substations,
power plants, and other electrical distribution systems. They are
designed to be highly accurate, reliable, and safe, and are typically
made of materials such as copper, aluminum, or stainless steel. They
are also designed to withstand the high temperatures, mechanical

21
stresses, and environmental factors found in these types of
applications.
● Current Transformer:- Current transformers (CTs) are a type of
instrument transformer that are used to step down high current
levels in an electrical power system so that they can be safely
measured by electrical instruments. They are typically used in
conjunction with ammeters, wattmeters, and other types of
current measuring devices.

Current transformers are typically used in electrical substations, power

plants, and other electrical distribution systems. They are designed to
provide a secondary current output that is proportional to the primary
current input, while isolating the primary circuit from the measurement
or control circuit.
The specifications of a current transformer are largely dependent on
the voltage level and the current level of the system it is used in.

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For example, the specifications of a 132kV current transformer would
typically include:
-Primary current rating: up to 4000 A
-Secondary current rating: 5A or 1A
-Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
-Accuracy class: 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0
-Insulation level: 132kV
-Short-time thermal current rating: up to 50 kA
-Short-time mechanical current rating: up to 100 kA

Similarly, the specifications of a 33kV current transformer would typically

include:
-Primary current rating: up to 4000 A
-Secondary current rating: 5A or 1A
-Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
-Accuracy class: 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0
-Insulation level: 33kV
-Short-time thermal current rating: up to 25 kA
-Short-time mechanical current rating: up to 50 kA

It's important to note that the above specifications are just an example
and may vary depending on the manufacturer. It's always best to
consult the manufacturer's data sheet for the specific CT being used to
ensure the correct specifications are being considered.

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● Potential transformers:- Potential transformers (PTs) are a type of
instrument transformer that are used to step down or isolate high
voltage levels in an electrical power system so that they can be
safely measured by electrical instruments. They are typically used
in conjunction with voltmeters, wattmeters, and other types of
voltage measuring devices.

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Potential transformers are typically used in electrical substations, power
plants, and other electrical distribution systems. They are designed to
provide a secondary voltage output that is proportional to the primary
voltage input, while isolating the primary circuit from the measurement
or control circuit.

The specifications of a potential transformer are largely dependent on

the voltage level and the current level of the system it is used in.

For example, the specifications of a 132kV potential transformer would

typically include:
-Primary voltage rating: up to 132kV
-Secondary voltage rating: 110V or 115V

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-Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
-Accuracy class: 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0
-Insulation level: 132kV
-Short-time thermal current rating: up to 25 kA
-Short-time mechanical current rating: up to 50 kA

Similarly, the specifications of a 33kV potential transformer would

typically include:
-Primary voltage rating: up to 33kV
-Secondary voltage rating: 110V or 115V
-Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
-Accuracy class: 0.2, 0.5, or 1.0
-Insulation level: 33kV
-Short-time thermal current rating: up to 25 kA
-Short-time mechanical current rating: up to 50 kA.

In summary, instrument transformers are devices that are used to step

down or isolate high voltage and/or high current levels in an electrical
power system, so that they can be safely measured and controlled by
electrical instruments and control devices. The two main types of
instrument transformers are current transformers and voltage
transformers. They are typically used in electrical substations, power
plants, and other electrical distribution systems and are designed to be
highly accurate, reliable, and safe.

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7) Metering and Indicating Instrument:- Metering and indicating
instruments are devices that are used to measure and display various
electrical quantities such as voltage, current, power, energy, and
frequency in an electrical power system. They are used in a variety of
applications, such as power generation, transmission, distribution, and
industrial control systems. Several types of metering and indicating
instruments are: Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeters, Energy meters,
Frequency meters, Power factor meters.

8) Miscellaneous equipment:- In addition to above, there may be

following equipment in a Substation :
i) Fuses
ii) Carrier-current equipment

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iii)Substation auxiliary supplies

9) Transformer: A transformer is an electrical device that is used to

transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another by means of
electromagnetic induction. It works on the principle of electromagnetic
induction, which states that an electrical current in one circuit can
induce a voltage in another circuit that is magnetically linked to it.
There are two types of circuit in a transformer, the primary winding and
the secondary winding, which are magnetically linked by a core.

Basic Principle:
The basic principle of operation of a transformer is based on the fact
that an alternating current in the primary winding of the transformer
induces an alternating electromotive force (EMF) in the secondary
winding. The voltage in the secondary winding is determined by the
ratio of the number of turns in the primary winding to the number of
turns in the secondary winding, known as the turns ratio.

28
In summary, a transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another by means of electromagnetic induction, it
works by using the basic principle of electromagnetic induction which
states that an electrical current in one circuit can induce a voltage in
another circuit that is magnetically linked to it. The transformer has two
circuits, the primary and the secondary winding and the voltage in the
secondary winding is determined by the ratio of the number of turns in
the primary winding to the number of turns in the secondary winding.

Accessories of a transformer: There are several accessories that are

commonly used in conjunction with transformers to enhance their
performance and safety. Some of the most common transformer
accessories include:

Oil Conservator: It is used to provide a sealed chamber that separates

the transformer's oil from the air, and maintains a constant oil level in
the transformer.

Breather: It helps in maintaining the correct pressure inside the

transformer tank, and allows the air to circulate through the transformer
to cool it down.

Buchholz Relay: It is a safety device that monitors the transformer's oil

level and pressure, and sends an alarm signal if there is an abnormal
condition.

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Temperature Indicator: It is used to measure the temperature of the
transformer's oil and windings, and sends an alarm signal if the
temperature exceeds a certain limit.

Current Transformer (CT): It is used to measure the current flowing in the

primary winding of the transformer, and is typically used in conjunction
with an ammeter.

Potential Transformer (PT): It is used to measure the voltage across the

primary winding of the transformer, and is typically used in conjunction
with a voltmeter.

Lightning Arrester: it is used to protect the transformer from lightning

strikes and power surges.

Surge Diverter: it is used to protect the transformer from voltage

transients, which can cause damage to the transformer's windings.

Bushing: it is used to provide an insulated connection between the

transformer and the external circuit.

Oil level Indicator: It is used to monitor the oil level in the transformer
tank and give a visual indication of the oil level.

Fuse: it is used to protect the transformer from overcurrents and

short-circuits.

Tap Changer: A tap changer is a device that is used to change the

turns ratio of a transformer. It is typically used in conjunction with a

30
transformer to adjust the voltage level of the output voltage. This allows
the transformer to be more versatile, and can be used in a variety of
applications.

All these accessories play an important role in ensuring the safe and
efficient operation of the transformer and protecting it from damage.
It's important to use the correct accessories for the transformer and to
maintain them properly to ensure the transformer's longevity and
reliability.

Specification of a 132/33 kV Transformer: The specifications of a 132/33

kV transformer will vary depending on the manufacturer and the
specific application, but some common specifications include:

1. Rated voltage: 132 kV primary and 33 kV secondary

2. Rated power: typically in the range of 50 MVA to 200 MVA
3. Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
4. Cooling method: typically oil-immersed, with options such as
ONAN (Oil - Natural Air Natural) or ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced).
5. Insulation level: typically 132 kV and 33 kV
6. Temperature rise: typically within the range of 55°C to 65°C
7. Short-circuit impedance: typically around 5%
8. No-load loss: typically around 1% to 2% of the rated power
9. Load loss: typically around 3% to 5% of the rated power
10. Tapping range: typically ±5% or ±2.5%
11. Vector group: typically Dyn11 or YNd11
12. Noise level: typically around 70 dB to 75 dB
13. Weight: typically around 150 tons to 250 tons
14. Standard: IEC or IEEE

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 15. Life expectancy: typically around 25 years to 30 years

It's important to note that the above specifications are just an example
and may vary depending on the manufacturer. It's always best to
consult the manufacturer's data sheet for the specific transformer
being used to ensure the correct specifications are being considered.

Power transformers: Power transformers are a type of electrical

transformer that are used to transfer electrical energy from one voltage
level to another in an electrical power system. They are typically used
in power generation, transmission, and distribution systems to step up or
step down the voltage level of the electrical energy being transferred.
Power transformers are designed to handle large amounts of power,
usually in the range of several megawatts to several gigawatts.

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Power transformers are typically used in high voltage power systems,
such as those used in power generation and transmission. They are
designed to handle high voltage levels, typically in the range of several
kilovolts to several hundred kilovolts. They can be used to step up or
step down the voltage level of the electrical energy being transferred.

Power transformers typically have two or more windings, the primary

winding and the secondary winding. The primary winding is connected
to the source of electrical energy and the secondary winding is
connected to the load. The transformer changes the voltage level by
using the principle of electromagnetic induction. The ratio of the
number of turns in the primary winding to the number of turns in the
secondary winding is known as the turns ratio.

Power transformers are a critical component in any electrical power

system, and their proper operation is essential for the safe and efficient
transfer of electrical energy. They need to be designed and
manufactured to withstand the rigorous demands of high voltage
power transmission and distribution systems.

Difference between a Transformer and Power Transformer: Here is a

tabular comparison of the differences between a normal transformer
and a power transformer:

Feature Normal Transformer Power Transformer

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 Typically handles large amounts of power,
Can handle a wide range of power ratings,
Power rating typically in the range of several
from a few watts to several megawatts
megawatts to several gigawatts

Typically used in high voltage power

Can be used in a wide range of voltage levels,
Voltage level systems, typically in the range of several
from low voltage to high voltage
kilovolts to several hundred kilovolts

Can be used in a wide range of applications,

Primarily used in power generation,
Applications including industrial control systems, power
transmission and distribution systems
distribution systems, and electronic circuits

Typically larger in size than regular

Size Can vary in size
transformers

Typically designed and manufactured to

Standard Not necessary to meet specific standard meet specific standards such as IEC or

IEEE

It's important to note that the above differences are just general
guidelines, and there may be some overlap in the applications and
specifications of the two types of transformers. The primary purpose of
a power transformer is to step up or step down the voltage level of the

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electrical energy being transferred in power systems, while a
transformer can be used for any application that requires the transfer
of electrical energy from one circuit to another.

How faults are identified and rectified

Faults in substations can occur due to a variety of reasons such as
equipment failure, lightning strikes, and human error. To identify and
rectify these faults, substations use a combination of protective devices
and monitoring systems.

Protective Devices: These devices, such as Circuit breaker, isolating

switches and fuses, are used to automatically detect and isolate the
faulted equipment or section of the substation. This helps to minimize
the impact of the fault on the rest of the power system.

Monitoring Systems: These systems, such as protective relays and

metering instruments, are used to monitor the voltage, current, and
power flow in the substation. They can detect abnormal conditions and
send alarm signals to the substation operator.

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Fault Location: Once the fault is isolated and the location of the fault is
identified, the substation operator can use the monitoring systems to
determine the location of the fault. This is usually done by measuring
the current and voltage at different locations in the substation and
comparing them to normal values.

Rectification: Once the location of the fault is identified, the substation

operator can take appropriate actions to rectify the fault. The faulted
equipment or section is repaired or replaced and the substation is
returned to normal operation.

It is important to note that the substation operators will have detailed

procedures and protocols to follow when identifying and rectifying
faults in order to ensure the safety of the personnel and equipment and
to minimize the impact on the power system.

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How HABBAK substation works:

1. Input to the substation from 220 kV Alustang Grid:

The HABBAK substation receives input from Alustang 220kV. The Three
phase circuit first passes through the LA, which limits the rise in voltage
when a communications or power line is struck by lightning or is near to
a lightning strike. After LA, the transmission lines pass through CTs and
PTs, a CT lowers the current signals for measurement purposes, while a PT
lowers high voltage values into lower ones. After these the line passes through
the Isolator 89T then 89B, 89A then to circuit breaker and at last 89L. The 89A and
89L isolators are always in closed position and 89T and 89B are in open position.
Through the 89L, the transmission lines go to transformers and to the control room
where further connections are monitored, to rectify any fault in future.

The HABBAK substation has 11 circuits on 132kV. These are:

1. Alustange I & II.

2. Badampora I & II
3. Wganpora I & II
4. 3 Power Transformers
5. Chashmashahi I
6. Bus Coupler I

Every circuit in a substation requires protection from different faults, and thus a
piece of land in which protection is installed for a particular circuit is called a
BAY. A BAY can also be defined as a power line within an electrical
substation which connects a circuit (such as a power line or
transformer) to a busbar.

A BAY has components discussed earlier i.e; LAs, CTs, PTs, 4 Isolators,
Circuit Breaker.

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 The transmission line which goes
to the transformer first passes
through the bushing of the
transformer, then the transformer
steps the voltage down from 132
kV to 33 kV which is then sent
forward to different localities and
areas. To some circuits the
voltage is not stepped down
and is sent to 9 other circuits on
the same level, which includes
Wganpora I & II, Chashmashahi - I,
Badampora I & II, Bus Coupler I, 3
Power Transformers.

2. Output from the substation:

The output from the Habak Sub
Grid station is at 33kV. This output
goes to the following receiving
stations:

1. Ellahi Bagh
2. Habak
3. Lalbazar
4. Ganderbal
5. Zakoora
6. Banks

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 7. Capacitor Banks
8. Auxiliary Bay
9. Spare Bay

These Circuits have their particular Bays, from their connections

established from the 50MVA Transformers to their outputs to specific
receiving stations.

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