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HISTORY2134 & 2147-01 ( MAYJUN2015-OCTNOV2022 ) 10APR2023
HISTORY2134 & 2147-01 ( MAYJUN2015-OCTNOV2022 ) 10APR2023
03-234567800
MAYJUN2015-MAYJUN2019
O-LEVEL-2134-01
MAYJUN2020-OCTNOV2022
O-LEVEL-2147-01
HISTORY-01
CALL/WHATSAPP#03-234567800
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An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover
of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and the (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
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Section A
1 (a) What were the aims of Lloyd George at the peace negotiations at the end of the First World
War? [10]
(b) How far did the terms of the Paris peace treaties of 1919–20 satisfy Woodrow Wilson? Explain
your answer. [10]
2 (a) Describe the attempts of the League of Nations to bring about disarmament. [10]
(b) To what extent can Britain and France be held responsible for the failure of the League of
Nations in the Abyssinian Crisis 1935–36? Explain your answer. [10]
3 (a) Describe the events surrounding the evacuation of Dunkirk in 1940. [10]
(b) How successful was Japan in the War in the Pacific from 1941 to the summer of 1945?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main reason for the Berlin Blockade was Stalin’s hostility towards the United States.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was the outcome of the Korean War 1950–53 the result of US intervention? Explain
your answer. [10]
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Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the policies of Hitler’s Germany towards young people. [10]
(b) ‘Germans gained from Nazi rule.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did Mussolini’s rule change Italian society? Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) Describe the events in Spain during the strikes of 1934. [10]
(b) ‘The victory of the Popular Front in the election of 1936 was the main cause of the Spanish
Civil War.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
9 (a) Describe the Home Front in Britain during the Phoney War from late 1939 to early 1940. [10]
(b) How badly damaged was Britain by the Blitz 1940–41? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What made Western European countries move towards closer economic co-operation after
the end of the Second World War? [10]
(b) How successfully did the European Economic Community (EEC) develop up to 1992? Explain
your answer. [10]
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Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe the difficulties of life in rural areas of the USA in the 1920s. [10]
(b) How tolerant a society was the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
12 (a) Describe how Hoover dealt with the Bonus Marchers. [10]
(b) ‘Roosevelt’s promises won him the 1932 Presidential Election.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) Which president did more to improve American society, Kennedy or Johnson? Explain your
answer. [10]
(b) ‘The support of white activists was the main reason for the success of civil rights campaigns
in the 1960s.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far were Allende’s economic policies responsible for his downfall? Explain your answer.
[10]
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Section D
(b) How significant was the murder of Kirov to the establishment of Stalin’s dictatorship?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Which did more to affect Stalin’s relationship with his people during the Great Patriotic War,
his actions or propaganda? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful were Khrushchev’s economic policies? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was the collapse of the Soviet Union caused by the breakdown of central authority?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) To what extent was Poland’s achievement of freedom from the USSR caused by non-violent
resistance? Explain your answer. [10]
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Section E
21 (a) Describe the achievements of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). [10]
(b) How far did independence bring social, political and economic benefits to Ghana? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How important was international pressure in ending apartheid? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How important was the Second World War in making the British Mandate in Palestine
impossible to manage? Explain your answer. [10]
24 (a) What were the aims of Yassir Arafat as leader of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)?
[10]
(b) How important has negotiation been since 1970 in working towards a Palestinian state?
Explain your answer. [10]
25 (a) Describe the impact of the 1979 Revolution in Iran up to 1989. [10]
(b) How damaging to the Arab League has the Israeli-Palestinian conflict been since 1989?
Explain your answer. [10]
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Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the tactics used by the Communists against the Japanese in China 1937–45. [10]
(b) How far do you agree that the Guomindang lost the Chinese Civil War because of its own
weaknesses? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) How did farming in China change between 1950 and 1961? [10]
(b) ‘An attempt to secure Mao’s personal power.’ How far does this explain the Cultural Revolution
in China 1966–76? Explain your answer. [10]
28 (a) What was the impact of defeat in the Second World War on Japanese society 1946–1952?
[10]
(b) Was government intervention in industry the main reason for Japan’s economic achievements
in the 1960s and 1970s? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What issues caused disagreement between the Muslim League and Congress 1922–30?
[10]
(b) How far did the Government of India Act 1935 prepare the country for independence? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The effects were more political than economic.’ How far is this true of the impact of the 1997
financial crash on the countries of Southeast Asia? Explain your answer. [10]
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Section A
1 (a) What were the aims of Lloyd George at the peace negotiations at the end of the First
World War?
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Lloyd George wanted to preserve Britain’s trade.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Lloyd George wanted to preserve Britain’s trade and so he did not want to see
Germany’s punishment/reparations bill make the country too poor to trade.
(b) How far did the terms of the Paris peace treaties of 1919–20 satisfy Woodrow Wilson?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Wilson was satisfied that there was agreement about the establishment of a League of
Nations that would maintain peace in Europe.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
As Level 3 plus e.g. Wilson would have been dissatisfied with the way Poland was created
as it had a significant German population, going against his wishes for national self-
determination to allow populations to rule themselves.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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2 (a) Describe the attempts of the League of Nations to bring about disarmament.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. The League of Nations had a (Disarmament) Commission (to bring about disarmament).
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. In 1932 a Disarmament Conference was held but it failed because France
demanded guarantees for its own safety and an army for the League of Nations which
Germany would not accept because the same provision was not available for Germany.
(b) To what extent can Britain and France be held responsible for the failure of the League
of Nations in the Abyssinian Crisis 1935–36? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The USA’s failure to join the League left Britain and France to handle the issue.
As both wanted to keep Italy on their side for opposing Germany where Hitler was
growing in strength, they did not benefit from the more balanced view of the USA.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. America’s economic position required that the trade with Italy be preserved,
so making reluctant to change position and support the early military intervention required.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not address the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not answer the question
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Pleasure boats and ferries supported the attempt to remove British soldiers
from the Dunkirk beaches.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. British troops were surprised when Nazi forces pushed them back to the coast and could
not withstand the assault, meaning that they had to be rescued. More than 300 000 troops
were rescued in May and June 1940.
(b) How successful was Japan in the War in the Pacific from 1941 to the summer of 1945?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. At the height of Japanese strength, Japan had conquered lands in Thailand, China, New
Guinea and held Borneo, Malaya and Java.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
e.g. Level 3 plus most naval battles saw Japan defeated, e.g. 1942 Battle of Midway
and the Battle of the Coral Sea; 1944 the battle for Leyte Gulf.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. The American pilot of a spy plane was shot down and captured inside Soviet territory.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. In 1960 Gary Powers, flying a U2 spy plane, was shot down over Russia. A summit
between Eisenhower and Khrushchev was disrupted when the USA refused to apologise for
spying on the Soviet Union.
(b) ‘The main reason for the Berlin Blockade was Stalin’s hostility towards the United
States.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Stalin viewed the USA and capitalism as a threat to Communism, and so wanted to
make secure the area under his control.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. Stalin said he was defending the East German economy against the new
currency in West Germany, which was ruining it.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. It promised that countries would work together to prevent future wars.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. It promised equal rights for all countries, whatever their size.
(b) How far was the outcome of the Korean War 1950–53 the result of US intervention?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. By the time the American forces reached the Pusan Peninsular at the southern
point of South Korea, the North Koreans had already overrun the rest of South Korea,
so the support given by the US can be seen as preventing a N Korean victory.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. concerns about the involvement of Chinese and possibly the Russian
armies limited American aspirations.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Section B
Western Europe
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Hitler Youth groups were set up.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Hitler Youth organised camps, sports, hikes and competitions as well as military
training to teach young boys to support the Nazi government.
(b) ‘Germans gained from Nazi rule.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Germans benefited from the improved housing and roads that resulted from the policies
of Schacht, the Economics Minister.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. while Aryans were well treated in Nazi Germany, Jews, gypsies and
homosexuals were not. Jews were banned from working in the Civil Service in April 1933.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Mussolini travelled to Rome to take power.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Initially Mussolini was encouraged to travel to Rome to take power by force, but
King Victor Emmanuel invited him there to be Prime Minister. Most of the journey was by
train, but followers joined to make it look like a force entering Rome.
(b) How far did Mussolini’s rule change Italian society? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Political freedom was reduced. It became about opposition to Mussolini, e.g. when
Matteotti was kidnapped and murdered, the king supported Mussolini when he was accused
of complicity and allowed laws to be passed that restricted opposition.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. law and order, the post war breakdown of which was damaging the Italian
economy, became a focus; a lawful society was reinstated by the establishment of a military
regime.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Strike action was poorly organised across Spain.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. The arrest of the Revolutionary Committee removed the only significant organising
control over the strikes.
(b) ‘The victory of the Popular Front in the election of 1936 was the main cause of the
Spanish Civil War.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. One main reason for the civil war was the military uprising in 1936. The uprising in the
Spanish Civil War was led by Francisco Franco, backed and supported by other countries
such as Italy and Germany.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. President Azana had already lost the support of workers by 1933 and,
after the socialists withdrew their support from it, more and more public disturbances
occurred and the government clearly lost control of Spain.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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9 (a) Describe the Home Front in Britain during the Phoney War from late 1939 to early
1940.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Britain prepared for war.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Britain built defences, e.g. trenches in London, and began to evacuate children from the
capital.
(b) How badly damaged was Britain by the Blitz 1940–41? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. 43 000 civilians in London and other towns were killed.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. the Blitz drew the people of Britain together in support of the war effort.
Morale was raised.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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10 (a) What made Western European countries move towards closer economic co-operation
after the end of the Second World War?
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. There were benefits in trading if countries made agreements to support each other.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Mass production methods could only efficiently be used where there was a
guarantee of a large number of customers. Therefore a union for trade would be beneficial.
(b) How successfully did the European Economic Community (EEC) develop up to 1992?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The EEC aimed at reducing the 'cost of non-Europe' - that is, of stimulating trade
between and economic activity in member states by creating a larger free trade area.
This simple idea was to see the costs of European business reduced by removing
internal tariffs and standardising regulation. Internal tariff and quota barriers within the EU
were abolished in 1968 – 18 months ahead of schedule.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. in the absence of strong supranational and intergovernmental decision-
making structures, it proved difficult to make progress on the more intangible barriers to free
movement of goods, services, capital and labour, such as national regulation, protectionist
attitudes and divergent fiscal regimes. The oil crises of 1973 and 1980 reinforced
protectionist attitudes where they survived.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe the difficulties of life in rural areas of the USA in the 1920s.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Farming in 1920s USA brought a life of poverty.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Falling prices and developing machinery made many southern farmers too poor to be
able to feed their families adequately.
(b) How tolerant a society was the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. People with more money could enjoy the new permissive age and enjoy jazz and
dancehall entertainment.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. Prohibition saw the banning of the manufacture and sale of alcohol.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Hoover gave MacArthur specific orders to remove the veterans from the heart of
Washington.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Hoover gave MacArthur specific orders to remove the veterans from the heart of
Washington; troops did so, wielding drawn swords and carrying tear-gas canisters. But in
direct contravention of Hoover's orders, the imperious MacArthur drove the veterans from
their camp at Anacostia Flats into the Maryland countryside.
(b) ‘Roosevelt’s promises won him the 1932 Presidential Election.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Roosevelt won support through the 16 major speeches he made in a 20 000
kilometre campaign trip promising a New Deal to tackle the Depression.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. President Hoover’s attempts to restart the economy by cutting taxes
in 1930 and 1931 and introducing trade tariffs had failed.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. JFK committed funding to research so that an American could land on the moon and
return.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Research funding allowed John Glenn to become the first American to orbit the
Earth in ‘Friendship’ and return safely.
(b) Which president did more to improve American society, Kennedy or Johnson? Explain
your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factors
e.g. Johnson’s Civil Rights Act demanded integration in shops, cinemas and restaurants,
extending civil rights.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. Kennedy promoted the rights of black Americans to transport and
education.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. It was held to demand Civil Rights legislation.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Planned by Martin Luther King, it was a peaceful March of 250 000 people to
Washington. It culminated in the ‘I have a dream’ speech.
(b) ‘The support of white activists was the main reason for the success of civil rights
campaigns in the 1960s.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. On May 4, the Freedom Riders, composed of seven African-American and six white
activists, leave Washington, D.C. for the rigidly segregated Deep South. Organised by the
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), their goal is to test Boynton v. Virginia. Following
attacks on them, on May 29, President Kennedy announces that he has ordered the
Interstate Commerce Commission to enact stricter regulations and fines for buses and
facilities that refuse to integrate. Young white and black activists continue to make Freedom
Rides.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. presidential support was also crucial: on June 11, President Kennedy
delivers a speech on civil rights from the Oval Office, specifically explaining why he sent the
National Guard to allow the admittance of two African-American students to the University of
Alabama.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...22 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...23 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. He was voted into power.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. In 1970 he was the first Marxist to gain victory at national level through a democratic
election. He was supported by the Christian Democrats.
(b) How far were Allende’s economic policies responsible for his downfall? Explain your
answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. He nationalised industry and land/property, reducing his support base as poverty
followed.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. military opposition supported by the USA’s CIA resulted in a successful
coup to remove Allende from power.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...23 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...24 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section D
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. It was to see heavy industry and power grow.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. It was to increase the amount of coal mined, aiming for 76.2 million tons (from 36 million
tons).
(b) How significant was the murder of Kirov to the establishment of Stalin’s dictatorship?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. It led to the Purges that allowed Stalin to remove those whom he saw as a threat to him,
such as the old Bolsheviks.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. changes to education, removed books deemed to be against the Soviet
Union and reinforced the authority of Stalin by controlling what children should be taught.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...24 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...25 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Zhukov trapped the Germans in Stalingrad.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. The bulk of the Sixth Army – some 250 000 to 300 000 men – was in the city and
Zhukov, having used his resources to go around the city, north and south, had trapped the
Germans in Stalingrad. Paulus could have broken out of this trap in the first stages of
Zhukov’s attack but was forbidden from doing so by Hitler.
(b) Which did more to affect Stalin’s relationship with his people during the Great
Patriotic War, his actions or propaganda? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. There was great pride in Russia for the achievements in the Great Patriotic War, and
Stalin was held in reverence for driving German forces back and reclaiming much lost
territory.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. the works of Denisov, e.g. ‘The steel broom of the Red Army has swept
away all the varmints!’ of 1945 helped to raise morale in Russia and hence support for Stalin.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
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S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...26 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. It was Khrushchev’s policy to remove the worst of Stalin’s policies.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. It was Khrushchev’s policy to remove the worst of Stalin’s policies, e.g. by releasing
political prisoners.
(b) How successful were Khrushchev’s economic policies? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The area of Russia under grain was expanded to increase food availability for an
increasingly non-agrarian population.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. production methods for consumer items remained under-developed,
causing a constant shortfall in relation to income levels in towns.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...26 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...27 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Perestroika means economic restructuring.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Perestroika means replacing an excessively controlled economic system with one that
has a focus on democratic operation and self-management.
(b) How far was the collapse of the Soviet Union caused by the breakdown of central
authority? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Glasnost encouraged opposition to the one-party system and held out hopes of change.
People felt that they could oppose the government.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. hunger and shortages resulting from poor production systems led all
regions and units within the Soviet Union to seek to look after themselves. Traditional views
became less important.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...27 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...28 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Gierek was First Secretary of the Communist Party from December 1970, after the
December Massacre.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Gierek took over control of Poland at a time of great hardship, when food and fuel prices
had been increased due to shortages. He oversaw the import of food and fuel, reduced
prices and increased wages.
(b) To what extent was Poland’s achievement of freedom from the USSR caused by non-
violent resistance? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. It was food shortages in the summer of 1980 that led to the strikes which were settled by
the Gdansk agreement, allowing strikes, the right to form trade unions and promises
regarding pensions, wages and working conditions.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. passive resistance during the period of martial law (imposed by Jaruzelski)
created a feeling that Solidarity was honourable, so that, when the economic situation
required Jaruzelski to negotiate with Solidarity, demands for free elections were met, leading
to Lech Walesa being elected as President in the first free presidential elections.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...28 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...29 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. African countries formed a trade area.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. In 1991 the presidents of 51 countries signed a treaty to form a body like the EU by
2025.
(b) How far did independence bring social, political and economic benefits to Ghana?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Independence brought unprepared leaders to power. These were sometimes at the
mercy of foreign powers, e.g. Nkrumah. Communist policies brought opposition and led to his
downfall.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. independence allowed Ghana to join with other African countries, e.g. 1975,
the Economic Community of West African States.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...29 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...30 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Bantustans were areas of land set aside for the black people in South Africa to live in.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Bantustans were areas of land set aside for the black people in South Africa to live and
work in. The idea was that that they wanted to lead separate and different lives from the
white population.
(b) How important was international pressure in ending apartheid? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Sports events such as rugby and cricket matches were cancelled in protest at apartheid
policies, raising international awareness and leading to damaging trade sanctions.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. black leaders and the way they were treated brought international
condemnation, e.g. ANC and the imprisonment of Mandela; the work of Luthuli and the
awarding of the Peace Prize to Desmond Tutu.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...30 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...31 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Zionism is about a homeland for the Jews.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Zionism was/is a movement that seeks international agreement for a homeland for the
Jews to be established in Palestine.
(b) How important was the Second World War in making the British Mandate in Palestine
impossible to manage? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The Second World War in Germany led European Jews to fear for their lives, leading to
the need for Palestine to open its borders to 100 000 Jews. This plan was rejected by the
Arabs there. GB could do no more and resigned the mandate.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. civil war between Jews and Arabs 1936–39 caused GB to lose political
focus, try to mediate and even to change sides with changing circumstances. As it was
failing, so the mandate was resigned.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...31 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...32 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
24 (a) What were the aims of Yassir Arafat as leader of the Palestine Liberation Organisation
(PLO)?
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. He aimed to promote the Arab problem worldwide.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. YA aimed to win the financial support of Arab countries so that he could buy weapons,
work to unite Arab countries and maintain world awareness of the Arab problem.
(b) How important has negotiation been since 1970 in working towards a Palestinian
state? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The 1978 meetings at Camp David between Israeli and Egyptian leaders led to a
gradual withdrawal from Sinai, though such moves have not been popular in those countries.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. in 1970–71, Palestinians tried to take over Jordan but failed, being crushed
by King Hussein.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...32 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...33 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Women have lost freedoms.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Women have been restricted in their activities both outside and within the home. The
role of women has reversed to being as carers of children and servants of husbands. Archaic
laws have been introduced and made part of the legal system. These include the mandatory
wearing of the veil, prohibition on inter-gender contact and restrictions on political activity.
(b) How damaging to the Arab League has the Israeli-Palestinian conflict been since
1989? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. It is damaging: 2002 Libyan Muammar Gaddafi threatened to withdraw from the Arab
League if it was unable to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. 1996 saw the AL handle the water conflict between Turkey, Iraq and Syria
effectively: they were told to share equitably the waters of the Rivers Euphrates and Tigris.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...33 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...34 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the tactics used by the Communists against the Japanese in China 1937–45.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. The CCP and the Guomindang stood together against Japanese forces in China, though
the CCP were seen to be more effective.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. The Communists fought using guerrilla tactics: they did not meet the Japanese forces
head on, but attacked them when they were at rest, retired for the night or retreating.
Otherwise, they were out of sight.
(b) How far do you agree that the Guomindang lost the Chinese Civil War because of its
own weaknesses? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
Addresses one side of the question, e.g. Communists won the Civil War because they had
centralised forces, able to pick off the forces of Jiang that were spread in pockets around the
countryside surrounding the Communist controlled area.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. the Civil War was lost by the Guomindang forces whose leaders failed to
address morale issues, leading to soldiers changing sides and taking their American
weapons with them.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...34 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...35 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
27 (a) How did farming in China change between 1950 and 1961?
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Peasants were encouraged to seize land from the wealthy and farm it as their own.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. The activities from Communist areas were extended across China as, by law, peasants
were encouraged to seize the land of wealthy landowners and farm it. Collectivisation was
then encouraged.
(b) ‘An attempt to secure Mao’s personal power.’ How far does this explain the Cultural
Revolution in China 1966–76? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Considers Mao’s power, e.g. having retired from active politics in 1959, Mao was
growing aware of how far Chinese practice was drifting from Communism and became
involved to save the revolution. The Cultural Revolution was to make sure his contribution to
the history of China was not lost.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus it was about re-enthusing Chinese people to engage with revolution, to take to
the streets and condemn everything that was out of date.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...35 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...36 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
28 (a) What was the impact of defeat in the Second World War on Japanese society 1946–
1952?
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Defeat brought occupation with it, and the imposition of Western ideas, e.g. farm land
was redistributed.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Defeat brought occupation with it, and the imposition of Western ideas, e.g. under
guidance from Mc Arthur, powerful landowners (who had encouraged war initially) were
forced to give land to tenant farmers to increase their security and their will to increase
production.
(b) Was government intervention in industry the main reason for Japan’s economic
achievements in the 1960s and 1970s? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The governments of Hayato Ideka (1960–64) and Eisaku Sato (1964–72) became
involved in all aspects of the economy, encouraging the growth of heavy industries to the
point where Japan became the third largest industrial nation.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus e.g. Japan became open to international competition. This brought fresh
opportunities in terms of shipbuilding, cars, machine tools and retailing.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...36 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...37 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
29 (a) What issues caused disagreement between the Muslim League and Congress 1922–
30?
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. The future governance of India caused disagreement.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. Congress believed that India should remain as one political unit with no separate
electorates for Hindu and Muslim. The Muslim League believed that this would limit the
freedom of Muslims.
(b) How far did the Government of India Act 1935 prepare the country for independence?
Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. Argues that it did: provincial autonomy allowed provinces to become self-ruling, no
longer under the control of the British.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
Level 3 plus argues that it did not, e.g. while there were two law-making houses of
parliament, the Viceroy remained responsible for defence and foreign affairs, therefore not
allowing Indians to prepare for independence.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...37 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...38 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–6]
Makes simple statements that address the question
e.g. Countries of SE Asia grouped together to support each other in areas of trade and
industry.
Level 3 [7–10]
Makes developed statements that answer the question
e.g. In 1967, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and the Philippines agreed to work
together to support economic stability, e.g. through developing federations of engineers,
accountants.
(b) ‘The effects were more political than economic.’ How far is this true of the impact of
the 1997 financial crash on the countries of Southeast Asia? Explain your answer.
Level 0 [0]
No response or response does not answer the question
Level 1 [1]
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question
Level 2 [2–4]
Identifies/lists factors/describes
Level 3 [5–6]
Explains the given factor or other factor
e.g. The role of policymakers since 1997 has been to secure their economies by working out
bad debt and disposing of distressed assets.
Level 4 [7–9]
Explains the given factor and other factors
e.g. Failure to protect the currencies in 1997 led to a fall in GDP rates, many companies
made bankrupt and dependence on IMF-led bailouts.
Level 5 [10]
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...38 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...39 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
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Section A
(b) ‘The Locarno Treaties showed that the peace settlement with Germany in 1919 had been a
failure.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
2 (a) Describe three successes of the agencies of the League of Nations in the 1920s and 1930s.
[10]
(b) ‘The main reason that the League of Nations failed to resolve the Corfu Crisis was that a
major European power was the aggressor.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
3 (a) Describe attitudes in Britain and France to the threat of war in the 1930s. [10]
(b) How significant was Germany’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland in March 1936 as a cause of
the Second World War? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was the arms race of the Cold War years about prestige? Explain your answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe events in the Congo between independence in June 1960 and the end of the Civil
War in 1963. [10]
(b) How far did the United Nations find it difficult to achieve its aims up to 2000? Explain your
answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...40 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...41 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section B
Western Europe
(b) ‘The Nazi Party came to power in Germany because of the effects of the Depression.’ How far
do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was control of the press the main reason why there was so little opposition to Mussolini’s rule
in Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) Describe the Battle for Madrid during November and December 1936. [10]
(b) How significant was Italian intervention to Franco’s success in the Civil War? Explain your
answer. [10]
9 (a) Describe the impact of the Popular Front government in France (1936–37) on the lives of
French workers. [10]
(b) How different was life in occupied France from life in Vichy France? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) How far was the European Community of 1986 the same as the European Economic
Community established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...41 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...42 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe the lives of black Americans during the 1920s. [10]
(b) How far was the Wall Street Crash caused by stock market speculation? Explain your answer.
[10]
12 (a) What were President Hoover’s views on government provision of welfare? [10]
(b) ‘The introduction of fireside chats was the most important measure of the first one hundred
days of Roosevelt’s presidency.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Reagan was more successful in foreign policy than in domestic policy.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The Selma Marches of 1965 divided the Civil Rights movement.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
15 (a) Describe the attitude of the Chilean public towards General Pinochet by 1988. [10]
(b) How different was the government of Aylwin from that of Pinochet? Explain your answer.
[10]
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S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...43 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section D
16 (a) Describe the struggle for power in the USSR in the four years following the death of Lenin in
1924. [10]
(b) How successful was collectivisation in the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) What did young people in the USSR learn about Stalin during his time in power, and how did
they learn it? [10]
(b) How far was economic recovery Stalin’s priority in the post-war period? Explain your answer.
[10]
18 (a) How did the USSR contribute to space exploration during Khrushchev’s time as leader?
[10]
(b) How far was Stalin’s work undone in the USSR after his death? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was Yeltsin a reformer? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was the Prague Spring a threat to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe? Explain
your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...43 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...44 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
21 (a) Describe the work of Ahmed Ben Bella in Algeria after the Second World War. [10]
(b) How significant was the leaders’ lack of government experience in explaining the problems
faced by newly-independent African countries? Explain your answer. [10]
22 (a) What was the contribution of Jan Smuts in the period 1919–48 to the development of political
life in South Africa? [10]
(b) How important was the student movement in South Africa in the struggle against apartheid?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was the 1948–49 Arab-Israeli War in securing the state of Israel? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The success of the Camp David negotiations can be credited to President Sadat.’ How far do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
25 (a) What were the main events of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88? [10]
(b) How united have Arabs been since 1988? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...44 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...45 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the struggles between the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party up to
1937. [10]
(b) How significant was the Xian Incident to the success of the Chinese Communist Party after
the Long March? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did the Great Leap Forward meet Mao’s aims? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘A large sphere of economic domination’. Was this the most important consequence of Japan’s
expansion into China in the 1930s? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What grievances did East Pakistan have against West Pakistan? [10]
(b) How far were President Yahya Khan’s actions responsible for the secession of Bangladesh
from Pakistan in 1970–71? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How unified was the Malaysian Federation? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...45 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...46 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section A
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. The Treaty of Trianon set out the terms for peace between the allies and Hungary. It
reduced the size of Hungary.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. It imposed military reductions and reparations charges, broke up the Hungarian Empire
and reduced the size of Hungary to 25% of its former area and 33% of its former population.
(b) ‘The Locarno Treaties showed that the peace settlement with Germany in 1919 had
been a failure.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Yes: it shows that the peace settlement did not promote trust, as the Locarno Treaties
were needed to guarantee the borders of Germany with Belgium and France.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. No: they were in response to new situations, e.g. Germany wanted to join
the League of Nations and was showing that the borders as set out at Versailles were
accepted by Germany.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...46 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...47 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2 (a) Describe three successes of the agencies of the League of Nations in the 1920s and
1930s.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Agencies of the League looked after refugees and dealt with the drug trade.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. The league helped to repatriate 400 000 prisoners of war. It made sure that people in
mandated territories were looked after by countries with mandates, e.g. Britain and France.
(b) ‘The main reason that the League of Nations failed to resolve the Corfu Crisis was that
a major European power was the aggressor.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Strong countries knew their way around the procedures of the League of Nations,
leading to Italy calling on a Conference of Ambassadors to overturn the suggested terms for
a solution.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The League of Nations acted as it was designed to: it met to discuss the
situation, and then offered suggestions and terms for an agreement. It was not able to take
military action as Britain and France were in no position to provide an army after the First
World War.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...47 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...48 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
3 (a) Describe attitudes in Britain and France to the threat of war in the 1930s.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. People felt fear of another war and disbelief that war could be allowed to happen.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Disbelief that anyone could want another war led leaders to believe that Hitler was a
gentleman who only wanted what was fair – and the public were happy to believe them.
(b) How significant was Germany’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland in March 1936 as a
cause of the Second World War? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Hitler’s foreign policy shows that he was intent on an aggressive overthrow of
governments around Germany and that the March into the Rhineland was testing the ground.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Hitler could have been stopped more at this point than later by a show of
force as information released later showed that his troops were unprepared and instructed to
pull back rather than face opposition.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...48 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...49 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Western powers agreed to work together for their own protection through a new
organisation called NATO.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. NATO was set up in 1949 in response to the Berlin Blockade. It was an organisation that
brought them together in case of war against the USSR.
(b) How far was the arms race of the Cold War years about prestige? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Yes, each country matched the production of the other. The USA made most of the
technical breakthroughs, but the Soviet Union was never far behind.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. No, they were built to protect; to act as a deterrent. Though each side
produced enough to destroy the world several times over, nuclear weapons were never used
in anger even during the most pressing disagreements between the SU and the USA, e.g.
Cuba 1962.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...49 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...50 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
5 (a) Describe events in the Congo between independence in June 1960 and the end of the
Civil War in 1963.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Lumumba could not manage without Belgian support and called for the help of the UN to
help him to rule.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. When Lumumba became Prime Minister in 1960 he could not control the army, which
mutinied. Katanga split away under Tshombe. The Belgian army was sent back to the
Congo, but Lumumba asked for UN help. Democratic rule was restored.
(b) How far did the United Nations find it difficult to achieve its aims up to 2000? Explain
your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains factors relating to one aim [5–6]
e.g. Not easy – freedom to practise religion: Arab Israeli War 1967 broke out after U Thant
withdrew peace keeping force.
Level 4
Explains factors relating to other aims [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The Aid Agencies have continued to help the poorest or most needy areas
of the world, e.g. UNRRA looks after the many refugees that have resulted from the crises
post 1945, e.g. in the Middle East.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...50 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...51 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section B
Western Europe
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
e.g. The end of World War 1 left many Germans unhappy. Supporters of the Kaiser did not
believe war was over and supported the Nazis who promised to get back for Germany that
which was Germany’s.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Many people did not know that Germany was suffering defeat in war and so were
dissatisfied with the call for a cease-fire by Ludendorff and the abdication of the Kaiser. They
did not trust Ebert’s Weimar government and supported the Nazis who promised to get back
for Germany that which was Germany’s, e.g. her colonies and freedom to have a military
presence.
(b) 'The Nazi Party came to power in Germany because of the effects of the Depression.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. The Depression caused loans from America to stop, leading to a fall in wages and an
increase in unemployment in Germany. This gave Hitler’s rallies a focus that people were
interested in hearing.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The Nazi Party came to power without winning an election by joining with
the Nationalists in 1933 and expelling the Communists after the Reichstag Fire to win 286 of
500 seats in the election.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...51 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...52 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Attempts were made to grow enough grain to feed Italians and reduce imports.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. The Battle for Grain saw production of grain increase 100% between 1922 and 1939, but
this was at a cost to dairy production.
(b) Was control of the press the main reason why there was so little opposition to
Mussolini’s rule in Italy? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. The OVRA (Secret Police) ensured that newspapers, textbooks, radio and theatre only
gave pro-Fascist views, and proclaimed pro-Mussolini stories.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Groups were established to promote Fascism and glory in the strength of
Italy, e.g. the Sons of She Wolf for 4–8s, the Balilla for 8–14s and the Avanguardisti for
14–21s.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...52 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...53 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
8 (a) Describe the Battle for Madrid during November and December 1936.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. From a position of stalemate early in 1937, Republicans tried to take Madrid but failed
because of lack of supplies.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Vincente Rojo planned for a July 6th attack on Brunete to draw out the weak force of
Nationalists in Madrid, but it failed to take advantage by wasting time attacking small groups
and allowing the Nationalists to reinforce their troops.
(b) How significant was Italian intervention to Franco’s success in the Civil War? Explain
your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Mussolini sent volunteers to support Franco. Some Italians who had moved abroad
during Mussolini’s time in power formed the Garibaldi Brigade. These Italians fought on the
Republicans’ side. At the Battle of Guadalajara, Italians fought Italians – something people in
Italy had dreaded. In this battle the Republicans won.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. As Aragon fell, the Nationalists had control of the industrial heartland,
thousands of worker-prisoners and Mediterranean ports for their fleet by the end of 1937.
This situation improved Franco’s chances of success.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...53 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...54 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
9 (a) Describe the impact of the Popular Front government in France (1936–37) on the lives
of French workers.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. The government negotiated with strike leaders to end the strike with an agreement to
increase wages and offer rights to trade unions.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. The government, trade unions, the Confederation for Labour (CTG) and the Socialist
Party agreed pay increases of between 7% and 15% in any factory as long as it did not
increase the overall pay bill by more than 12%.
(b) How different was life in occupied France from life in Vichy France? Explain your
answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Yes: occupied France saw food produced in France directed into Germany, leaving
French people with very little other than what they could find, e.g. rhubarb leaves.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. No: to satisfy the occupying forces, even Vichy France saw the
establishment of camps to house political prisoners, Jews and those opposed to German
occupation.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...54 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...55 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. CAP work to make sure food is available across the EU at prices that are fair but
guarantee a living for farmers.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. It works by establishing Target prices, Threshold prices and Intervention prices to
establish the open market price, the import-level price and the price that triggers the EU to
buy up surplus produce.
(b) How far was the European Community of 1986 the same as the European Economic
Community established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. It remains based on the European Economic Community with a shared trading policy to
compete with the USA, promote expansion and prosperity and raise living standards.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. It has grown, e.g. in 1957 members were Belgium, France, West Germany
(Federal Republic), Italy and Luxembourg. 1973 saw Denmark, Ireland and the UK join. 1981
saw Greece join. 1986 saw Spain and Portugal join.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...55 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...56 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section C
The Americas
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. In the South they often worked as sharecroppers, impoverished through the need to give
much of their crop to their landlords.
(b) How far was the Wall Street Crash caused by stock market speculation? Explain your
answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Between 1923 and 1926 share prices had risen by 54%, and by 1929 by 300%, fuelled
by American people borrowing money to ride on the wave to wealth. When some began to
sell, the bubble burst and prices fell, causing more to sell. Panic set in and the stock market
collapsed.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Overproduction of, e.g. washers, radios and watches had led to stockpiling,
giving a false sense of prosperity by hiding sales and sustainability. More was produced that
were needed, at home or abroad.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...56 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...57 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. President Hoover believed that the government was an umpire and not a player in the
economy and that government help would stop people from helping themselves, e.g. he gave
loans to banks to help industry to provide jobs.
(b) ‘The introduction of fireside chats was the most important measure of the first one
hundred days of Roosevelt’s presidency.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. During March 12th 1933 Americans heard President Roosevelt tell them by radio that he
had closed the banks in 38 states, but that some would reopen the next day with state
backing and that others would open later. They were intended to communicate intentions in
everyday language. Overnight this brought some confidence back and investment began to
grow.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Unemployment was addressed as well. CCC saw civilians employed in the
countryside on conservation projects that gave workers housing, wages and sent part of their
wages home to families.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
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S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...58 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. It was about giving tax cuts to give people more money to spend.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. A phased 30% tax cut on higher earners would promote employment, growth of
industries and spending, leading to higher tax revenues ultimately.
(b) ‘Reagan was more successful in foreign policy than in domestic policy.’ How far do
you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. His government in the 1980s began the Star Wars developments as well as vastly
increasing the military. When START began to be seen as creating a potential threat globally
by promoting a response from the USSR, he turned to Gorbachev in 1987 when he sought to
reduce East-West tensions through talks. This has been seen as the beginning of the end of
the Cold War.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Low tax with high levels of spending on the military left the highest national
debt ever known. Job losses and soaring inflation resulted in economic hardships and the
stock market crash of 1987.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...58 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...59 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. These were part of the campaign for Civil Rights in the south of the USA in the 1950s
and 60s.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Following the Montgomery Ruling, CORE members went into the South to insist on
equal treatment in stations and eating areas.
(b) ‘The Selma Marches of 1965 divided the Civil Rights movement.’ How far do you
agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. After the original march was banned by civil authorities, King led a token march and
turned back, causing radical black activists to criticise him for compromising.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The main drive for Civil Rights was through law makers. This compromise
showed up white racism and thus supported the cause, leading to the Voting Rights Bill 1965
that ended Literacy Tests.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...59 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...60 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
15 (a) Describe the attitude of the Chilean public towards General Pinochet by 1988?
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Following a period of near economic destruction, he was seen as removing state
authority and causing new industrial growth in areas such as timber, fruit and fish.
(b) How different was the government of Aylwin from that of Pinochet? Explain your
answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Pinochet removed political opposition by force, capturing and executing Allende’s
supporters. Aylwin formed a Commission for handling the past, leading to a Reparation and
Reconciliation Corporation to handle human rights violations.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
L3 plus e.g. Both were opponents of Communism, Pinochet taking government control out of
industry and Aylwin handling the crisis in the copper industry through nationalisation with
popular support.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...60 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...61 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section D
16 (a) Describe the struggle for power in the USSR in the four years following the death of
Lenin in 1924.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Stalin became leader of the USSR by 1929 after a contest with Trotsky.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin, Stalin and Trotsky each expected to become leader.
Political scheming saw Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev isolate Trotsky and Bukharin in the
Politburo.
(b) How successful was collectivisation in the USSR? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
Level 3 plus e.g. There were no famines once collectives were fully functioning, machinery
was introduced, specialists taught new methods and the effect was that towns could be fed.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
e.g. Farmers themselves were left with poor food supplies as demands for crops such as flax
to serve industry were increased.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...61 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...62 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
17 (a) What did young people in the USSR learn about Stalin during his time in power, and
how did they learn it?
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Posters, textbooks and newspapers were used to show the kind, fatherly, successful
Stalin.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
The history of the Soviet Union was rewritten so that Lenin and Stalin were the only heroes
of the revolution. Pages in school books were overprinted to change the stories.
(b) How far was economic recovery Stalin’s priority in the post-war period? Explain your
answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/ lists factors/ describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
E.g. The 5 Year Plan 1945–50 was focused on coal (147.3 m tonnes – 261.1 m tonnes), oil
(19.4 m tonnes – 37.9 m tonnes), and steel (12.3 m tonnes – 27.3 m tonnes).
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The 1951–55 Plan was about prestige projects and achieved little. The
USSR could afford to live off the gains made from German territory during the war.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...62 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...63 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
18 (a) How did the USSR contribute to space exploration during Khrushchev’s time as
leader?
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Khrushchev greatly expanded the space programme seeing it as a means of greatly
enhancing national prestige and a massive propaganda vehicle. During his premiership the
Soviet Union launched the first satellite (Sputnik) followed by the first dog (Laika), man (Yuri
Gagarin) and woman (Valentina Tereshkova) into space.
(b) How far was Stalin’s work undone in the USSR after his death? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Troikas operated by security agencies under Stalin were abolished. There were no
further political trials.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Khrushchev was concerned for his own security, and used Stalin’s methods
to effectively expel his own political opponents, e.g. Bulganin.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...63 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...64 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Communism was being eradicated and hardliners attacked Gorbachev. Yeltsin helped
Gorbachev.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. August 1991 saw hardliners try to oust Gorbachev from power whilst he was holidaying,
keeping him under house arrest. Yeltsin spearheaded the resistance to protect Gorbachev
and was seen as powerful as a result.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. At a time when people could not buy goods because of lack of availability and food was
rationed, Yeltsin opened up the economy by abandoning price controls and privatising state
property.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. He aggressively fought against the breakaway Chechnya, leading to a civil
war.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...64 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...65 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. It was to prevent countries breaking away from the Soviet Empire.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. 1968 Brezhnev ordered that attempts to leave the Soviet Empire would be met with
military intervention, whilst attempts to introduce elements of capitalism would be prevented
by surrounding Communist countries working together to prevent the operation of capitalist
policies.
(b) How far was the Prague Spring a threat to Soviet domination in Eastern Europe?
Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. ‘Socialism with a human face’ was associated with capitalism and democracy and had to
be challenged to prevent ideas spilling into neighbouring areas.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. It made it stronger as Warsaw Pact countries responded to limit the damage
to Communism of Dubcek’s liberal plans, even though loyalty to the Warsaw Pact had been
pledged.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...65 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...66 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
21 (a) Describe the work of Ahmed Ben Bella in Algeria after the Second World War.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. He led the FLN when it met aggression from France 1945, becoming President on
independence.
(b) How significant was the leaders’ lack of government experience in explaining the
problems faced by newly-independent African countries? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Patrice Lumumba in Zaire/the Congo was unable to keep order in the early days of
independence and turned to the UN and Russia for help. Civil war was the outcome of his
initial errors in failing to control the military.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. There were other problems, e.g. in Algeria the French colonists left Algeria,
taking with them their expertise in production and their spending power. Survival as a country
was difficult.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...66 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...67 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
22 (a) What was the contribution of Jan Smuts in the period 1919–48 to the development of
political life in South Africa?
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. He justified the building of separate institutions and territorial segregation as the needs
of blacks and whites were said to be different.
(b) How important was the student movement in South Africa in the struggle against
apartheid? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. A National Youth Organisation was set up involving schools and universities. The SA
Students’ Organisation embraced Black Power and made sure that information spread about
the relative poverty of education under apartheid.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Trade unions helped by working towards the 1981 Labour Relations
Amendment Act, allowing racially mixed trade unions.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...67 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...68 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
(b) How successful was the 1948–49 Arab-Israeli War in securing the state of Israel?
Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Aiming to prevent the formation of an Israeli state on their land, Palestinian Arabs,
supported by Syria, Jordan and Egypt, attacked in May 1948 to prevent the take-over of
Jerusalem when the Israelis had pre-empted the UN agreement. While each country held
independent peace talks, the threat to Israel was not over.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. Israeli forces fought back effectively and drove the Arab armies back
beyond the UN suggested boundaries. The added land unhoused Arab populations that lived
there.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...68 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...69 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
E.g. Britain and France prevented Colonel Nasser from nationalising the Suez Canal.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. An Israeli invasion of Sinai was the excuse needed to send French and British forces
into Egypt to recapture the canal zone.
(b) ‘The success of the Camp David negotiations can be credited to President Sadat.’ How
far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. 1978 Camp David meeting was the first time Arab and Israeli leaders had officially met,
and it had been brought about due to the initiative of Sadat in seeking American help in 1975
and talking in the Israeli Knesset to urge peace.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The accord that was drawn up at Camp David, the one that resembled
closely the Accord they eventually signed, saw Israel retreat from Sinai, suggesting that
Begin also contributed to the success by giving up land that Israel had won in war.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...69 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...70 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
25 (a) What were the main events of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88?
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. In 1980 Saddam Hussein began an attack on Iran. Iran was stronger than he expected
and he was not successful.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Land and air attacks supported by GB, the USA and neighbouring Gulf States against
post-revolution Iran failed to leave Iran weaker.
(b) How united have Arabs been since 1988? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. The Civil War in the Lebanon from 1975 was Arab against Arab, with Syria supporting
one side from 1976, with the support of other Arab nations.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. In 1990 Syria and Lebanon supported Iraq against the UN blockades.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...70 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...71 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the struggles between the Guomindang and the Chinese Communist Party
up to 1937.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. Guomindang forces surrounded the CCP forces, leading them to flee from their
stronghold as the only option to failure.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Following the Shanghai Massacre of CCP forces by their allies in the Guomindang, CCP
forces were surrounded in Jianxi Soviet and forced to fight or flee. The Red Army began its
journey westwards in what turned into the Long March.
(b) How significant was the Xian Incident to the success of the Chinese Communist Party
after the Long March? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Yes, it was significant in that it prevented the attack on the CCP by the GMD, which
would have been damaging as the Red Army was weak after the Long March.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. It was less significant than that Chiang Kai-Shek took over the leadership of
the joint force, as recommended by Stalin.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...71 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...72 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. It was the policy inviting the people of China to comment on the achievements of Mao’s
government.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Cited as being for ‘allowing schools of thought to compete’, it provided the opportunity to
criticise Mao’s government, as a result of which many of those who offered criticisms were
arrested.
(b) How far did the Great Leap Forward meet Mao’s aims? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. Aiming to rival America in economic terms, and following his tour of China where he saw
that his people could achieve more, huge communes were developed in the second Five-
Year Plan and led to the industrialisation of farming. 1956–57 saw enthusiasm and increased
production.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. It was not successful in increasing industrial output. The industries in the
communes were equipped with machinery that peasants did not know how to use and that
broke down, e.g. steel furnaces and generators. Little was produced and they took men away
from the fields, meaning that production fell after 1958.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...72 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...73 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. The 1920s saw rule by oligarchs, military groups and the development of party politics.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. The 1920s were marked by conflict between the young and educated, calling for
universal male suffrage and democracy, and the army and navy who led anti-democracy
uprisings.
(b) ‘A large sphere of economic domination.’ Was this the most important consequence of
Japan’s expansion into China in the 1930s? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. The Manchurian Crisis ended with the dramatic walk-out of Japanese delegates from the
League of Nations in 1933. This was in reaction to the findings of the Lytton Commission,
which had upheld China's appeal against Japanese aggression. Japan was left effectively
isolated in the world, and anti-Europe and America. The effects of this were seen in the
Second World War.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The overseas expansion proved demanding to administer, and attempts
were made to make northern provinces in China, e.g. Jehol and Chahar, develop
autonomous governments.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...73 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...74 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
29 (a) What grievances did East Pakistan have against West Pakistan?
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
E.g. Iskander Mirza, Governor General, decided to unite the four provinces of West Pakistan
in 1955. E Pakistan saw this as a way of limiting their majority in the National Assembly.
(b) How far were President Yahya Khan’s actions responsible for the secession of
Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1970–71? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
E.g. Yahya Khan’s actions in calling for an election, rather than discuss the 6 Point
Programme, led to the victory of the Awami League. It was difficulties about handling
Rahman’s great victory when he was denied the leadership that led to civil war and the
break-up of Pakistan.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. The involvement of India was instrumental in creating Bangladesh. East
Pakistan welcomed India’s support for the Independence Movement, but, in the Civil War, it
was India’s military superiority that led to E Pakistan’s victory and, therefore, to the creation
of Bangladesh.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...74 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...75 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 2
Makes simple statements that address the question [2–6]
e.g. In 1948 the Malayan Union was formed by Sultanates coming together to form a political
unit.
Level 3
Makes developed statements that answer the question [7–10]
e.g. Sultanates with varied populations felt unable to form a country, but were able to come
together as a Union under a British Protectorate. It encompassed people who lived in British
Malayan or Singapore states.
(b) How unified was the Malaysian Federation? Explain your answer.
Level 0
No response or response does not address the question [0]
Level 1
Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question [1]
Level 2
Identifies/lists factors/describes [2–4]
Level 3
Explains the given factor or other factor [5–6]
e.g. In 1963 N Borneo and Sarawak agreed to accept the end of Commonwealth protection
and formed the Federation of Malaysia. Singapore was less straightforward as different
political groups had differing ideas.
Level 4
Explains the given factor and other factors [7–9]
Level 3 plus e.g. On 11 September 1963, just four days before the new Federation of
Malaysia was to come into being, the Government of the State of Kelantan sought a
declaration that the Malaysia Agreement and Malaysia Act were null and void, or
alternatively, that even if they were valid, they did not bind the State of Kelantan. The
Kelantan Government argued that both the Malaysia Agreement and the Malaysia Act were
not binding on Kelantan on the following grounds: that the Malaysia Act in effect abolished
the Federation of Malaya and this was contrary to the 1957 Federation of Malaya Agreement
that the proposed changes required the consent of each of the constituent states of the
Federation of Malaya – including Kelantan – and this had not been obtained.
Level 5
As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...75 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
DC (ST) 117796/1
© UCLES 2016 [Turn over
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...76 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...77 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section A
1 (a) What were the aims of Clemenceau in the peace negotiations at the end of the First World
War? [10]
(b) How successful was the Treaty of Sèvres (1920)? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main weakness of the League of Nations was that it had no standing army.’ Do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
3 (a) Describe the Allied offensive against Germany in France in 1944. [10]
(b) How important was the Nazi-Soviet Pact in causing the Second World War? Explain your
answer. [10]
4 (a) What were the aims of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World
War? [10]
(b) Which was more important in the development of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine or the
Marshall Plan? Explain your answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the role of the United Nations in the Congo Crisis, 1960–64. [10]
(b) Which is more important in the United Nations: the Security Council or the General Assembly?
Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...77 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...78 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the events of 1932–33 which brought Hitler to power. [10]
(b) Was effective control of the media the main reason why there was little opposition to Hitler’s
rule in Germany? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was Mussolini’s relationship with the Catholic Church? Explain your answer.
[10]
8 (a) Describe Largo Caballero’s role in events leading to the Spanish Civil War. [10]
(b) How far were the achievements of the rebels during the Spanish Civil War dependent upon
foreign aid? Explain your answer. [10]
9 (a) What were the main characteristics of the Vichy regime in France in the Second World War?
[10]
(b) How successful was Germany in governing occupied France during the Second World War?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘More about politics than economics.’ How far does the history of the European Economic
Community (EEC) to 1992 support that belief? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...78 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...79 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe attitudes to immigration into the USA in the 1920s. [10]
(b) How successful was industry in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
12 (a) Describe the events of 1932 connected with the Bonus Army. [10]
(b) Was unemployment the most damaging effect of the Depression on the USA? Explain your
answer. [10]
13 (a) Describe the development of the space programme under Eisenhower. [10]
(b) How successful were Eisenhower’s economic policies? Explain your answer. [10]
14 (a) Describe Martin Luther King’s contribution to the Civil Rights movement. [10]
(b) ‘Individuals rather than groups have been more important in the development of Civil Rights
in America since 1970.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
15 (a) What conditions in Argentina led to the military revolt of 1955? [10]
(b) How successful has military government been in Argentina since 1955? Explain your answer.
[10]
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Section D
16 (a) What were the causes of the Civil War (1917–22) in the Soviet Union? [10]
(b) How far was the Bolshevik success in the Civil War due to Trotsky’s leadership? Explain your
answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe how Russian industry changed to meet the needs of the Great Patriotic War. [10]
(b) How important was the cult of personality to Stalin’s management of the Great Patriotic War?
Explain your answer. [10]
18 (a) What was Khrushchev’s secret speech to the Twentieth Party Congress of February 1956?
[10]
(b) How effectively did Brezhnev lead the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
19 (a) Describe economic conditions in the Soviet Union in the early 1980s. [10]
(b) ‘It was powerful central control that caused political stagnation in the Soviet Union in the early
1980s.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How significant were Nagy’s planned internal reforms in causing the Soviet invasion of
Hungary in 1956? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...80 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...81 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
(b) How successful has the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) been in supporting the
development of African nations since 1963? Explain your answer. [10]
22 (a) What were the land ownership issues in South Africa between 1918 and 1948? [10]
(b) ‘The black people of South Africa were unable to resist the development of apartheid.’ Do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
23 (a) Describe the events of 1947–48 that led to the declaration of the State of Israel. [10]
(b) ‘The main reason why Israel won the War of 1948–49 was lack of unity in the Arab world.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
24 (a) Describe the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority, 1963. [10]
(b) How successful was the Arab invasion of Israel in 1973? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was Iraq in achieving its aims during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–88? Explain
your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...81 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...82 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the relationship between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Guomindang
in the 1920s. [10]
(b) How far was the success of the CCP in the Civil War, 1946–49, caused by policies of the
Guomindang? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) Describe the leadership struggle in China which followed Mao’s death. [10]
(b) How far had the Cultural Revolution achieved its aims by 1967? Explain your answer. [10]
28 (a) What is meant by ‘Big Bang Reform’ in Japan in the late 1990s? [10]
(b) To what extent have changes to Japanese society in the years since 1980 affected financial
recovery? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What was demanded by the Nehru Report in India in 1928? [10]
(b) How far were Muslim interests safeguarded in areas of Congress Rule from 1937 to 1939?
Explain your answer. [10]
30 (a) Describe the struggle for independence in Indonesia from 1945. [10]
(b) ‘The growth of education has been the greatest social success of Indonesian governments
since 1967.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...83 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section A
1 (a) What were the aims of Clemenceau in the peace negotiations at the end of the First
World War?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful was the Treaty of Sèvres (1920)? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...83 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...84 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘The main weakness of the League of Nations was that it had no standing army.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...84 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...85 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How important was the Nazi-Soviet Pact in causing the Second World War? Explain
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...85 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...86 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
4 (a) What were the aims of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe at the end of the Second
World War?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Which was more important in the development of the Cold War: the Truman Doctrine
or the Marshall Plan? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...86 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...87 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
5 (a) Describe the role of the United Nations in the Congo Crisis, 1960–64.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Which is more important in the United Nations: the Security Council or the General
Assembly? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...87 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...88 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section B
Western Europe
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was effective control of the media the main reason why there was little opposition to
Hitler’s rule in Germany? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...88 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...89 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful was Mussolini’s relationship with the Catholic Church? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...89 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...90 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
8 (a) Describe Largo Caballero’s role in events leading to the Spanish Civil War.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far were the achievements of the rebels during the Spanish Civil War dependent
upon foreign aid? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...90 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...91 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
9 (a) What were the main characteristics of the Vichy regime in France in the Second World
War?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful was Germany in governing occupied France during the Second World
War? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
• One of the conditions of the armistice was to pay the costs of the 300 000-strong
occupying German army, which amounted to 20 million Reich marks per day. The
artificial exchange rate of the German currency against the French was consequently
established as 1 RM to 20 FF. This allowed German requisitions and purchases to be
made into a form of organised plunder and resulted in endemic food shortages and
malnutrition, particularly amongst children, the elderly, and the more vulnerable sections
of French society such as the working urban class in the cities.
• The disorganisation of transport, except the railway system which relied on French
domestic coal supplies.
• The cutting off of international trade and the Allied blockade, restricting imports into the
country.
• The extreme shortage of petrol and diesel fuel. France had no indigenous oil production
and all imports had stopped.
• Labour shortages, particularly in the countryside, due to the large number of French
prisoners of war held in Germany.
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...91 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...92 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘More about politics than economics.’ How far does the history of the European
Economic Community (EEC) to 1992 support that belief? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...92 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...93 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section C
The Americas
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful was industry in the USA in the 1920s? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...93 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...94 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
12 (a) Describe the events of 1932 connected with the Bonus Army.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was unemployment the most damaging effect of the Depression on the USA? Explain
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...94 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...95 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful were Eisenhower’s economic policies? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...95 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...96 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
14 (a) Describe Martin Luther King’s contribution to the Civil Rights movement.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘Individuals rather than groups have been more important in the development of Civil
Rights in America since 1970.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...96 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...97 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful has military government been in Argentina since 1955? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...97 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...98 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section D
16 (a) What were the causes of the Civil War (1917–22) in the Soviet Union?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far was the Bolshevik success in the Civil War due to Trotsky’s leadership?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...98 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...99 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
17 (a) Describe how Russian industry changed to meet the needs of the Great Patriotic War.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How important was the cult of personality to Stalin’s management of the Great
Patriotic War? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...99 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...100 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
18 (a) What was Khrushchev’s secret speech to the Twentieth Party Congress of February
1956?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How effectively did Brezhnev lead the USSR? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...100 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...101 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
19 (a) Describe economic conditions in the Soviet Union in the early 1980s.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘It was powerful central control that caused political stagnation in the Soviet Union in
the early 1980s.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...101 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...102 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How significant were Nagy’s planned internal reforms in causing the Soviet invasion
of Hungary in 1956? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...102 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...103 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful has the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) been in supporting the
development of African nations since 1963? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...103 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...104 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
22 (a) What were the land ownership issues in South Africa between 1918 and 1948?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘The black people of South Africa were unable to resist the development of apartheid.’
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...104 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...105 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
23 (a) Describe the events of 1947–48 that led to the declaration of the State of Israel.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘The main reason why Israel won the War of 1948–49 was lack of unity in the Arab
world.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...105 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...106 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful was the Arab invasion of Israel in 1973? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...106 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...107 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How successful was Iraq in achieving its aims during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980–1988?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...107 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...108 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the relationship between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the
Guomindang in the 1920s.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far was the success of the CCP in the Civil War, 1946–49, caused by policies of
the Guomindang? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...108 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...109 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
27 (a) Describe the leadership struggle in China which followed Mao’s death.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far had the Cultural Revolution achieved its aims by 1967? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...109 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...110 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
28 (a) What is meant by ‘Big Bang Reform’ in Japan in the late 1990s?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) To what extent have changes to Japanese society in the years since 1980 affected
financial recovery? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...110 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...111 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far were Muslim interests safeguarded in areas of Congress Rule from 1937 to
1939? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...111 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...112 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘The growth of education has been the greatest social success of Indonesian
governments since 1967.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...112 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...113 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and the (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
DC (KN) 117788/3
© UCLES 2016 [Turn over
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...113 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...114 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section A
(b) Was the weakening of German military strength the main effect of the Treaty of Versailles?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did the agencies and commissions of the League of Nations meet their aims in the
period up to 1939? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was the strength of Allied land forces during the Second World War the most important
reason for their success? Explain your answer. [10]
4 (a) Describe the attempts at limiting nuclear weapons that were made between 1963 and 1979.
[10]
(b) Was Gorbachev responsible for the end of the Cold War? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was the United Nations responsible for the outcomes of the First Gulf War? Explain your
answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...114 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...115 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section B
Western Europe
(b) To what extent was the Munich Putsch a disaster for the Nazi Party? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) To what extent was Mussolini responsible for the rise to power of the Fascists in Italy? Explain
your answer. [10]
8 (a) What was the nature of support for both Republicans and Nationalists from within Spain
during the Spanish Civil War? [10]
(b) How far was foreign intervention in the Spanish Civil War voluntary in nature? Explain your
answer. [10]
9 (a) What were the social consequences of the First World War for Britain? [10]
(b) How great was the impact of the General Strike on Britain in 1926? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did the existence of the Commonwealth explain Britain’s unwillingness to join the
European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...115 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...116 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section C
The Americas
11 (a) What were the policies of the Republican governments in the USA in the 1920s? [10]
(b) How far were the Roaring Twenties good for Americans? Explain your answer. [10]
12 (a) What was the New Deal that Roosevelt promised in 1932? [10]
(b) How far did the Alphabet Agencies provide the foundation for economic recovery in America?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How close did J. F. Kennedy come to achieving ‘The New Frontier’ during his presidency?
Explain your answer. [10]
14 (a) What was the role of the Supreme Court in the fight for Civil Rights? [10]
(b) Who was more significant in the struggle for Civil Rights in the USA: Malcolm X or
Martin Luther King? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did Cubans gain as a result of Castro’s rule? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...116 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...117 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section D
16 (a) What was meant by War Communism in the Soviet Union? [10]
(b) How far did the mutiny at the Kronstadt Naval Base weaken Lenin’s government? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How far was Stalin’s success in the Second World War dependent upon support from his
allies? Explain your answer. [10]
18 (a) Describe how the USSR was led between March 1953 (the death of Stalin) and 1956. [10]
(b) ‘It was spending on the military that caused the economic stagnation in Brezhnev’s USSR.’
Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was economic freedom the most significant outcome of the Yeltsin years in Russia? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How revolutionary were the events of 1989 in Eastern Europe? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...117 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...118 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
(b) To what extent was negotiation the means to Algerian independence? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) How far were white political groups in South Africa, 1918–1948, united in their aims? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How well had Britain fulfilled the terms of its mandate ‘to allow Jewish immigration into
Palestine and to protect the rights of the local Arab population’ by 1946? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) How far do you agree that Ariel Sharon was more successful as a military leader than as a
political leader? Explain your answer. [10]
25 (a) What has been the role of the Arab League? [10]
(b) How significant was anti-Americanism as a factor in causing the 1979 Iranian Revolution?
Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...118 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...119 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the events that took place during the Northern Expedition, 1926–28, in China. [10]
(b) Was support from the Soviet Union the most important reason that Communism grew in
China between 1921 and 1934? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) Describe the improvements made in industrial production in China between 1949 and 1957.
[10]
(b) Was involvement of the masses the strength or the weakness of the Great Leap Forward in
China between 1957 and 1960? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was the policy of subsidising rural areas the main reason for low economic growth in Japan in
the 1990s? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What issues caused the conflict over Kashmir between India and Pakistan? [10]
(b) Were agricultural reforms the most important changes made by Ayub Khan in the 1960s in
Pakistan? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The New Economic Policy (1970) in Malaysia was mainly caused by the race riots of 1969.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...119 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...120 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section A
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was the weakening of German military strength the main effect of the Treaty of
Versailles? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...120 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...121 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far did the agencies and commissions of the League of Nations meet their aims in
the period up to 1939? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...121 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...122 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was the strength of Allied land forces during the Second World War the most
important reason for their success? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...122 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...123 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
4 (a) Describe the attempts at limiting nuclear weapons that were made between 1963 and
1979.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was Gorbachev responsible for the end of the Cold War? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...123 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...124 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was the United Nations responsible for the outcomes of the First Gulf War? Explain
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...124 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...125 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section B
Western Europe
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) To what extent was the Munich Putsch a disaster for the Nazi Party? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...125 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...126 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) To what extent was Mussolini responsible for the rise to power of the Fascists in Italy?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...126 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...127 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
8 (a) What was the nature of support for both Republicans and Nationalists from within
Spain during the Spanish Civil War?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far was foreign intervention in the Spanish Civil War voluntary in nature? Explain
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...127 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...128 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
9 (a) What were the social consequences of the First World War for Britain?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How great was the impact of the General Strike on Britain in 1926? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...128 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...129 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far did the existence of the Commonwealth explain Britain’s unwillingness to join
the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...129 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...130 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section C
The Americas
11 (a) What were the policies of the Republican governments in the USA in the 1920s?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far were the Roaring Twenties good for Americans? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...130 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...131 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
12 (a) What was the New Deal that Roosevelt promised in 1932?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far did the Alphabet Agencies provide the foundation for economic recovery in
America? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...131 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...132 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How close did J. F. Kennedy come to achieving ‘The New Frontier’ during his
presidency? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...132 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...133 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
14 (a) What was the role of the Supreme Court in the fight for Civil Rights?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Who was more significant in the struggle for Civil Rights in the USA: Malcolm X or
Martin Luther King? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...133 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...134 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far did Cubans gain as a result of Castro’s rule? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...134 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...135 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section D
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far did the mutiny at the Kronstadt Naval Base weaken Lenin’s government?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...135 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...136 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far was Stalin’s success in the Second World War dependent upon the support of
his allies? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...136 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...137 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
18 (a) Describe how the USSR was led between March 1953 (the death of Stalin) and 1956.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘It was spending on the military that caused the economic stagnation in Brezhnev’s
USSR.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...137 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...138 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was economic freedom the most significant outcome of the Yeltsin years in Russia?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...138 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...139 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How revolutionary were the events of 1989 in Eastern Europe? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...139 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...140 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section E
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) To what extent was negotiation the means to Algerian independence? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...140 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...141 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far were white political groups in South Africa, 1918–1948, united in their aims?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...141 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...142 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How well had Britain fulfilled the terms of its mandate ‘to allow Jewish immigration
into Palestine and to protect the rights of the local Arab population’ by 1946? Explain
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...142 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...143 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How far do you agree that Ariel Sharon was more successful as a military leader than
as a political leader? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
It led to a massacre of civilians carried out by Christian militia in Beirut’s Sabra and Shatila
refugee camps. Ariel Sharon was found personally responsible by an Israeli inquiry for failing
to prevent the massacre.
But not everyone agreed: Hamas, Gaza’s Islamist militant rulers since 2007, condemned him
as a tyrant and said his death marked the “disappearance of a criminal whose hands were
covered with Palestinian blood”.
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...143 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...144 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) How significant was anti-Americanism as a factor in causing the 1979 Iranian
Revolution? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...144 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...145 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the events that took place during the Northern Expedition, 1926–28, in China.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was support from the Soviet Union the most important reason that Communism grew
in China between 1921 and 1934? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...145 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...146 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
27 (a) Describe the improvements made in industrial production in China between 1949 and
1957.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was involvement of the masses the strength or the weakness of the Great Leap
Forward in China between 1957 and 1960? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...146 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...147 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Was the policy of subsidising rural areas the main reason for low economic growth in
Japan in the 1990s? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...147 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...148 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
29 (a) What issues caused the conflict over Kashmir between India and Pakistan?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) Were agricultural reforms the most important changes made by Ayub Khan in the
1960s in Pakistan? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...148 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...149 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
(b) ‘The New Economic Policy (1970) in Malaysia was mainly caused by the race riots of
1969.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question [1]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question [10]
© UCLES 2016
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...149 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...150 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
06_2134_01_2017_1.13
© UCLES 2017 [Turn over
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...150 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...151 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2
Section A
1 (a) How did the reparations burden imposed by the Treaty of Versailles impact on Germany?
[10]
(b) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau or Wilson? Explain your
answer. [10]
2 (a) Describe how the membership of the League of Nations changed in the 1920s. [10]
(b) ‘The League of Nations took every action that it could.’ How far do you agree with this
assessment of the League of Nations’ response to the invasion of Manchuria by Japan? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) Which was more significant for allied victory in the Second World War: Operation Overlord
(D-Day) or Russian advances on the Eastern Front? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis produce a change in the relationship
between the USA and the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The United Nations has achieved more in terms of providing humanitarian aid than it has as
a force for peace.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...151 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...152 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
3
Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) What threats were faced during 1919-20 by the Weimar Republic? [10]
(b) ‘The main reason for Hitler’s rise to power was success in elections.’ Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
7 (a) Describe how Italy reacted to the terms offered to Orlando at the Paris Peace Conference in
1919. [10]
(b) How totalitarian was Mussolini’s Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How significant was the death of Calvo Sotelo as a cause of the Spanish Civil War? Explain
your answer. [10]
9 (a) What was the economic impact of the First World War on Britain during the 1920s? [10]
(b) How far was the Great Depression a disaster for French society? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What was the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)? [10]
(b) ‘The Maastricht Treaty was agreed in order to control reunited Germany.’ Do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...152 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...153 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
4
Section C
The Americas
(b) How prosperous was American society in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was it Roosevelt’s strengths or Hoover’s weaknesses that decided the outcome of the 1932
Presidential election? Explain your answer. [10]
13 (a) What were the main domestic issues facing Eisenhower when he became President? [10]
(b) ‘A successful President.’ Do you agree with this assessment of Nixon? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) How far were civil rights addressed by Truman’s government? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was American intervention the cause of Allende’s downfall? Explain your answer.
[10]
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5
Section D
(b) ‘Economic gain at a great social cost.’ How far do you agree with this assessment of Stalin’s
Five-Year Plans? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe the economic recovery of the USSR after 1945. [10]
(b) ‘The Russian people fought for their country rather than for Stalin during the Great Patriotic
War.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was Brezhnev’s social policy his main legacy to the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was management of industry the reason for Gorbachev’s downfall? Explain your
answer. [10]
20 (a) How did the Soviet Union respond to the Hungarian Uprising? [10]
(b) How similar were the periods of rule by Nagy and Kadar in Hungary? Explain your answer.
[10]
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6
Section E
(b) How effective was the Unilateral Declaration of Independence, 1965, in satisfying the aims of
Rhodesians? Explain your answer. [10]
22 (a) What did the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) achieve between 1991 and
1994? [10]
(b) Who did more to end white minority rule: de Klerk or Mandela? Explain your answer. [10]
23 (a) Describe relations between Arabs and Jewish settlers in Palestine in the 1920s. [10]
(b) Was the Arab Rebellion, 1936-39, the main reason why the British left Palestine in 1948?
Explain your answer. [10]
24 (a) Describe the outcomes of the Yom Kippur War, 1973. [10]
(b) How successful was the Camp David Treaty in bringing about peace between Arabs and
Israelis? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The creation of the United Arab Republic in 1958 was the high point of Pan-Arabism.’ How
far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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7
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of both sides in the Civil War in China, 1946-49.
[10]
(b) ‘The main difference between Guomindang China and the Communist-controlled areas was
that Guomindang areas became modernised.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was loss of education the most damaging effect of the Cultural Revolution in China? Explain
your answer. [10]
28 (a) Describe how democracy was introduced into Japan after the Second World War. [10]
(b) How far can the establishment of a military dictatorship in Japan be blamed on the economic
difficulties of the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What were Iqbal’s ideas about the future of India? [10]
(b) Was Gandhi’s non-violence movement the main reason why India was granted independence
in 1947? Explain your answer. [10]
30 (a) What decisions were reached by the Cobbold Commission, 1961-62? [10]
(b) How far did Indonesians gain from the rule of Sukarno? Explain your answer. [10]
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
1(a) How did the reparations burden imposed by the Treaty of Versailles 10
impact on Germany?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
e.g. While the first repayment was made, by the time the second one was
due, Germany had insufficient economic growth to meet its demands.
1(b) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau or 10
Wilson? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
2(a) Describe how the membership of the League of Nations changed in the 10
1920s.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
2(b) ‘The League of Nations took every action that it could.’ How far do you 10
agree with this assessment of the League of Nations’ response to the
invasion of Manchuria by Japan? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
3(b) Which was more significant for allied victory in the Second World War, 10
Operation Overlord (D-Day) or Russian advances on the Eastern
Front? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
4(b) How far did the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis produce a change 10
in the relationship between the USA and the USSR? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
6(a) What threats were faced during 1919–20 by the Weimar Republic? 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
6(b) ‘The main reason for Hitler’s rise to power was success in elections.’ 10
Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
7(a) Describe how Italy reacted to the terms offered to Orlando at the Paris 10
Peace Conference in 1919.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
8(b) How significant was the death of Calvo Sotelo as a cause of the 10
Spanish Civil War? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
9(a) What was the economic impact of the First World War on Britain 10
during the 1920s?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
9(b) How far was the Great Depression a disaster for French society? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
11(b) How prosperous was American society in the 1920s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
13(a) What were the main domestic issues facing Eisenhower when he 10
became President?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
15(b) How far was American intervention the cause of Allende’s downfall? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
16(b) ‘Economic gain at a great social cost.’ How far do you agree with this 10
assessment of Stalin’s Five-Year Plans? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
17(b) ‘The Russian people fought for their country rather than for Stalin 10
during the Great Patriotic War.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2017
PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
18(b) Was Brezhnev’s social policy his main legacy to the USSR? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
19(b) How far was management of industry the reason for Gorbachev’s 10
downfall? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
20(a) How did the Soviet Union respond to the Hungarian Uprising. 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
20(b) How similar were the periods of rule by Nagy and Kadar in Hungary? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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21(a) 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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22(a) What did the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) 10
achieve between 1991 and 1994?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
22(b) Who did more to end white minority rule: de Klerk or Mandela? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
23(b) Was the Arab Rebellion, 1936–39, the main reason why the British left 10
Palestine in 1948? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
24(b) How successful was the Camp David Treaty in bringing about peace 10
between Arabs and Israelis? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
25(b) ‘The creation of the United Arab Republic in 1958 was the high point of 10
Pan-Arabism.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Section F: Asia
26(a) Describe the strengths and weaknesses of both sides in the Civil War 10
in China, 1946–49.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
26(b) ‘The main difference between Guomindang China and the Communist- 10
controlled areas was that Guomindang areas became modernised.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
27(b) Was loss of education the most damaging effect of the Cultural 10
Revolution in China? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
28(a) Describe how democracy was introduced into Japan after the Second 10
World War.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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PUBLISHED
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
29(b) Was Gandhi’s non-violence movement the main reason why India was 10
granted independence in 1947? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
30(b) How far did Indonesians gain from the rule of Sukarno? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address 1
the question
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If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and the (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
11_2134_01_2017_1.15
© UCLES 2017 [Turn over
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2
Section A
(b) How successful was the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was the League of Nations weakened by not admitting Germany until 1926? Explain
your answer. [10]
3 (a) Describe how Germany broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles up to 1936. [10]
(b) Which was more important as a cause of the Second World War: the Sudetenland crisis or
the Nazi-Soviet pact? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was support from Communist China for North Vietnam the main reason for the ending of the
Vietnam War? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was the United Nations in the Congo? Explain your answer. [10]
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3
Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) What was the impact of defeat in the First World War on Germany up to 1923? [10]
(b) Did the Weimar Republic mainly fail because it had accepted the Versailles Treaty? Explain
your answer. [10]
7 (a) Describe relations between Mussolini and the Roman Catholic Church. [10]
(b) ‘Poverty resulting from the First World War brought Mussolini to power.’ How true was this?
Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) Describe the opposition to the Republican government in Spain in 1936. [10]
(b) How significant was the attack on Guernica in April 1937 to the outcome of the Spanish Civil
War? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was the Popular Front government in France? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘In the late 1940s the desire for a united Europe was driven by the need to resist Communism.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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4
Section C
The Americas
(b) Did the American economy grow post-1918 mainly because of Republican taxation policies?
Explain your answer. [10]
12 (a) What was the immediate impact of the Wall Street Crash on Americans? [10]
(b) How far was overproduction in America responsible for the Wall Street Crash? Explain your
answer. [10]
13 (a) What reforms did Johnson introduce to achieve a ‘Great Society’? [10]
(b) How serious a threat to political stability in the USA was McCarthyism? Explain your answer.
[10]
14 (a) Describe the reaction in the Southern states to moves towards desegregation up to 1964.
[10]
(b) ‘Concern about the USA’s image in the rest of the world’. Was this the main reason for the
engagement of presidents in the Civil Rights Movement in America? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) ‘Failure to win the support of the estancieros (landowners) was the main reason for the downfall
of Peron in 1955.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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5
Section D
(b) How far did Russians benefit from Stalin’s economic policies? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did the Great Patriotic War change Stalin’s relationship with the Soviet people? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Khrushchev’s fall from power was mainly caused by the failure of his agricultural policy.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
19 (a) Describe changes made by Andropov and Chernenko to the government of Russia. [10]
(b) Gorbachev’s intention to promote individual initiative is best seen through the freedom given
to the Russian media. Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Dubcek’s downfall was brought about by the introduction of free speech.’ How far do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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6
Section E
21 (a) What difficulties were faced in the Congo during decolonisation? [10]
(b) Was a growing economy the main reason for Ghana’s success as an independent country up
to 2001? Explain your answer. [10]
22 (a) Describe the legal restrictions on the rights of black people in South Africa up to 1948. [10]
(b) Was the 1950 Population Registration Act the most significant law in the creation of apartheid?
Explain your answer. [10]
23 (a) What objections did Arabs have to the establishment of a British mandate in Palestine after
the First World War? [10]
(b) How important was the Peel Commission as a cause of anti-British activity in Palestine up to
1948? Explain your answer. [10]
24 (a) What issues affected Arab-Israeli relations between 1957 and May 1967? [10]
(b) ‘UN Resolution 242 was a fair outcome of the Six-Day War in 1967.’ Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How far was newly gained wealth the cause of the Iranian Revolution? Explain your answer.
[10]
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7
Section F
Asia
26 (a) What were the aims of the May Fourth Movement? [10]
(b) Who was more important in the Nationalist Movement, Sun Yat-sen or Chiang Kai-shek?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How liberalised did China’s economy become after 1976? Explain your answer. [10]
28 (a) Describe how Japan was affected by the First World War. [10]
(b) ‘Rebuilding industry was the focus of Japan’s governments in the years after 1945.’ How far
do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What was the 3rd June Plan for India? [10]
(b) Was Direct Action Day the main reason why India was partitioned in 1947? Explain your
answer. [10]
(b) ‘The formation of Malaysia in 1963 could not have happened without the Cobbold Commission.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
1(b) How successful was the Treaty of Lausanne, 1923? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Success: It was better than the Treaty of Sevres that it replaced in that
it returned Smyrna to Turkey.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. Not successful: it confirmed that Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco were
either independent or under the mandate of GB or France, meaning that the
Arabs who had supported Britain in the war gained little.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Collective security was intended to bring pressure onto all members so
that countries would never again go to war against each other.
2(b) How far was the League of Nations weakened by not admitting 10
Germany until 1926? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Yes: having France and Germany around the same negotiating table may
have reduced the anger felt in Germany about the nature of the peace. The
continuing distrust between France and Germany would have been
lessened as other countries supported the implementation of the treaties.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
No: Germany was as worn out by war and Britain and France were. There
would have been no more support for action against Italy. Germany was in
central Europe, so would not have supported war against Japan.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
3(a) Describe how Germany broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles up 10
to 1936.
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Conscription was reintroduced to bring the army to 950 000 by 1939,
from 100 000 in 1932. A 1935 Naval agreement with Britain allowed
Germany to build warships to 35% of the British strength, leading to 95
warships being available for use by 1939.
3(b) Which was more important as a cause of the Second World War: the 10
Sudetenland crisis or the Nazi-Soviet pact? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. The Sudeten Crisis: Hitler had not shown himself to be trustworthy. By
increasing his demands to cover the whole of the Sudetenland, even for the
reasons of protecting Germans there, the fact that he threatened war to do
so caused concern enough for Britain to increase spending on arms in
preparation for war. By this time 93% of the British public indicated that they
did not believe Hitler when he claimed no further interest in other territories
in Europe.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
Level 3 plus e.g. The Nazi Soviet Pact because it gave Germany the
confidence to invade Poland without risking war on two fronts.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Question Answer Marks
4(b) Was support from Communist China for North Vietnam the main 10
reason for the ending of the Vietnam War? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: the Ho Chi Minh trail through Laos and Cambodia saw the Viet
Cong supported with weapons from China. Whatever strength American
forces took with them, it was never enough to weaken the Viet Cong. While
America tried to destroy areas, men and weapons to the South kept
increasing.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: the Viet Cong were experts at guerrilla warfare, much better suited
to the terrain than the bombing raids and land assaults. Their methods
prevented progress by American forces.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. It proposed to treat all nations equally, to recognise the dignity and
worth of all people, to promote social progress and better standards of life.
5(b) How successful was the United Nations in the Congo? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: its success was short lived as Katonga and the Congo were
reunited. It was a four year commitment of large numbers of troops and it
nearly bankrupted the UN.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
6(a) What was the impact of defeat in the First World War on Germany up 10
to 1923?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. As Germany had not been fought over, German people found it hard to
believe that Germany had been defeated. Germans had been informed that
they were winning; they found it difficult to accept defeat.
6(b) Did the Weimar Republic mainly fail because it had accepted the 10
Versailles Treaty? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Many Germans resented the signing of a diktat that included the
humiliating War Guilt Clause and loss of military might.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: it was the parliamentary system that made it weak and vulnerable.
Proportional representation left the government unable to commit to its
policies because of constant coalitions.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
7(a) Describe relations between Mussolini and the Roman Catholic Church. 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. The Roman Catholic Church gained from Mussolini’s rule. It gained
freedom from government interference as Vatican City was recognised as a
sovereign state.
7(b) ‘Poverty resulting from the First World War brought Mussolini to 10
power.’ How true was this? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. Yes: strikes and political unrest were evident throughout Italy, a
response to lost industry and trade resulting from the First World War. He
received the King’s support because he was popular and could encourage
peace.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
8(b) How significant was the attack on Guernica in April 1937 to the 10
outcome of the Spanish Civil War? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: 1600 defenceless market town people were killed. It was not of
strategic importance.
E.g. No: other factors were of greater significance ...
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. France had little damaged from the Great Depression compared to
other countries.
9(b) How successful was the Popular Front government in France? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: it helped the working man by introducing a 40 hour week and
holidays with pay. However, this was seen as only the beginning of change.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: radicals held back the socialist elements within the government and
the unrest was uncontrolled. As a result, many wealthy people took their
money out of France.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question. 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. An arrangement with the EMS that allows the value of participating
currencies to fluctuate so as to control monetary exchange rates.
10(b) ‘In the late 1940s the desire for a united Europe was driven by the need 10
to resist Communism.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: weak economies had been seen to fall to communism. A united
Europe was seen as developing an economic structure to resist this.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
Level 3 plus e.g. No: Europe post-war was struggling economically. This
was seen as a mechanism for countries to support each other.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Gangs grew to take control of the lucrative trade in illegal alcohol, such
as Al Capone’s gang. Speakeasies and bootleggers were part of it.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: it was the mass production of electrical equipment for homes that
made people want them. Prices were not high.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
12(a) What was the immediate impact of the Wall Street Crash on 10
Americans?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. People who had invested in the stock market, having borrowed money
to do so, were suddenly in great debt.
12(b) How far was overproduction in America responsible for the Wall Street 10
Crash? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: stockpiling could only go on for so long, and by the late 1920s
men were being laid off work as no more needed to be produced. These
people could then not buy, weakening the economy.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: unequal distribution of wealth was not a major cause. The great
growth in the production on new technologies made manufacturers wealthy,
but wages were kept low. The impact was that many families were unable to
buy these technologies, so products such as radios became part of the
cycle that left many stockpiled. Many rural areas had no electricity, so the
available market was limited.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Medicare, a partial health care scheme, was put in place to look after
the over-65s.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: when he began to quiz decorated heroes he was stopped. This
was before Eisenhower’s fears of a divided Republican Party came about.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
14(b) ‘Concern about the USA’s image in the rest of the world’. Was this the 10
main reason for the engagement of presidents in the Civil Rights
movement in America? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: 10% could not vote in the country that claimed to be the leader of
the free world. Nationalism in Africa threatened to see those freed turn to
communism.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. It was about the consciences of politicians who were aware of how they
were only partially serving society, and about the vast amount of talent that
was going to waste that could have been forwarding America’s scientific and
business communities.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Wage increases were introduced without price rises. Copper industries,
banks and textile firms were nationalised.
15(b) ‘Failure to win the support of the estancieros (landowners) was the 10
main reason for the downfall of Peron in 1955.’ Do you agree? Explain
your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: civil conflict developed when Peron established a corporate state
without the main wealth creating arm of the country (owners of agriculture).
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: it was his attack on the Catholic Church that led to military revolt.
He legalised divorce and secularised education.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Question Answer Marks
16(b) How far did Russians benefit from Stalin’s economic policies? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: even though figures can be challenged, in just 10 years the Soviet
Union became a major world industrial power, seeing coal production alone
rise from 36 million tons in 1928 to over 150 million tons in 1941. Steel,
electricity and oil saw similar development through a series of 5 Year Plans
organised through GOSPLAN.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: it was not until Khrushchev’s time that products required for general
life e.g. shoes, became part of economic planning. There were terrible
shortages during Stalin’s period of rule.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. It lasted almost two and a half years and cost the lives of an estimated
1 000 000 city residents. It began on September 8, 1941 when German
troops completed their encirclement of the city.
17(b) How far did the Great Patriotic War change Stalin’s relationship with 10
the Soviet people? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: Stalin realised that religion was necessary and allowed the
reintroduction (quietly) of churches.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: they expected his rule to show respect for their trials during the
war, but this did not happen e.g. the 5 Year Plans were as hard on people
as those before the War.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. There was a focus on industry serving improved living standards e.g.
providing washing machines.
18(b) ‘Khrushchev’s fall from power was mainly caused by the failure of his 10
agricultural policy.’ Do you agree? Explain you answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: the Virgin Lands Scheme failed due to over-farming, leaving
imports required.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: his policies turned many groups against him. Attempting to limit
nuclear weapons and reduce spending on the military lost the support of the
military.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: watching the 19th Party Conference and the Congress of People’s
Deputies in 1989 showed individuals what their involvement in government
could be.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: economic change did more to involve people in new ways. Small
businesses were allowed and workers’ co-operatives were permitted (where
the workforce was less than 50 members).
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: it was the threat of closer relations with W Germany through an
opening border that other Warsaw Pact countries feared.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
21(b) Was a growing economy the main reason for Ghana’s success as an 10
independent country up to 2001? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: with IMF help, agricultural growth was up by 7% and inflation
down by 40% by 1985.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: it was mostly about the role played by JJ Rawlings, removing
corruption and introducing democratic government.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
22(a) Describe the legal restrictions on the rights of black people in South 10
Africa up to 1948.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. The introduction of Poll Tax in 1925 guaranteed that Blacks had to work
for Whites.
22(b) Was the 1950 Population Registration Act the most significant law in 10
the creation of apartheid? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: it meant that authorities could identify Coloured, White and Black
and target the implementation of future laws appropriately.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: the Bantu Education Act was of greater significance as it removed
equality of opportunity by identifying the different education, educational
provisions and the different training of teachers for Blacks and Whites.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Arabs felt that they had exchanged Turkish rulers for British ones, and
that the new rulers were allowing Jewish families to buy their land.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: it was a British document that upset Jews by reducing Jewish
immigration into Palestine after 5 years.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. More extreme Jewish organisations e.g. Irgun and Hagannah, wanted
to rid Palestine of the British.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
24(a) What issues affected Arab-Israeli relations between 1957 and May 10
1967?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. The position of the USA had a big impact, Jews benefiting from USA
financial support and Arabs being anti-West since the Suez crisis.
24(b) ‘UN Resolution 242 was a fair outcome of the Six-Day War in 1967.’ Do 10
you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: it demonstrated Israel’s right to exist even if not to hold newly won
lands.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. Israelis did not think so; they valued the additional security they got
from holding the Golan Heights.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
25(b) How far was newly gained wealth the cause of the Iranian Revolution? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: the new National Iranian Oil Company brought great wealth to
many Iranians. But the vast majority lived lives that were far more driven by
need. These poorer people were prey to the voices that spoke of the pro-
West attitude and the damage that it was doing to their Shia faith.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: closer ties with America and Britain introduced new ways of life.
Western ways were adopted; land was transferred to smaller landowners;
women were given the vote; the number of schools was increased and
children were required to learn to read and write; Western banks opened
and cinemas showed Western films. These were all seen as a threat to their
Islamic faith. Opposition to the regime was led by the Mullahs.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
26(b) Who was more important in the Nationalist Movement, Sun Yat-Sen or 10
Chiang Kai-Shek? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. SYS was important in the south of China. Democratic himself, he was
prepared to work with communists to establish the GMD and build an army.
He wanted land redistribution.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. CKS accepted help from Moscow in setting up the GMD and army.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. There were demands for political change. Tanks were used.
27(b) How liberalised did China’s economy become after 1976? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: trade with the West e.g. to build dams for electricity.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
28(a) Describe how Japan was affected by the First World War. 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Japan took over much of Europe’s trade during World War 1 and
retained a large shipping interest post war.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. Yes: but not the old industries. IT, TV, ship-building were all developed.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. No: land issues had to be addressed to give tenant’s rights. The status
of tenants in society rose.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. Muslim majority provinces were to be able to stay with India or join
Pakistan.
29(b) Was Direct Action Day the main reason why India was partitioned in 10
1947? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. During a period of Congress Rule, Congress called upon the Muslim
League to join with it. This caused Muslims to fear what would happen when
India became independent.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2017
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question 1 mark
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question 2–6 marks
E.g. When Japan invaded in 1942 Sukarno was made part of the
administration and promised independence at the end of the war. Thus, in
1945, Sukarno declared independence.
30(b) ‘The formation of Malaysia in 1963 could not have happened without 10
the Cobbold Commission.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question 1 mark
E.g. No: Tunuku was strong in Malaya and the area was prosperous enough
to determine its own future.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors 7–9 marks
E.g. Yes: the UN research convinced governments that the plan could work.
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If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
06_2134_01_2018_1.12
© UCLES 2018 [Turn over
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2
Section A
1 (a) Describe the ways in which the Treaty of Versailles reduced German strength. [10]
(b) Was the Treaty of Rapallo the most important international agreement signed by Germany in
the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was poverty in Europe the main reason for the weakness of the League of Nations in the
1930s? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was the Treaty of Versailles the main cause of the Second World War? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) ‘The Potsdam Conference was a failure.’ How true was this? Explain your answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the role of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. [10]
(b) ‘The permanent members of the Security Council must agree before any action can be taken.’
Has this been a strength or a weakness of the United Nations? Explain your answer. [10]
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3
Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the treatment of Jewish people in Hitler’s Germany up to 1938. [10]
(b) ‘It was mainly fear of the secret police that allowed the Nazi Party to keep control over Germany.’
Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
7 (a) Describe how a Fascist dictatorship was established in Italy in the 1920s. [10]
(b) ‘Sustained economic development.’ How far does this describe the achievements of Mussolini
in Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) What were the domestic policies of the government of the Second Republic in Spain after
1931? [10]
(b) How important were air raids in bringing about the defeat of the Republican forces in the
Spanish Civil War? Explain your answer. [10]
9 (a) Describe the impact of the General Strike on British coal–miners, 1926-27. [10]
(b) ‘A decade of development.’ How true was this of 1930s Britain? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What organisations were established to help Europe recover from the Second World War?
[10]
(b) ‘The greatest achievement of the European Union (EU) since 1991 has been the single market.’
How far do you agree with this? Explain your answer. [10]
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4
Section C
The Americas
(b) ‘The 1920s saw a great change in the role of women in American society.’ How far do you
agree with this? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How effective was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Nixon’s reputation suffered mainly because of the impact of his economic policies.’ How far
do you agree with this? Explain your answer. [10]
14 (a) Describe the contribution of Malcolm X to the struggle for civil rights in the USA. [10]
(b) ‘The civil rights movement has achieved equality and opportunity for all Americans.’ Do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main reason for the restoration of democracy in Argentina was the Falklands War.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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5
Section D
(b) Was the Kornilov Affair the most important factor in ending the rule of the Provisional
Government? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe how Stalin used propaganda during the Great Patriotic War. [10]
(b) ‘Stalin’s economic policy saw the USSR recover from the Great Patriotic War.’ How far do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did Khrushchev’s domestic policies demonstrate a ‘thaw’ within the Soviet Union?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did glasnost bring about the collapse of the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. [10]
20 (a) Describe Russian involvement in Germany from the end of the Second World War until May
1949. [10]
(b) How similar were the governments of Eastern European countries from 1945 to 1955? Explain
your answer. [10]
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6
Section E
21 (a) Describe the French response to calls for independence from Algeria in the 1940s and 1950s.
[10]
(b) ‘Independence from France in 1962 solved the problems of Algerians.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was the 1950 Group Areas Act the most significant law in the establishment of apartheid in
South Africa? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The 1947 Partition Plan served the needs of the inhabitants of Palestine.’ How far do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How damaging to Nasser’s popularity was the decision to cancel the loan to Egypt for the
building of the Aswan Dam? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was the Shah as leader of Iran up to the establishment of martial law in 1978?
Explain your answer. [10]
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7
Section F
Asia
(b) ‘Chiang Kai-shek was the main reason for the growing strength of the Guomindang in the
1920s.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) Describe the role of the Gang of Four in Chinese politics, 1971–76. [10]
(b) ‘As China was modernised, individual freedoms grew.’ How true was this of China in the 1980s?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was Japan’s economic miracle the result of the USA’s contribution? Explain your
answer. [10]
(b) How important has government investment in industry been in India’s development since 1947?
Explain your answer. [10]
30 (a) Describe the events that led to independence for Malaya in 1957. [10]
(b) ‘Social factors were more important than economic considerations in the decision to separate
Singapore from Malaysia in 1965.’ How true was this? Explain your answer. [10]
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a) Describe the ways in which the Treaty of Versailles reduced German strength. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
1(b) Was the Treaty of Rapallo the most important international agreement signed by Germany in the 1920s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...231 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...232 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
2(b) Was poverty in Europe the main reason for the weakness of the League of Nations in the 1930s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...232 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...233 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
3(b) Was the Treaty of Versailles the main cause of the Second World War? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...233 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...234 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
4(b) ‘The Potsdam Conference was a failure.’ How true was this? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...234 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...235 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
5(a) Describe the role of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
5(b) ‘The permanent members of the Security Council must agree before any action can be taken.’ Has this been a 10
strength or a weakness of the United Nations? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...235 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...236 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
6(b) ‘It was mainly fear of the secret police that allowed the Nazi Party to keep control over Germany.’ Do you agree? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...236 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...237 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
7(a) Describe how a Fascist dictatorship was established in Italy in the 1920s. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
7(b) ‘Sustained economic development.’ How far does this describe the achievements of Mussolini in Italy? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...237 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...238 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
8(a) What were the domestic policies of the government of the Second Republic in Spain after 1931? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
8(b) How important were air raids in bringing about the defeat of the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...238 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...239 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
9(a) Describe the impact of the General Strike on British coal miners, 1926–7. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
9(b) ‘A decade of development.’ How true was this of the 1930s in Britain? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...239 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...240 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
10(a) What organisations were established to help Europe recover from the Second World War? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
10(b) ‘The greatest achievement of the European Union (EU) since 1991 has been the single market.’ How far do you agree 10
with this? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...240 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...241 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
11(b) ‘The 1920s saw a great change in role of women in American society.’ How far do you agree with this? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...241 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
12(b) How effective was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...242 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
13(b) ‘Nixon's reputation suffered mainly because of the impact of his economic policies.’ How far do you agree with this? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...243 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
14(a) Describe the contribution of Malcolm X to the struggle for civil rights in the USA. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
14(b) ‘The civil rights movement has achieved equality and opportunity for all Americans.’ Do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...244 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...245 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
15(b) ‘The main reason for the restoration of democracy in Argentina was the Falklands War.’ Do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...245 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...246 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
16(b) Was the Kornilov Affair the most important factor in ending the rule of the Provisional Government? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...246 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...247 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
17(a) Describe how Stalin used propaganda during the Great Patriotic War. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
17(b) ‘Stalin’s economic policy saw the USSR recover from the Great Patriotic War.’ How far do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...247 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...248 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
18(b) How far did Khrushchev's domestic policies demonstrate a ‘thaw’ within the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...248 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...249 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
19(b) How far did glasnost bring about the collapse of the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...249 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...250 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
20(a) Describe Russian involvement in Germany from the end of the Second World War until May 1949. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
20(b) How similar were the governments of Eastern European countries from 1945 to 1955? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...250 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...251 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
21(a) Describe the French response to calls for independence from Algeria in the 1940s and 1950s. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
21(b) ‘Independence from France in 1962 solved the problems of Algerians.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...251 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...252 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question’
22(b) Was the 1950 Group Areas Act the most significant law in the establishment of apartheid in South Africa? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...252 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...253 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
23(b) ‘The 1947 Partition Plan served the needs of the inhabitants of Palestine.’ How far do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...253 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...254 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
24(b) How damaging to Nasser’s popularity was the decision to cancel the loan to Egypt for the building of the Aswan 10
Dam? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...254 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...255 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
25(b) How successful was the Shah as leader of Iran up to the establishment of martial law in 1978? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...255 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...256 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
26(b) ‘Chiang Kai-shek was the main reason for the growing strength of the Guomindang in the 1920s.’ Do you agree? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...256 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...257 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
27(a) Describe the role of the Gang of Four in Chinese politics, 1971–76. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
27(b) ‘As China was modernised, individual freedoms grew.’ How true was this of China in the 1980s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...257 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...258 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
28(b) How far was Japan's economic miracle the result of the USA’s contribution? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
29(b) How important has government investment in industry been in India's development since 1947? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
30(b) ‘Social factors were more important than economic considerations in the decision to separate Singapore from 10
Malaysia in 1965.’ How true was this? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.
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If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
11_2134_01_2018_1.13
© UCLES 2018 [Turn over
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2
Section A
(b) Was the German lack of involvement in negotiations the main reason they hated the Treaty
of Versailles? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main weakness of the League of Nations in the 1920s was that America would not join.’
Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Poor planning by Germany was the main cause of the failure of Operation Barbarossa.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was Stalin’s foreign policy after the Potsdam Conference up to 1948? Explain
your answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the role of the United Nations during the Korean War. [10]
(b) ‘The United Nations has been successful since the end of the Cold War.’ Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
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3
Section B
Western Europe
(b) ‘The cultural development of Germany in the 1920s was the main achievement of the Weimar
Republic.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
7 (a) What measures were taken by Mussolini to increase food production in Italy? [10]
(b) ‘Italians were happy to see weak government replaced.’ Was this the main reason for Mussolini’s
support in Italy by 1922? Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) Describe the establishment of the Second Republic in Spain in 1931. [10]
(b) ‘The Second Republic in Spain suffered more from internal divisions than from opposition
groups up to 1936.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression on France was that tourism declined.’ How far do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What was the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)? [10]
(b) ‘Failure to recover from the Second World War caused Britain to apply to join the European
Economic Community (EEC) in 1961.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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4
Section C
The Americas
(b) ‘Prohibition was good for the American economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) Was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) the most significant part of the New Deal?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Reagan’s economic policies were largely successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer. [10]
14 (a) What principles guided Martin Luther King’s leadership of the Civil Rights movement? [10]
(b) Was the development of a black middle class in America the main reason for the growth of
the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was success at the Battle of Santa Clara the main reason why Castro was able to overthrow
Batista? Explain your answer. [10]
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5
Section D
(b) Did Stalin’s purges weaken or strengthen the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far was Stalin’s success in leading the USSR during the Great Patriotic War due to the
establishment of the State Defence Committee? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How similar were the social policies of Khrushchev and Brezhnev? Explain your answer. [10]
19 (a) Describe the policy disagreements between Gorbachev and Yeltsin. [10]
(b) ‘The rise of the oligarchs showed that Yeltsin’s ‘‘shock therapy’’ policy was a success.’ How
far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘It was pressure from other Communist countries that caused the Soviet Union to intervene
against Dubček’s government.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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6
Section E
(b) ‘Mugabe made every effort to reconcile minorities.’ How true was this of his rule during the
early years of Zimbabwe? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How successful was the South African government in preventing protest against apartheid?
Explain your answer. [10]
23 (a) Describe the impact of the Second World War on Jewish–British relations in Palestine. [10]
(b) How far was the war in Palestine, 1948–49, a response to the United Nations Partition Plan?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Were the Jewish settlements on the West Bank the main obstacle to the peacemaking process?
Explain your answer. [10]
25 (a) Describe the social changes brought about by the Iranian revolution in 1979. [10]
(b) Was foreign intervention the main reason why the Iran–Iraq War, 1980–88, lasted so long?
Explain your answer. [10]
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7
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe how northern China became united between 1926 and 1928. [10]
(b) How far was Mao successful in maintaining his rule over the Jiangxi Soviet against Guomindang
attack, 1930–34? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) How did the rights of women in China change in the early 1950s? [10]
(b) Were the ‘Anti’ campaigns the main reason for economic reform during the early days of the
People’s Republic of China? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘By invading Manchuria in 1931 the Japanese army was acting recklessly.’ How far do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘It was in foreign policy that Zia-ul-Haq was most successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
30 (a) Describe the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). [10]
(b) ‘The economic community has been the most successful aspect of ASEAN.’ Do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
1(b) Was the German lack of involvement in negotiations the main reason 10
they hated the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question. (1)
2(b) ‘The main weakness of the League of Nations in the 1920s was that 10
America would not join.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
3(b) ‘Poor planning by Germany was the main cause of the failure of 10
Operation Barbarossa.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
4(b) How successful was Stalin’s Foreign Policy after the Potsdam 10
Conference up to 1948? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
5(a) Describe the role of the United Nations during the Korean War. 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
5(b) ‘The United Nations has been successful since the end of the Cold 10
War.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question. (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
6(b) ‘The cultural development of Germany in the 1920s was the main 10
achievement of the Weimar Republic.’ Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
7(b) ‘Italians were happy to see weak government replaced.’ Was this the 10
main reason for Mussolini’s support in Italy by 1922? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
8(b) ‘The Second Republic in Spain suffered more from internal divisions 10
than from opposition groups up to 1936.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
9(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression on France was that tourism 10
declined.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
10(b) ‘Failure to recover from the Second World War caused Britain to apply 10
to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1961.’ How far do
you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
11(b) ‘Prohibition was good for the American economy.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
12(b) Was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) the most significant 10
part of the New Deal? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
13(b) ‘Reagan’s economic policies were largely successful.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
14(a) What principles guided Martin Luther King’s leadership of the Civil 10
Rights movement?
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
14(b) Was the development of a black middle class in America the main 10
reason for the growth of the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question. (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
15(b) Was success at the Battle of Santa Clara the main reason why Castro 10
was able to overthrow Batista? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
16(b) Did Stalin’s purges weaken or strengthen the USSR? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
17(b) How far was Stalin’s success in leading the USSR during the Great 10
Patriotic War due to the establishment of the State Defence
Committee? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...284 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
18(b) How similar were the social policies of Khrushchev and Brezhnev? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
19(b) ‘The rise of the oligarchs showed that Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” policy 10
was a success.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
20(b) ‘It was pressure from other Communist countries that caused the Soviet 10
Union to intervene against Dubcek’s government.’ Do you agree?
Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question. (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
21(b) ‘Mugabe made every effort to reconcile minorities.’ How true was this 10
of his rule during the early years of Zimbabwe? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question. (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...289 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
23(b) How far was the war in Palestine, 1948–49, a response to the United 10
Nations Partition Plan? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...290 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
24(b) Were the Jewish settlements on the West Bank the main obstacle to 10
the peacemaking process? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
25(a) Describe the social changes brought about by the Iranian revolution in 10
1979.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
25(b) Was foreign intervention the main reason why the Iran-Iraq War, 10
1980–88, lasted so long? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
26(a) Describe how northern China became united between 1926 and 1928. 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
26(b) How far was Mao successful in maintaining his rule over the Jiangxi 10
Soviet against Guomindang attack, 1930–34? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
27(a) How did the rights of women in China change in the early 1950s? 10
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
27(b) Were the ‘Anti’ Campaigns the main reason for economic reform 10
during the early days of the People’s Republic of China? Explain your
answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
28(b) ‘By invading Manchuria in 1931 the Japanese army was acting 10
recklessly.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
Question Answer Marks
29(b) ‘It was in foreign policy that Zia ul-Haq was most successful.’ How far 10
do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 3: Explains the given factor or other factor (5–6)
Yes: e.g. during the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan, ul-Haq
supported Muslim Afghanistan to drive off the invaders. In this they were
supported by military assets and money from the USA. This brought wealth
to Pakistan, recognition of being a Western supporter and international
acclaim. However, it did bring the problem of 3 million refugees arriving in
Pakistan from Afghanistan.
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
30(b) ‘The economic community has been the most successful aspect of 10
ASEAN.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
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If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and the (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
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Section A
(b) How far did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy President Wilson? Explain your answer. [10]
2 (a) What were the structural weaknesses of the League of Nations? [10]
(b) Was the League’s handling of the Vilna dispute its most important failure in the 1920s? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How important was the attack on Pearl Harbor to the outcome of the Second World War?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Who was more responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis, the USA or the USSR? Explain your
answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the humanitarian work undertaken by the United Nations (UN). [10]
(b) How successful was the UN in the Korean War? Explain your answer. [10]
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Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the economic condition of Germany at the end of the First World War in 1918. [10]
(b) How damaging was the 1923 Ruhr crisis to Germany? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Mussolini’s economic policies were successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
[10]
8 (a) Describe the opposition to the Second Republic in Spain up to the outbreak of the Civil War.
[10]
(b) ‘The outcome of the Spanish Civil War was more the result of Republican weakness than
Nationalist strength.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Evacuating children in 1939 was the most important aspect of British policy on the Home
Front.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What was the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)? [10]
(b) How similar were the Council of Europe (1949) and the Common Market / EEC (1957)? Explain
your answer. [10]
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Section C
The Americas
(b) ‘Immigration into the USA was the main cause of racial discrimination in the 1920s.’ How far
do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression was its human cost.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
13 (a) What were the attitudes towards communists in the USA after the Second World War? [10]
(b) Who achieved more for the American economy, Nixon or Reagan? Explain your answer. [10]
14 (a) Describe life for African Americans in the Southern states in the 1930s. [10]
(b) Did Martin Luther King’s words or actions do more to promote civil rights in the USA? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Allende was overthrown because of the failure of his economic policies.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
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Section D
(b) Were Stalin’s Five-Year Plans a success? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe how the government of the USSR reacted to the challenges of the Great Patriotic
War. [10]
(b) Which was more effective in helping Stalin to control the USSR after 1945, the ‘cult of
personality’ or economic recovery? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did Brezhnev reform the economy? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Was Gorbachev a successful leader of the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main reason for the establishment of Solidarity in Poland in 1980 was the leadership of
Lech Walesa.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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Section E
(b) ‘At independence, Zimbabwe faced relatively few social and economic problems.’ How far do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘The main weakness of South Africa by 1994 was the economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) How fair were the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and its neighbouring states?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) ‘Syria was responsible for the Arab-Israeli War in 1967.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer. [10]
25 (a) What were the main events of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88? [10]
(b) ‘Ayatollah Khomeini was responsible for the fall of the Shah of Iran.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer. [10]
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Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe life in the communist controlled areas of China up to 1949. [10]
(b) How far was the impact of the Versailles peace treaty harmful to China? Explain your answer.
[10]
27 (a) Describe the structure of government of the People’s Republic of China, set up in 1949. [10]
(b) How successful were the communes in meeting Mao Zedong’s aims? Explain your answer.
[10]
28 (a) Describe the development of fishing industries in post-Second World War Japan. [10]
(b) ‘Japan’s industrial growth in the 1970s was mainly due to the developing electronics sector.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) How far did the 3 June Plan have the support of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim
League? Explain your answer. [10]
30 (a) Describe events leading to Singapore’s separation from Malaysia in 1965. [10]
(b) ‘The 1997 financial crash encouraged the countries of Southeast Asia to work more closely
together.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2019
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
L2 e.g. European treaties to confirm relationships after the First World War.
L3 e.g. One of them confirmed the boundaries set between Germany, France and Belgium in the Treaty of Versailles.
1(b) How far did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy President Wilson? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes in that Alsace Lorraine was returned to France. This was one of his 14 Points.
L4 L3 plus e.g. It seemed unfair that only countries punished as the defeated during the First World War were forced to
disarm. His aim was for all countries to disarm for international security.
L3 e.g. It lacked the power to impact on Powers because it did not have the support for sanctions that the USA would have
brought with it.
2(b) Was the League’s handling of the Vilna dispute its most important failure in the 1920’s? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, the League should have responded to Lithuanian calls for help and removed the Polish army from Lithuania’s
capital city. It did not and Poland retained control of the city.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Corfu Crisis was more significant in that a member of the League of Nations, Italy, abused its position to
overturn a decision and have compensation from Greece paid directly to Italy.
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Question Answer Marks
L2 e.g. Allied troops entered Northern France in order to drive Germany back.
L3 e.g. Beaches in Northern France including Utah and Omaha saw US and British forces landing under air support from
13 000 allied aircraft.
3(b) How important was the attack on Pearl Harbor to the outcome of the Second World War? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. It was important in that it brought the USA into the war as US shipping was attacked by Japanese forces at Pearl
Harbour. The USA made significant differences e.g. on the Western Front, to the outcome of the Second World War.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Russian reactions to Operation Barbarossa weakened German forces so much, and secured the need for
German forces on the Eastern Front, that Germany was unable to defend against Operation Overlord.
L3 e.g. The policy was to support countries e.g. Greece that were at risk of turning to Communism.
4(b) Who was more responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis, the USA or the USSR? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. The USA for putting missiles in Turkey, causing the USSR to retaliate. L4 L3 plus e.g. The USSR for threatening
capitalism in Eastern Europe.
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Question Answer Marks
5(a) Describe the humanitarian work undertaken by the United Nations (UN). 10
L2 e.g. Returning refugees to their home countries after the Second World War.
L3 e.g. UNRWA secured shelter and medical supplies for Arabs forced to leave their homes by the settlement of Jews in
Palestine. When the refugee camps were clearly going to be long-term requirements, it helped to set up schools, hospitals,
houses and training centres to help the Arabs to become self-sufficient.
5(b) How successful was the UN in the Korean War? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, it was. Troops from 16 nations were able to repel the invasion from the north and preserve the frontier at the 38th
Parallel.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was not possible because of the strength of the UN, but because Russia was absent at the Security
Council meetings, enabling the USA to push for UN involvement. It was largely a US affair.
6(a) Describe the economic conditions of Germany at the end of the First World War in 1918. 10
L3 e.g. German people were forced to try to survive on turnips and bread, even that being mixed with sawdust to make it go
further.
6(b) How damaging was the 1923 Ruhr crisis to Germany? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, calling for a strike in response to the French invasion caused the collapse of the German currency. L4 L3 plus e.g.
No, it made it clear that Germany could not pay reparations, causing Stresemann to negotiate
loans from the USA.
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Question Answer Marks
L3 e.g. Women were to have peasant characteristics, dressing appropriately and being strong and bringing up children to
value hard work.
7(b) ‘Mussolini’s economic policies were successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, the Battle for Wheat, while it had increased the supply of bread increased grain production had reduced the
availability of meat and fruit. It had also caused unemployment, bringing opposition to Mussolini.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Battle for Wheat, had reduced the availability of meat and fruit. It had also caused unemployment,
bringing opposition to Mussolini.
8(a) Describe the opposition to the Second Republic in Spain up to the outbreak of the Civil War. 10
L3 e.g. The right wing of the Cortes was made up of landowners, members of the Church, the army and industrialists opposed
policies that attacked all of their interests.
8(b) ‘The outcome of the Spanish Civil War was more the result of Republican weakness than Nationalist strength.’ How 10
far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, Franco was extremely skilled at bringing right wing groups together to fight as one unit. He used their aim of
destroying the godless Republicans to form this fighting unit.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, Republicans were such a disparate group that for a while they actually fought against each other e.g. in
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Barcelona. Even the Communists divided into pro-Stalin and pro-Trotsky groups.
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Question Answer Marks
9(b) ‘Evacuating children in 1939 was the most important aspect of British policy on the Home Front.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, it was. The threat to London was greatest and removing children/ the next generation from danger showed that
the government was taking control of the war effort.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, preparing airfields across the south and west of Britain was stronger preparation for a war that was
universally expected to see significant air warfare.
10(a) What was the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)? 10
L3 e.g. It was about how payments between countries could be made, using own currencies. It was based on the EPU and
came into being when the USA and Canada joined in 1961.
10(b) How similar were the Council of Europe (1949) and the Common Market / EEC (1957)? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, by 1971 it was made up of all the states of W Europe (except Spain and Portugal), and had an Assembly where
each member was represented. This was like the EU’s Council of Ministers.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Assembly had no powers, but was a place for discussion, unlike the EU’s European Commission.
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While, in theory, the Council of Ministers had to approve decisions made by the Commission, in reality this was not the case,
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as can be seen by the rules and regulations that emanated from them.
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Question Answer Marks
L3 e.g. They were accused of robbing and murdering a postmaster in the USA.
11(b) ‘Immigration into the USA was the main cause of racial discrimination in the 1920’s.’ How far do you agree? Explain 10
your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Americans believed that immigration threatened jobs, wealth and position in the USA.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, 10 million African-Americans lived in the USA, and by 1900 they were beginning to organise themselves.
White Americans became aware that their children would come to voting age, and they must not be allowed to vote in elections
that might reduce the power of white supremacists.
L2 e.g. When Americans had tried to sell their shares in large numbers, banks did not have the money to repay them and
closed their doors.
L3 e.g. Banks had themselves been speculating on the stock exchange and this rendered them unable to meet demands
when the flood of people who had lost confidence in the stocks tried to sell them. Millions lost their life savings as banks simply
closed down. People lost faith in banks, and they were a vital part of recovery after the Wall Street Crash, so the government
had to take action.
12(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression was its human cost.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, as demand for all kinds of goods fell, a quarter of the labour force lost their jobs and one in eight farmers lost their
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land. People had to queue for food and Hoovervilles arose.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. People had no money and so were unable to buy produce from farmers or consumables from industry.
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Question Answer Marks
13(a) What were the attitudes towards communists in the USA after the Second World War? 10
L3 e.g. In 1947 Truman set up a Loyalty Review Board to investigate people working in government, the civil service, and the
atomic research industries to make sure no spies were employed.
13(b) Who achieved more for the American economy, Nixon or Reagan? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Nixon: Rising unemployment caused calls for a reduction in public spending. He froze prices and wages, reduced
spending on Johnson’s poverty programme. But he extended funding for care of the elderly and he set up a Council of Urban
Affairs to involve other people in considering how to improve slums and ghettos. He did not reduce poverty, but he did reduce
the level of protest about it by involving society e.g. students in the running of their universities.
L4 e.g. Reagan: Supply-side economics, reducing taxes on businesses and workers seemed to show a benefit for the wealthy,
but not for the poor.
14(a) Describe life for African-Americans in the Southern states in the 1930s. 10
L2 e.g. Black people did not have the same rights as white people and they had less wealth.
L3 e.g. Even when regulation forbade it, Southern states did not permit equal access, e.g. in Arkansas to schools.
14(b) Did Martin Luther King’s words or actions do more to promote civil rights in the USA? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Words were powerful and were listened to by all sectors of American society. He talked to crowds of the need to
protest with love, not anger. Dignity would win the day.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. He practised what he preached. In 1963, when King organised successful demonstrations against segregation in
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Alabama, police attacked with tear gas and King was imprisoned. The world, and America, watched as he responded with dignity
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and his cause won sympathisers.
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Question Answer Marks
L3 e.g. He was supported by financial aid from the USA and was soon able to bring the annual inflation rate to reasonable
levels where an election could be planned.
15(b) ‘Allende was overthrown because of the failure of his economic policies.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Economic policies: land redistribution policies turned powerful landowners against him. They destroyed land and
animals and hunger turned the public against him.
L4 L3 plus e.g. An election for President was due in 1976, and Allende was not able to stand, according to the Constitution.
His opponents feared that he would change the Constitution, and so they organised a massive strike, gained the support of
the army and staged a military coup.
L3 e.g. Those who wanted to see the monarch restored opposed the Bolsheviks.
16(b) Were Stalin’s Five Year Plans a success? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, vastly greater amounts of coal, iron, steel, electricity and oil were produced than during the years of Lenin’s period
of rule.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it is believed that figures published were grossly exaggerated, and production was little more than would
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have been achieved under Lenin’s New Economic Policy.
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Question Answer Marks
17(a) Describe how the government of the USSR reacted to the challenges of the Great Patriotic War. 10
L3 e.g. He was leader of the Communist Party and Supreme Leader of the USSR. He was supported by the NKVD which was
tasked to remove opponents of the State. The new constitution of 1936 seemed to give freedoms to the people, including voting
rights and freedom of speech/ the press, but these were all controlled and there was only one Party.
17(b) Which was more effective in helping Stalin to control the USSR after 1945, the ‘cult of personality’ or economic 10
recovery? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Cult of personality – through education programmes and the press, as well as personal appearances, Stalin was loved
as the hero of the revolution and the father of the people.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Some people had good jobs with high incomes and a good lifestyle through industrialisation, and, for this, Stalin
was given credit. However, the chaos in the countryside was blamed on others, so Stalin’s reputation was not tarnished.
18(b) How far did Brezhnev reform the economy? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. No, centralisation inhibited reform and industry remained old fashioned and under-productive.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, he developed military hardware to match that of the USA.
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Question Answer Marks
L2 e.g. Gorbachev’s Vice President took control of the USSR while Gorbachev was on holiday.
L3 e.g. With Yeltsin having resigned and the republics demanding independence, Yanayev arrested Gorbachev while he was
in the Crimea on holiday. Telling Moscow that he was ill and that an eight-man committee was now in charge, they established
a state of emergency. However, Yeltsin condemned the coup and the army followed him.
19(b) Was Gorbachev a successful leader of the USSR? Explain your answer. 10
L3: Yes, many believe that he was trying to get Communism to where Lenin wanted it to be. He allowed Eastern European
countries to become free and independent. People in the USSR had more personal freedom than at any time since 1917, if not
before.
No: At the time he was seen as a failure. Conservative Communists thought him a traitor. Reformers thought he stuck with
Communism for too long. Ordinary people saw him as inefficient and weak as he had not protected them.
L3 e.g. It proclaimed the right to use military force to keep countries under control.
20(b) ‘The main reason for the establishment of Solidarity in Poland in 1980 was the leadership of Lech Walesa.’ How far do 10
you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, in Poland food shortages led to calls for trade unions to be allowed. The USSR sent troops to the border, but did
not carry through to invasion.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. Communism had failed to provide the sort of lives that should have been possible given the resources
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available. Living conditions were simply unacceptable.
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L2 e.g. Africans were allowed to participate in government in increasing numbers until they governed their country.
L3 e.g. Following the appalling treatment of the Mau Mau by the British, there was a change of heart in Britain and Africans
were allowed greater freedoms to engage in the production of crops and in government e.g. in 1960, Africans became the
majority group on the council and had 4 out of 10 seats in the Council of Ministers.
21(b) ‘At independence, Zimbabwe faced relatively few social and economic problems.’ How far do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the coalition between ZAPU and ZANU was uneasy with Mugabe and Nkomo not being able to trust each other
and Nkomo was accused of planning a coup.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the problems of dealing with poverty and the economy were the same as in other newly independent
African states.
L3 e.g. In September 1979 Botha announced that white domination and enforced apartheid were a recipe for discontent.
22(b) ‘The main weakness of South Africa by 1994 was the economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, the African homelands were a failure and foreign governments did not trust them to be independent states, and
therefore did not support them with aid.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. No, recession caused many white people to leave S Africa, causing the rising black population to form 84% of
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Question Answer Marks
L3 e.g. Israeli forces were unable to defeat King Abdullah’s Arab Legion which was defending East Jerusalem, but they were
able to capture West Jerusalem.
23(b) How fair were the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and its neighbouring states? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, for Israel, It gained recognition as a new state and secured some more land.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, for the Arabs as land borders between Egypt and Israel returned to the pre-war situation.
L3 e.g. Egypt refused to obey the call for ceasefire following the Israeli attack, causing France and Britain to bomb Egypt from
the air.
24(b) ‘Syria was responsible for the Arab-Israeli War in 1967.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, Nasser was stung by criticism from the new Syrian government that not enough was being done to challenge the
growing might of Israel.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Russia informed the Egyptian government that Israel was moving troops to the borders it shared with Syria and
was about to invade. This was not true but it had the desired effect.
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25(a) What were the main events of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88? 10
25(b) ‘Ayatollah Khomeini was responsible for the fall of the Shah of Iran.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, Ayatollah was a leading mullah who encouraged criticism of the wealth and freedoms of the élite in society. He
took the opportunity of the Shah’s ill health and absence from Iran to take control.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Shah failed to see the inequality that arose from oil wealth. This made people listen to arguments
against his religious sincerity.
26(b) How far was the impact of the Versailles peace treaty harmful to China? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, it confirmed that Japan controlled the port of Kiaochow, formerly controlled by Germany
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, issues around the 21 Demands from Japan to the Warlords were forgotten and the unequal treaties were
not undone or extended.
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27(a) Describe the structure of government of the People’s Republic of China, set up in 1949. 10
L2 e.g. Regions were established and Communist members were in control of these.
L3 e.g. Strict rules guided relationships at local and national level. Regions controlled counties, controlled cities etc. Mao was
Chairman of the Communist Party and Head of State. His deputy was PM and Foreign Minister.
27(b) How successful were the communes in meeting Mao Zedong’s aims? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, he aimed to develop agriculture and industry at the same time and communes were responsible for everything,
and the organisation of e.g. childcare freed everyone up to contribute to the full. Projects were completed at great speed and
with enthusiasm e.g. giant dams.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, progress made was uneven. Boilers made by non-specialists were liable to break down and n-one knew
how to repair them. Harvests were wasted as those who were the farmers of old were steel making. Famine followed, and
political change.
28(a) Describe the development of fishing industries in post-Second World War Japan. 10
L3 e.g. Processing plants had been destroyed during the war, and new ones were efficient. America agreed to import fish, so
the fishing industry rose quickly to contribute to the developing economy.
28(b) ‘Japan’s industrial growth in the 1970s was mainly due to the developing electronics sector.’ How far do you agree? 10
Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Japanese products, e.g. radio and TV, had gained a reputation for high quality and reliability, so when the digital
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age arrived Japan was able to develop its expertise and gain international markets.
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L3 e.g. Gandhi called for a mass non-violent demonstration on the widest possible lines to disrupt the British government.
29(b) ‘The main reason for tensions between India and Pakistan since 1947 has been territorial disputes.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Positive: April 1950 Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan signed the Minorities Pact to look after the freedoms of minorities that
did not cross to the country of their religion in time.
30(b) ‘The 1997 financial crash encouraged the countries of Southeast Asia to work more closely together.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative,
was put forward in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It called for better integration of the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus
Three countries, China, Japan, and South Korea.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The newcomers have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of AFTA as they
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were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA’s tariff
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reduction obligations.
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1(b) Did the peace treaties of 1919–23 treat Germany more harshly than its 10
allies? Explain your answer.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, all defeated countries had to pay reparations, reduce
arms and suffer alteration to lands held.
L2 e.g. It could demand that the offending country stop its actions L3 e.g. It
could impose economic sanctions on the offending country.
2(b) How far were the weaknesses of the League of Nations demonstrated 10
by the Corfu Crisis? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the Council of the League’s decision was overturned by the
Conference of Ambassadors. Italy, being a member of the League, was able
to take advantage of the weakness in the non- fulltime working of the Council.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, bigger weaknesses were visible in crises where the loss
of the USA was evident e.g. in the Abyssinian Crisis where the USA
continued to trade when sanctions were imposed by the League.
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3(a) Describe how the War in the Pacific came to an end in 1945. 10
L3 e.g. The Americans defeated the Japanese at Midway Island, where they
made better use of a less equipped force against one that was over-
confident.
3(b) How far was Britain’s survival in 1940 a result of naval power? Explain 10
your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, British shipping protected the merchant fleet, providing essential
supplies to Britain, as well as blockading the German navy in the Baltic.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The British Navy was more effective when the value of air
cover was realised.
L3.e.g. All methods of contact between West Berlin and West Germany
were cut off by Russia.
4(b) How much of a threat to world peace was the U2 spy plane incident? 10
Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. It was a serious threat. It was the USA’s refusal to admit what had
been done or to apologise that caused a rift between East and West.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it happened in 1960, during the Khrushchev years when it
seemed that tensions were cooling.
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L3 e.g. Having a membership including both the USA and the USSR made it
more likely to be able to work for world peace.
5(b) How successfully did the UN deal with the issue of Saddam Hussein 10
and Kuwait? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, during the 1991 Gulf War the UN forces drove Hussein out of
Kuwait.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it did not – preventing the USA and Britain from attacking
Iraq unilaterally.
L3 e.g. Yes, it was able to manage attacks from the left, the Spartacists, and
the right, the Freikorps.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was unable to manage its obligations under the Treaty
of Versailles.
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7(a) Describe the economic situation of Italy at the end of the First World 10
War.
7(b) How far were Mussolini’s social policies successful? Explain your 10
answer.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, they came at great cost. Benefits such as free Sundays,
access to activities and cheap tours and holidays were expensive but had to
be provided to make the Corporate State a reality.
8(a) Describe the changing fortunes of the Nationalists during the Civil War 10
in Spain.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The left wing did not approve of the Republican government as
it did not try to overthrow capitalism. Most people felt that the government was
weak, unable to manage dissent.
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9(b) How important was the contribution of women to the war effort on the 10
Home Front in Britain? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, propaganda about being quiet stopped Germany being able to
spy on Britain so easily.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, Land Army women were vital in replacing fighting men
who had left farming jobs. Food production was a crucial part of the Home
Front efforts.
10(a) Describe de Gaulle’s reaction to Britain’s request for entry into the 10
European Economic Community (EEC).
10(b) How far do you agree that the European Parliament is more important 10
to the working of the European Union (EU) than the European
Commission? Explain your answer.
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L2 e.g. Cars, fridges and radios were made and sold in great quantities.
L3 e.g. Cars, fridges and radios were made and sold in great quantities.
However, while production was speeded up to meet demand, it was not
slowed as demand fell, so the economy was vulnerable.
11(b) ‘The benefits of the economic growth of the 1920s were shared fairly 10
between the different social groups in the USA.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. In the cities of the north of the USA there was greater equality
between black and white workers and between male and female workers.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Between men and women in the South of the US and
between black and white workers in the US the situation was little different
than it had been in the early 1900s.
12(a) What did Roosevelt achieve in his first 100 days as President? 10
12(b) ‘The strongest opposition to the New Deal came from the Supreme 10
Court.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Republicans in the Supreme Court against the New Deal
declared the NRA unconstitutional and therefore unable to send a body
bringing its laws to trial.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Huey Long accused the government of not doing enough
e.g. on pensions for the elderly and buying American products to give to
families e.g. radios.
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13(b) Who achieved more to improve social welfare in the USA, Truman or 10
Kennedy? Explain your answer.
L2 e.g. Black people in Montgomery refused to use buses after one woman
was asked to give up her seat.
L3 e.g. Rosa Parks refused to give her seat for a white person in 1955 when
directed to by the bus driver. The furore that this led to brought about a
boycott of buses travel by black community to raise awareness.
14(b) ‘The Selma marches were the most important reason for the 10
introduction of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.’ How far do you agree?
Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, they were: by obeying the restriction set upon them by the
courts, the marchers won the respect of government and white voters.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was the work of King who showed the legitimacy of the Civil
Rights cause that won the government over.
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15(b) How far was the Junta in Argentina brought down in 1983 by its human 10
rights record? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, charged with 2300 political murders and the disappearance of up
to 30 000 people, the Junta did not have a good record.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the attack on the Falkland Islands left Argentina with
unprecedented debt and an unsustainably low standard of living for the
population.
16(a) Describe how Russia was ruled before the February Revolution in 10
1917.
16(b) Which was more responsible for the fall of the Provisional Government, 10
Lenin’s leadership of the Bolsheviks or the failure of its own policies?
Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Lenin’s call for peace and bread had a great impact on Russian
people who were struggling from poverty and loss of lives of through military
action.
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17(a) Describe how the USSR’s resources were managed during the Great 10
Patriotic War.
L3 e.g. Production of steel and tanks was moved to Eastern Russia, away
from threats from Germany.
17(b) ‘The most important reason for Stalin’s continued control over the USSR 10
after 1945 was his use of purges.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer.
L3 e.g. Stalin’s people in Russia had been educated into the Cult of
Personality.
L3 e.g. Local Councils were charged with directing local industry to make
things locals needed e.g. washing machines. They were encouraged to
make a small profit on sales.
18(b) How far did Soviet society and politics change under Khrushchev’s 10
leadership? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, he was less of a dictator and returned to Party control in politics
and freedoms for individuals increased e.g. for writers.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Church was not allowed to continue to return to its
position, indeed they were closed down, and a strike against rising meat
prices was met with tanks and shots fired.
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L3 e.g. Yeltsin tried to take full control of Russia and parliament tried to stop
him. The army supported Yeltsin, firing on the White House and the Mayor of
Moscow.
19(b) How far was Yeltsin re- elected because his policies had been 10
successful? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, it was his personal appearances that won him 35% of the votes
and kept him in power.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, he had support from the West, and people in Russia
agreed that they did not want to go back to the old days either.
20(a) Describe how the USSR took over Eastern Europe, 1944–48. 10
L2 e.g. It began with the Soviet Union supporting the restoration of Germany
after the Second World War.
L3 e.g. The Soviet Union supported Poland after the Second World War, but
would not allow America to force the holding of elections.
20(b) How far was Jaruzelski responsible for the collapse of communism in 10
Poland in the 1980s? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, he opened talks with Solidarity about its activities and
established a democratic process.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, there were wider forces at work. The policies of Gorbachev
made him aware that communism was a different sort of force now.
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L2 e.g. Protests by people of the Congo caused Belgium to give the country
independence.
21(b) ‘The main problem facing newly independent Algeria was its weak 10
economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, white French settlers ran Algeria as part of France, exporting
their produce and treating native workers as third class citizens. The result
was very low standards of living and education among Algerians. When
800 000 French left Algeria, there was not much left to control.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The new government turned against the Algerians who had
remained loyal to the French and it is estimated that 150 000 were executed
or murdered.
L2 e.g. Apartheid.
L3 e.g. Saving whites from the ‘black menace’ was how Malan described
Apartheid.
22(b) Was de Klerk’s leadership in South Africa the most important factor in 10
ending apartheid ? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, it began under Botha when freedoms were given to black people
and the Pass Laws were ended.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, de Klerk freed Mandela and removed the rest of the
regulations of Apartheid.
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L3 e.g. Zionists targeted the British who had stopped large numbers of
Jewish settlers from landing in Palestine for fear of further angering the
Arabs.
23(b) How far was Palestinian Arab refusal to accept the United Nations’ 10
partition plan the cause of the war of 1948–49? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a three day strike that
led to violence against Jewish people, who they felt were gaining from the
plan.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, Jewish military groups began to forcibly remove Arabs
from what they saw as land they were to be given.
24(a) Describe the aims of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) when 10
it was founded.
L3 e.g. It was set up in Cairo in 1964 by Arab leaders who wanted to unify
their actions.
24(b) ‘King Hussein of Jordon weakened the PLO.’ How far do you agree ?
Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, he expelled them from Jordan fearing reprisals from the West.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the PLO went on to even more violent activities e.g.
attacking the Israeli athletes in Germany.
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L3 e.g. It was when the Shah, who was out of Iran receiving medical
attention, was overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini.
25(b) ‘The 1980–88 Iran-Iraq War was a success for Iraq.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, in the longer term his forces were forced to a standstill
and then forced back. It was a long war that destroyed both sides.
L3 e.g. In the Jiangxi Soviet Chiang Kai-shek mounted five campaigns to try
to wipe out communists. They failed as the communists with much smaller
numbers drew the opposing forces deep into their territory and attacked
them.
26(b) How successful were the Chinese in fighting the war against Japan, 10
1937–45? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, Japanese troops swept over Beijing to take control over coastal
regions and all the main cities and lines of communication.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, from 1937–40 communists began the Hundred Battles
campaigns through which they rendered the Japanese harmless. Japanese
retaliations were hindered by Chinese people who rose to support the
communists.
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L2 e.g. It was a wall where Chinese people could post their thoughts.
L3 e.g. Deng allowed freedom for people to post their thoughts and
Changan Avenue was the chosen place for posters of all sorts, e.g. Mao
was 70% good and 30% bad’ to be posted.
27(b) How effective was China’s one-child policy? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. It succeeded in the cities where the population fell and standards of
living were rising.
L3 e.g. Landlords who lived in cities and rented small plots to tenants had their
lands redistributed to those tenants who were able to buy it at reasonable
rates. They then could access government grants. They prospered and
production rose.
28(b) ‘Traditional industries declined. New industries thrived.’ How far is this 10
true of Japan after 1970? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the traditional weapons industries were disbanded. But shipping
industries were redeveloped, resulting in bigger and faster ships to send
goods overseas.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Technologies developed e.g. radios, cars that were seen as
reliable and were sold world-wide.
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L3 e.g. Muslims warned Great Britain that they would start non-cooperation
on August 1st 1920 should the terms of the Treaty of Sevres be
implemented.
29(b) How far did the 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan satisfy the political leaders 10
of India? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, The Muslim League agreed to nominate members to the interim
cabinet on the basis of this.
L4 e.g. L3 plus Nehru stated that, once the British had left, Congress would
not feel bound by its terms.
30(b) ‘Social cohesion has been the main aim of Malaysia’s government 10
since 1963.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY2147/01
Paper 1 For examination from 2020
INSTRUCTIONS
●● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
●● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
●● The total mark for this paper is 60.
●● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
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(a) Describe how the Hungarian Revolution had ended by 1849. [4]
(c) ‘The revolutions across Europe in 1848–49 failed because revolutionaries were not united in
their aims.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What actions were taken to improve the strength of the Prussian army in the 1860s? [4]
(b) Why was there a war between Prussia and France in July 1870? [6]
(c) ‘Bismarck was successful because he was prepared to use force.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
3 Differences existed between the Northern and Southern states of the United States.
(c) How beneficial to the South was reconstruction? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What economic advantages were gained by European countries from expanding their
empires?[4]
(c) In Africa, was the nature of British imperialism different to that of other countries? Explain
your answer. [10]
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5 The treatment of Germany and its allies at Versailles brought fierce criticism.
(a) What features of the Treaty of Versailles were shared by the other peace treaties of
1919–20?[4]
(b) Why were the German people unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles? [6]
(c) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau or Lloyd George? Explain
your answer. [10]
(a) What were the consequences of the Spanish Civil War for peace in Europe? [4]
(b) Why did Hitler take Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933? [6]
(c) ‘The policy of appeasement played a greater part in the outbreak of war in 1939 than did the
Nazi-Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Nixon find it difficult to withdraw from Vietnam? [6]
(c) ‘In Vietnam, Kennedy was more successful than Johnson.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the methods of control exercised by the Soviet Union over Hungary before the 1956
uprising.[4]
(c) ‘The Berlin Wall was more advantageous to the Western allies than to the Soviet Union.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) What problems occurred when tanks were first used in battle? [4]
(b) Why were aircraft important to military commanders on the Western Front? [6]
(c) How far does General Haig deserve to be remembered as the ‘Butcher of the Somme’?
Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘The main reason for British men joining the armed forces was patriotism.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45
(c) ‘By the end of the 1930s, Hitler’s control of Germany was based on oppression.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were some women unhappy with life under the Nazi regime? [6]
(c) ‘The standard of living in Germany improved under the Nazis.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) What part did religion play in the Tsarist autocracy? [4]
(b) Why was there continuing discontent with Tsarist rule after the 1905 Revolution and up to the
outbreak of war in 1914? [6]
(c) How important was the First World War in the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II? Explain your
answer.[10]
(b) Why were the Purges disastrous for the Soviet Union? [6]
(c) ‘It was Stalin’s use of his power within the Communist Party that ensured his success in the
leadership contest.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What policies did Republican governments follow in the 1920s to encourage industrial
growth? [4]
(b) Why was the development of assembly-line production important for the growth of the
economy? [6]
(c) ‘The lives of all Americans improved in the boom years.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). [4]
(c) ‘Republican opposition was a greater threat to the New Deal than was the Supreme Court.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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17 During the 1930s and 1940s Chiang Kai-shek was under threat.
(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek plan the extermination campaigns of 1930–34? [6]
(c) ‘It was the war with Japan that weakened the Nationalist government.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) In what ways did China’s relations with India between 1951 and 1965 affect Tibet? [4]
(b) Why was there a tense relationship between China and the United States before 1970? [6]
(c) ‘The most important reason for China becoming a world power by 1976 was its admittance to
the United Nations.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What changes during the Second World War were resented by some white people? [4]
(b) Why were National Party policies appealing to Afrikaner voters in 1948? [6]
(c) How far had segregation been established by 1940? Explain your answer. [10]
20 The contribution of individuals was important to the ending of minority rule in South Africa.
(a) In what ways did Desmond Tutu show his opposition to apartheid? [4]
(c) ‘De Klerk introduced changes in 1990 because he did not have any choice.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(a) Describe how Nasser took over the Suez Canal. [4]
(b) Why was Israel concerned about Nasser becoming President of Egypt? [6]
(c) How successful was Israel during the Suez Crisis? Explain your answer. [10]
22 From 1948, unrest in the Middle East has been almost continuous.
(b) Why would Israel not allow Palestinian refugees to return to their homes in Israel? [6]
(c) How important was the first Intifada? Explain your answer. [10]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Both Croat nationalists and Magyar nationalists wanted to win their
independence from Austria. The revolution in Hungary, led by Kossuth, looked
as though it would be a success, but the Magyars fought the Croats. As a
result, the Austrians with the Russians crushed the revolution.’
OR
e.g. ‘The revolutionaries were not militarily powerful enough to defeat the
Austrian forces under Windischgratz and Radetsky. This showed itself against
Charles Albert and Kossuth. The Tsar was willing to provide forces because
he feared the spread of insurrection into his own Polish provinces.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘It was suggested in 1870 that Prince Leopold should take the crown of
Spain. France left Prussia in no doubt that this was unacceptable. Gramont,
the French foreign minister, wanted to humiliate the Prussians by asking for a
guarantee that the claim would not be renewed. Bismarck published a version
in German newspapers making the telegram look insulting to the French.
Public opinion pushed Napoleon into war.’
e.g. ‘France believed promises had not been met over rewards for neutrality
in the Austro-Prussian War.’
‘There was an issue over the candidature for the Spanish Crown.’
‘Napoleon did not want a Hohenzollern on the Spanish throne.’
‘Bismarck initially withdrew Leopold.’
‘Gramont would not let the matter rest and wanted a permanent assurance.’
‘Bismarck insulted the French through adjusting the Ems telegram.’
‘The French public demanded war.’
‘Emotions were stirred up by the French press.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Bismarck supported von Roon’s and Moltke’s military reforms which
meant he had the most powerful army in Europe. Bismarck defeated the
Austrians which effectively meant Austria was not part of Germany. He
defeated France to unite the southern states with Prussia.’
OR
e.g. ‘Bismarck was successful in defeating France because he gave Austria a
lenient peace treaty, which meant Austria remained neutral in the war against
France. Bismarck had also negotiated neutrality with Russia. This meant
Bismarck could fight one country at a time.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘With the invention of Eli Whitney’s ‘gin’ and the invention of textile
machinery in Britain, there was a great demand for cotton. Growing cotton
was labour intensive and cotton growers in the South made use of slave
labour. Cotton owners said that it would not be profitable if they had to pay
their labour.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘Slaves had been in the South since the seventeenth century.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Johnson’s policy was one of reconciliation. The Southern states were
allowed to elect legislatures and send senators and representatives to
Washington. The Basic Reconstruction Act of 1867 allowed military governors
to form governments by universal suffrage.’
OR
e.g. ‘Carpetbaggers and scalawags were able to take control of the state
governments in the South and impose their wishes which were often corrupt
and spendthrift. Confederate leaders were disqualified from voting and old
Confederate politicians could not stand for office.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘The Mutiny broke out among the ‘sepoys’ in the Bengal army of the East
India Company who believed they were issued with bullets greased with cow
or pig fat. This offended those following the Hindu and Muslim religions. The
concerns of the sepoys were ignored.’
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Britain allowed the establishment of private companies that were granted
large territories to administrate in Africa. One of these was the British East
Africa Company. Britain used indirect rule. They used indigenous African
rulers within the colonial administration.’
OR
e.g. ‘The French used direct rule. The French removed traditional political
authorities such as chiefs from power. The French stressed policies of
assimilation, ‘civilising’ African societies so that they would be more like
European society.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘They were horrified at the harshness and injustice of the Treaty.’
‘They did not think they should be treated like a defeated nation.’
‘They were forced to sign the War Guilt Clause.’
‘They objected to the diktat.’
‘They thought the reparation payments were far too high.’
‘To be deprived of industrial areas, such as the Saar.’
‘They were not happy that many Germans were now in foreign countries,
such as Poland.’
‘They were not happy at losing their colonies.’
‘They were unhappy that Germany was now in two parts.’
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Clemenceau was pleased that Germany’s economic power and military
capacity had been reduced, although he failed to get the Saar Basin for
France and he failed to get the Rhineland to be an independent state.’
OR
e.g. ‘Lloyd George was pleased that the reparations Germany had to pay
were not as high as France wanted and this meant Germany was still in
a position to trade with Britain. He was not happy, however, that German-
speaking people were under the rule of other countries.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘It was a matter of give and take for both men.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Question Answer Marks
6(a) What were the consequences of the Spanish Civil War for peace in 4
Europe?
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘When Hitler came to power, Germany had been in the League for six
years. Germany was still not treated as an equal because no other country
had disarmed to the extent that Germany had been forced to in the Treaty of
Versailles. A Disarmament Conference was held, but this was soon after the
Manchurian Crisis and almost no progress on disarmament was made. As a
result, Hitler decided to leave the League because he stated that Germany
was not being treated fairly.’
© UCLES 2017
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The fact that Britain and France did not stop Hitler from re-militarising
the Rhineland encouraged Hitler to continue building up his forces beyond
the Versailles limit and also to start demanding more territory such as Austria.
Each step taken by Hitler, without action by Britain and France, gave him
confidence that they would not intervene over Czechoslovakia and Poland.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was bound to lead to war because some of the
secret clauses meant that Poland would be taken over by Hitler and Stalin.
Britain had warned Hitler that, if he invaded Poland, Britain would declare war.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 21 of 72
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘Nixon tried to force the end of the war by bombing Vietnam troop bases
in Cambodia. These raids were carried out in secret but the bombing failed. In
April 1970, Nixon sent in US troops to complete the mission. This was badly
received at home and led to demonstrations, such as the one at Kent State
University where four students were killed by National Guardsmen.’
© UCLES 2017
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Kennedy sent thousands of advisers for the South Vietnamese army.’
‘Kennedy sent helicopters and aid to help the South Vietnamese army.’
‘Johnson started bombing North Vietnam.’
‘Johnson sent in American troops.’
‘The Tet Offensive was a major blow to Johnson.’
‘The massacre at My Lai made Johnson unpopular.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 24 of 72
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The press, theatre, art and music were controlled.’ [2 marks]
‘There was no freedom of expression.’
‘Soviet control of education taught a Communist version of history.’
‘There was presence of Soviet troops.’
‘The Soviet troops had to be paid for by the Hungarian people.’
‘There were Russian street signs.’
‘Many of the best goods made in Hungary went to the USSR.’
‘The Hungarians were strongly Christian but the Church was persecuted.’
‘Cardinal Mindszenty was imprisoned.’
‘Any opposition to the Soviets was dealt with by the State Protection Group
(AVO), the secret police.’
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘Solidarity had the support of the Catholic Church. Elsewhere in Eastern
Europe, Communist governments had tried to crush the Christian churches.
In Poland, however, the strength of the Catholic religion meant that the
government dared not confront the Catholic Church.’
e.g. ‘Solidarity was strongest in industries that were the most important to the
government.’
‘It was successful because of the charismatic appeal of Lech Walesa.’
‘Walesa was careful to avoid provoking a dispute which would bring in the
Soviet Union.’
‘Solidarity was very popular with half of all workers belonging to it.’
‘Solidarity had the support of the Catholic Church.’
‘Solidarity gained international support, especially in the West.’
‘It highlighted inefficiency and corruption.’
‘It highlighted the failure of Communism to provide good living standards.’
‘It showed there were organisations capable of resisting a Communist
government.’
‘It showed ‘people power’ could threaten a Communist government.’
© UCLES 2017
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The West used the Berlin Wall for propaganda purposes, asking why, if
Communism was such an ideal system, it was necessary to cage people in
East Berlin. In the context of the Cold War, this was positive propaganda for
the capitalist system of the West.’
OR
e.g. ‘Those who were defecting from East Berlin to West Berlin were very
often highly skilled workers or well-qualified managers. The Communist
government could not afford to lose these high quality people and, therefore,
built the Wall.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘Both sides used it for their own purpose in the Cold War.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Question Answer Marks
9(a) What problems occurred when tanks were first used in battle? 4
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘The pilots in reconnaissance aircraft watched for signs of enemy troops
moving up to the front lines. They took photographs of enemy trenches.
These helped the artillery to select their targets. A pilot was the first to detect
the gap in the German armies as they approached the River Marne in
September 1914.’
© UCLES 2017
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The first day of the Battle of the Somme was the worst in the history of
the British Army with over 20 000 deaths and 40 000 wounded. Haig would not
change his tactics and insisted the full-frontal attacks must continue. He was
bitterly criticised for throwing men at massed defences.’
OR
e.g. ‘Haig had warned politicians that the campaign would result in heavy
losses. He believed that the objective of the Somme had been achieved. It
saved Verdun. Many of Germany’s best troops were killed and injured and
overall their losses were greater.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Question Answer Marks
10(a) What were the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? 4
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘The Russian Army had suffered some huge losses in battles.
This sapped morale and led to mutinies and desertion. Even when an
Offensive went well under Brusilov, it soon finished in defeat with half a
million casualties. By 1918, Russian forces had suffered enough with poor
leadership, lacking food and weapons and heavy casualties.’
e.g. ‘Russian soldiers were not strong enough to defeat the German military.’
‘The Russian Army was badly led by the Tsar.’
‘There were numerous mutinies and mass desertions.’
‘The Russian forces were short of essential supplies including food and
weapons.’
‘The Bolsheviks had no intention of continuing the war against Germany.’
‘The Russians had suffered numerous heavy defeats.’
‘The Russians had suffered massive casualties.’
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Most British soldiers signed up for ‘King and Country’. When the Army
called for volunteers in the first two years, hundreds of thousands signed up.
Whatever the horrors of war, most believed they were there to do a job for
their country and that the job was worth doing well.’
OR
e.g. ‘Many men had failed to find employment for long periods of time before
the war. This was an opportunity to earn regular money and send it back
to their families. In the Army they were taught skills which could be used in
employment after the war.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 33 of 72
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘They were large-scale prisons for critics and opponents of the Nazi
regime.’
‘Other groups were sent there such as beggars, tramps, gypsies and the
work-shy.’ [2 marks]
‘Later Jews, Socialists, Communists, trade unionists and churchmen became
inmates.’ [2 marks]
‘The first camps were in disused factories and warehouses.’
‘Dachau, near Munich, was the first purpose-built camp.’
‘The camps were usually in isolated rural areas.’
‘They were run by SS Death’s Head units.’
‘Prisoners were forced to do hard labour.’
‘It was slave labour in quarries, in agriculture and forestry.’
‘Food was limited and prisoners suffered harsh discipline.’
‘There were beatings, torture and even deaths.’
‘As Germany conquered territory, concentration camps were set up there,
such as in Poland.’
‘Some concentration camps turned into extermination camps and were used
to exterminate the Jews.’ [2 marks]
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘It was caused by the murder of a German diplomat in Paris by a Jew.’
‘It was revenge for the murder.’
‘It was an anti-Jewish protest.’
‘It was a way of destroying Jewish businesses and synagogues.’
‘It was an excuse to murder and imprison Jews.’
‘It was part of Hitler’s anti-Jewish propaganda to turn the German people in
favour of his policies.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The Nazis ran a police state. Any opposition or dissent was dealt with by
the Gestapo and the SS. If a person did not show their loyalty to Hitler, they
could be detained in the concentration camps, the first of which was opened
within a year of Hitler taking power.’
OR
e.g. ‘There was a genuine sense of patriotism amongst many Germans in the
1930s. Many were proud of the achievements of Nazi Germany, which had
full employment and excellent public facilities and road networks. Their pride
was shown in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 36 of 72
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘During the Weimar years, women had been encouraged to get fully
educated and take up fulfilling careers. Now many women doctors, civil
servants, lawyers and teachers were forced to leave their jobs and stay at
home with their families. Many resented this as a restriction on their freedom
and a waste of years of training.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Most Germans felt that, until war broke out in 1939, their lives had
improved since the days of the Great Depression. The major improvement
came with the reduction of unemployment from six million to a few hundred
thousand. Those in work had the benefit of the Strength through Joy
organisation.’
OR
e.g. ‘Those whose standard of living declined were those who were
considered to be non-Aryan and those who challenged the Nazi ideology.
These included Jews, gypsies, committed Communists and Socialists,
Christians and members of most religious sects.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘For most, the standard of living did improve until the war broke out.’
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Question Answer Marks
13(a) What part did religion play in the Tsarist autocracy? 4
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘Nicholas dismissed early the first two Dumas when concessions were
demanded by members. The Tsar often dismissed the elected ministers as
he did not agree with what they wanted. The third and fourth Dumas lasted
longer but they had no power to make the Tsar change his policies. The
limited impact of the Dumas meant Russia was heading back towards its
undemocratic past.’
© UCLES 2017
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘In 1915, Nicholas assumed command of the army on the Eastern Front.
This linked the Tsar to the country’s military failures and massive casualties.
The effects of the war left the Russian people starving, demoralised by the
casualties and angry at the government for forced grain requisition and
shortages. The war revealed the failings in the Tsar’s leadership.’
OR
e.g. ‘When the Tsar went to the front, the Tsarina took responsibility for
domestic policy. She was an unpopular figure because she was German and
she disliked Russia. Rasputin was equally unpopular because of his private
conduct and yet served as her adviser. Ministers were dismissed in rapid
succession.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 43 of 72
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Question Answer Marks
14(a) What was the ‘cult of Stalin’? 4
e.g. ‘The propaganda machine pushed Stalin into every aspect of the Soviet
people’s daily lives.’
‘This created an image of Stalin.’
‘Portraits, photographs and statues were everywhere celebrating Stalin’s
image.’
‘Regular processions were held in towns praising Stalin.’
‘Places were named after him.’
‘There were 16 cities named after him in Soviet-controlled countries.’
‘Stalin was made out to be a super-being, almost god-like.’
‘Children were taught that Stalin was the ‘wisest man of the age’.’
‘His birthday was celebrated by the nation every year.’
‘History books were rewritten making Stalin and Lenin the only heroes of the
Revolution.’
‘The cult of Stalin was made greater by success in the Second World War.’
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘In the purge of the Red Army in 1937–38, three out of five marshals were
purged, fourteen out of sixteen army commanders and 37 000 officers were
either shot or imprisoned. As a result, when Hitler invaded in 1941, one of
the key problems of the Red Army was a lack of good quality, experienced
officers.’
© UCLES 2017
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Stalin was extremely clever in using his power within the Communist
Party. He took on many boring but important jobs such as Commissar for
Nationalities and General Secretary. He used these positions to put his
own supporters into important posts and even to transfer supporters of his
opponents to remote postings.’
OR
e.g. ‘Trotsky wanted world revolution, putting all his efforts into supporting
the working classes in other countries to stage their own revolutions. Stalin
argued for ‘Socialism in one country’, suggesting that Russia should focus on
cementing its own revolution to show what a model communist country would
look like. Stalin’s idea gained most favour.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Those with money or good jobs prospered from the economic boom.
Mass production meant goods such as a car, fridge, vacuum cleaner, washing
machine, radio and telephone were within reach of their income. The cost of
living was falling with cheaper food and rising wages.’
OR
e.g. ‘Many groups did not share the prosperity because of a lack of
employment, low wages or discrimination. Many Black Americans worked as
sharecroppers, but with the slump in agriculture most were laid off. Many went
north to find work, but most got low paid jobs and poor housing.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘There was prosperity for some but poverty was rife.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 50 of 72
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Republicans considered the New Deal as undermining the core values
of the United States. They believed in minimal government intervention, low
taxation, low government expenditure, self-help and individual responsibility.
They thought Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Supreme Court during the 1930s was made up of nine judges who
were old, conservative and Republican. They had a natural dislike for the New
Deal and declared both the NRA and AAA unconstitutional.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The Jiangxi Soviet was the largest component territory of the Chinese
Soviet Republic.’
‘It was an unrecognised state set up in 1931.’
‘It was set up by Mao Zedong and Zhu De during the Chinese Civil War.’
[2 marks]
‘Ruijin was selected as the capital.’
‘It had its own bank, printed its own money and collected taxes through its
own tax bureau.’ [2 marks]
‘It had its own postal service and stamps.’
‘It established schools.’
‘It abolished outmoded practices such as arranged marriages.’
‘It created peasant councils to help run local areas.’
‘It developed a land redistribution policy which appealed to peasants.’
‘Mao Zedong was Head of State and Head of Government.’
‘It had a population of about 3 million.’
‘The Chinese Red Army numbered about 140 000.’
‘It was well equipped and trained in guerrilla strategies.’
‘It had a strong code of discipline which respected the peasants.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘Chiang Kai-shek, along with other powerful rich landowners in China,
was scared that the growth of Communism in China would be a direct threat
to their power. Chiang had killed 300 000 communists in the Shanghai
Massacre and in other cities. He now wanted to completely eradicate the
Chinese Communist Party.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The KMT lacked the determination to take positive action against the
Japanese and this affected the views of Chinese peasants. The KMT lost
control of significant parts of China which they had controlled in 1937. Chiang
adopted scorched earth tactics and this brought misery to millions of Chinese
peasants.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was the support for the Communists which weakened the KMT. The
Communists fought hard using guerrilla tactics against the Japanese showing
they cared for their country. During the war, the Communists took care to help
peasants and this had an impact in the Civil War which followed.’
e.g. ‘The KMT took foreign aid but used little of it against the Japanese.’
‘The KMT did not significantly oppose the Japanese but withdrew.’
‘The KMT lost peasant support because of their cruelty.’
‘The Communists fought against the Japanese, showing their patriotism.’
‘They treated the peasants well which gained popularity.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘In 1951, India stated to China that it had no political claim over Tibet.’
‘An agreement was signed between China and India recognising Chinese rule
over Tibet.’
‘In 1954, India and China signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet.’
‘The agreement was called Panchshila.’
‘It was founded on Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence.’
‘It was meant to promote understanding between China and India over Tibet.’
‘During a border dispute between India and China in 1959, the Dalai Lama
accused China of spreading communism in Tibet.’
‘The Dalai Lama fled to India.’
‘In 1965, China accused India of assisting rebels in Tibet.’
‘As a result, cultural exchanges between China and India ceased to exist.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘With US support, China’s seat at the United Nations was occupied by
Chiang Kai-shek’s Taiwan. Several times it was proposed that China should
be admitted to the UN, but each time the United States and its allies voted
against it. It was not until 1971 that the majority voted for the admission of
China and the expulsion of Taiwan.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘China had struggled to become a member of the UN because its place
had been taken by Taiwan. The fact that it was given its place in the UN at the
expense of Taiwan was a recognition that China was a world power.’
OR
e.g. ‘The sheer size of China made it a world power if not a superpower
by 1976. With a population of nearly a billion, it was larger than India and
four times larger than the USA or the USSR. The world’s largest country as
regards population could not be ignored.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘There were many reasons why it should be considered a world power.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
© UCLES 2017 Page 59 of 72
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘South Africa was highly segregated by 1940. White rule was exclusively
for the benefit of white people and black people were treated as inferiors in
every department of life – political, social and economic.’
OR
e.g. ‘Segregation and racial discrimination was not as complete as it was to
become under apartheid. Although housing was segregated in the towns,
during apartheid there was an attempt to force all black people to live in
Bantustans or native rural areas.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘He left the ANC and became Chief Minister of the Zulu homeland.’
‘He was criticised as being a collaborator of the National Government.’
‘In the 1970s, he called for the peaceful pursuit of political change.’
‘He called for a Bill of Rights.’
‘After 1990, he represented the Inkatha Freedom Party.’
‘He supported the idea of a federal republic to protect the ethnic rights of the
Zulus.’
‘Some thought he was trying to protect his own personal political position.’
‘He refused to take part in the negotiations leading up to the 1994 elections.’
‘This caused violence between the ANC and IFP supporters.’
‘Buthelezi changed his mind at the last moment.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘De Klerk took the view that apartheid was effectively finished in South
Africa. He thought this because of the appalling violence in the townships, the
deteriorating economy and the absence of friends and allies abroad.’
OR
e.g. ‘In the 1989 general election, the Conservative Party polled 31 per cent.
It was to the right of the National Party and wanted a return to full apartheid.
Even within the National Party, there were members who believed that de
Klerk was betraying the white people and wanted the government to fight for a
military victory over the opposition.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘Nasser announced that the Suez Canal was ‘our Canal’.’
‘Nasser decided that Egypt would nationalise the Canal and Egyptians would
run it themselves.’
‘Britain and France withdrew their Canal pilots, but the Egyptians kept the
Canal running.’
‘Egyptian forces occupied key positions in the Canal zone.’
‘Nasser froze the assets of the Suez Canal Company and announced the
compulsory purchase of its shares.’ [2 marks]
‘The Canal was closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘The Straits of Tiran were closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘Nasser ordered that the Gulf of Aqaba be blockaded.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘There was concern by Israel about Nasser becoming President of Egypt
because he stated that he hoped to unite the Arab states under Egypt’s
leadership and that he wanted to avenge Egypt’s and the Arab states’ defeat
in the 1948 war against Israel and return Palestine to the Arabs. Nasser’s
intentions seemed to threaten Israel.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The speed of the Israeli victory over Egyptian forces in Gaza and Sinai
had proved that the Israeli Defence Forces were the strongest in the Middle
East. It had proved that it was able to inflict heavy defeats on its Arab rivals.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Suez Crisis made many of the Arab states more anti-Western
than ever. Britain and France had used Israel to try to overthrow Egypt’s
government. Now Israel looked like an outpost of Western imperialism. The
Arabs became more willing to seek Soviet aid.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
Question Answer Marks
22(a) To where, in 1948–49, did Palestinian refugees flee? 4
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons
e.g. ‘Around 700 000 Palestinian Arabs fled their homes by 1949. This
gave the new nation of Israel considerable areas of land and houses for its
increasing population of Jews. The Jews wanted as few Palestinian Arabs as
possible within Israel so that it was a Jewish state with its own language and
culture.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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SPECIMEN from 2020
e.g. ‘The Intifada did not improve the Palestinians’ miserable living conditions
or end the occupation. Its leaders realised that there had to be a political
solution such as recognising Israel and persuading the Israeli government to
accept a Palestinian state.’
OR
e.g. ‘Worldwide publicity was given to the tear-gassing of demonstrators and
the beatings of men, women and children. The world saw a powerful army let
loose against civilians who were fighting for the right to govern themselves.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 May/June 2020
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (CE) 198673
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over
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(a) Describe how Piedmont was reformed during the 1850s. [4]
(b) Why were Garibaldi’s actions in 1860 important to Italian unification? [6]
(c) Did Napoleon III help or hinder the cause of Italian unification? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What were the aims of the revolutionaries in Berlin in March 1848? [4]
(c) ‘The main reason why Bismarck was able to achieve German unification was his use of
diplomacy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
3 The USA was divided before, during, and after the Civil War.
(a) Describe the actions of ‘carpetbaggers’ after the Civil War. [4]
(b) Why was there so much violence in Kansas in the years 1854 to 1861? [6]
(c) How far was Lincoln responsible for the North’s victory in the Civil War? Explain your answer.
[10]
(a) Describe how Britain’s system of indirect rule worked in Nigeria. [4]
(c) ‘The main reason for the first Opium War was the growth of opium addiction in China.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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5 The politicians had a difficult task negotiating the Paris peace treaties.
(a) What territory did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles? [4]
(c) How satisfied were the French with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was Mussolini’s support over Anschluss important to Hitler? [6]
(c) ‘The Munich Agreement made war more, not less, likely.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba a problem for the USA? [6]
(c) ‘Kennedy handled the Cuban Missile Crisis more effectively than Khrushchev.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Ayatollah Khomeini become the ‘supreme leader’ of Iran in 1979? [6]
(c) ‘Iraq’s economic problems explain why it invaded Kuwait in 1990.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe what life was like for soldiers in the trenches. [4]
(b) Why did the German failure to break through at Verdun in 1916 matter? [6]
(c) How well did Haig lead the British army in the Battle of the Somme? Explain your answer.
[10]
10 The First World War was not only fought on the Western Front.
(a) Describe how the British government restricted the freedom of civilians during the war. [4]
(b) Why was the Eastern Front important in the First World War? [6]
(c) ‘The most important aspect of the war at sea was the British blockade of German ports.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did events in the Ruhr in 1923 have important consequences for Germany? [6]
(c) ‘The Weimar Republic never recovered from its early weaknesses.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
12 The Nazis had to deal with many different issues during their time in power.
(b) Why did the Nazis change their economic policies during the war years? [6]
(c) ‘Nazi policies towards women were unsuccessful.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe the actions of the Bolsheviks in Petrograd during 7–8 November 1917. [4]
(b) Why were there disagreements between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd
Soviet? [6]
(c) ‘The introduction of the New Economic Policy by Lenin was surprising.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did it surprise many people when Stalin emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union?
[6]
(c) ‘The main reason that Stalin was able to control the Soviet Union was his use of the cult of
personality.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
15 Life in the USA in the 1920s had some attractive, but other unpleasant, features.
(a) Describe the attractions of the cinema for Americans in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why were there changes to the roles of women in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘Immigrants suffered most from the intolerance of US society in the 1920s.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
16 The New Deal was successful in some ways, but not in others.
(b) Why was the Supreme Court important to the New Deal? [6]
(c) ‘The successes of the New Deal were more important than its failures.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe the threat to the Communists from Chiang Kai-shek in the period 1927–34. [4]
(b) Why were the years spent at Yenan important for the Communists? [6]
(c) ‘The weakness of the Nationalists, and not the strength of the Communists, was the most
important factor in the outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the power struggle between Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping after Mao’s death. [4]
(c) ‘China in 1990 was very different from China under Mao.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the consequences of the Native Urban Areas Act of 1923 for black South Africans.
[4]
(b) Why did the 1948 election have important consequences for South Africa? [6]
(c) ‘Economic development by 1945 benefited the people of South Africa.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
20 In the period 1966 to 1980 pressure on the South African government increased.
(a) Describe the actions taken by the United Nations against South Africa in the period 1966 to
1973. [4]
(c) How far did South Africans benefit from improvements in the economy in the period 1966 to
1980? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
21 After the Second World War disputes over Palestine were bound to cause problems.
(c) ‘Israel won the war of 1948–49 because of support from Europe and the USA.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe how the United Nations has helped Palestinian refugees. [4]
(b) Why did the events of 1947–48 create a refugee crisis? [6]
(c) Did Yasser Arafat help or hinder the Palestinian cause? Explain your answer. [10]
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘In 1860 Garibaldi’s Thousand defeated the Neapolitans and won control of Sicily. This was a major step towards
unification. Sicily had been taken from the King of Naples and would later be annexed by Piedmont. It gave Garibaldi a base
from which he could next launch an attack on mainland Italy. Basically, Garibaldi destroyed the Kingdom of Naples which was
a massive move towards unification.’
e.g. ‘They were important because he changed a lot and took Italy towards unification.’
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Question Answer Marks
1(c) Did Napoleon III help or hinder the cause of Italian unification? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Napoleon helped Italian unification because without him Austria would not have been defeated. Austrian power in Italy
was the great obstacle in the way of unification, but Piedmont could not defeat it by itself. Cavour and Napoleon made a
secret agreement to provoke Austria into a war. The French helped Piedmont defeat the Austrians and drive them from
Lombardy. As a result, Lombardy was given to Piedmont. This was the beginning of the end of Austrian power in Italy and an
important step towards unification as it led to uprisings in Italy and to Garibaldi’s actions.’
OR
e.g. ‘Napoleon was not all that interested in Italian unification. He wanted to gain Savoy and Nice. He was horrified by the
killing in the battle of Solferino and worried that Piedmont was taking more land than had been agreed. Because of this he
brought the war against Austria to an early end by agreeing an armistice. Piedmont was very disappointed because Austria
had not been driven from Italy as Venetia was still under Austrian control. The Pope also still ruled Rome and central Italy.
This shows that Napoleon was more interested in gaining Savoy and Nice than in helping Italian unification.’
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Question Answer Marks
2(a) What were the aims of the revolutionaries in Berlin in March in 1848? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament was important because it represented the first real serious effort to plan a united German state.
It suggested a constitution for a united Germany as a federal union with an elected diet and an emperor. It even went as far
as offering Frederick William of Prussia the position of emperor. Although it failed, it brought the issue of a united Germany to
the forefront, making sure the issue would not disappear.’
e.g. ‘It was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany.’
‘It produced a constitution for a united Germany.’
‘It offered Frederick William the office of emperor of a united Germany.’
‘It was an important step towards a united Germany.’
‘It put the idea of a united Germany firmly on the agenda. It now would not go away.’
‘It represented the German people from all parts of Germany.’
‘Its failure was important because it led to a Prussian dominated Germany.’
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament was important because it was a real change and led to other changes.’
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Question Answer Marks
2(c) ‘The main reason why Bismarck was able to achieve German unification was his use of diplomacy.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Bismarck’s diplomacy was very important in achieving German unification. One big obstacle to unification was France, so
Bismarck knew that France had to be defeated so that it was too weak to stop unification. Therefore, he used diplomacy to
trick France into declaring war. He changed a telegram from William I to the French, making it look as if William had
humiliated the French, and sent it to the newspapers for publication. In reply the French declared war giving Bismarck his
opportunity.’
OR
‘I think it was the Prussian army that achieved unification for Bismarck. The army defeated Denmark, Austria and France.
These military victories were essential for unification. The Prussian army had been reformed so it was better trained and well-
armed. Although the Austrian army was bigger, the Prussians quickly defeated it by using the new breech-loading needle gun
which fired five times faster than anything the Austrians had. This victory meant that Austria was no longer a contender for
leading a unified Germany. Only Prussia could now do that.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘German unification was achieved because Bismarck manipulated the crisis over Schleswig Holstein.’
‘Bismarck made the most of the mistakes made by others like those by the French over the Hohenzollern candidature.’
‘Bismarck used opportunities like over the Ems telegram.’
‘Bismarck used the situation at the time to draw the French into war.’
‘Bismarck used the situation over Holstein to manufacture a war with Austria.’
‘The Prussian army was reformed with new weapons.’
‘Unification was achieved by defeating the Austrians.’
‘Unification was achieved by defeating the French.’
‘Unification was achieved because of the war with Denmark.’
‘Unification was achieved because of the strength of the Prussian army.’
‘Prussian economic strength gave it the resources to challenge Austria and France.’
‘Bismarck was able to achieve unification because of the growth of German nationalism.’
‘German unification was only possible because of Prussia’s economic strength.’
e.g. ‘Bismarck achieved German unification because he was more successful than anyone else.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
3(b) Why was there so much violence in Kansas in the years 1854 to 1861? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘There was so much violence because of the issue of slavery. The disagreement was over whether Kansas should
become a slave state or a free state. The Kansas-Nebraska Act said that this should be decided by popular vote in Kansas,
and people on both sides of the argument moved into Kansas to gain the right to vote on the issue. Pro-slavers from Missouri
flocked across the border to sway elections. In response, Northern abolitionists moved into Kansas, leading to violence
between the two sides.’
e.g. ‘There was so much violence because people disagreed with each other very strongly.’
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Question Answer Marks
3(c) ‘How far was Lincoln responsible for the North’s victory in the Civil War? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think Lincoln was very important to the victory of the North. He was a great leader and speaker, and this made sure that
Northerners stayed loyal to the North and did not join the South. His election victory in 1864 showed the support he had in the
war. He used all his skill to keep the border states on his side and managed to unite the North. He was also very clever in
issuing the Emancipation Proclamation which ensured the support of black people in the South and gave him lots of support.’
OR
‘I don’t think Lincoln had much to do with it. The North was simply stronger. For example, it had a stronger navy and was able
to establish a naval blockade of Southern ports. This meant that supplies of essential goods could not get through to the
Confederate Army, and the South could not sell its valuable cotton. These financial problems were made worse by the small
population of the South, since they were unable to raise enough taxes to fund the Confederate army.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘Lincoln was a great leader that helped the North win the war.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Leopold believed that acquiring overseas colonies was essential if a country was to be seen as great. He had seen other
European countries like Britain gain colonies and he thought that Belgium was being left behind. He had already tried to get
the Philippines from Spain. When he failed to gain a colony for Belgium he acquired the Congo as a private citizen. This
shows how desperate he was to gain a colony.’
e.g. ‘He believed that overseas colonies were essential to a country being great.’
‘He thought he could make a lot of money from the ivory and rubber in the Congo.’
‘He had failed to gain other colonies.’
‘He thought that once he had the Congo he could win influence in other areas in Africa such as Sudan.’
‘This was a time of colonial expansion by European powers.’
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Question Answer Marks
4(c) ‘The main reason for the Opium War was the growth of opium addiction in China.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think it was the main reason. The East India Company had been making enormous amounts of money by smuggling
opium into China for many years. By the 1830s other countries like the USA were also smuggling it into China and making
vast profits. The result was that millions of Chinese were addicted to opium and this was doing a lot of harm to the country.
The Chinese government tried to stop this by passing laws against the trade but they had little effect. The Emperor even
wrote to Queen Victoria asking for the trade to stop. In desperation the Emperor ordered the opium to be seized and ordered
a blockade of foreign ships. In return the British sent troops to China. So it is clear that the war started because of the
addiction in China which the Chinese wanted to stop.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Opium Wars were caused by the British wanting to increase profits. The British bought lots of goods like tea from
China but the Chinese were not buying any British goods in return. So, the British began to sell opium in China to balance
things up. Its merchants made enormous profits from the trade. When the Chinese tried to stop the trade the British reacted
with force to protect the enormous profits that were being made.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘ Millions of Chinese people were addicted and this was harming the country.’
‘The Emperor was worried about the addiction and wanted to stop it.’
‘The Chinese Emperor seized the opium and tried to stop foreign ships bringing it into China.’
‘The British sent troops when the Chinese tried to stop the opium trade.’
‘The British wanted to open China up to more trade.’
‘The British went to war with China to protect the profits they were making from the opium trade.’
‘The British were annoyed that they could only trade through one port in China.’
e.g. ‘People can become addicted to opium, and I think this was probably an important reason.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
e.g. ‘Alsace-Lorraine.’
‘The Saarland was handed over to the League of Nations for 15 years.’
‘Germany lost the city of Danzig.’
‘Posen and the Polish corridor were given to Poland.’
‘All German colonies were taken.’
‘Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium.’
‘Parts of Schleswig were given to Denmark.’
‘Germany lost Memel.’
‘Czechoslovakia was given the Hultschin district.’
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Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It had to be renegotiated because of the emergence of a new, modern Turkey. Many people in Turkey thought that the
treaty was far too severe on them. The Ottoman Empire had been cut up and destroyed and they wanted to create a new
modern Turkish state. There was a Turkish War of independence led by Turkish nationalists. When they set up the Republic
of Turkey they rejected the Treaty of Sevres and negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne which recognised the new state of
Turkey.’
e.g. ‘The treaty was far more severe than the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘It was rejected by the Turkish national movement.’
‘It had to be renegotiated because of the emergence of a new Turkey.’
‘The Turks thought they had been punished too harshly.’
‘The Turks wanted to get the Greeks out of Smyrna.’
e.g. ‘This had to be done because the treaty was no good and would not work.’
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Question Answer Marks
5(c) How satisfied were the French with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The French were happy with a lot of the measures in the Treaty of Versailles. They were glad to get Alsace-Lorraine
back which they regarded as French as it had been taken by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. They were also
glad that Germany was being punished by the reparations. Much of the war had been fought in France, and French industry
had been destroyed. The French therefore felt that it was only right that Germany should pay for all this to be put right. The
reduction of the German military would help to protect France from a future attack, and so France was satisfied by the
territorial, economic and military terms of the Treaty.’
OR
e.g. ‘The French were not all that happy. They wanted to completely cripple Germany so that it could never threaten France
again. Some had wanted to weaken Germany by breaking it up into smaller states, but this did not happen. Overall, the treaty
was not harsh enough for the French, and this can be seen by the fact that Clemenceau was voted out of office in 1920. The
French thought that the Rhineland should have been taken away from Germany which would have made it harder for
Germany to threaten France. Overall, the French felt that it did not provide the security from a future German attack that they
had wanted.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘They liked the reduction of the German armed forces which made it harder for Germany to be a threat to France.’
‘They were happy about the war guilt clause that blamed Germany for the war.’
‘They liked the reparations which made Germany pay for war damage.’
‘The French did not think that the League of Nations would protect them against Germany because it was powerless.’
‘The French wanted an independent Rhineland, not a de-militarised and German one.’
‘They wanted the Rhineland to be broken into small independent states.’
‘The French wanted the treaty to be harsher and to punish Germany more.’
‘They were angry that France only got the Saar coalfields for fifteen years.’
e.g. ‘The French were on the whole happy although there were things about it that they did not like.’’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g.
‘Germany and the Soviet Union would not go to war with each other.’
‘It was a non-aggression pact.’
‘Neither country would ally itself to an enemy of the other party.’
‘The Pact had a secret protocol to divide Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence.’
‘Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Poland up between the two of them.’
‘It was signed in August 1939.’
‘It meant that Germany would not have to fight a war on two fronts.’
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Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Mussolini’s support was crucial because he had a big interest in what was happening in Austria. In 1934 Hitler had tried
to take over Austria but it was Mussolini who had stopped him. Mussolini was worried that Hitler would demand the return of
Italian territories that had once been ruled by Austria. If anyone could stop Anschluss it was Mussolini, so his support was
important. If he did not object then the way was open for Hitler with no one to stop him.’
e.g. ‘Mussolini’s support was very important because Hitler had few friends at this time.’
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Question Answer Marks
6(c) ‘The Munich Agreement made war more, not less, likely.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It made war more likely. The agreement showed Hitler that the European countries were not going to stand up to him. He
could continue to demand more and powers like Britain and France would give in every time. This encouraged him to invade
the rest of Czechoslovakia and then in September 1939 he invaded Poland. Britain and France had said they would declare
war on Germany if Poland was invaded. Hitler did not believe them because of the way they gave in over the Munich
Agreement. When they did declare war Hitler was shocked. As a result of the Munich Agreement, Hitler thought he would get
away with anything.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think it made war less likely. Hitler was ready to invade Czechoslovakia and take the Sudetenland. War seemed
imminent Trenches were even being dug in Hyde Park in London in preparation for a war. The agreement meant that war was
averted at this point since Hitler had got what he wanted. Chamberlain said the agreement had brought ‘peace in our time’,
and others agreed with him. It is clear that the agreement made war less likely.’
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e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement simply moved the start of the war rather than making it more or less likely.’
‘It made Hitler think he could get away with anything and this made war more likely.’
‘It gave Britain a chance to build up its armed forces and so made war more likely.’
‘It encouraged Hitler to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia and Poland, and this made war more likely.’
‘Hitler got the Sudetenland and so he had no reason to go to war.’
‘Chamberlain called it ‘peace for our time’.’
e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement made war less likely because the two sides had agreed with each other.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Kennedy supplied anti-Castro exiles with arms and equipment for an invasion of Cuba.’
‘The exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs.’
‘American bombers attacked Cuban airfields.’
‘In three days they were defeated by Cuban troops and tanks.’
‘Kennedy decided against sending more air support for the exiles.’
‘The exiles were all captured or killed within days.’
‘The exiles were funded and trained by the CIA.’
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7(b) Why was the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba a problem for the USA? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The missiles in Cuba were a problem for the USA because Cuba was communist, and anti-American. It was very close to
the USA. The missiles were only 90 miles from the USA, and therefore threatened Florida and the east coast. As this was
happening in the middle of the Cold War, this was a real threat to the people of the US. The presence of missiles in Cuba
would change the balance of power between the USA and the USSR.’
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7(c) ‘Kennedy handled the Cuban Missile Crisis more effectively than Khrushchev.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree that Kennedy was very effective. He resisted the temptation to go to war several times when his advisors were
advising him to use force. He also ignored Khrushchev’s second letter and concentrated on his first letter where he said he
could take the missiles away if the US agreed not to attack Cuba. His acceptance of Khrushchev’s offer in the first letter
meant that the Kennedy had managed to ensure the removal of the missile threat in Cuba without war.’
OR
e.g. ‘I don’t really agree with this. It was Khrushchev who put forward the suggestion of getting rid of the missiles in return for
the USA promising not to attack Cuba. In addition, not only was Cuba protected from the USA, Khrushchev also managed to
secure the removal of newly installed American missiles in Turkey in return for taking missiles out of Cuba. This made the
USSR feel less threatened, and was therefore effective. ‘
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e.g. ‘Kennedy managed to get rid of the Soviet missiles without a war.’
‘Kennedy managed to achieve a peaceful resolution and ignored those who wanted him to use force.’
‘Kennedy managed to come out of the crisis looking like the winner.’
‘The removal of American missiles from Turkey was not made public, making Kennedy seem more effective.’
‘Both leaders managed to compromise and avoid a war.’
‘Khrushchev managed to protect Cuba.’
‘Khrushchev managed to get rid of US missiles in Turkey.’
e.g. ‘I think Kennedy was most effective because he won the Cuban Missile Crisis.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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8(b) Why did Ayatollah Khomeini become the ‘supreme leader’ of Iran in 1979? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Khomeini became the supreme leader because of what happened while he was in exile. During this time the Shah
became more and more unpopular because of his repressive rule. Khomeini became the obvious person to replace him
because while in exile he became the figurehead of opposition to the Shah. While he was in Paris he led the protests in Iran
urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages. This meant that when the Shah fled, he was the natural
person to become leader.’
e.g. ‘He became the focus of opposition to the Shah during his exile.’
‘This was because the Shah left the country.’
‘Soldiers defected to him.’
‘The Bakhtiar regime collapsed due to its unpopularity.’
‘In the referendum of 1979 the people voted to establish an Islamic Republic.’
‘He had popular support.’
e.g. ‘He became the leader because he was popular and most people wanted him.’
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8(c) ‘Iraq’s economic problems explain why it invaded Kuwait in 1990.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain 10
your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Iraq’s economy was in a bad state. The war against Iran had been very expensive and had destroyed much of Iraq’s
economy. Iraq owed billions of dollars to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and its industrial production had gone right down. It was
also put under an international embargo which made matters worse. This meant that Iraq could not repay the loans from
Kuwait during the war with Iran. Saddam Hussein believed that he could raise millions of dollars by invading Kuwait and
taking over its oil.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Iraq invaded Kuwait because it was thought that Kuwait was using a new method of drilling called slant-drilling to
unlawfully drill for oil in Iraq’s Rumaila oilfield. Iraq claimed that by doing this Kuwait had stolen oil worth billions of dollars.
When Saddam Hussein threatened Kuwait with invasion, he used the alleged illegal drilling as an excuse..’
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e.g. ‘Saudi Arabia and Kuwait refused to give Iraq new loans.’
‘Kuwait demanded that Iraq pay back the loans given to Iraq during the war with Iran.’
‘Kuwait increased its oil production keeping the price of oil down. This annoyed Iraq.’
‘Iraq claimed that Kuwait was drilling for oil in an Iraqi oilfield.’
‘Iraq was in a terrible economic state after the war with Iran.’
‘Iraq claimed Kuwait was an artificial creation and the territory belonged to Iraq.’
‘Saddam Hussein was hoping to increase his power in the Middle East.’
‘Iraq believed that the US would not stop the invasion.’
e.g. ‘Iraq invaded Kuwait because it was ambitious to have more power.’
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9(a) Describe what life was like for soldiers in the trenches. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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9(b) Why did the German failure to break through at Verdun in 1916 matter? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The battle of Verdun was an attempt by the Germans to severely weaken the French army by making them use up all the
troops they had to defend Verdun. The Germans thought that all the French reserves would be called up and killed. Although
there were huge French casualties, the French fought back more strongly than the Germans expected. There were nearly as
many German casualties. This led the Germans to eventually give up. This was important because there was still a French
army at the end of the battle. The Germans had hoped that a defeat here would knock the French out of the war.’
e.g. ‘It was a great symbolic victory for the French and helped their morale.’
‘A defeat at Verdun would have finished the French war effort and the Germans would have won.’
‘It meant that France’s eastern defences had held.’
‘If the Germans had broken through Paris would have been vulnerable.’
‘Verdun was a French salient into German territory which was a great threat to the Germans.’
‘After the battle the salient still remained.’
‘It halted the German advance and France survived to fight another day.’
‘The Germans had huge casualties and after the battle had to change their strategy.’
‘It mattered because it led to the firing of the German chief of staff Erich von Falkenhayn.’
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9(c) How well did General Haig lead the British army in the Battle of the Somme? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It can be argued that Haig successfully led the British Army at the Somme. There are claims that he knowingly sent tens
of thousands to their deaths. These claims ignore the difficulties of commanding an inexperienced army of a scale never seen
before. The sheer size of the British army and the battle was new. The front was 15 miles long. This caused lots of difficulties
for commanders. For example, communications were very difficult, and Haig often had to act on out-of-date information. Haig
was in a completely new situation but never lost his nerve.’
OR
e.g. ‘Haig made several misjudgements during the battle. He ordered a heavy artillery bombardment of the German lines for
seven days before the Allied soldiers attacked. Haig thought this would make sure that British soldiers would meet little
resistance. Haig was totally wrong. Many of the shells used did not explode. Many of the shells that did explode were not
powerful enough to destroy the deep German dugouts or fortifications, and very little of the barbed wire was cut by the
bombardment. Many shells consisted of just shrapnel, rather than high explosive. When the British soldiers went over the top
on the first day, 19 000 were killed and nothing was gained. Despite this, Haig continued with this tactic.’
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e.g. ‘The Somme did take some pressure off the French at Verdun.’
‘He was ready to use new methods of fighting.’
‘Given the circumstances of the western front heavy casualties were inevitable, there was little Haig could have done about
this.’
‘If he had refused to fight at the Somme, Verdun would have been lost and co-operation with the French would have broken
down.’
‘He stayed away from the front to get an overall picture of such a vast battle.’
‘His apparent callousness was part of the determination he needed when he had to send men to their deaths.’
‘Haig’s idea of a heavy bombardment before British soldiers attacked was a failure.’
‘Haig made a mistake when he continued the offensive into November when there was little chance of advancing.’
‘Haig seemed to think it was worth the high death toll if the German army was weakened as well.’
‘He never went near the front and had no idea of the conditions in which the men were fighting.’
‘Haig had no respect for human life and cared nothing about casualties.’
‘Haig underestimated the strength of the German trenches, including deep concrete bunkers to protect them.’
e.g. ‘I don’t think he did this very well. He was not really very good at leading the army.’
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10(a) Describe how the British government restricted the freedom of civilians during the war. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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10(b) Why was the Eastern Front important in the First World War? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘One reason why the Eastern Front was important was because it led to the failure of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan. The
huge Russian army invaded eastern Germany more quickly than the Germans were expecting. This meant that Germany had
to move 100 000 of its troops from the Western Front to fight the Russians. The Schlieffen Plan depended on Germany having
enough troops in France to take Paris and defeat France within six weeks. It could then send its troops to fight Russia. This
plan meant that Germany did not have to fight two fronts at the same time. But when Germany pulled 100 000 troops out of
the advance on Paris it slowed the advance down and the first part of the plan was never accomplished. All hopes of a quick
victory for Germany were over and this was because of the Eastern Front.
e.g. ‘The Eastern Front was very important because there was a lot of fighting there.’
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10(c) ‘The most important aspect of the war at sea was the British blockade of German ports.’ How far do you agree with 10
this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the blockade of German ports was the most important part of the war at sea. This is because it stopped supplies
getting through to Germany. It depended on imports to feed its population, and to make weapons and ammunition. Most of
this came from the USA but the British used its warships to make sure that little got through. This caused enormous suffering
in Germany where people were starving. Many Germans were killed by the effects of the blockade. This caused riots in
Germany and was one of the main reasons why Germany collapsed in 1918. It was simply too weak and exhausted on the
home front to carry on fighting. ‘
OR
e.g. ‘Much more important was the British defeat of the German U-boats. The Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare
to stop food supplies getting to Britain from America. They were very successful and by 1917 Britain was close to a crisis with
only a few days supplies left. However, the threat was defeated by organising the merchant ships into convoys. Using the
convoy system made it much easier to defend the merchant ships. Use of mines also helped to defeat the U-boat threat. It
was crucial to defeat this threat, otherwise Britain could have run out of food and have been defeated in the war.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘Germany was stopped from importing supplies for the USA.’
‘By 1918 much of the German population was starving and Germany was in a dreadful state.’
‘Defeating the German U-boat threat prevented Britain from running out of food.’
‘After Jutland the German warships mainly stayed in their ports handing the seas over to Britain.’
‘The use of convoys for merchant ships was crucial.’
‘German U-boat tactics helped persuade the USA to enter the war on the Allies side. This was a crucial development.’
e.g. ‘The British blockade of German ports was very important. Without it, Germany would not have been defeated.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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11(b) Why did events in the Ruhr in 1923 have important consequences for Germany? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Events in the Ruhr had important consequences because they led to hyperinflation for Germany. When the French and
Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr, the German government ordered Germans to go on strike. This stopped industrial
production in the wealthiest area in Germany. As a result, the government had to print money to pay the workers. This paper
money was worthless, prices increased rapidly and there was hyperinflation. Soon many people could not afford food.’
e.g. ‘They had important consequences because the events affected Germany a lot.’
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11(c) ‘The Weimar Republic never recovered from its early weaknesses.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It did recover under Stresemann. He got rid of hyperinflation by introducing the Rentenmark and arranged for new loans
from the United States under the Dawes Plan. This helped German industry recover, exports went up and the country was
becoming prosperous again. Germany began to be accepted internationally after the Locarno Treaties. Stresemann even got
reparations reduced through the Young Plan. These were great achievements and showed that Germany was recovering.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Weimar Republic never really recovered. Although things might have looked good on the surface, there were serious
problems hidden away. Germany’s recovery depended on American loans and when the USA asked for the loans to be repaid
as it did the Depression, there was economic collapse. It became clear that the recovery was built on weak foundations. The
Republic also had other weaknesses such as rising unemployment and the huge sums spent on welfare and health care. It
only needed a development like the Depression and the Weimar Republic collapsed.’
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e.g. ‘I think the Weimar Republic was able to recover a bit but it did not last long.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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12(b) Why did the Nazis change their economic policies during the war years? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Nazis changed their economic policies because as the war progressed they needed to increase military production.
Germany had lost a lot of planes in the Battle of Britain. More tanks and ammunition were needed as well. As a result, civilian
factories were converted to military use. In 1943 Germany switched to a full war economy under Albert Speer. This meant that
nearly all of Germany’s economy was dedicated to military production.’
e.g. ‘They did this because the war changed everything and so their economic policies had to change.’
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12(c) ‘Nazi policies towards women were unsuccessful.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s aims was to increase the birth rate in Germany, to provide Germany with soldiers and workers in the
future. Nazi policies tried to overturn the falling birth rate under the Weimar Republic. Financial rewards were given for having
lots of children, and Nazi propaganda emphasised that the proper role of women was as mothers and homebuilders. The
German Maiden’s League was used to indoctrinate girls in these ideas. The policies did work to an extent. Many women left
their jobs and looked after their homes and families, and the birth rate did go up in the 1930s.’
OR
e.g. ‘Nazis policies towards women did not really work. This is because there were basic contradictions in the policies. The
Nazis wanted women to stay at home and have children. At the same time, they wanted the economy to grow. Especially
during the war, Women were needed to work in factories. The number of women in jobs actually went up in the 1930s.
Despite this by 1936 Germany had a shortage of workers. The situation got worse during the war when the Nazis had to allow
many women to go back to work even. This went against what the Nazi’s believed to be best for Germany.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘Nazi policies towards women did not really work because they were not thought out properly.’
13(a) Describe the actions of the Bolsheviks in Petrograd during 7–8 November 1917. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Bolsheviks took control of post offices, bridges and the State Bank.’
‘They took control of most of Petrograd.’
‘They stormed the Winter Palace and arrested the ministers of the Provisional Government.’
‘Abolition of private property and redistribution of land to the peasants was announced.’
‘Withdrawal from the war was announced.’
‘Censorship of newspapers was introduced.’
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13(b) Why were there disagreements between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘I think the main reason for the disagreements was the war. The Provisional Government declared that Russia would stay
in the war until Germany was defeated. This was very unpopular with the Petrograd Soviet. The Socialists and Mensheviks in
the Soviet wanted peace because conditions in Russia were dreadful. They wanted to reform the country and this could not
be done whilst Russia was fighting in a war.’
e.g. ‘They disagreed over whether to withdraw from the First World War.’
‘The Provisional Government was made up of middle-class liberals, but the Soviet consisted of socialists and Mensheviks.’
‘The Soviet wanted to pass reforms that were too radical for the Provisional Government.’
‘The Provisional Government tried to stop peasants taking over land, but the Soviet supported them.’
‘The Provisional Government was officially in charge, but the real power lay with the Soviet.’
e.g. ‘There were disagreements because they wanted different things and had different aims.’
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13(c) ‘The introduction of the New Economic Policy by Lenin was surprising.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I am not surprised that Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy. His previous policy of War Communism had achieved
its aim of helping the Bolsheviks win the Civil War. As a result, War Communism was not needed anymore. War Communism
also caused enormous hardships. There was a lot of opposition to War Communism. There were food shortages and millions
of people died in a famine in 1921. The NEP was designed to try and put the situation right. It introduced elements of
capitalism such as peasants selling their surplus grain for profit. Some factories went back into private ownership. The policy
worked and food production went up.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was very surprising. The NEP involved capitalist ideas like peasants selling their surplus produce for profit. This is what
the Bolsheviks were trying to get away from. They believed in state ownership and everything being produced for the state.
They believed that individual people should not make enormous profits and get rich at the expense of everyone else. Many
Bolsheviks were horrified at what Lenin was doing. This makes his policy a great surprise.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Leading communists were made to confess to being traitors to the state and they were sentenced to death or sent to
labour camps.’
‘They confessed to the crimes because they were tortured or their families were threatened.’
‘Stalin’s opponents were removed.’
‘The Soviet army was purged of its leaders.’
‘Leaders like Bukharin and Kamenev confessed to being traitors.’
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14(b) Why did it surprise many people when Stalin emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was a surprise when Stalin emerged as the leader, as Trotsky was a more prominent member of the Bolsheviks. To
many people, Trotsky seemed like the natural successor to Lenin. Trotsky was a brilliant speaker, and had led the Red Army
to victory over the Whites in the Civil War. Stalin, on the other hand, was much less well known, and a relatively minor
position in the Party. This difference between the two made it surprising that Trotsky did not become the new leader as he
seemed an obvious choice.’
e.g. ‘Trotsky had been an important person in both the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War.’
‘Trotsky was a brilliant speaker and political thinker.’
‘Kamenev and Zinoviev were also leading Bolsheviks who could have become leader.’
‘Lenin stated in his Testament that he did not want Stalin to succeed him.’
‘Stalin was regarded as rather mediocre with no special talents.’
e.g. ‘This was because there were other people who were more likely to become leader.
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14(c) ‘The main reason that Stalin was able to control the Soviet Union was his use of the cult of personality.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree that he kept control because of the cult of personality. He could not stay in control just by using terror, so needed
the Russian people to respect and even love him. This was achieved through propaganda. History was rewritten to make
Stalin the hero of the Revolution. Posters, statues and photographs flooded the country so that Stalin appeared everywhere in
a heroic pose. Music and poems were created to praise Stalin. Many towns held regular processions to celebrate Stalin. It
was all this propaganda that made people loyal to Stalin, allowing him to control the Soviet Union.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. He controlled the country through terror. In the purges in the 1930s he removed anyone he thought
might be a threat to him. This included leading communists like Zinoviev, army officers, teachers, scientists and even ordinary
workers. Millions of people were sent to the labour camps. This created an atmosphere in the country where people knew that
they needed to agree with everything Stalin did if they wanted to survive. It is often called the Great Terror and people were
so frightened that Stalin was able to make his control complete.’
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e.g. ‘He controlled the Soviet Union through terror during the purges.’
‘He destroyed any chance of opposition by sending millions of people to labour camps.’
‘He got rid of anyone who might be a threat to him.’
‘Propaganda was used to make people love him as a great figure.’
‘He was shown in poster and photographs to be responsible for all the Soviet Union’s achievements.’
‘The arts were used to show him as a great and lovable man.’
e.g. ‘The purges were very important to Stalin and helped him keep power.’’
15(a) Describe the attractions of the cinema for Americans in the 1920s. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The cinema produced many films about sex and sex symbols.’
‘In 1927 the first ‘talkie’ movie was made.’
‘People had more leisure time for things like the cinema.’
‘There were many daring adventure films.’
‘It was cheap to attend.’
‘Stars like Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks attracted people.’
‘The films became more polished and realistic.’
‘Enormous luxurious movie palaces were built to make it a special experience.’
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Question Answer Marks
15(b) Why were there changes to the roles of women in the 1920s? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘This was mainly due to the effect of new technology that was mass produced. Mass production meant that middle-class
women could afford new products. These were products and appliances like the car, vacuum cleaners and washing
machines. Inventions like washing machines gave women more free time, and the car meant they were no longer tied to the
home. If they had free time and some money they could get out.’
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15(c) ‘Immigrants suffered most from the intolerance of US society in the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Immigrants did suffer from intolerance. In the 1920s people in the US became much more worried about immigration.
They blamed immigrants for the rising violence and problems in the large cities. Americans were worried that they were
bringing in communist ideas. This intolerance can be seen when two Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were executed for
a crime they did not commit. A number of new laws were passed restricting immigration, and in 1929 only 150 000 immigrants
were allowed in and immigration from Asia and southern and eastern Europe was almost stopped.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree as black Americans suffered far more from intolerance. Most states had segregation laws for schools,
hospitals and other public places. Discrimination and worse in the South was so bad that many black families moved north to
live in cities like New York. The worst intolerance came from the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) which terrorised black Americans. Black
people were lynched and beaten, and driven from their homes. This was worse than the treatment of immigrants.
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘Immigrants were blamed for rising crime and communist ideas.’
‘Harsh new immigration laws were passed.’
‘Immigration was virtually stopped from Asia and southern and eastern Europe.’
‘Sacco and Vanzetti did not get a fair trial because they were immigrants.’
‘Immigrants became associated with un-American ideas such as socialism and trade unionism’
‘The Red Scare was often aimed at immigrants.’
‘Black people suffered from the Jim Crow laws in the South.’
‘Black people were discriminated against in jobs, housing and schooling.’
‘States in the South segregated black people in public places like restaurants and buses.’
‘The KKK lynched and beat up black Americans.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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16(b) Why was the Supreme Court important to the New Deal? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Supreme Court was important to the New Deal because it could block any laws that it thought were going against
the American constitution. In the 1930s most of the judges on the Supreme Court were Republicans. The judges thought that
the New Deal was undermining the American constitution and values like individual freedom from government control. In 1935
they decided that some of the measures in the New Deal were unconstitutional.’
e.g. ‘The Supreme Court could block any measures by the President or Congress that it thought was unconstitutional.’
‘It was dominated by Republicans who were against the New Deal.’
‘In 1935–6 it decided that parts of the New Deal were unconstitutional.’
‘There was an enormous battle between Roosevelt and the Supreme Court in 1936.’
‘The struggle with the Supreme Court led to Roosevelt to slow down on the New Deal.’
e.g. ‘It was important because its decisions affected the New Deal.’
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16(c) ‘The successes of the New Deal were more important than its failures.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think its successes were more important. It was introduced to help industry and farming recover and to get people back
to work. Unemployment was reduced and businesses were revived. Many people’s lives were improved by the building of
schools, hospitals and sewage plants and by being given jobs. In many ways its most important achievement was to restore
hope to millions of people. This was why Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936.’
OR
e.g. ‘Its failures were more important. This is because it failed to end the depression. As soon as the government spent a bit
less money in 1937 there was another wave of depression. It was clear than even enormous amounts of public works were
not a permanent solution to the depression which was not ended until the Second World War started and the demand for
American goods increased.’
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e.g. ‘The New Deal stopped the depression from getting worse.’
‘It helped farmers and homeowners keep their property.’
‘It gave many people jobs and unemployment was reduced.’
‘It provided schools, roads, dams.’
‘It introduced better social security for people.’
‘It gave the American people hope for the future.’
‘It did not end the depression.’
‘It did not solve unemployment. In 1941 there were still six million unemployed.’
‘Many of the poorest such as tenant farmers, sharecroppers and migrant workers were not helped much.’
‘Black Americans were not helped much.’
17(a) Describe the threat to the Communists from Chiang Kai-shek in the period 1927–34. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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17(b) Why were the years spent at Yenan important for the Communists? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘In these years Mao really made his position as leader of the Communists completely safe. He started the Rectification
Movement which involved giving thousands of new members of the Communist Party a grounding in Marxist ideas. Party
members were, indoctrinated into being loyal to Mao. He also developed the volunteer corps meaning that Mao had tens of
thousands of loyal young supporters.’
e.g. ‘Yenan was an isolated area and gave the Communists some safety.’
During the time that the Communists spent in Yenan, Mao started the Rectification Movement.’
‘The time at Yenan was important because it gave Mao time to win the peasants over to communist ideas.’
‘In this time the Communists grew from 10 000 troops to 2.8 million members.’
‘It gave the Communists a chance to recover and grow in strength’
‘It gave Mao a chance to develop a set of ideas.’
e.g. ‘These were important for the Communists because they were able to prepare for the future.’
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17(c) ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists, and not the strengths of the Communists, was the most important factor in the 10
outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists were very important to the outcome of the Civil War. In the areas of China that The
Nationalists controlled their officials made little attempt to win over the peasants. The officials were corrupt, making as much
money as they could for themselves. Army officers were left to do as they wanted and often mistreated the peasants. The
Nationalists also made the peasants pay heavy taxes. All of this was a mistake and it is not surprising that many peasants
ended up hating the Nationalists. When the Nationalists and Communists fought, lack of support for the Nationalists among
the peasants was very important.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the strengths of the Communists were more important. An important strength was that the Communists won the
support of the peasants. The Red Army lived in the villages with the peasants. The Communists protected the peasants from
the Japanese. The peasants saw the Communists as the same as them. The Communists were not corrupt. The Communists
treated the peasants with respect and taught them communist beliefs. All this meant that the Communists had the support of
over 100 million Chinese peasants.’
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Question Answer Marks
18(a) Describe the power struggle between Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping after Mao’s death. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The cultural revolution came to an end because Mao had created the Red Guards to purify China and take it back to
pure communism. However, the Red Guards got out of control. They turned on each other and fought street battles. They
fought with peasants and militia, and the country was close to civil war. In 1968 the army stepped in to disarm the Red Guards
and restore order.’
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18(c) ‘China in 1990 was very different from China under Mao.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In many ways China in 1990 was very different from Mao’s China. This was partly because Zhou Enlai and Deng had
introduced the Four Modernisations of industry, agriculture, science and technology, and the army. These modernised China
in many ways. China was opened up to foreign trade and investment. Living standards improved for many Chinese people.
Consumer goods like televisions, washing machines and watches became popular. In the countryside, communes were
broken up and peasants were able to sell their surplus, thus making some very rich.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although there were many changes, the Chinese people did not enjoy much greater political freedom. China remained as
a one-party state, with the Communist Party in control. Many of the freedoms gained in the 1980s were lost. Firm control over
the press and mass media was re-established, with all official media publications being state owned or state controlled. These
changes took the country back to the time of Mao.’
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Question Answer Marks
19(a) Describe the consequences of the Native Urban Areas Act of 1923 for black South Africans. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Separate residence locations for black South Africans were set up usually on the edge of towns.’
‘New black townships were built.’
‘Black South Africans did not have the right to own property.’
‘Black South Africans were only allowed into urban areas to serve the needs of the white population.’
‘It made it much harder for black South Africans to go into urban areas.’
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19(b) Why did the 1948 election have important consequences for South Africa? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The 1948 election had important consequences for South Africa because it changed South Africa in important ways. The
National Party won the election after promising to introduce apartheid. When they came to power The National Party fulfilled
their election promise and introduced apartheid. Within two years laws had been passed to ban marriages and sexual
relationships between people of different races. Changes like this dominated South African history for the next 40 years and
brought much violence and misery.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it led to many changes in South Africa.’
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Question Answer Marks
19(c) ‘Economic development by 1945 benefited the people of South Africa.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There was much economic growth after 1933. Mining companies did well because of the rise in the price of gold. This
gave good jobs to many white workers, whose living standards gradually improved. Even during the Depression, white
workers were helped by the government. There were job creation schemes and white farmers received a guaranteed price for
their products.’
OR
e.g. ‘Black South Africans did not benefit much. A whole range of jobs were restricted to white people only, such as some jobs
in the mines where black people were labourers. Every job on the railways was white only. Black South Africans suffered very
badly during the Depression. Black people were sacked from their jobs to provide employment for whites. Wages were held
down for black workers and by 1939 the average black South African was 10 percent worse off than in 1919.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘White people benefited from many good jobs being reserved for them.’
‘The mining industry prospered and this benefited white workers.’
‘Many white South Africans found good jobs on the railways.’
‘Many white farmers were unable to make a living in the 1920s and gave up farming.’
‘Black South Africans were only given the lowest jobs, like labouring.’
‘The standard of living of most black people went down.’
‘Black South Africans suffered badly during the Depression when many lost their jobs.’
e.g. ‘The economic development only benefited some of the people in South Africa.’
20(a) Describe the actions taken by the United Nations against South Africa in the period 1966 to 1973. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘In 1966 the UN tried to make South Africa hand back Namibia.’
‘The UN encouraged economic sanctions against South Africa.’
‘In 1971 the UN declared that South Africa’s mandate over Namibia was terminated.’
‘In 1968 the UN asked all states to suspend cultural and sporting links with South Africa.’
‘The UN asked all states to stop selling arms to South Africa.’
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Steve Biko was important because he encouraged the Black Consciousness movement. This encouraged black South
Africans to be proud of being black, refusing to accept help from white people and to be proud of their African heritage. These
ideas inspired the pupils in Soweto schools and led them to riot in 1976. These riots had international attention and meant that
the police never really controlled Soweto again.’
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20(c) How far did South Africans benefit from improvements in the economy in the period 1966 to 1980? Explain your 10
answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Black South Africans did not benefit at all. The quality of their education was dreadful. The government spent ten times
more on educating each white child. The teachers were badly trained and poorly paid. When the government announced that
some of the subjects would be taught in Afrikaans the students rioted in 1976. Black workers in Natal also went on strike in
1973 because their wages were being reduced and their hours of work made longer.’
OR
e.g. ‘The South African economy grew in the first part of this period and countries all round the world were investing in the
country. It also did well because of its reserves of gold and diamonds. The mines did provide work for black South Africans,
but it was white South Africans who had better jobs and owned the businesses who did best.’
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e.g. ‘The Soweto riots showed that black students were not benefiting.’
‘The quality of education for black students was dreadful.’
‘The South African economy began to suffer in the 1970s and black workers had their wages reduced and their hours
lengthened.’
‘White South Africans benefited from economic development in the late 1960s.’
‘At the end of the 1970s black South Africans did benefit from their Trade Unions being made legal.’
e.g. ‘I think that white South Africans benefited far more than black South Africans.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Arab League was an organisation of Arab states founded in 1945.’
‘It helped Arab countries have closer relations with each other and co-ordinate their policies over matters important to them.’
‘It deals with disputes between members.’
‘Its members include Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Palestine and Iraq.’
‘It develops economic and social programmes for member states.’
‘It has a joint army.’
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Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Jews hoped that when the Labour government came to power in 1945 it would change the British immigration policy for
Jews. They hoped that Jewish immigration into Palestine would be welcomed. However, the government continued with the
policy of restricting immigration. The Jews were disappointed and thought that they would never improve the situation until the
British left. This led to Jewish groups like the Irgun to step up their terrorist campaign against the British.’
e.g. ‘They wanted Britain to leave Palestine because they thought they would then be better off.’
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21(c) ‘Israel won the war of 1948–49 because of support from Europe and the USA.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Support of European countries and the US was very important to Israel in the 1948–49 war. Israel was able to buy three
B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the USA, one of which was used to bomb Cairo. Large amounts of arms were also
acquired from Europe, especially Czechoslovakia, which supplied fighter aircraft as well as other arms. Countries like France
allowed planes carrying arms to land on their way to Israel. All this meant Israel had a lot of modern equipment and was
better equipped than most of the Arab forces.
OR
‘e.g. ‘The Israeli military won the war because of its fighting style and tactics. It developed a very flexible style of command.
Junior officers were allowed to make their own decisions and react quickly to changing circumstances. This meant that they
were able to capitalise on the experience. Israeli forces had gained a lot of experience fighting during World War 2, and
against the British after the war, making them very effective.’
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e.g. ‘The Israelis had modern weapons from Europe and the USA.’
‘Israel received large amounts of armaments from Czechoslovakia.’
‘The Israelis were fighting for their survival.’
‘Many Jews had had experience of fighting in World War II.’
‘The Arab countries all had different plans and aims and often quarrelled.’
‘Jordan was the only Arab country that had an effective army.’
e.g. ‘The support of Europe and the USA was very important to Israel and was one of the main reasons why it won the war.’
22(a) Describe how the United Nations has helped Palestinian refugees. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The UN set up refugee camps in Gaza in the 1950s and provided food, clinics and schools.’
‘In 1949 the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees was set up to help Palestinians who were forced to flee their
homes.’
‘The UN helped about 4.3 million Palestinian refugees.’
‘The UN made more than 100 000 loans to help refugees restart their lives.’
‘The UN made sure that no refugees are returned to a country where they might be persecuted.’
‘The UN ran refugee camps for Palestinians all over the Middle East including in Iraq, Egypt and Libya.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘A refugee crisis was created because of the 1947–48 war. At the end of the war Israel controlled more than three-
quarters of Palestine including half of the Arab state proposed by the UN. Palestinian Arabs had fled out of fear to
neighbouring Arab states because of the Israeli advance. When the war was over, they were trapped because Israel refused
to let them return to their homes. This led to refugee camps being set up in Lebanon, Gaza and Jordan.’
e.g. ‘These events were very bad and a lot of people suffered including those who became refugees.’
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22(c) Did Yasser Arafat help or hinder the Palestinian cause? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Arafat did help the Palestinian cause. In 1974 he decided that peaceful methods would be best, and he started to argue
for a Palestinian state that would include the West Bank and Gaza. The Arab states decided to recognise the PLO as the only
rightful representatives of the Palestinian people. Arafat made a speech at the UN that was well-received. Arafat’s main
achievement was the fact that the Palestinians could not be ignored in the future.’
OR
‘e.g. ‘ While he was leader of the PLO, Arafat at first supported terrorist actions to win the Palestinian cause publicity. This did
not work as he intended. This included hijackings and kidnappings in 1973 where innocent people were killed. This violence
did not win sympathy for the Palestinians. In fact, they lost support from Arab states like Saudi Arabia. By the end of 1973
Arafat realised his mistake and announced that terrorism would only be aimed at Israel.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘He led the PLO and made sure that the world and the UN had to take notice of the Palestinian cause.’
‘In 1988 Arafat rejected all forms of terrorism and won a lot of support for this.’
‘In the early 1990s he was involved in the talks leading to the Oslo Accords which supported Palestinian self-rule.’
‘He became head of the Palestinian National Authority.’
‘His policy of hijackings lost support for the Palestinian cause.’
‘He was accused of not being tough enough with the Israeli government.’
e.g. ‘Yasser Arafat tried to help but he did not always get everything right.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/11
Paper 1 October/November 2020
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (KN) 204314
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over
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(a) What were the aims of the Young Italy movement? [4]
(b) Why did Piedmont’s power grow during the 1850s? [6]
(c) ‘The Pope was the biggest obstacle to Italian unification in 1848–49.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What did Germany gain from the Franco-Prussian War? [4]
(c) ‘Bismarck achieved more by force than by diplomacy.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the British policy of indirect rule work well in Nigeria? [6]
(c) ‘European imperialism in Africa was mainly motivated by economic concerns.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) How far do you agree that Austria was to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914? Explain your
answer. [10]
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(a) Describe the use of plebiscites in the peace settlement, 1919–1923. [4]
(b) Why were the French dissatisfied with the peace settlement? [6]
(c) ‘Political turmoil was the most serious consequence of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany
up to 1923.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did British-French guarantees to Poland fail to prevent war in 1939? [6]
(c) ‘Britain and France had no choice but to allow Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 Relations grew increasingly tense between the Great Powers after 1945.
(b) Why did Stalin want control over the governments of the states in Eastern Europe? [6]
(c) ‘Truman was the main cause of tension at Potsdam.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the territorial disputes between Iran and Iraq. [4]
(b) Why did the Islamic revolution cause Saddam Hussein to attack Iran? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that neither side gained from the Iran-Iraq War? Explain your answer.
[10]
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(b) Why did the Germans lose the First Battle of the Marne? [6]
(c) ‘The war did not end by Christmas 1914 because of the race to the sea.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the contribution of US forces to the Allied war effort. [4]
(c) How far do you agree that revolution broke out in Germany in October 1918 because the
German people were starving? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the development of the Nazi Party from 1924 to 1929. [4]
(c) How far do you agree that the main reason the Nazis gained support in the early 1930s was
that they promised to create jobs? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe Nazi influence on German culture and the arts. [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis want to control the Churches? [6]
(c) ‘The reasons why the Nazis persecuted groups in German society were racial.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk bad for Russia? [6]
(c) ‘The Red Army won the Civil War because of War Communism.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did life get worse for the national minorities under Stalin’s rule? [6]
(c) ‘Destroying the kulaks was the main purpose of Stalin’s agricultural policy.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the problems facing American farmers in the 1920s. [4]
(c) ‘American manufacturing industries prospered during the boom of the 1920s.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was there a stock market boom in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘The main impact of the Wall Street Crash was the collapse of the banks.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(c) ‘Reforming education was the most important social change introduced by Mao.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What was Mao’s impact on art and culture in China? [4]
(b) Why was there a power struggle after Mao’s death? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Chinese society became more free after Mao’s death? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) Why was there a wide gap in living standards between white and non-white South Africans by
1945? [6]
(c) How far did the Second World War produce opportunities for non-white South Africans?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did trade union reform lead to an increase in opposition to the government? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that de Klerk abandoned white minority rule because South Africa was
facing serious economic problems? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(a) Describe the reaction of the Jews in Palestine to the 1947 UN Partition Plan. [4]
(b) Why did the Arabs believe a Palestinian homeland would be created at the end of the Second
World War? [6]
(c) ‘The Arabs lost the 1948–49 war because of a lack of international support.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were some Arab states reluctant to support the PLO? [6]
(c) ‘The actions of Israel were more significant than the work of the PLO in winning international
support for the Palestinians.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
[10]
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Piedmont gained status because of its involvement in the Crimean War. Piedmont’s troops fought well, and this
meant that Cavour was asked to attend the peace conference in Paris, in 1856. At the conference Piedmont was treated
as the equal of the other delegates, including Austria.’
e.g. ‘Piedmont sent troops to aid Britain and France in the Crimean War.’
‘The troops fought well, and this meant that Cavour was able to attend the peace conference in Paris, in 1856.’
‘At the conference Piedmont attended as the equal of the other delegates, including Austria.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
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Question Answer Marks
1(c) ‘The Pope was the biggest obstacle to Italian unification in 1848-49.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Most nationalists looked upon Pius as a possible leader of a new Italy. He had influence over Italian Catholics and
had sizeable military forces. He had been known as the reforming Pope and therefore ideal for new Italian state.
However, when he issued his Allocution all this changed. First, he favoured the Risorgimento and then he appeared to
be against it with the Allocution. Nationalists were shocked because Pius went from one extreme to another. Some
troops refused to fight with Charles Albert because of his change of mind.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other barriers to unification which were more significant. For instance, Austria defeated Charles Albert’s
forces in 1848-49 and so could be considered more important than the Pope. Not all the troops had deserted Charles
Albert because of the Allocution.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Ems telegram was important because it was used by Bismarck to provoke France into being hostile and this
gave him an excuse for war. The telegram was a report of a meeting between King William I of Prussia and the French
ambassador which was sent to Bismarck. He published the telegram, missing out key details, to offend the French
government. In turn, this led to the Franco-Prussian War.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The Ems telegram was a report of a meeting between King William I of Prussia and the French ambassador.’
‘The telegram was sent from Ems (in Prussia) on July 13, 1870, to Bismarck.’
‘It was published by Bismarck who altered it.’
‘This offended the French government.’
‘Ultimately, it led to the Franco-Prussian War.’
2(c) ‘Bismarck achieved more by force than diplomacy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
2(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Bismarck used diplomacy to achieve his aims. When Schleswig-Holstein was handed over to be ruled jointly by
Austria and Prussia, they could not agree, and the territories were split. Some think Bismarck deliberately agreed so that
it would be easier to pick a quarrel with Austria. Bismarck also managed to get a promise of French neutrality and relied
on British and Russian neutrality. With this control, he picked a war with Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘Bismarck used war to ensure he achieved his aims. As a follower of Clausewitz, he saw war as political tool to help
him achieve his goals, as can be seen in the Unification Wars of 1864–71. There had also been considerable
investment in the Prussian economy to produce the weapons of war. Moltke and his generals had produced a well-
equipped and trained army which was superior to Austria’s. This shows that Bismarck could use force when he wanted
to as he had a very strong army at his disposal.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
3(b) Why did the British policy of indirect rule work well in Nigeria? 6
e.g. ‘The policy worked well because it allowed the local rulers to continue to hold power. This meant they were less
likely to oppose British control. The British ruled using the indigenous chiefs who were encouraged to rule as they had
always done, administering justice. The Foreign Office only recommended interference if a chief abused his powers and
then he could be removed and replaced.’
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Question Answer Marks
3(c) ‘European imperialism in Africa was mainly motivated by economic concerns.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘There were economic reasons for Britain to expand its influence in Africa. Africa could provide raw materials and
food products unobtainable in Britain, such as bananas and cocoa. Africa could also provide markets for British
manufactured goods, free of import tariff restrictions.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some countries were motivated by a desire to bring ‘civilisation’ to other peoples. Missionaries drew attention to
the opportunities presented by hitherto unexplored territories. They wanted to stamp out things such as sacrifices and
'heathen rites’. They genuinely believed they knew what was best and ‘right’ for other people. Many believed that
Western countries had a moral responsibility to bring civilisation and Christianity to the native peoples.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘Britain joined the Entente Cordiale with France because it was concerned about German militarism. Britain was
concerned about the effect this would have on peace in Europe. Any political instability in Europe would also affect
British trade.’
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Question Answer Marks
4(c) How far do you agree that Austria was to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914? Explain your answer. 10
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Austria was to blame. When Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, Austria was angry and blamed the Serbs. Austria
was determined to make Serbia pay and issued an ultimatum. Even though they replied, Austria invaded Serbia having
been given a guarantee of German support. Because of this, Russia mobilised its forces and Germany declared war on
Russia.’
OR
e.g. ‘Germany was to blame for the outbreak of war because, in August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium using the
Schlieffen Plan which was their plan for war. With over one million men, Germany marched into Belgium violating the
neutrality of Belgium. This triggered Britain’s declaration of war as it promised to protect Belgium’s neutrality. Therefore,
the German invasion was to blame.’
OR
e.g. ‘Serbia was angry that Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia in 1908, but by 1913, after the Balkan Wars, Serbia
emerged as the strongest power in the Balkans. Serbia wanted to unite with the Serbs and Slavic people living in the
Austrian Empire, including Bosnia. This brought conflict with Austria.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘A plebiscite was a vote to determine which country people wanted to belong to.’
‘They were held after the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.’
‘They were held in territory which was taken away from Germany.’
‘In 1921 there was a plebiscite in Upper Silesia and this resulted in it being partitioned between Poland and Germany.’
‘A plebiscite in 1920 saw Schleswig divided between Germany and Denmark.’
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Question Answer Marks
5(b) Why were the French dissatisfied with the peace settlement? 6
e.g. ‘The French were worried that Germany would recover after the war and would threaten France again. To prevent
this, Clemenceau wanted a treaty which would guarantee British and American support should France be attacked
again. However, the British and USA refused and this meant that France still felt vulnerable, especially on its eastern
border.’
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Question Answer Marks
5(c) ‘Political turmoil was the most serious consequence of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany up to 1923.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Political turmoil was a serious consequence of the Treaty of Versailles. Accepting the Treaty made the government
seem weak in the eyes of the people. Many believed that Germany had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by the government.
During the Kapp Putsch members of the right-wing Freikorps staged a coup and tried to take over the government.’
OR
e.g. ‘Economic problems were a worse consequence of the Treaty. When Germany was unable to pay reparations, the
French invaded the Ruhr. This led to a hyperinflation crisis. Money became worthless and people could no longer afford
food.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
6(b) Why did British-French guarantees to Poland fail to prevent war in 1939? 6
e.g. ‘Having signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Hitler did not think that Britain and France would do anything to stop him and
so he ignored their guarantee to help Poland. He knew they had appeased him in the past and believed that they would
do the same this time.’
e.g. ‘Hitler didn’t believe that Britain and France would fight.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact made Hitler more confident.’
‘Britain and France had appeased Hitler’s policy up until this point.’
‘Hitler thought he had a strong claim over Poland and would be unopposed.’
‘Hitler was always determined to conquer Poland.’
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Question Answer Marks
6(c) ‘Britain and France had no choice but to allow Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ How far do you agree 10
with this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Britain and France had no choice but to let Hitler takeover the Rhineland. Both countries were economically weak
following the Depression and both wanted to take care of internal domestic issues. France was in the middle of an
economic crisis and was facing elections so they were in no position to fight.’
OR
e.g. ‘The British had a choice to stop Hitler but did not do so because they believed that Hitler was only marching into
land which was rightfully German. They thought the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on Germany.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
7(b) Why did Stalin want control over the governments of the states in Eastern Europe? 6
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to control the governments of the states in Eastern Europe in order to create a buffer zone between
the USSR and the West. Russia had been invaded from the west in both the First and Second World Wars and he
thought that if he controlled the governments in neighbouring states, he could prevent this happening in the future.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone between the USSR and the West.’
‘He wanted to avoid being invaded from the west.’
‘He could use the resources of the Eastern European states to rebuild the Soviet economy.’
‘He could expand the influence of the USSR / to spread communism.’
7(c) ‘Truman was the main cause of tension at Potsdam.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
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Question Answer Marks
7(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Truman replaced Roosevelt at Potsdam and, being anti-communist, he was not willing to negotiate with Stalin. He
interpreted the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe as the start of spreading communism around the world.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin was the cause of tension because he had not carried out his promise, made at Yalta, to organise free
elections in Poland. He also disagreed over the future of Germany and demanded access to the industrial heartland of
the Ruhr. The United States and Britain wouldn’t agree to his demands.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
8(b) Why did the Islamic revolution cause Saddam Hussein to attack Iran? 6
e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein saw the Islamic Revolution as an opportunity to attack Iran because he thought it made Iran
weaker than before. When the Shah was overthrown, Iran’s alliance with the United States ended. This meant Iran no
longer had access to American supplies for tanks and armoured vehicles.’
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Question Answer Marks
8(c) How far do you agree that neither side gained from the Iran-Iraq War? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Iraq gained from the Iran-Iraq war because Western support of arms and money ensured that by the end of the war
Iraq was much stronger in terms of tanks and aircraft and Iran was glad to agree a ceasefire. In 1988, Iraq launched a
series of devastating attacks which seriously damaged Iranian morale and caused many casualties. Iran had failed to
topple Saddam from power and the Islamic revolution had not spread to Iraq.’
OR
e.g. ‘Both sides were severely damaged by the war. The death toll was high with around 2 percent of the populations of
both states losing their lives in the fighting. The war also had a devastating economic impact on both states and they
faced bankruptcy as a result.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
9(b) Why did the Germans lose the First Battle of the Marne? 6
e.g. ‘The Germans lost the battle because 6000 French reserve troops arrived from Paris in a fleet of 600 taxis. This
added much needed reinforcements to the French 5th Army and BEF forces which were already fighting.’
9(c) ‘The war did not end by Christmas 1914 because of the race to the sea.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
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Question Answer Marks
9(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The war did not end by Christmas 1914 because of the race to the sea. From September 1914 both sides moved
north. The Germans wanted to capture the Channel ports and cut off supplies from Britain. As the ‘race to the sea’ went
on the weather grew worse and both sides became exhausted. They began to dig defensive trenches. This meant the
war of movement was over and a war of attrition began.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Russian army mobilised much more quickly that the Germans expected. This meant they had to send two
army corps to the Eastern Front. This in turn meant the Germans found it difficult to defeat the French and the BEF as
the two sides were more evenly matched.’
e.g. ‘Neither side could get a clear advantage over the other.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Germans agreed to surrender because they couldn’t fight any longer. The Ludendorff Offensive made
progress in March and April 1918, but a counterattack by Allied forces drove the Germans back inflicting over 400,000
casualties. This left the German troops exhausted and low in morale. In August, another 400,000 were taken prisoner,
along with 400 field guns. Faced with such severe losses, the Germans could not fight on for much longer.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘There were problems for the Germans at home and at the front.’
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Question Answer Marks
10(c) How far do you agree that revolution broke out in Germany in October 1918 because the German people were 10
starving? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The main long-term cause of the German Revolution was war weariness. The blockade of the German ports meant
there were severe food shortages in Germany. This meant that there was declining support for the war effort from the
German people and riots and demonstrations broke out across the country.’
OR
e.g. ‘One of the main reasons for revolution was the mutinies which broke out at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven when Admiral
Scheer wanted a large naval assault on Britain’s High Seas Fleet. Most sailors refused to return from leave or refused to
sail.’
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Question Answer Marks
11(a) Describe the development of the Nazi Party from 1924 to 1929. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘These were lean years for the party/on the fringe of politics.’
‘Stresemann’s success meant the Nazis were considered a minor party.’
‘The Nazis had a history of violence.’
‘The Nazis were considered as an extreme party.’
‘The Party was banned until 1927.’
‘Hitler was in jailin 1924.’
‘Membership increased from 3000 to 100 000.’
‘Hitler was an excellent public speaker.’
‘Mein Kampf outlined the Party’s programme.’
‘The Nazis changed some of their policies to gain popularity.’
‘Many farmers began to support the party.’
‘Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda.’
‘The party put out a great deal of propaganda to gain support.’
‘The party became more professional and activists were trained in public speaking.’
‘The Party gained seats in Reichstag elections.’
‘The organisation of the party was strengthened and there were activists in many towns.’
‘The SA and SS were active.’
‘The Hitler Youth was formed.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The Munich Putsch failed because Hitler overestimated the level of support he would have. He thought that
General Ludendorff would persuade the army to support the putsch, and that leading members of the Bavarian state
government would do the same. However, these things didn’t happen. The army remained loyal to the Weimar
government and the head of the Bavarian government called out armed police to break up Hitler’s march through the
streets of Munich.’
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Question Answer Marks
11(c) How far do you agree that the main reason the Nazis gained support in the early 1930s was that they promised 10
to create jobs? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Germany was badly affected by The Wall Street Crash of 1929. Businesses went bankrupt and unemployment
grew rapidly. Many Germans began to lose faith in democracy and turned to extremist parties. The Nazi Party offered
‘Work and Bread’. They promised to solve the problem by providing employment for workers in the army, in the factories
building Germany’s armaments and on new public works projects such as road building. This gained them much
support.’
OR
e.g. ‘The main reason the Nazis gained support was the modern and effective methods used by the Nazis in their
campaigning. They used posters and pamphlets to get across the Nazi message and they had mobile units to organise
speeches in different areas. The Nazi message was taken to all parts of Germany.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The promise was to create jobs, but there were many other reasons.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Nazis wanted to have the support of the churches as they saw that they could use them to strengthen their
support. Often the church was a centre for the local community and the Nazis realised that if they could get the support
of the church it would be easier to control the area. Some Nazi policies were already popular in the churches – such as
their emphasis on family life and the Nazis wanted to use this to strengthen their own position.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The Nazis wanted control over every aspect of life in Germany.’
12(c) ‘The reasons why Nazis persecuted groups in German society were racial.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...518 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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Question Answer Marks
12(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The Jews did not fit in with the Nazi beliefs in the superiority of the Aryan race. The ideal Aryan was tall and athletic
with blond hair and blue eyes. They, therefore, persecuted any group which they thought challenged Nazi ideas about
Germans being a perfect master race.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazis persecuted groups in German society for other reasons. For instance, they thought German society
contained too many ‘undesirable’ people who were a drain on the resources of the state. This included people who were
drug addicts, tramps and some of the unemployed.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis persecuted any group that they thought challenged Nazi ideas.’
‘The Nazis believed in the superiority of the Aryan race.’
‘They persecuted groups they thought threatened the perfect master race.’
They persecuted the Jews as they were not Aryan.’
‘The Nazis thought German society would be healthier without ‘undesirable’ elements.’
‘They persecuted people who they thought were a burden on the Nazi state.’
‘The SA and SS enjoyed persecuting.’
‘The Nazis persecuted Communists to get a grip of power.’
‘They persecuted Jews to take away their jobs.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis persecuted people if they thought they didn’t fit in with Nazi ideals.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was the government which was to takeover from the Provisional Government.’
‘It was organised as a result of the Russian Revolution.’
‘It was to be elected democratically / parliament of elected members.’
‘703 candidates were elected from the Bolsheviks, SRs, Mensheviks and Constitutional Democrat parties.’
‘Elections were held in November 1917.’
‘It met on 18 January 1918.’
‘It was closed down by the Bolsheviks on 19 January 1918.’
13(b) Why was the Treaty of Brest Litovsk bad for Russia? 6
e.g. ‘The treaty was bad for Russia because it cost the country valuable resources. For instance, 90% of Russia’s
coalmines were lost and around 25% of its industrial capacity. This meant the country, already facing economic
problems because of the war, became even poorer.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was bad for Russia because it took a lot away.’
13(c) ‘The Red Army won the Civil War because of War Communism.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘War Communism was an economy that met the needs of war and was the name given to harsh economic
measures the Bolsheviks adopted during the Civil War to help them win. They aimed to keep the Red Army and the
towns supplied with food and weapons. All large factories were taken over by the government and production was
planned and organised so that they could keep their armies well supplied with equipment and arms. They ensured that
the towns and armies were fed by forcing peasants to hand over surplus food to the government and rationing supplies.
This gave the Bolshevik armies the supplies they needed.’
OR
e.g. ‘The weakness of White forces was one of the reasons the Red Army won the Civil War. They were divided and
lacked clear leadership. They also failed to win the support of the people who were more interested in the Bolsheviks’
promise of land.’
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The Red Army was more effective than the opposition.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
14(b) Why did life get worse for the national minorities under Stalin’s rule? 6
e.g. ‘Ethnic minority groups were encouraged to see themselves as Soviet citizens rather than as separate nationalities.
This made life worse for them because Russian became the official language. If the minority groups could not speak
Russian, they were discriminated against and it was hard for them to get work, for instance in the army.’
e.g. ‘Stalin discouraged differing national identities within the Soviet Union.’
‘Ethnic minority groups were encouraged to see themselves as Soviet citizens rather than separate nationalities.’
‘The Russian language was made a compulsory subject in the school curriculum.’
‘Russian was made the official language of state organisations like the army.’
‘Russians were encouraged to migrate into non-Russian areas.’
‘Thousands of Islamic schools, hospitals and mosques were forced to close.’
‘1.5 million ethnic minorities were deported back to Asia.’
‘It was due to the policy of Russification.’
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Question Answer Marks
14(c) ‘Destroying the kulaks was the main purpose of Stalin’s agricultural policy.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to destroy the kulaks. They were often farmers who had done well under the policies of NEP. Stalin
thought this was a capitalist policy and brought in collectivisation instead. The kulaks would not be able to make profits
under this system. He thought the kulaks were a possible source of opposition to his policies.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to collectivise agriculture because there were still food shortages in the USSR. Collectivisation would
mean that large units of land could be farmed more efficiently through mechanisation, with tractors and other machinery
supplied by the state. There would then be much higher food production.’
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to get rid of the kulaks who might oppose his policies.’
‘The kulaks were considered to be capitalists.’
‘The NEP was capitalist and Stalin wanted to change this.’
‘He wanted to make farms more efficient.’
‘He wanted to introduce new methods of production.’
‘There were food shortages.’
‘More food was needed for the industrial workers.’
‘More grain was needed for export.’
‘Exports of grain would earn foreign currency.’
‘It linked in with Stalin’s collectivisation policy.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Republicans believed in import tariffs, such as the Fordney-McCumber tariff, which made it expensive to
import foreign goods. This meant that American businesses were protected against foreign competition and could keep
their prices down. This encouraged people to buy products made in the US and allowed American companies to grow
rapidly.’
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Question Answer Marks
15(c) ‘American manufacturing industries prospered during the boom of the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...526 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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Question Answer Marks
15(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Manufacturing industries, such as the car industry, grew very quickly in the 1920s. There was high demand for
consumer products and new mass production methods meant large numbers of products could be produced quickly.
Because of the increase in demand for cars, other industries such as steel, glass and rubber also boomed.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some manufacturing industries did not prosper during the 1920s. For instance, cotton textiles did not increase their
sales despite the increased demand for clothing. New synthetic fabrics such as rayon were more desirable and new
clothing styles meant less material was needed.’
e.g. ‘There was a boom in industry in the United States in the 1920s.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There was a stock market boom in the 1920s because companies were doing well and people were keen to buy
shares. If a company was growing, a speculator could buy shares and sell them only a few months later and make a
profit. Many people who did not usually invest in the stock market bought shares.’
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Question Answer Marks
16(c) ‘The main impact of the Wall Street Crash was the collapse of the banks.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The collapse of the banks was the main impact of the Wall Street Crash. When the stock market collapsed the
banks, which had lent money to speculators to buy shares, lost a huge amount of money. Many went bankrupt. This
meant that anyone who had savings in the bank also lost their money.’
OR
e.g. ‘Unemployment was the main impact of the Wall Street Crash. As businesses crashed people lost their jobs. By
1933 almost 25% of the workforce was unemployed. There were no welfare benefits and people had no money for food
or rent.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘The Great Leap Forward failed because Mao insisted on following communist principles and getting rid of
bourgeois experts. He removed the middle class of experts running the factories, businesses, hospitals and universities.
He wanted another revolution to hand back control to the peasants and workers. This proved to be a disaster in the
Great Leap Forward because he lost the skilled people he needed.’
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Question Answer Marks
17(c) ‘Reforming education was the most important social change introduced by Mao.’ How far do you agree with 10
this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Reforming education was important. Mao believed that everyone should be able to read and write. This would
benefit industry and agriculture. China needed professionals such as doctors. These needed to be educated. A
nationwide literacy drive was launched and by 1960 over 90% of the population could read.’
OR
e.g. ‘One important social change was the way women were treated. Mao questioned many traditional practices, such
as foot binding and forced marriage, and made these illegal. He believed women should be treated equally and not as
second-class citizens. He realised women were a great source of untapped labour and gave them equal opportunities in
education and work.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Artists and writers had to produce works which supported the revolution.’
‘Western music was banned.’
‘Traditional Chinese opera was replaced by specially written modern works.’
‘There was strict censorship.’
‘Traditional art forms and literature were banned.’
e.g. ‘In 1969, Mao had nominated his successor as Lin Piao. He was not willing to wait to take power and tried to seize
power in 1971. He disappeared with several military leaders. This meant there was no clear successor from this point
and so rivals competed for power.’
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Question Answer Marks
18(c) How far do you agree that Chinese society became more free after Mao’s death? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
18(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘In some ways China became more liberal. Thousands of political prisoners were released and it was no longer
illegal to make comments which criticised the regime. The role of the secret police was reduced. Students could travel
abroad.’
OR
e.g. ‘In many ways China did not become more liberal. Democratic reforms were denied and Deng was unwilling for
there to be greater participation by the people in politics.’
e.g. ‘China became more liberal in some ways but not in others.’
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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘South African industry was helped by the Second World War.’
‘Non-white workers were employed in industry.’
‘Manufacturing had become more important than mining for the economy.’
‘Factories were mechanised so unskilled workers could be employed.’
‘The war meant there was no supply of consumer goods from overseas.’
19(b) Why was there a wide gap in living standards between white and non-white South Africans by 1945? 6
e.g. ‘There was a gap because the benefits of economic development were not shared equally. Employers benefited
from the extremely low wages they paid non-white employees. White people became as prosperous as the professional
and business classes of Europe and North America, enjoying one of the highest standards of living in the world at the
expense of their non-white workers.’
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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
e.g. ‘There was a wide gap in living standards between white and non-white South Africans because non-whites were
paid less.’
19(c) How far did the Second World War produce opportunities for non-white South Africans? Explain your answer. 10
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The war produced opportunities because more non-white males worked in industry. More non-white South Africans
moved to the towns where their jobs were and began to outnumber the whites. Wages were much better in the towns
than in the countryside and the Pass Laws were relaxed. Things seemed to be changing for the better when the
Declaration for the United Nations was drawn up.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were some opportunities but these did not last. Non-white workers were paid much less than white people
and their earnings were still hardly enough to live on. A miner’s strike which involved 73 000 mine workers were dealt
with very harshly by the government and this showed that attitudes towards non-white workers had not changed.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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Question Answer Marks
20(b) Why did trade union reform lead to an increase in opposition to the government? 6
e.g. ‘Trade unions were reformed during the 1970s. This led to increased opposition because black trade unions were
recognised and were given the right to strike. The number of days lost to strikes increased dramatically.’
20(c) How far do you agree that de Klerk abandoned white minority rule because South Africa was facing serious 10
economic problems? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
20(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The poor state of the economy was influential in bringing white minority rule to an end. In 1986 the American
Congress voted to ban imports of iron, steel, coal, textiles and uranium from South Africa, while the European
Community banned imports of South African iron, steel, gold and coins. These sanctions led to a large increase in white
unemployment in South Africa and economic growth suffered. This could not continue without South Africa suffering
disastrous effects.’
OR
e.g. ‘De Klerk abandoned white minority rule because of the problem of internal unrest. The government had lost control
of the townships and the violent behaviour of the police in trying to control the violence only made the situation more
volatile.’
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Question Answer Marks
21(a) Describe the reaction of the Jews in Palestine to the 1947 UN Partition Plan. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Jewish Agency liked the fact that the Jews would have a homeland.’
‘They were angry that they would not have control of Jerusalem.’
‘They were pleased that British influence would be removed.’
‘They were unhappy that the land to be given to them was in three separate sections.’
‘Jews were unhappy that they would be in a minority in one of the areas.’
21(b) Why did the Arabs believe a Palestinian homeland would be created at the end of the Second World War? 6
e.g. ‘The Arabs believed that a Palestinian homeland would be formed because they knew that the British Foreign
Secretary was against the idea of forming a Jewish state in the region. At the same time, they understood that Britain
could no longer afford to maintain an empire but would want to keep their access to the oil in the region. They thought
these factors would encourage the British to work hard to keep Arab support in the region.’
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Question Answer Marks
21(b) Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
21(c) ‘The Arabs lost the 1948-49 war because of a lack of international support.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘The Arabs lost the war because they were badly organised. They had some international support, but their leaders
were not united in their aims and each tended to fight for their own interests. Their efforts in the war were not co-
ordinated and both the Egyptian and Syrian governments were very suspicious of King Abdullah of Transjordan’s aims.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Arabs lost the war because they underestimated their opponents. Since the First World War there had been
strong Jewish groups demanding a separate state for Jews. In the war of 1948–49 the Jews were fighting to keep this
dream alive. They were determined to win.’
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PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
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22(b) Why were some Arab states reluctant to support the PLO? 6
e.g. ‘Some Arab states did not want to support the PLO because they were concerned about their violent methods. In
Jordan, King Hussein feared the Israeli reprisals which followed Palestinian attacks that were launched from his country.
Members of the PLO were acting as if they ruled much of Jordan. When the PLO blew up a hijacked British plane in
Jordan, Hussein expelled the PLO.’
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Question Answer Marks
22(c) ‘The actions of Israel were more significant than the work of the PLO in winning international support for the 10
Palestinians.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘To start with, the PLO found it difficult to win international support. Partly this was due to their tactics of using
violence to achieve their aims. However, they were recognised as the voice of the Palestinian people by the Arab
League in 1974 and attended meetings at the UN. They gained considerable support from the Asian and African states
in the UN.’
OR
e.g. ‘Israeli actions increased international support for the Palestinian people. When Israel invaded Lebanon, against the
orders of the UN, states such as Jordan and the United States began to reconsider their position towards the PLO and
began to discuss the possibility of a resolution of the refugee issue.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 October/November 2020
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (KN) 204313
© UCLES 2020 [Turn over
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(c) How far do you agree that the 1848 revolutions were a failure? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the role of Pope Pius IX in the 1848–49 revolutions. [4]
(c) ‘France played a more important role than Austria in events leading to the unification of Italy.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe Lugard’s ideas about how Britain should govern its African colonies. [4]
(c) ‘Natural disasters were the main reason for the Boxer Rising.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the Alliance System fail to prevent war? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Morocco was the most important cause of tension before 1914?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) What was the purpose of the ‘war guilt’ clause? [4]
(c) How far do you agree that Clemenceau achieved his aims at Versailles? Explain your answer.
[10]
(c) How surprising was it that Britain and France pursued a policy of appeasement? Explain your
answer. [10]
7 The USA and USSR contributed to increased tensions in Europe after 1945.
(b) Why was the Berlin Blockade lifted in May 1949? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Truman was to blame for the Cold War? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What was the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on Iraqi civilians? [4]
(b) Why did Saddam Hussein’s regime survive the First Gulf War? [6]
(c) ‘Oil was the most important cause of the dispute between Iraq and Kuwait.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why were conditions in the trenches unhealthy for soldiers? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that new technology was used effectively in the First World War?
Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the situation facing German forces at the start of 1918. [4]
(b) Why were the mutinies at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven important? [6]
(c) ‘The British naval blockade was the main reason for the defeat of Germany.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘Electoral success was the most important factor in Hitler becoming Chancellor.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What were the Nazis’ views on the role of women in society? [4]
(c) ‘The policy of Total War had a greater impact on German civilians than any other aspect of
the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) What was life like for Russian peasants by 1905? [4]
(c) How far would you agree that the Tsar was firmly in control of Russia at the start of 1914?
Explain your answer. [10]
14 Stalin was determined to gain and keep control over the USSR.
(a) What did Lenin say about Stalin and Trotsky in his Political Testament? [4]
(b) Why was Lenin’s funeral important in the power struggle? [6]
(c) ‘Stalin’s personality cult was his most effective means of control.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age? [6]
(c) ‘Prohibition failed because it encouraged violence.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did ‘buying on the margin’ contribute to the Wall Street Crash? [6]
(c) How surprised are you that Hoover was known as the ‘do nothing’ President? Explain your
answer. [10]
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(b) Why did Mao embark on the Great Leap Forward? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Mao’s attempts at social reform were a success? Explain your
answer. [10]
18 China’s relationships with other countries have fluctuated over the years.
(a) What did China gain from its relationship with the USSR in the 1950s? [4]
(b) Why was there tension between China and India in the 1960s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that trade was the main reason for China’s improved foreign relations
in the 1980s? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) formed? [6]
(c) ‘The Bantu Education Act (1953) did more to reinforce apartheid than any other legislation.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe Mandela’s aims for South Africa on becoming President. [4]
(b) Why did Botha’s constitutional reforms fail to improve relations between non-whites and the
government? [6]
(c) How far did de Klerk’s policies to end apartheid have the backing of white South Africans?
Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(b) Why did the Soviet Union become involved in the Middle East? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Egypt gained the most from the Suez crisis of 1956? Explain your
answer. [10]
22 The United Nations (UN) faced many challenges in its role in the Middle East.
(b) Why did some groups working for Palestinian liberation become more militant from the
1980s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the UN achieved little in its involvement in the Middle East? Explain
your answer. [10]
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
SECTION A
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Violence broke out because the workers in Paris were angry that the
National Workshops had been closed. These provided work for over 100 000
people but were unpopular with some elements of French society as they
resented paying taxes to support the unemployed. Therefore, the Party of
Order closed the workshops on 21 June.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
1(c) How far do you agree that the 1848 revolutions were a failure? Explain 10
your answer.
e.g. ‘In some areas of Europe, the revolutions were a failure. For instance, in
Prussia, Liberals and Nationalists met to draft a new constitution but failed
because they could not agree. Prussian attempts to become a leader of a
united Germany failed because they were quashed by Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some of the revolutions had lasting success. The brief period of Magyar
rule in Hungary was not in vain. By 1867, Magyar was the official language of
Hungary, the Diet had regained much of its old importance and the March
Laws had been accepted. Hungary was now an equal partner with Austria.’
e.g. ‘Although some demands were initially granted, they were taken away
later.’
‘The revolution led by Kossuth was brutally suppressed.’
‘Prussian attempts to become leader of a united Germany were quashed by
Austria.’
‘Frederick refused the crown and sent in troops.’
‘In France revolutionaries overthrew the monarch.’
‘Frederick William IV of Prussia introduced some liberal reforms.’
‘Charles Albert granted a constitution to the people of Piedmont-Sardinia.’
e.g. ‘The revolutions failed because they did not achieve their aims.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy. His kingdom
consisted of all Italian states including Piedmont, Naples and Sicily. However,
it did not include Venetia (which was controlled by Austria) and Rome (which
was controlled by Napoleon III). The fact that foreign powers still controlled
Italian territory meant it was not united.’
e.g. ‘Venetia and Rome were not part of the kingdom of Italy.’
‘Austria ruled Venetia.’
‘At Villafranca it was agreed that Venetia should remain Austrian.’
‘Napoleon III controlled Rome.’
‘The French Catholics had a powerful influence.’
‘Napoleon III had kept a garrison in Rome.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
2(c) ‘France played a more important role than Austria in events leading to 10
the unification of Italy.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘France was very important in the unification of Italy. Napoleon III was
interested in liberating Italy and in 1858 he held a meeting with Cavour at
Plombières. Napoleon made it clear he would get involved if Austria started a
war. He was willing to sacrifice French soldiers to help achieve unification. At
the battles of Magenta and Solferino, French troops suffered heavy losses
fighting for Italian unification.’
OR
e.g. ‘Austria was key in events leading to the unification of Italy. Austria
controlled much of the Italian peninsula and if it could be driven out with help
from France, as engineered by Cavour, this would be an important step on the
road to eventual unification. This meant that Austria made a mistake issuing
an ultimatum to Piedmont-Sardinia threatening war if they failed to disarm.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
3(a) Describe Lugard’s ideas about how Britain should govern its African 4
colonies.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Britain was interested in China because China produced goods which
were in high demand in Europe. Silk, porcelain and tea were expensive, and
traders knew if they could trade in these goods, they would become rich.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
3(c) ‘Natural disasters were the main reason for the Boxer Rising.’ How far 10
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Natural disasters played an important part in the outbreak of the Boxer
Rising. These included the flooding of the Yellow River in 1898 followed by
the drought of 1900. Many of the Boxers were peasants from Shandong
province, which had been struck by flooding and then famine. In the 1890s,
China had given territorial and commercial concessions in this area to several
European nations, and the Boxers blamed their poor standard of living on
foreigners.’
OR
e.g. ‘One reason for the outbreak of the Boxer Rising was the attitude of the
Western powers towards China. Following the Opium War (1839–1842) China
was forced to grant commercial concessions to Britain, opening China to
foreign trade. Industries and commerce in China were destroyed by the inflow
of cheap foreign goods and many Chinese became addicted to opium.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Alliance System failed to prevent war as it created two armed
camps, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. A dispute between one of
the members of each camp could well involve other members. This could
escalate into war.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
4(c) How far do you agree that Morocco was the most important cause of 10
tension before 1914? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘There was a threat of war over the 1911 Moroccan crisis. Germany
thought France was about to seize power in Morocco and so sent a gunboat
to the Port of Agadir. Britain thought Germany was trying to gain a naval base
at Agadir. Tension rose as Britain supported its ally and threatened war if
Germany did not withdraw.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Moroccan crisis raised tension between Germany and Britain.’
‘The naval rivalry between Germany and Britain increased tension.’
‘The situation in the Balkans caused tension between Austria and Serbia.’
‘The Kaiser had an aggressive foreign policy and this caused tension.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was designed to make Germany take responsibility for starting the
war.’
‘It allowed the Allies to charge Germany reparations of £6600 million for the
damage caused in the war.’
‘To punish Germany.’
‘It was added to get the French and Belgians to agree to reduce reparations.’
‘It removed blame for the outbreak of war from the Allies.’
e.g. ‘Plebiscites were held because boundaries changed after empires were
broken up and changes were confirmed by the peace settlement, such as
those for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The votes were held to establish
which countries the population wanted to be governed by. For instance, the
population of Eastern Upper Silesia voted to leave Germany and become part
of Poland instead.’
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5(c) How far do you agree that Clemenceau achieved his aims at Versailles? 10
Explain your answer.
OR
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There were three and a half million Germans living in the Sudetenland.’
‘Hitler hated the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to destroy it.’
‘Czechoslovakia was allied with France and Russia.’
‘The Sudeten Germans had been complaining of discrimination by the Czech
government.’
‘Czechoslovakia had valuable resources such as coal.’
‘Hitler wanted to expand his empire.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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6(c) How surprising was it that Britain and France pursued a policy of 10
appeasement? Explain your answer.
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Blockade was lifted because Stalin failed to cut off West Berlin from
the rest of Western Germany. In response to the Blockade the Allies began to
airlift supplies into West Berlin. By April 1949 this had reached 8000 tons a
day and it became clear that the Blockade had failed.’
e.g. ‘It was not working as the Allies airlifted supplies to West Berlin.’
‘Stalin had failed to cut off West Berlin.’
‘Stalin realised the Blockade would fail.’
‘The Western allies would not give up Berlin.’
‘West Berliners supported the Allies.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
7(c) How far do you agree that Truman was to blame for the Cold War? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Truman could be to blame for the Cold War. He interpreted the Soviet
takeover of Eastern Europe as the start of spreading communism around the
world and responded with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid. This was
designed to help the vulnerable European economy suffering from the effects
of the war. However, the USSR saw this as a threat, and this led to an
increase in tensions.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin could be to blame. He wanted to create a buffer zone between the
USSR and the West and so made sure the governments in countries such as
Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary were communist. He failed to hold
democratic elections in Poland as was agreed at Yalta. Although Stalin saw
his actions as defensive, they appeared aggressive to the West and a
deliberate attempt to spread communism throughout Europe.’
e.g. ‘Truman used the atom bomb to gain the upper hand at Potsdam.’
‘Truman was strongly against communism.’
‘Truman introduced the Truman Doctrine.’
‘The USA introduced the Marshall Plan.’
‘Stalin wanted to spread communism.’
‘The Berlin Blockade created considerable tension.’
‘Stalin did not keep to the promises made in the wartime conferences.’
e.g. ‘Truman was not the only reason for the Cold War.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
8(a) What was the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on Iraqi civilians? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
8(b) Why did Saddam Hussein’s regime survive the First Gulf War? 6
e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein’s regime survived the First Gulf War because the
Americans thought that allowing him to stay in power was less dangerous for
their own interests in the Middle East than removing him. They were
concerned that if he was overthrown, then an Islamic Revolution might take
place. If this happened the whole region could become very unstable.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
8(c) ‘Oil was the most important cause of the dispute between Iraq and 10
Kuwait.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Oil was an important cause of the dispute between Iraq and Kuwait.
Saddam Hussein was angry that Kuwait had increased its oil production as
this meant the international price of oil had fallen. This meant Iraq was making
less money from the sale of its own oil. Saddam also claimed that Kuwait was
stealing oil from Iraq by ‘slant drilling’ oil from the Rumaila oil field which was
close to the border with Iraq. He claimed the value of this oil was over $2
billion. Therefore, oil was a major cause of the dispute.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other causes of the dispute. Iraq claimed that Kuwait was
historically part of Iraq and should never have been given independence. Until
the end of the First World War, Kuwait was part of the province of Basra. After
the war, Basra became part of Iraq while Kuwait was established as an
independent country. Iraqi rulers, such as President Qassem in the 1960s,
claimed Kuwait was part of Iraq. Saddam Hussein revived these claims.’
e.g. ‘Iraq owed huge debts to Kuwait from the Iran-Iraq War.’
‘Kuwait’s oil production increased.’
‘Saddam accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq’s oil.’
‘Iraq had a historical claim to Kuwait.’
‘Saddam’s position in Iraq was insecure following the Iran-Iraq War.’
‘Saddam wanted to increase the power of Iraq by gaining access to the coast
and Kuwait’s oil fields.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
SECTION B
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
e.g. ‘Conditions were unhealthy for soldiers because there was a lack of clean
water and effective sanitation. There were rotting corpses, sewage and
unwashed soldiers. It was not possible to wash very often or get clean
clothes. Toilet facilities were limited. These conditions encouraged rats which
carried disease and soldiers were often infested with lice.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
9(c) How far do you agree that new technology was used effectively in the 10
First World War? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Some new technology was used effectively. For instance, the machine
gun was used to deadly effect by both sides and resulted in 90% of deaths.
Larger machine guns required a crew of three to six men and the Germans
had added protection by building concrete blockhouses for the machine gun
posts. This meant they were able to fire at the enemy during an attack,
making it very difficult for the enemy to advance.’
OR
e.g. ‘New technology was not always used effectively. The early tanks were
very unreliable often breaking down in no-man’s land before they reached the
enemy trenches. When they were first used on the Somme, over half of the
tanks failed to reach the German front lines.’
e.g. ‘The machine gun was most effective, accounting for over 90% of
deaths.’
‘Aircraft were useful for reconnaissance.’
‘Mustard gas caused panic among the troops.’
‘The tanks were slow.’
‘Tanks got stuck in the mud and were an easy target.’
‘Poison gas only accounted for a small number of deaths.’
‘The flame thrower with its petrol was often as dangerous to the user as it was
to the enemy.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
10(a) Describe the situation facing German forces at the start of 1918. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The mutinies were important because the sailors refused to take part in a
large naval assault on Britain’s High Seas Fleet. The sailors were aware that
armistice talks were on-going and most of them either refused to return from
leave or refused to set sail on 30 October. This showed that Germany was
losing control over its armed forces and that they could not continue to fight.’
e.g. ‘The mutinies showed that Germans would not follow orders.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
10(c) ‘The British naval blockade was the main reason for the defeat of 10
Germany.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘The British blockade was a major reason for the defeat of Germany. It
meant that Germany struggled to feed her population and keep the
armaments industry going. Imports fell by 60% during the war. By 1917, the
daily ration in Germany had been reduced to 1 000 calories and there were
food riots across the country. It was clear the population would grow tired of
war under this pressure.’
OR
e.g. ‘Another important reason for the defeat of Germany was the Battle of
Amiens in August 1918. The Ludendorff Offensive in Spring 1918 had already
turned the war into a war of movement. A combined attack by allied infantry,
air and artillery forces drove the German line back by eight miles. The
Hindenburg line was broken at the end of September and this made the
defeat of Germany inevitable.’
e.g. ‘The British blockade caused even greater food shortages and discontent
for the German civilians.’
‘The Germans could not service their armaments industry.’
‘German imports were reduced by 60%.’
‘The US army brought large numbers of troops.’
‘The U-boat campaign had been defeated by the convoy system.’
‘General Foch co-ordinated Allied defences and forces.’
‘Germany’s allies, Turkey and Austria, were talking about surrender.’
‘The long-term cause was war weariness.’
‘Riots broke out across the country against the war and food shortages.’
e.g. ‘The reason was that Germany was on the verge of defeat.’
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...573 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...574 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
11(c) ‘Electoral success was the most important factor in Hitler becoming 10
Chancellor.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
OR
e.g. ‘The economic depression also helped Hitler into power. The Communist
party was also growing in strength. Leading industrialists were concerned that
they would suffer if the Communists came to power and began to give
financial support to the Nazis. This was important as it gave the Nazis much
needed funds to fight the 1932 elections. The powerful industrialists were also
very influential in the decision to make Hitler Chancellor.’
e.g. ‘Hitler became Chancellor because the Nazis had the most support.’
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...575 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
12(a) What were the Nazis’ views on the role of women in society? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Nazis aimed to achieve autarky because they didn’t want to be
dependent on imports of food and raw materials. Therefore, they encouraged
farmers to grow more food and introduced ersatz products, such as rubber
and coffee, to replace materials which Germany couldn’t supply itself.’
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...576 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
12(c) ‘The policy of Total War had a greater impact on German civilians than 10
any other aspect of the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The policy of Total War had a huge impact on German civilians. The
policy was a series of emergency laws which were introduced to direct
everything towards the war effort. Transport services were reduced and the
age limit for female compulsory labour was raised to 50. All workers were
made to go to the armament factories and young boys and old men joined the
Volkssturm.’
OR
e.g. ‘Bombing had a greater impact on civilians. Many cities were badly
damaged, including Berlin and Dresden. The two-day air raid on Dresden
alone killed around 150 000 people. Across Germany over 3.5 million German
homes were destroyed and roughly the same number of civilians were killed.
Many were made homeless.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘In the weeks before the Manifesto was issued, there was serious
disorder which could have led to a revolution. Striking workers put up
barricades in the streets, revolutionaries like Lenin and Trotsky returned from
exile to organise workers’ councils, while in the countryside peasants
murdered their landlords. The Tsar needed to respond in order to calm the
situation and did this by issuing the October Manifesto to give in to some of
the demands for reform.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
13(c) How far would you agree that the Tsar was firmly in control of Russia at 10
the start of 1914? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways, the Tsar was firmly in control of Russia at the start of
1914. He had maintained his own power through the Fundamental Laws
which meant the Duma had little power. The Okhrana imprisoned and
monitored those who were thought to be opponents of the Tsar’s regime.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although it appeared as though the Tsar was in control, there were
serious problems facing Russia. Although life for some of the peasants had
improved, there was discontent in industrial regions. There was a great deal
of industrial unrest. A strike in the Lena goldfields was broken up by troops in
1912 and a wave of industrial unrest followed.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
14(a) What did Lenin say about Stalin and Trotsky in his Political Testament? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral. At the funeral Stalin
was able to demonstrate that he had been close to Lenin, by appearing as the
chief mourner. This meant that Stalin seemed to have had a close relationship
with Lenin and was therefore the best candidate to succeed him.’
e.g. ‘Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral; this meant that Trotsky
appeared to be uncaring.’
‘Stalin was chief mourner.’
‘Stalin showed he had been closer to Lenin than Trotsky.’
‘People saw Stalin as Lenin’s successor.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
14(c) ‘Stalin’s personality cult was his most effective means of control.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin also had other ways of controlling the people, the most powerful
being the use of fear. The NKVD was the secret police and they enforced
Stalin’s rule across the USSR. They arrested anyone who was suspected of
disloyalty. Hundreds of thousands of people were imprisoned without trial and
some were then killed. People were too scared to say anything against Stalin
in case they should suffer the same fate.’
e.g. ‘The cult of personality was important but there were other methods too.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
15(b) Why did the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age? 6
e.g. ‘The 1920s became known as the Jazz Age because jazz music became
very popular, especially with young, white Americans. They found it exciting
and a way of rebelling against traditional entertainment. They went to
nightclubs such as the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
e.g. ‘One reason prohibition failed was that it encouraged violence. Gang
wars broke out between rival groups who were supplying illegal liquor in cities
such as Chicago. Murder, corruption and bribery became common and there
were over 100 gangland murders in Chicago between 1926 and 1927.’
OR
e.g. ‘Prohibition failed because of violence but there were other reasons.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
16(b) Why did ‘buying on the margin’ contribute to the Wall Street Crash? 6
e.g. ‘Buying on the margin contributed to the Wall Street Crash because the
banks had loaned money to speculators to buy shares. They only needed
10% of the money and borrowed the rest from the banks. This meant the
banks invested heavily in the stock market. When the value of shares started
to fall, the speculators were unable to pay back their loans, and this in turn led
to the banks losing even more money, causing them to become bankrupt.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
16(c) How surprised are you that Hoover was known as the ‘do nothing’ 10
President? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways I am surprised because Hoover did not deserve his
reputation. He made some changes to try and support American business.
For instance, he cut taxes in 1930 to try and encourage consumers to keep
spending. He also asked Congress for changes to tariffs on goods and signed
the Hawley-Smoot Act in 1930 to raise tariffs on foreign goods and protect
American goods. He set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932
to provide loans to businesses which were in difficulty.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Hoover was known as the ‘do nothing’ President.
Hoover created an image of being heartless and uncaring by believing that
government should stay out of business matters. He believed in ‘rugged
individualism’, the idea that people should work hard for themselves and not
expect the government to help them. This meant that he took little action.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Mao launched the Great Leap Forward because he wanted to create a
modern economy. He stated that this would enable China to overtake other
developed nations and become the richest, most powerful and most advanced
nation.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
17(c) How far do you agree that Mao’s attempts at social reform were a 10
success? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘Although there were some reforms which benefitted women, it was hard
to change traditional attitudes. Few women became involved in politics and
only 13% of the party membership were women. Changes to the marriage
laws were not welcomed in rural society and the process of collectivisation
undermined family life. Many women were unhappy that their traditional roles
as wives and mothers were taken away. When famine struck in 1958, they
were unable to provide for their children and the divorce rate soared as many
women left home to try and find work elsewhere.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
18(a) What did China gain from its relationship with the USSR in the 1950s? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
18(b) Why was there tension between China and India in the 1960s? 6
e.g. ‘Relations between China and India worsened when the Dalai Lama
sought sanctuary in India after the Tibetan rising in 1959. The Dalai Lama led
a government in exile. In the early 1960s, the CIA funded him with $1.7 million
a year to launch guerrilla operations against the Chinese. This naturally upset
Sino-Indian relations.’
e.g. ‘The border between India and Tibet was not well defined.’
‘The Chinese wanted to build a road into Tibet.’
‘The Chinese built border posts in areas considered to be Indian by India.’
‘Nehru had given the Dalai Lama sanctuary in India.’
‘There were numerous border incidents between opposing border guards.’
‘The CIA funded the Dalai Lama to attack the Chinese.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
18(c) How far do you agree that trade was the main reason for China’s 10
improved foreign relations in the 1980s? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Trade was important in the improvement of foreign relations. In the early
1980s, Deng Xiao-ping adopted an ‘open door’ policy towards the West. A
trade agreement between the US and China was signed in the 1970s and this
led to greater cooperation in the 1980s. Many American and Western
companies set up businesses in China and China started to purchase military
and industrial equipment from abroad.’
OR
e.g. ‘Other factors contributed to improved foreign relations in the 1980s. For
instance, the United States was keen to establish more friendly relations with
China, especially as relations between the USSR and China had cooled.
Relations improved when the US government stopped recognising the
government of Taiwan as the legitimate rulers of China.’
e.g. ‘The ‘open door’ policy encouraged trade with the West.’
‘China steadily increased contact with the rest of the world.’
‘It became easier to visit China.’
‘In 1984 the British agreed to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.’
‘Relations had deteriorated with the USSR which encouraged better relations
with the United States.’
‘The United States stopped recognising the government of Taiwan as the
legitimate government of China.’
‘Deng Xiao-ping’s attitude encouraged better relations.’
e.g. ‘China’s relationship with the rest of the world improved in the 1980s.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Pan Africanist Congress was formed because its leader, Robert
Sobukwe, thought that the African National Congress was too cautious in its
approach. He was disappointed by their lack of success and wanted more
dramatic action. Whereas the ANC wanted single-day marches against the
Pass Laws, Sobukwe wanted mass disobedience. He wanted demonstrators
to be arrested to draw attention to the plight of Africans.’
e.g. ‘Sobukwe thought the African National Congress was too cautious in their
approach.’
‘The PAC was formed to represent the interests of Africans.’
‘Sobukwe thought the ANC was too heavily influenced by communism.’
‘The PAC wanted to fight purely for the rights of Africans rather than other
groups.’
‘The group was formed because some activists were disappointed with the
lack of success of the ANC.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
19(c) ‘The Bantu Education Act (1953) did more to reinforce apartheid than 10
any other legislation.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘The Bantu Education Act made black children pay for their education in
schools which were sub-standard. 30% had no electricity and 25% no running
water. They had few textbooks and only one third of teachers were trained. In
comparison, white education was well funded with high quality facilities,
materials and teachers. Education was free for white children and the
difference between the two systems underlined the fact that black children
were considered inferior under apartheid.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Pass system was more important in enforcing apartheid. The Pass
was a book which had to be shown on demand and applied to all non-white
men over 16 years. It was resented because white South Africans did not
have to carry one. The Pass contained information about when a non-white
person could work in a white area and how long they could be there. It helped
the government enforce apartheid because it helped them control where non-
white people lived and worked.’
e.g. ‘The Bantu Education Act meant that black children went to very poor
schools.’
‘The Pass Laws restricted where non-white people could work and this limited
their opportunities.’
‘The Separate Amenities Act meant that races were separated in public areas
and transport.’
‘The Group Areas Act divided South Africa into racial areas.’
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PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
20(b) Why did Botha’s constitutional reforms fail to improve relations between 6
non-whites and the government?
e.g. ‘A new South African Parliament was established but races were not
represented equally.’
‘The changes were viewed as an attempt to look like power sharing without
really changing anything meaningful.’
‘The House of Assembly had white members and was voted for by white
South Africans.’
‘Although Asians and black South Africans were represented, they did not
register to vote.’
‘Black South Africans were only allowed to vote in local elections.’
e.g. ‘The reforms did not give people what they wanted.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
20(c) How far did de Klerk’s policies to end apartheid have the backing of 10
white South Africans? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Many white South Africans were in favour of de Klerk’s policies. They
were worried about their economic future and could see that sanctions would
ruin South Africa. Foreign companies refused to invest in South Africa and the
value of the currency fell dramatically. This meant wages were falling and
unemployment was rising. It became clear to many people that the current
situation could not be allowed to continue.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Conservative Party did not support de Klerk and wanted a return to
full apartheid. There were extreme individuals such as Eugene Terre Blanche,
who was the leader of the Afrikaner Resistance Movement, who wanted to
break away from the existing South Africa and form an independent Boer-
Afrikaner republic. Members could not accept that, in the eyes of the law,
white and black would be equal.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
21(b) Why did the Soviet Union become involved in the Middle East? 6
e.g. ‘One of the reasons the Soviet Union became involved in the Middle East
was to support Nasser. The Americans refused to supply arms to Egypt and in
1955, Nasser bought arms from Czechoslovakia, which was an ally of the
Soviet Union. In July 1956, the United States and Britain decided to cancel
their loans to Egypt for building the Aswan Dam. The Soviets exploited this
opportunity for closer ties with Egypt and loaned the money for the dam.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
21(c) How far do you agree that Egypt gained the most from the Suez crisis of 10
1956? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Egypt gained status from the Suez Crisis. The Egyptian leader, Nasser,
was treated as a great hero by the Arab world for standing up to the British
and French, who had dominated the Middle East for so long. He now had
complete control over the Canal and even had US aid to clear it so the Canal
reopened in April 1957.’
OR
e.g. ‘Israel made some gains from the Suez Crisis. The speed of their victory
over Egyptian forces in Gaza and Sinai proved that the Israeli Defence Forces
were still the strongest in the Middle East. The crisis also strengthened their
relationship with the United States.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The UN tried to keep the peace between Lebanon and Israel.’
‘UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) was established in 1978.’
‘It was created to supervise the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon.’
‘It gave humanitarian aid to the population in Lebanon.’
‘The UN was unable to prevent the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982.’
‘The UN stayed in Lebanon after the invasion in 1982 to protect the people.’
22(b) Why did some groups working for Palestinian liberation become more 6
militant from the 1980s?
e.g. ‘There was an increase in tension between the Israelis and Palestinians
and this led to more militant behaviour. For instance, in December 1987, an
Israeli army vehicle in Gaza crashed into a lorry killing four Palestinians. It
was rumoured that it was deliberate because an Israeli had been killed two
days before. At the funerals, a youth was shot by an Israeli soldier. Barricades
went up and Palestinians stoned Israeli army patrols.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2020
22(c) How far do you agree that the UN achieved little in its involvement in the 10
Middle East? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I agree that the role of the UN was reduced as time went on. By the early
1990s there was increasing American intervention in the Middle East. For
instance, the invasion of Iraq in 1991 showed the United States intervening
directly in Middle Eastern affairs. Individual US statesmen relying on their own
lines of communication, such as Kissinger, Carter or Clinton, had eliminated
the UN’s peace-making role.’
OR
e.g. ‘The UN had some success in limiting tension and fighting in the Middle
East. For instance, UNEF kept the peace between the Israelis and Egypt from
1956 until 1967. UNIFIL could not stop Israel invading Lebanon in 1982, but
they provided important protection and humanitarian aid for the Lebanese
people.’
e.g. ‘Neither Syria nor Israel wanted to keep the peace despite the UN buffer
zone.’
‘UNEF kept the peace between Israel and Egypt for almost 10 years.’
‘Egypt ordered UN forces to leave Egypt in the run up to the Six Day War.’
‘Israel ignored the UN’s declaration of Israel’s occupation of eastern
Jerusalem to be illegal.’
‘Israel had not followed UN Resolution 242 to leave the Occupied Territories.’
‘The intervention of the United States in the Middle East limited the influence
of the UN.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 May/June 2021
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (LO) 215806
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
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(a) Describe how Frederick William IV reacted to unrest in Berlin in 1848. [4]
(b) Why were there challenges to the existing regimes in Italy in 1848? [6]
(c) How important were the revolutions of 1848? Explain your answer. [10]
2 The USA faced problems both before and after the Civil War.
(c) How important was slavery as a cause of the Civil War? Explain your answer. [10]
3 In the nineteenth century European countries were active in Africa, China and India.
(c) ‘The Indian Mutiny achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
(a) Describe German colonial policy in the period 1890 to 1914. [4]
(c) ‘Germany was reluctant to go to war in 1914.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe how the Assembly and the Council of the League were meant to work. [4]
(b) Why was the League’s failure over Corfu important? [6]
(c) ‘The League’s lack of an army explains its failure in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) Are you surprised that Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939?
Explain your answer. [10]
7 The USA had an interventionist foreign policy in the 1950s and 1960s.
(b) Why was the Tet Offensive important for the USA? [6]
(c) Which was more important for the USA, its involvement in Korea or the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Explain your answer. [10]
8 After decades of problems in parts of Eastern Europe, Soviet control finally collapsed.
(a) Describe how the Soviet Union responded to the uprising in Hungary in 1956. [4]
(b) Why was it important for the Soviet Union to stop Dubček’s reform programme in
Czechoslovakia? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Gorbachev made little effort to defend Soviet power in Eastern Europe?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why did trench warfare present both sides with difficulties? [6]
(c) ‘The Battle of Mons was more important than the first Battle of the Marne.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the events that led to the USA entering the war. [4]
(b) Why did mutiny break out at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven in 1918? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that the Germans launched the Ludendorff Offensive in 1918? Explain your
answer. [10]
(a) Describe how Hitler took advantage of the Reichstag Fire. [4]
(c) ‘The Munich Putsch was a disaster for the Nazis.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
12 The Nazis did as much as they could to try and ensure they faced little opposition.
(a) Describe how the Nazis used the mass media. [4]
(c) ‘There was no effective opposition to the Nazi regime.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) What problems faced the Tsar’s government at the beginning of the twentieth century? [4]
(c) ‘The Tsar survived the 1905 Revolution because of his repressive policies.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was developing heavy industry important for Stalin’s plans? [6]
(c) ‘The kulaks suffered the most from Stalin’s economic policies.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the experiences of American farmers during the 1920s. [4]
(c) ‘Republican governments were responsible for the boom in America in the 1920s.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
16 The USA went through some very difficult times in the 1920s and 1930s.
(a) Describe the campaign run by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. [4]
(b) Why did many people blame Hoover for the hardship caused by the Depression? [6]
(c) ‘It was long-term weaknesses in the American economy that led to the Wall Street Crash.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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17 The 1950s and 1960s were periods of great change for China.
(a) Describe how the Communists tried to destroy the traditional culture of China. [4]
(c) ‘Mao’s social reforms were more important to the people of China than his industrial reforms.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe relations between China and India during the period 1950 to 1970. [4]
(b) Why did China not recognise Taiwan as an independent state? [6]
(c) ‘China’s relations with the USA were better than those with the USSR during the period 1950
to 1976.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
19 Both the enforcement of apartheid and resistance to it increased in the years up to 1966.
(b) Why was the Bantu Education Act of 1953 passed? [6]
(c) ‘The African National Congress (ANC) was effective as a resistance organisation up to 1966.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
20 It took a long time for South African politicians of different parties to work together.
(a) Describe the activities of the Inkatha Freedom Party in the early 1990s. [4]
(c) ‘After his release from prison Mandela was successful in getting white South Africans to work
with him.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(b) Why were the consequences of the war of 1967 important? [6]
(c) Who gained most from the Yom Kippur War of 1973? Explain your answer. [10]
22 Attempts to find a permanent peace in the Middle East have always failed.
(a) Describe Likud’s attitude towards the creation of a Palestinian state. [4]
(c) ‘The Camp David meetings of 1978 achieved more than the Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2021
PUBLISHED
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED
1(b) Why were there challenges to the existing regimes in Italy in 1848? 6
e.g. ‘One of the main reasons was Austrian rule. The Austrians controlled
much of northern Italy and this foreign rule was very unpopular. There was
a permanent Austrian army that was hated and people had to pay the
Austrians unpopular taxes and the Austrians even increased these taxes
which were then used to finance other parts of the Austrian Empire. This
led the people to rise up against the Austrians. This is what happened in
Milan.’
e.g. ‘There were challenges because people were unhappy with the
existing rulers.’
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PUBLISHED
1(c) How important were the revolutions of 1848? Explain your answer. 10
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘The revolutions were not important because they all failed. In France
military repression was used to put down the revolutions in Paris and
Prague. The Austrians were also able to restore their control in Italy and
those fighting for Italian unification got nowhere. Everywhere liberal and
national demands were lost. Absolute monarchy was re-established in
Germany, Austria and Italy, while in France the revolution ended up with a
hereditary emperor being established. This was the opposite to the aims
of the revolutionaries. The revolutions were not important because their
aims were not achieved and everywhere old systems of government were
restored.’
OR
e.g. ‘The revolutions were very important in terms of the ideas they
supported. These ideas are what made the revolutions important. Ideas
such as nationalism grew much stronger. In places like Italy they did not
go away and an independent and unified Italy was achieved in the
following decades. Liberalism and ideas such as freedom of the press and
a liberal constitution had emerged and were not killed off for good. Many
of the aims of the revolutionaries were achieved by the 1870s. In the long
term, the revolutions were important.’
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e.g. ‘The revolutions were not important because they did not change
much.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2021
PUBLISHED
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It failed because neither President Johnson nor President Grant were
really behind it.’
‘The states of the Confederacy would not cooperate.’
‘Black Americans were still dependent on the white planters and were
unable to develop economically.’
‘The Freedman’s Bureau was understaffed and could not be effective
enough.’
‘The activities of organisations, such as the KKK, undermined efforts at
reconstruction.’
‘White dominated legislatures tried to establish white supremacy by
disenfranchising black Americans.’
‘It failed because the North tried to take power away from Southern white
people and they reacted to this.’
‘It failed for economic reasons – land was not given to freed men so that
they had an economic base to help them prosper.’
e.g. ‘It failed because not many people supported it and so it had no
chance of succeeding.’
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2(c) How important was slavery as a cause of the Civil War? Explain your 10
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I do not think that slavery was all that important. The fundamental
issue was that of states’ rights and arguments over slavery were just a
symptom of this. The population of the North was growing more quickly
than that of the South, which was worried that this would lead to the North
permanently controlling the government of the USA. One way that the
South could protect itself from Northern power was to argue that the
power of the federal government should be limited and that individual
states should have the power to decide issues such as slavery.’
OR
‘I think that slavery was the most important cause of the Civil War. It was
the crucial issue that divided the North and the South. In the years before
the war, you can see tensions over slavery rising and the divisions
growing greater. The Compromise of 1850 was to prevent a war over
slavery, but it was only a temporary solution and the issue came back in
the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was the issue of slavery that led to the
violence of ‘Bleeding Kansas’ in 1855–56, and in 1857 the Dred Scott
decision made divisions over slavery even greater. It is clear that all the
problems that faced the USA were caused by the issue of slavery and this
led to the Civil War.’
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PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Slavery was an important cause of the Civil War because a lot of
people felt very strongly about it.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was important to him because it was to make him rich.’
‘He thought that colonies could make a country great.’
‘It was important to him because of its ivory and rubber.’
e.g. ‘It was important to him because it gave him everything he wanted.’
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PUBLISHED
3(c) ‘The Indian Mutiny achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘As far as Indians were concerned the mutiny achieved little. The
mutineers were defeated and the British carried out terrible revenge with
many being killed. The harsh punishments were generally welcomed in
Britain where stories of the excesses of the mutineers had scandalised the
public. Britain also tightened its hold on India. The percentage of soldiers
that were British went up and many of the Indian regiments were
disbanded. The aims of the mutineers were completely forgotten and the
Mughal dynasty was ended.’
OR
‘There were some reforms. Control of India was taken away from the East
India Company and put under the British government. A new government
office was set up – the India Office. Moves away from the policies of the
EIC were made. Attempts at Westernisation were stopped and there was
more religious toleration. More Indians were allowed into the Indian Civil
Service creating a new Indian middle class. There was also more respect
paid to local traditions and the wishes of local Indian leaders with local
government given more powers.’
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PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Indian Mutiny achieved little because it was badly organised.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Events in the Balkans were important because of their impact on the
Ottoman Empire. The Balkan League attacked the Ottoman Empire
because its members wanted independence from the Empire. The
Ottoman Empire was defeated and lost much of its European territory. It
also ended Ottoman rule in much of the Balkan peninsula. All of this was
important because it led to the sharp decline of the Ottoman Empire. As it
was isolated and in trouble, it allied with Germany in the First World War.’
e.g. ‘They were a disaster for the Ottoman Empire which lost lots of its
territory in Europe.’
‘They were important because a stronger Serbia emerged.’
‘Serbia had ambitions to create a Greater Serbia.’
‘These events were important because they led to tension between Serbia
and Austria.’
‘These events were important because Russia was left with just Serbia as
an ally against Austria.’
‘This meant Russia had to support Serbia against Austria in 1914.’
‘These events were important because they led to Bulgaria looking to
Austria for support.’
‘These events created a very unstable situation in the Balkans.’
‘These events contributed to the start of World War 1.’
e.g. ‘These events were important because they had an enormous impact
on the next few years.’
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PUBLISHED
4(c) ‘Germany was reluctant to go to war in 1914.’ How far do you agree 10
with this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
OR
e.g. ‘I think Germany was reluctant to go to war. This can be seen by the
fact that the decisive event was Russia mobilising. At this stage Germany
was not preparing for war. Russia was determined to use the crisis over
the assassination to attack Austria. Germany was even trying to mediate
between Austria and Serbia. Russian mobilisation changed everything and
Germany had to mobilise because of the threat from Russia. In this way,
Germany was dragged into war.’
e.g. ‘The Schlieffen Plan shows that Germany was keen on war.’
‘Germany gave Austria the ‘blank cheque’ and this shows it was keen on
war.’
‘Germany wanted to be a world power and was determined to defeat
Russia and France.’
‘Germany was forced into war by the Russian mobilisation.’
‘Germany was keen to go to war as is shown by the fact that it declared
war on Belgium.’
‘Germany was dragged into war by Austria’s actions.’
‘Germany was not keen on a war because it was not sure what position
Britain would take.’
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5(a) Describe how the Assembly and the Council of the League were 4
meant to work.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The League’s failure was important because it showed the League’s
weakness when it came up against major powers such as Italy. When an
Italian general was murdered, Mussolini sent forces to bombard and
occupy Corfu. Greece appealed to the League of Nations, but Mussolini
refused to let the League have any say on the matter and demanded it go
to the Conference of Ambassadors. This is what happened and Italy got
its demands. This was important because it showed that powerful
countries could just ignore the League of Nations. This would be a lesson
for other powerful countries in the future.’
e.g. ‘Its failure was important because this was its first real test.’
‘Its failure was important because it showed the League was weak.’
‘This was important because it showed that powerful countries could
ignore the League.’
‘It was a lesson for powerful countries that if they ignored the League, they
could get away with it.’
‘It was important because it showed how Fascist countries would act in
their foreign policies.’
‘It showed GB and France were more interested in their own interests.’
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5(c) ‘The League’s lack of an army explains its failure in the 1930s.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The fact it did not have an army was a major
weakness of the League. This can be seen when Italy invaded Abyssinia.
The League decided against Italy and voted for economic sanctions.
However, without an army to back up such a threat, the League could do
nothing when Mussolini simply ignored the sanctions. If the League had
had an army, Mussolini might have been persuaded to back down. The
truth was that without an army, the League simply could not stand up to
major powers.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The main reason why the League failed in the
1930s was the slow and uncertain way it acted when there was a crisis.
This can be seen when Japan invaded Manchuria. It took the League over
a year to decide what to do and by that time it was too late - Japan was in
control of Manchuria and there was nothing the League could do. Having
an army would have made no difference. Manchuria was so far away that
the problems of getting an army out there would also have been great.
The League needed to be determined to stand up to aggression. This was
not the case. If the League had had an army, it probably wouldn’t have
been able to agree to use it.’
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2147/12 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2021
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The League failed because the USA was not a member.’
‘The League failed because Britain and France used it to pursue their own
interests.’
‘It failed because several major powers such as Germany and the USSR
were not members for long periods of time.’
‘The League failed because its decision-making was so slow.’
‘The lack of an army meant that the League could not enforce its
decisions.’
‘Countries were unwilling to provide soldiers for the army.’
‘It failed because of the structure of the League such as requiring
unanimous decisions.’
‘It could not enforce disarmament.’
‘It failed because of the effects of the Depression.’
e.g. ‘I agree. The League did not have an army and this made it weak.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘This was because one of Hitler’s main aims was to incorporate into
Germany as many Germans living outside Germany as possible. Hitler
believed that the Aryan race (which included Germans) was superior to all
others and so he wanted to collect all proper Germans into Germany. The
people living in Austria were German speakers and so Hitler regarded
them as German. Anschluss was the union between Germany and Austria
and allowed Hitler to achieve his aim of uniting all Germans.’
e.g. ‘It was important to him because he thought that it was the right thing
to do and would help Germany.’
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6(c) Are you surprised that Britain and France declared war on Germany 10
in September 1939? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I am very surprised because up until then Britain and France had
been following a policy of appeasement and letting Hitler do what he
wanted. They had let Hitler break the Treaty of Versailles by rearming
Germany and remilitarising the Rhineland, and then agreeing for part of
Czechoslovakia to be taken over by Germany. When Hitler took the rest,
they did nothing. It is difficult to see how Hitler’s invasion of Poland was
any different, and so it is a surprise that they should have declared war on
Germany.’
OR
e.g. ‘No, I am not surprised. They could not let Hitler keep on invading
countries. They had followed a policy of appeasement for long enough.
After each step in his foreign policy Hitler had said he had no more
ambitions, but this was always false. This was clear when he broke the
Munich Agreement over Czechoslovakia. It was clear he would not stop
until he had power over all Europe. When he invaded Poland, it was clear
that Hitler’s plan to dominate all Europe had to be stopped.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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7(b) Why was the Tet Offensive important for the USA? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘This was important for the USA because of the impact it had in the
USA. Tet was a massive attack by North Vietnamese forces across South
Vietnam in 1968. Although it was a military defeat for North Vietnam, it
caused a big shock. The Americans had been told that North Vietnam was
weak and not capable of launching large attacks. Tet showed this was
wrong and support for the war in the US declined and opposition to it
grew.’
e.g. ‘This was because lots of cities and US bases in South Vietnam were
attacked.’
‘It helped towards the US seeking negotiations with North Vietnam.’
‘It increased opposition to the war in the USA.’
‘The US government was not able to persuade the American people that it
was a major defeat for North Vietnam.’
‘It showed the American people that North Vietnam was far from being
defeated and that the war was not nearly over.’
‘The US had high casualties during the Offensive.’
‘Extensive coverage on TV convinced US that the war was unwinnable.’
‘There were questions in the US over the cost of the war.’
‘There were questions in the US over the tactics used.’
‘It was questioned in the US how the V.C. were able to launch a major
attack and take the US by surprise.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it could be seen as a turning point in the
Vietnam War.’
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7(c) Which was more important for the USA, its involvement in Korea or 10
the Cuban Missile Crisis? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think the USA’s involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis was far
more important. This is because Cuba was a communist country off the
coast of the USA and so the missiles there were a real threat to America.
The missiles could reach major cities all over the country. It was the USSR
that had put the missiles there and the USSR was America’s biggest rival
at the time. The USA could not afford to be the loser in this crisis.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Korean War was more important for the USA. It was a major
effort to stop the spread of communism. Troops from the communist North
Korea invaded South Korea and were supported by both China and the
USSR. There was a real danger that South Korea would fall to the
communists. This would have been an important step in spreading
communism to other countries in South East Asia. The Americans
believed in the domino theory – that if one country fell to communism, then
neighbouring countries would fall. It was also the first military action of the
Cold War and so the USA could not afford to lose it. The USA managed to
protect South Korea in the Korean War and this stopped the spread of
communism in the region.’
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e.g. ‘The Korean War stopped the spread of communism into South Korea
and other parts of South East Asia.’
‘The Korean War was the first big conflict of the Cold War and so the USA
could not afford to lose it.’
‘Korea showed that the US and the UN could work together.’
‘Korea remained separated.’
‘The Korean War had high casualty figures.’
‘The missiles in Cuba threatened every major city in the USA.’
‘If Soviet missiles had stayed in Cuba, the USA would never have been
safe.’
‘The USA could not afford to back down to the USSR, its biggest rival.’
‘The Cuban Crisis enhanced the reputation of Kennedy.’
‘Cuba was important because it was solved without direct warfare.’
‘Cuba led to improved relations with the Hotline.’
‘Cuba was still communist.’
‘The USA had to remove missiles from Turkey.’
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8(a) Describe how the Soviet Union responded to the uprising in Hungary 4
in 1956.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Soviet tanks guarded the Parliament building and soldiers guarded
bridges and crossroads.’
‘At the end of October, Khrushchev withdrew Russian troops.’
‘Khrushchev declined Nagy’s plan to leave the Warsaw Pact.’
‘In November, Soviet tanks and soldiers moved into Budapest.’
‘In fierce fighting the Soviet troops defeated the protestors and the
Hungarian army.’
‘It killed many Hungarian civilians.’
‘It suppressed all public opposition.’
‘It arrested and executed the Hungarian leader.’
‘It appointed a new communist leader to head the Hungarian government
to strictly follow the communist regime of the USSR.’
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8(b) Why was it important for the Soviet Union to stop Dubček’s reform 6
programme in Czechoslovakia?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was important for the Soviets to stop Dubček because they were
afraid that his ideas would spread to other communist countries in Eastern
Europe. His reforms included a free press, freedom of speech and
reducing government control over industry. If these reforms were allowed
in Czechoslovakia, there was a worry that people in other communist
countries would demand the same freedoms. This would put at danger the
Soviet Union’s control over the whole of Eastern Europe. The Soviet
Union introduced the Brezhnev Doctrine which stated that the USSR
would use troops to establish control in countries that wandered from
communism.’
e.g. ‘It was worried that these ideas would spread to other Eastern
European countries.’
‘It saw his reforms as an attack on communism.’
‘It was worried that this would weaken the Communist Bloc in the Cold
War against the USA.’
‘Leaders of other communist countries were worried for their own positions
and wanted the Soviet Union to take decisive action.’
‘The Soviets were worried that unless they took decisive action, countries
in Eastern Europe would think they were weak.’
‘Czechoslovakia was one of the most important countries behind the Iron
Curtain with a strong industrial base.’
e.g. ‘It was important because the reforms were very dangerous.’
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8(c) Are you surprised that Gorbachev made little effort to defend Soviet 10
power in Eastern Europe? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I am not surprised Gorbachev did not defend Soviet power in Eastern
Europe because he realised that the Soviet Union was in dire economic
trouble. He introduced perestroika to reform Soviet industry and its
economy. Because of its economic problems, he knew that the Soviet
Union could no longer afford to keep troops in Eastern Europe and keep
on putting down protests. This is the reason he did little when Communism
began to disintegrate in Eastern European countries.’
OR
e.g. ‘I am very surprised. The Soviet Union saw the Eastern European
countries as a protective barrier for itself against the West. It had been
invaded by Germany twice in the twentieth century and Stalin had been
determined this would not happen again. This had been the basis of
Soviet policy for decades and explains why the Soviet Union had put down
risings in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. It is surprising that when
communist regimes began to collapse and the Berlin Wall fell, Gorbachev
did nothing.’
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e.g. ‘I am surprised because the Soviets had put down lots of risings in
Eastern European countries.’
‘I am surprised. If Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe, then the
Soviet Union might be under threat.’
‘I am surprised. The Brezhnev Doctrine said that the Soviet Union would
intervene.’
‘I am not surprised. The Soviet Union could not afford to send troops to
Eastern Europe.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev was a new kind of leader in the Soviet
Union and he realised that reforms were needed.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev believed in different policies such as
Glasnost and Perestroika.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev thought the USSR spent too much on
defence.’
‘I am not surprised. He thought too much money had been spent on
Afghanistan.’
‘I am not surprised. He saw a higher standard of living in the West.’
‘I am not surprised. He saw citizens resenting their lives being totally
controlled.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev was interested in saving the Soviet Union,
so he was less interested in Eastern Europe than other Soviet leaders had
been.’
e.g. ‘I am very surprised. I would have thought that Gorbachev would have
wanted to defend Soviet power.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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9(b) Why did trench warfare present both sides with difficulties? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It created difficulties for both sides because both sides built trenches.
These spread from the North Sea to Switzerland and so dominated the
fighting. The great problem for both sides was that the trenches were
fortified so heavily that it was almost impossible to launch a successful
attack. When an attack was launched, the soldiers were mowed down by
machine guns as they tried to wade through the mud and barbed wire.
The casualties were high. No side could advance, and so they were stuck
there for years.’
e.g. ‘Both sides used the trench system and so they experienced the
difficulties it brought about.’
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9(c) ‘The Battle of Mons was more important than the first Battle of the 10
Marne.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘The Battle of Mons was more important. It was fought by the British
Expeditionary Force and was their first battle. No one knew how the BEF
would fight, and despite being outnumbered, it got the better of the fighting
and this gave the soldiers great confidence. They had delayed the
Germans and prevented the French Army from being outflanked.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Battle of the Marne was clearly more important because it was a
turning point in the war. It led to trench warfare which was to dominate the
war for years. It was also important because it stopped the retreat of the
Allies. Until then, the Germans had advanced into France and seemed to
be on the way to Paris. The Allied victory at this battle meant there was a
stalemate and trench warfare started. Without the Battle of the Marne the
Germans might have got to Paris and been definitely on top.’
e.g. ‘The British were able to hold the Germans up at the Battle of Mons.’
‘The British were outnumbered at Mons.’
‘It was important because Mons did not stop the Germans and they
continued their progress into France.’
‘The Battle of the Marne led to trench warfare.’
‘The Battle of the Marne was more important because it stopped the
German advance to Paris.’
‘The Battle of the Marne was the start of a war of attrition rather than
movement.’
‘The Battle of the Marne failed to drive the Germans totally out of France.’
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10(a) Describe the events that led to the USA entering the war. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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10(b) Why did mutiny break out at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven in 1918? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Apart from the U-boat campaign, the German navy had not had a
glorious war. It had been stuck in port for most of the time. However, with
the situation in the war desperate, the German navy ordered its ships into
the North Sea for one glorious last battle. It was a suicide mission for the
German navy and many of the ordinary sailors knew this and refused to
take part.’
e.g. ‘There were mutinies because the sailors did not like what they were
being told to do.’
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10(c) Are you surprised that the Germans launched the Ludendorff 10
Offensive in 1918? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘I am surprised. While they stayed behind the Hindenburg Line, the
German troops were safe and could remain undefeated. But the Offensive
played to the enemy’s strengths. It turned the war into one of movement.
The problem was that this needed troops, tanks and aircraft, and the
Allies, especially with the arrival of the Americans, had more of all of
these. Germany was better off staying with a war of attrition.’
e.g. ‘Germany was losing the war, something new was needed.’
‘The German population was short of food and materials.’
‘The Allied blockade of the ports was having a big impact.’
‘Germany needed to win the war before the Americans arrived.’
‘It was an attempt at a decisive victory.’
‘Germany was short of troops and was in a desperate economic situation.’
‘Germany was not strong enough to mount and sustain an offensive.’
‘Germany did not have the troops or tanks for a war of movement.’
‘Germany did not have the resources to defend captured territory.’
‘The Allies had more troops and tanks for a mobile war.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was important to the Nazis because it meant that Germany was in a
terrible state. There was widespread unemployment – it went up to six
million. This gave the Nazis a great opportunity to do well in the elections.
They criticised the government for not dealing with unemployment and
promised to create full employment. This gave them a lot of votes and
they became the largest party in the Reichstag, which meant that they
would have to be given a part in government.’
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e.g. ‘It meant that many people were unemployed and living in poverty.’
‘It meant that Nazis could criticise the established parties.’
‘The Nazis could exploit the situation using propaganda.’
‘It led to the Nazis doing well in elections.’
‘It led to the Nazis becoming the largest party in the Reichstag.’
‘It was important because it led to Hitler becoming Chancellor.’
‘The Nazis were able to win support by promising full employment.’
‘People lost faith in democracy.’
‘Before the Depression, the Nazis were not doing well in elections.’
e.g. ‘It was important to the Nazis because it helped them a lot. Without it,
they would not have done so well.’
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PUBLISHED
11(c) ‘The Munich Putsch was a disaster for the Nazis.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this, it was a disaster for the Nazis. This is because it all
went wrong and the Nazis did not come out of it well. Neither the army nor
the Bavarian government supported the Putsch. When the Nazis marched
through Munich, they only had a few hundred supporters and failed to win
popular support.’
e.g. ‘The police defeated them quickly. Sixteen Nazis were killed and
Hitler did not cover himself in glory by running away. He was later arrested
and imprisoned and the Nazi party was banned. All this shows that the
Putsch was a disaster.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Putsch might look like a disaster for Nazis, but if you look at its
long-term impact, then you get a different picture. First, the Putsch made
Hitler realise that he could not get power by uprisings and that he needed
to win support and win elections. This made him reorganise the party and
start to use democratic methods. This was a turning point for the Nazis
and they later had success in elections.’
e.g. ‘Secondly, his time in prison gave Hitler the chance to set out his
ideas in ‘Mein Kampf’ such as the need to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
This was read by many Germans and gradually won him support.’
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e.g. ‘Through most of the rest of the 1920s, the Nazis had little popular
support or electoral success.’
‘They were banned as a political party.’
‘They were easily defeated in Munich and failed to win popular support.’
‘It made clear that they did not have the support of the army, other
politicians or the people.’
‘The failure of the Putsch showed them as a disorganised minority.’
‘Hitler was captured, tried and imprisoned.’
‘Hitler’s prison sentence gave him a chance to set out his ideas in ‘Mein
Kampf’.’
‘It led to Hitler realising that different tactics were needed.’
‘Hitler gained a lot of publicity in his trial.’
e.g. ‘It was a disaster for them because it all went badly wrong and it did
not help them to get to power.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was important because many people were affected by it and it
changed their lives.’
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12(c) ‘There was no effective opposition to the Nazi regime.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. There was some opposition and it did have an
effect. There were the youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates who during
the war carried out acts of sabotage, helped army deserters and even
assassinated a Gestapo chief. The Nazis were worried about them
because they executed many of their leaders in 1944.’
OR
e.g. ‘The opposition was not effective and there were no uprisings against
Nazi rule. This was partly because the opposition was weak and partly
because the Nazis used force and terror to deal with any signs of
opposition. The Gestapo spied on people and arrested any possible
trouble-makers, and the SS put any opponents into concentration camps.
Trade Unions were banned, so they could do nothing and Communists
and Social Democrats had to work underground and achieved little.’
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e.g. ‘The opposition did not achieve much because it was too divided and
weak.’
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13(a) What problems faced the Tsar’s government at the beginning of the 4
twentieth century?
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Tsar abdicated because the war was going so badly for Russia.
This was made worse by the fact that in 1915 the Tsar had taken personal
control of the army on the Eastern Front. This meant that when the
Russian army suffered defeats and enormous numbers of casualties
(millions), the Tsar was blamed because he was in charge. He had no
ability as a general, and morale and desertions in the army got worse,
leading to demonstrations and strikes in Russia.’
e.g. ‘He abdicated because everything was going so badly and he did not
have a clue what to do.’
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13(c) ‘The Tsar survived the 1905 Revolution because of his repressive 10
policies.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I disagree with this statement. The reason why the Tsar survived was
because he calmed everybody down by passing reforms. He issued the
October Manifesto. This set up an elected Parliament called a Duma and
gave the Russian people freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the
right to vote for all men. This satisfied the liberals and moderates and
ended the strikes and the violence. It enabled the Tsar to survive for the
time being.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree. The October Manifesto did not convince many groups,
including the Marxists and revolutionaries. Soon after the Manifesto,
strikes and violence began again. The real way the Tsar survived was by
returning to repression. He used the Black Hundreds to attack those
protesting. Opponents were arrested and executed in their hundreds and
political parties were supressed. Martial law was also introduced.’
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PUBLISHED
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED
14(b) Why was developing heavy industry important for Stalin’s plans? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘This was important to Stalin because all the other parts of his plans
depended on it.’
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14(c) ‘The kulaks suffered the most from Stalin’s economic policies.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The kulaks suffered very badly. They were regarded
as enemies of the communist state by Stalin and he dealt with them very
harshly. He wanted to eliminate them completely. Many were murdered or
sent to labour camps and many lost their land. Millions of them died
because of Stalin’s hatred of them. Many of them slaughtered their
livestock rather than give them up to collective farms.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was not just kulaks that suffered. The policy of collectivisation led to
the famine of 1932–33. Not enough food was being produced and millions
of peasants died in the famine. Industrial workers also suffered from
Stalin’s economic policies. His policies led to the rapid growth of industrial
towns. These grew so quickly that they became overcrowded with
insufficient housing and facilities and the workers living in dreadful
conditions.’
e.g. ‘The kulaks suffered more because they had the most to lose.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Coal suffered because of the change to other sources of energy like
oil, gas and electricity.’
‘Coal was being used more efficiently and so less was needed.’
‘The coal industry suffered from cuts in wages, pits being closed and
strikes.’
‘The textile industry was producing too much.’
‘Synthetic products were replacing textiles.’
‘As more people owned cars, fewer travelled by the railways.’
‘Traditional industries could not compete with mass production.’
‘There was foreign competition in leather and textiles.’
e.g. ‘They struggled because they could not keep up with all the changes
happening in America.’
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An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Republican policies were important. For example,
they cut taxes. This gave people more money to spend on all the new
consumer goods that were appearing at this time. This boosted the
industries making goods like fridges, radios and cars, and this led to more
jobs and better wages.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think other factors were more important. The introduction of hire
purchase was important. This allowed people to buy goods that they could
not afford in one go. They were able to pay for the goods by instalments
over a period of time. There was no longer any shame attached to this
form of buying and millions of Americans used it to buy consumer goods
like cars. This created more demand for these industries which then
expanded.’
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e.g. ‘I think that there were many other much more important factors and
that Republican policies were not that important.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was an optimistic campaign that gave people hope for the future.’
‘It promised people hope and a ‘new deal’.’
‘He travelled around the country so that people felt they knew him.’
‘He gave people the impression that he wanted to help the poor and the
elderly.’
‘He travelled the country criticising Hoover.’
‘His campaign song was ‘Happy Days Are Here Again’.’
‘He promised to get rid of Prohibition.’
‘He planned to get people back to work.’
‘He wanted to protect their savings and property.’
‘He wanted to reinvigorate agriculture.’
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16(b) Why did many people blame Hoover for the hardship caused by the 6
Depression?
e.g. ‘The main reason why Hoover got blamed for the hardship was
because he did not do enough to help people who were struggling from
the Depression. He did do some things but it was too little too late. One of
the things he did that made people blame him was to get the army to clear
the camp of the Bonus Army near the White House. This was made up of
veterans who wanted help. Hoover had the camp destroyed using tanks,
machine guns and tear gas. This showed people that he did not care for
the people who were suffering.’
e.g. ‘He had the camp of the Bonus Army violently destroyed.’
‘He was against giving people welfare because he thought they should
stand on their own feet.’
‘He gave the appearance of being unsympathetic to people’s sufferings.’
‘He seemed to have no new ideas about how to tackle the problems.’
‘At the beginning of the Depression, he did not understand how bad it was
and for a time did nothing.’
‘Hoover thought ‘prosperity was just around the corner’.’
‘Hoover was blamed for the conditions in the Hoovervilles.’
e.g. ‘He was the President and so it was his job to sort it all out.’
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16(c) ‘It was long-term weaknesses in the American economy that led to 10
the Wall Street Crash.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Problems had been building up for a long time.
American industry was producing more consumer goods than were
needed because people had bought their cars and fridges and did not
want any more. This led to people losing their jobs as demand fell.’
e.g. ‘Another problem was that American businesses could not export
goods. Europe was too poor to buy them and was starting to set up tariffs
against American goods in return for American tariffs. All this made people
start to sell their shares. The Wall Street Crash was not simply caused by
speculators.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Wall Street Crash was caused by speculators who thought they
could make some quick money. They borrowed money from banks to buy
shares and then sold them for a profit. This was fine while prices of shares
went up. But this could not go on forever, and in 1929 there was a crash
when people started to sell their shares.’
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Question Answer Marks
17(a) Describe how the Communists tried to destroy the traditional culture 4
of China.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
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17(c) ‘Mao’s social reforms were more important to the people of China 10
than his industrial reforms.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. His social reforms changed the lives of the people,
especially the peasants, completely. Before, they lived backward and poor
lives. Proper health care was now provided with many more doctors and it
was free. This reduced rates of illness which was very important to people.
The lives of women were also changed. They were given educational
opportunities and encouraged to go out to work. Forced marriages were
stopped and husbands had to treat their wives better. Women had more
opportunities and freer lives with old fashioned practices like foot binding
being stopped.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. The First Five-Year Plan was important to the people of
China. Peasants moved to find jobs in large cities and in large industrial
plants. If they worked hard, they were rewarded by being given more food,
better accommodation and better schools for their children. This gave
them a higher standard of living than they had had as peasants. They
were also able to move around more easily with the massive development
of railways.’
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18(a) Describe relations between China and India during the period 1950 to 4
1970.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Mao wanted to make Tibet part of China and remove India’s
influence.’
‘Negotiations were held with India and an agreement signed in 1951
recognising China’s rule of Tibet.’
‘In 1954 India and China signed the Panchsheel Treaty (Five Principles of
Peaceful Coexistence) agreeing non-interference in each other’s affairs.’
‘There were border skirmishes from 1959 when India gave asylum to the
Dalai Lama.’
‘India started a Forward Policy to hinder Chinese patrols.’
‘In 1962 there was war between China and India over the Himalayan
border when Chinese troops advanced.’
‘The war ended in 1962 when China withdrew its troops.’
‘Relations between the two countries were poor for the rest of the 1960s,
with more clashes in 1967.’
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The main reason is that China sees Taiwan as a threat while it exists
as an independent state. It was where the Nationalists fled to after the
Civil War. It called itself the Republic of China, so it sees itself as the
proper and legal China. This is something that the Communists in China
cannot accept. They believe that it should be part of their China.’
e.g. ‘Taiwan has powerful armed forces. The USA sold them arms.’
‘The USA could use Taiwan as a base if it wanted to invade China.’
‘China saw Taiwan as a threat.’
‘At first, many countries continued to recognise the Nationalists in Taiwan
as the rightful rulers of China.’
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18(c) ‘China’s relations with the USA were better than those with the USSR 10
during the period 1950 to 1976.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think this is generally right. Relations with the USA were not very
good to begin with, but they improved after 1970. Nixon wanted to split
China and Russia and thought that better relations with China would be a
good way of doing it. At the same time, China’s relations with the USSR
had been getting worse. The Cultural Revolution made relations even
worse and there were border clashes. China did not want to be isolated
and so began to improve its relations with the USA. It also wanted to trade
with the USA. In 1971, Henry Kissinger visited China and in 1972, a trade
agreement was reached. Relations continued to be good through the
1970s.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. In the 1950s and 1960s, relations with the USA
were poor. They supported different sides in the Korean War and then in
the Vietnam War. At the same time, relations with the USSR were good.
The USSR made a massive loan to China and it helped with China
expanding its heavy industry. Soviet experts were sent to help China’s first
Five-Year Plan. However, soon after Khrushchev became leader of the
USSR, things did not go so well.’
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e.g. ‘The USA and China supported different sides in the Korean and
Vietnam Wars.’
‘The USA at first recognised and supported Taiwan.’
‘In 1950, the USSR and China signed a treaty of friendship and alliance.’
‘The USSR sent experts to China with its Five-Year Plan.’
‘Relations between the USSR and China grew worse when Khrushchev
and Mao started to disagree over their ideas.’
‘When the USSR had problems in Afghanistan, China supported the
Afghan rebels.’
‘In the 1970s, China and the USA reached an agreement over trade.’
‘Relations between China and the USA were much better in the 1970s.’
e.g. ‘I think they got on with both countries rather badly at different times.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The National Party won more votes than any other party.’
‘The National Party only won 39% of the vote.’
‘The National Party promised to introduce apartheid.’
‘The National Party won the support of most of the Afrikaner vote.’
‘Smuts was very unpopular with Afrikaners.’
‘The United Party under Smuts came second.’
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was passed to support the government policy of apartheid. It did
this by giving black children a different type of education. They were just
taught basic skills so they could get a menial job in the homelands. They
were also indoctrinated into the idea that white people were superior and
that black South Africans belonged with their own ethnic group.’
e.g. ‘It was passed because the government thought it was the right thing
to do for South Africa.’
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An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I disagree with this statement. The ANC did not really achieve much
up to 1966. Apartheid and minority rule still existed and some of the most
important opposition to them was carried out by other groups such as
Black Consciousness. The ANC suffered very badly from the repression
of the government. Laws like the Suppression of Communism Act meant
that leaders of the ANC were either under arrest or on the run. The ANC
was so ineffective that in the 1960s it turned to violence. But after the
Rivonia Trial, the organisation was smashed with Mandela and others
imprisoned while others fled the country.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree that the ANC was effective in this period. It organised
important protests such as the Freedom Charter. This gave black South
Africans a number of ideas to rally around. It also organised the bus
boycotts and got bus fares reduced. Without the ANC, the opposition
against apartheid would not have been organised. It also talked to other
countries and got some of them to oppose the apartheid regime.’
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e.g. ‘It was very effective and did a lot of good in South Africa.’
20(a) Describe the activities of the Inkatha Freedom Party in the early 4
1990s.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was involved in massacres like the Boipatong massacre of 1992.’
‘It worked with the South African Defence Force which trained its
followers.’
‘It opposed the talks going on between the ANC and the government.’
‘It signed a pact with the AWB.’
‘It opposed the new constitution.’
‘It refused to take part in the 1994 election.’
‘It fought running battles with the ANC.’
‘At the last minute it did take part in the elections.’
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘P W Botha tried to defend South Africa and apartheid through his
policy of ‘total strategy.’ One reason was that his constitutional reforms
completely backfired and caused enormous riots from 1984. The reforms
gave black South Africans little but showed that the government had no
intention of sharing power. They made black South Africans even more
determined to get rid of white domination.’
e.g. ‘He failed because he did not do enough to help South Africa.’
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20(c) ‘After his release from prison Mandela was successful in getting 10
white South Africans to work with him.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘Mandela was very successful in this. His lack of bitterness about his
long years in prison and his promise that white South Africans had a place
in a new South Africa won a lot of them over. He also got on well with de
Klerk who decided he could trust, and work with, Mandela. The fact that
Mandela was trusted by many white South Africans was shown by the
referendum in 1992 when most white South Africans supported change
and reform. This led to the two sides agreeing a new constitution and
elections taking place in 1994.’
OR
e.g. ‘He was not all that successful in this. There were some white groups,
especially Afrikaner ones, which did not accept him. One of these was the
AWB, led by Eugene Terre’Blanche, which wanted to keep white
domination. In 1994, its members tried to support the leader of
Bophuthatswana who did not want his people to vote in the election.
However, they were defeated.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The consequences were very important because they affected many
different countries.’
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21(c) Who gained most from the Yom Kippur War of 1973? Explain your 10
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think the Arab states gained a lot. This was because the war
showed how powerful a weapon the Arab states had over the US and the
West. During the war, the Arab states had announced an embargo on oil
supplies to the US and the West. This led to the price of oil shooting up.
Although the war ended shortly afterwards, this threat showed everyone
what a powerful weapon the oil states had over the West. The Arab states
produced over a third of the world’s oil and they could cripple the West’s
economies by reducing supply.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Israelis gained the most. They again proved their military
superiority over the Arab countries. They had been taken by surprise and
had started by having some setbacks, but they soon recovered and
recaptured all their territory. They inflicted enormous casualties on their
enemy. Egypt and Syria had 16 000 men dead.’
e.g. ‘The Arab states had shown they could harm the West by stopping
the supply of oil.’
‘The Arab states worked together much more effectively.’
‘The Arab armed forces and people regained a lot of self-confidence.’
‘Israel realised that it would not have security until a diplomatic solution
was found.’
‘The Arab countries had shown they could act together.’
‘Israel had enjoyed a massive military victory.’
‘Israel had again shown its military superiority.’
‘The Arab countries had shown they could have military successes against
Israel.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Hamas was formed in 1987 and emerged from the first Intifada. The
main reason why it has become important is because it has won much
support among Palestinians because it has led the struggle against Israel.
It led the opposition to the Oslo Agreement between Israel and the PLO. It
has led the armed struggle against Israel by using suicide and rocket
attacks in Israel and has won support because, despite all of Israel’s
efforts against it, it has survived.’
e.g. ‘It has become important because its social welfare programmes
(including schools and clinics) have won it support.’
‘This is because it is an Islamic organisation in contrast with the secular
PLO.’
‘It has become important because in 2006 it won the elections for the
Palestinian Parliament.’
‘It grew in importance because it set itself up as a rival to Fatah and took
control of Gaza.’
‘It has won support because it has stood against the corruption of Fatah
and the Palestinian Authority.’
‘It has become important because it has led the Palestinian armed
struggle against Israel.’
e.g. ‘It has grown in importance because it has been very active and has
achieved a lot for the people.’
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22(c) ‘The Camp David meetings of 1978 achieved more than the Oslo 10
Accords of 1993 and 1995.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this statement. The Camp David Agreement was
between Egypt and Israel and organised by the US president, Jimmy
Carter. It was important because it made a fundamental change in Arab-
Israeli relations, showing that Arabs and Israelis could make agreements,
and opened the way for further agreements later. Egypt agreed to sell oil
to Israel and in return, Israel returned Sinai and removed their settlements
from there. The Agreement achieved a lot at the time and much later.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Oslo Accords were signed by Israel and the PLO and I think they
achieved more than the Camp David meetings. The two sides agreed that
the PLO were the rightful representatives of the Palestinian people and
that Palestinians would govern most of Gaza and the West Bank through
a Palestinian Authority. In 1994, a Palestinian Authority was set up,
although not all parts of the agreement were carried out and Israel has
since re-entered many areas and continued with its settlements. However,
the Accords still went a long way towards the self-determination of the
Palestinians. They now govern the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank,
and in 2012 the UN recognised the Palestinian State. These are important
agreements and much more than anything the Camp David Agreement
achieved.’
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e.g. ‘The Camp David Agreement showed that Arabs and Israelis could
reach important agreements.’
‘The Camp David Agreement returned Sinai to Egypt.’
‘The Camp David Agreement opened the way for further agreements
later.’
‘The Oslo Accords went a long way towards creating a Palestinian state.’
‘The Oslo Accords set up a Palestinian Authority.’
‘The Oslo Accords led to Palestinians controlling Gaza and much of the
West Bank.’
e.g. ‘I think both of these were very important because they both achieved
a lot for peace in the Middle East.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/13
Paper 1 May/June 2021
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (SLM) 215995
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
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(a) Describe the part played by Garibaldi in Italy in the years 1848–49. [4]
(b) Why was there much support for liberalism in Europe in 1848? [6]
(c) Who were the stronger in France in 1848, conservatives or radicals? Explain your answer.
[10]
(c) How far was German unification brought about by the policies of Bismarck? Explain your
answer. [10]
3 There was much hatred and fear in the USA in the period 1850 to 1877.
(a) Describe the events between 1854 and 1861 known as ‘Bleeding Kansas’. [4]
(b) Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded soon after the Civil War ended? [6]
(c) How far was Lincoln to blame for the fact that he was hated and feared in the South? Explain
your answer. [10]
4 Little more than a month after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, most of Europe was at war.
(a) What was the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia in July 1914? [4]
(c) Who was more to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914, Germany or Russia? Explain your
answer. [10]
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5 The League of Nations often struggled to carry out its peacekeeping duties effectively.
(a) Describe how the League dealt with the dispute over the Aaland (Aland) Islands. [4]
(b) Why were some major powers not members of the League? [6]
(c) ‘Britain was responsible for the failure of the League in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the reactions of Britain and France to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936.
[4]
(b) Why were the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Germany invaded Poland in September 1939? Explain your answer.
[10]
7 The USA and the USSR both wanted to influence developments in Europe after the Second
World War.
(a) What was the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? [4]
(b) Why did the USSR and the West disagree about what to do with Germany after the end of the
Second World War? [6]
(c) ‘The USA offered the Marshall Plan to European countries to help its own economy.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the Iran-Iraq War important to the West? [6]
(c) How surprising was the establishment of an Islamic republic in Iran by April 1979? Explain
your answer. [10]
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9 For most of the First World War there was little movement.
(b) Why were tanks important in the First World War? [6]
(c) ‘The Battle of Verdun was more important than the Battle of the Somme.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were the Home Fronts in Britain and Germany important in the First World War? [6]
(c) How important was the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in the First World War? Explain your
answer. [10]
11 After a long struggle to get into power, Hitler was quick to consolidate his position.
(a) Describe the events of 1932–33 that led to Hitler becoming Chancellor. [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis fail to win much support between 1924 and 1929? [6]
(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was more important to Hitler than the Night of the Long Knives.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did some young people rebel against the Hitler Youth? [6]
(c) ‘The Nazis managed to stay in power because they had popular support.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) What were the consequences for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War? [4]
(c) Are you surprised that the Tsar managed to remain in power until 1917? Explain your answer.
[10]
(a) Describe the impact of Stalin’s rule on ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union. [4]
(b) Why did Stalin think it was necessary to reform Soviet industry? [6]
(c) ‘Collectivisation did more harm than good.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [10]
(a) What new products did advertising promote during the 1920s? [4]
(c) ‘The lives led by rural and urban Americans in the 1920s were more similar than they were
different.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What were the Supreme Court’s objections to the New Deal? [4]
(b) Why did the promises Roosevelt made in the 1932 presidential election appeal to the
American people? [6]
(c) ‘The fact that Roosevelt introduced the Second New Deal in 1935–36 shows that the First
New Deal had failed.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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17 The struggle between the Nationalists and the Communists went on for a long time.
(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek think that the five extermination campaigns were necessary? [6]
(c) ‘Leadership was the main factor that determined the outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What was the policy adopted by China from 1979 in relation to population growth? [4]
(b) Why was China able to achieve economic growth from the late 1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Economic development in China in the period 1980 to 1990 produced much change.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
19 Support for segregationist policies gradually increased amongst white South Africans.
(b) Why was the Natives Land Act of 1913 unpopular with black South Africans? [6]
(c) How far was the victory of the National Party in the 1948 election caused by the failings of the
United Party? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was there opposition to apartheid from outside South Africa? [6]
(c) ‘The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was a turning point in the opposition to the apartheid state.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
21 Wars have done little to improve the situation in the Middle East.
(a) Describe the role of Britain in the Suez Crisis of 1956. [4]
(b) Why were the consequences of the Yom Kippur War of 1973 important? [6]
(c) ‘The Six-Day War of 1967 solved Israel’s problems.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘Jewish settlements have been a more important obstacle to peace than demands for a
Palestinian state.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
1(a) Describe the part played by Garibaldi in Italy in the years 1848–49. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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1(b) Why was there much support for liberalism in Europe in 1848? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘There was a lot of support for liberalism because of poor government at
the time and industrialisation. Industrialisation had strengthened the middle
classes who believed that there needed to be improvements. The middle
classes had become more important but they lacked political power which
was still in the hands of the old traditional rulers. They wanted republican
governments elected by some of the people and more economic and
political freedoms such as freedom of the press and free speech.’
e.g. ‘There was much support for it because people thought that big
changes were necessary and so they turned to liberalism.’
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An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think the conservatives were stronger because they defeated the
revolution. After the establishment of a republic, the conservatives gradually
regained control and were strong enough to put down the June Days
uprising. After that there was a conservative reaction leading to the election
of Louis Napoleon and then the ending of the Republic and Napoleon
becoming Emperor. This shows that the old system had been restored and
the conservatives victorious.’
OR
e.g. ‘The radicals were stronger because they had a lot of success. In
February they were able to get rid of the hated Prime Minister Guizot,
overthrow Louis Phillipe and set up a republic. In Paris people flooded onto
the streets demanding reforms. National Workshops were set up to provide
work for the unemployed. These achievements show how powerful the
radicals were.’
e.g. ‘The radicals were strong in Paris but had little support in the French
countryside.’
‘The conservatives defeated the June Day risings.’
‘When Napoleon became emperor it showed that the conservatives were
stronger.’
‘The radicals were able to get rid of Louis Phillipe and the monarchy.’
‘The radicals set up the National Workshops.’
‘The election results of April showed that the radicals did not have a lot of
support.’
‘Napoleon’s victory in the December elections showed how weak the
radicals were throughout France.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was set up because of events that were happening at the time in
Germany.’
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2(c) How far was German unification brought about by the policies of 10
Bismarck? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. There were more important long-term causes such
as German nationalism and liberalism, the long-term decline of Austria, and
the economic and military strength of Prussia. Without these, unification
would not have happened. Bismarck operated in a context created by these
factors. For example, Prussia was economically strong before Bismarck. It
led the Zollverein and its industrial production was growing much faster than
Austria’s. This gave Bismarck the strength that was needed for Prussia to
become the dominant state in Germany.’
OR
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3(a) Describe the events between 1854 and 1861 known as ‘Bleeding 4
Kansas’.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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3(b) Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded soon after the Civil War ended? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Ku Klux Klan was founded to restore white supremacy in the
South. This had been weakened by emancipation, the defeat of the South in
the Civil War and Reconstruction. Its aim was to use intimidation and
murder to drive black Americans out of politics and to stop people
supporting the Republicans. It aimed at destroying Republican
administrations that had been set up in the South and to restore the rights of
white Americans, their control of the black labour force and to restore racial
subordination in all aspects of Southern life.’
e.g. ‘It was founded because of the situation in America after the end of the
Civil War. Some people thought that the situation made the KKK necessary.’
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3(c) How far was Lincoln to blame for the fact that he was hated and feared 10
in the South? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think this was Lincoln’s fault. The main reason that he was hated and
feared in the South was his opposition to slavery which he made quite clear.
For example, he opposed the creation of new slave states. It is not
surprising that the South regarded him as an abolitionist and feared him.
Slavery was crucial to the economy and way of life of the South, and people
in the South resented any hint that the North would interfere with it. This can
be seen by the fact that in the presidential elections Lincoln did not win a
single state in the South, and soon after his victory southern states began to
secede from the Union.’
OR
‘This was not Lincoln’s fault and there was not much he could have done
about it. He did his best not to upset the South over slavery, for example, he
often promised to enforce fugitive slave laws as president. In his speech
when he became president, he promised not to interfere with slavery and he
did not think that the federal government could abolish slavery in states
where it already existed. In fact, with Lincoln as president, slavery in the
South would have probably been secure, so it was not his fault that the
South feared him.’
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e.g. ‘I think it was Lincoln’s fault. His views were not liked in the South and
so they were bound to hate him.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘I think the main reason was Britain was afraid that Germany was going
to invade France. The Entente Cordiale had brought Britain and France
closer and in 1911, during the Agadir Crisis, Britain had promised to help
France if it was invaded by Germany. Britain was very worried by the idea of
Germany quickly overrunning France as it had done in 1870. Germany
controlling France and the English Channel would be a great threat to
Britain. So Britain went to war to defend France.’
e.g. ‘This was because Germany refused to remove its troops from
Belgium.’
‘This was because Germany had invaded Belgium.’
‘Germany was clearly threatening France and so Britain had to go to war.’
‘Tensions between Germany and Britain had been growing for years and
German aggressiveness in Belgium was the crucial trigger for Britain to
declare war on Germany.’
‘Many people in Britain felt that they could not leave Belgium fighting
Germany alone.’
‘The Treaty of London said that Britain had to safeguard Belgium’s
neutrality.’
‘Britain did not want Germany to grow any more powerful.’
e.g. ‘Britain went to war because it had no choice. If it did not, then the
situation would get worse.’
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4(c) Who was more to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914, Germany or 10
Russia? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think Germany was more to blame. It had made the situation in
Europe very tense by its massive increase in armaments and its rivalry with
Britain. Giving a ‘blank cheque’ to Austria was disastrous because it
encouraged Austria to force a war with Serbia which started the events
leading to a major European war. Without Germany’s support, Austria would
not have gone so far as the ultimatum to Serbia. Germany’s support for
Austria also alarmed Russia which then mobilised.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Russia was to blame. Its support for Serbia encouraged the
Serbs to cause trouble for Austria. It is also important to remember that
Russia mobilised first. This is what turned a conflict between Austria and
Serbia into a major European war. Once Russia had mobilised, Germany
had to act fast before it was surrounded from the East and the West.’
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e.g. ‘I think they were both to blame. They both did things that made the war
more likely.’
5(a) Describe how the League dealt with the dispute over the Aaland 4
(Aland) Islands.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The League rejected Finland’s claim that the issue of the Aaland
Islands was outside the League’s area of responsibility.’
‘The League investigated the claims of Finland and Sweden.’
‘The League supported the claims of Finland to the islands.’
‘The League also built in some safeguards, e.g. Finland could not fortify the
islands in any way.’
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5(b) Why were some major powers not members of the League? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘One reason for this was because they did not want to become a
member. The USA decided not to join. It was worried that it would take away
some of the country’s independence and its right to make its own decisions
in foreign policy. It was also worried that the League would drag it into
European wars and disputes just as it had been in the First World War.
Hitler did not want Germany’s actions to be restricted by the League,
especially since he wanted to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, and so he
took Germany out of the League.’
e.g. ‘Some countries like the USA and Nazi Germany did not want to be
members.’
‘Some countries such as Germany were not allowed to join at the start of the
League of Nations.’
‘Japan left the League when it criticised its actions in Manchuria.’
‘The Soviet Union was not allowed to join at first for ideological reasons – it
was communist.’
‘The Soviet Union did not want to join at first because members such as
Britain and France had supported the counter-revolutionaries in Russia
during the Civil War.’
‘Italy left when the League imposed sanctions on it because of its invasion
of Abyssinia.’
e.g. ‘This was because they did not want to join because they disagreed
with it.’
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5(c) ‘Britain was responsible for the failure of the League in the 1930s.’ 10
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think the League had an impossible job to do,
especially because of the Depression. This led to extremists like Hitler
coming to power around the world. These leaders were nationalists and had
aggressive foreign policies such as Italy in Abyssinia, Japan in Manchuria
and Germany across Europe. The Depression also made the members of
the League more reluctant to use economic sanctions because they wanted
to keep all the trade they could. So at the moment when the League’s action
was needed most, the power of the League declined.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this statement. Britain was a leading member of the
League and yet it really provided no proper leadership for the League. In
fact, in many areas such as dealing with Germany’s aggression, Britain
ignored the League and dealt with Germany directly. It appeased Germany
and let it get away with taking over country after country. It also went behind
the League’s back and came up with a secret deal with France, the Hoare-
Laval Pact, to appease Italy. Britain did not want to upset Mussolini and was
worried about driving him into the arms of Hitler. This is why Britain let the
League down badly.’
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e.g. ‘The Depression made the job of the League much harder.’
‘Aggressive foreign policies of countries like Japan made the task of the
League much harder.’
‘Many members of the League were to blame. This can be seen with the
failure of the Disarmament Conference.’
‘France was just as much to blame. For example, it was reluctant to stand
up to Italy.’
‘Without a permanent army, the League never had a chance of success.’
‘The USA was not a member of the League and this seriously weakened it
in the 1930s.’
‘Britain was one of the two leading countries in the League and so must
have a lot of the responsibility.’
‘Britain often worked outside the League. This damaged its international
standing.’
‘Britain deceived the League through the Hoare-Laval Pact.’
‘Britain was reluctant to act against Japan because it had colonies in the Far
East.’
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think lots of countries were to blame for the
failure of the League.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Many in Britain thought that Germany had a right to do what it wanted
in the Rhineland.’
‘Britain and France did not want to risk a war over territory that already
belonged to Germany.’
‘Hitler promised a non-aggression pact and so Britain and France did
nothing.’
‘France had great economic problems at the time and could not afford to do
anything.’
‘Public opinion in France was strongly against the French government doing
anything.’
‘At first, France hinted at taking military action but then did nothing.’
‘Britain did not have the military resources to do anything and so did
nothing.’
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6(b) Why were the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s important 6
to Hitler?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘They were important to Hitler because they showed him that the
League would not stand up to countries who had aggressive foreign
policies. This was clear when Japan got away with invading Manchuria. This
became even clearer with Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia which was much
closer to Europe. The League showed it was incapable of taking effective
action with each country more concerned about its own national interests
than what was best internationally. Hitler decided that if he went on to
destroy the Treaty of Versailles, the League would not take any action
against him.’
e.g. ‘The League had shown that it could not take any meaningful action
against aggressors.’
‘Both Japan and Italy had got away with invading other countries. This was
an important lesson for Hitler.’
‘The League showed that individual members put themselves first and so
the League could not agree on any strong action.’
e.g. ‘They showed that the League was a failure and he did not have to
worry about it.’
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6(c) Are you surprised that Germany invaded Poland in September 1939? 10
Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I am very surprised. By this time both Britain and France realised that
Hitler wanted to conquer the whole of eastern Europe and was not going to
stop at Czechoslovakia. In March, they gave Poland a guarantee that if it
was attacked they would come to its aid. Hitler should have realised from
this that Britain and France were not going to let him get away with any
more aggression. Hitler did not want a war with Britain and so I am surprised
he took the risk of invading Poland.’
OR
e.g. ‘I am not surprised at all because of the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Germany and
Russia agreed to divide Poland between them. This meant that Hitler knew
that if he invaded Poland he would not be attacked by Russia. If Britain went
to war against him, he would not have to fight a war on two fronts. Anyway,
the actions of Britain and France so far taught Hitler that they were unlikely
to do anything if he invaded Poland.’
e.g. ‘Britain and France promised to come to Poland’s aid if it was attacked.’
‘By this time, Britain and France were determined not to let Germany get
away with any more aggression and conquest.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact made invading Poland a lot less risky.’
‘Hitler wanted to reverse the Treaty of Versailles which had created Poland.’
‘Poland included land that had belonged to Germany before 1919.’
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7(a) What was the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4
(NATO)?
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was designed so that the member states agreed to defend each other
if one of them was attacked.’
‘Its purpose was for the West to stand up to the Soviet Union.’
‘It was to protect the West against Soviet invasion.’
‘It was to protect countries in Western Europe, after the Soviet Union had
taken over countries in Eastern Europe.’
‘It allowed the USA to have missile sites close to the Soviet border.’
‘Its purpose was to stand up to communism.’
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7(b) Why did the USSR and the West disagree about what to do with 6
Germany after the end of the Second World War?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘They disagreed because the USSR was worried about being attacked
again by a revived and strong Germany. Russia had been attacked by
Germany and an enormous amount of damage had been done there. Stalin
thought that the Soviet Union was under threat from the West and this is
why he developed a series of communist states in Eastern Europe as a
barrier against the West. If Germany became industrially and militarily
strong again, it could threaten the Soviet Union. This is why he wanted to
strip Germany of its industry so that it could not recover.’
e.g. ‘The USSR thought Germany should pay huge reparations for invading
Russia.’
‘The USSR wanted more reparations from Germany to help it rebuild after
the war.’
‘The West regarded the USSR as a hostile power and wanted a strong
Germany to stop communist expansion.’
‘The USSR did not want to be threatened by a strong Germany again.’
‘Truman took a tougher line over Germany than Roosevelt.’
e.g. ‘They disagreed because they had completely different ideas about
Germany. They both thought Germany was crucial to their idea of what a
future Europe should look like.’
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7(c) ‘The USA offered the Marshall Plan to European countries to help its 10
own economy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The Marshall Plan was really to help the USA. The
idea behind lending European countries enormous sums of money was that
as their economies recovered, they would buy goods from the USA. This
would help US industry and create jobs in the USA because there would be
a great demand for US exports. If Western Europe remained poor, it would
not be able to trade with the US much.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. I think the Marshall Plan was all about protecting
Western Europe from the spread of communism. Truman was worried that if
Western Europe remained poor, there might be uprisings and support for
communism. He was worried that communism might spread across Western
Europe. The way to stop this was to help Western Europe recover
economically. If people there had jobs and were gradually feeling richer,
they would have no reason to support communism.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Iran-Iraq War was important to the West because it did not want
Iran or Iraq to become dominant in the Middle East. Neither of these two
countries was particularly friendly with the West and so they did not want
either of them to be all-powerful. For example, if Iran had won it could have
put an Islamic revolutionary government into Baghdad. This would have
been disastrous for the West and would have threatened the West’s allies in
the region such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. This would have made the
whole area unstable and could have left the West without any allies there.
This is why the West did give Iraq arms and money – to stop Iran winning
the war.’
e.g. ‘It was very important to the West because it had a great deal of interest
in what went on there.’
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An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I do not think this was very surprising. The Shah had become very
unpopular because of his repressive rule. He used secret police and
informers and his opponents were tortured and executed. The leading
enemy of the Shah was Ayatollah Khomeini, a Muslim cleric, who was in
exile. At this stage, Khomeini focused on the grievances of the people such
as the repressive rule and the great inequalities of wealth, but he really
aimed at setting up an Islamic republic. When he returned to the country, a
popular revolution overthrew the Shah and in 1979 a referendum was held
to turn the country into an Islamic republic. This is not surprising because it
is what Khomeini had been planning all the time.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think this was surprising. Most of the opposition to the rule of the Shah
had built up over his repressive policies that had little to do with religion. His
rich life style was compared with the poverty of many Iranians and he spent
a lot of the country’s wealth on weapons. This all led to massive
demonstrations in Iran. Although Khomeini was an important figurehead, he
was in exile and did not return to Iran until after the Shah and his family had
fled. Many of the protests were about issues that had little to do with religion
and most people were not demonstrating for an Islamic republic. So it was
surprising when Khomeini set one up in 1979.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There were limited washing facilities and there was much disease.’
‘Many soldiers suffered from trench foot caused by the mud, and wet and
damp conditions.’
‘There were many rats in the trenches because of the dead bodies.’
‘In winter, soldiers suffered from frostbite.’
‘The constant shelling led to shell shock.’
‘In between the major battles it was often very boring in the trenches.’
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Tanks were important in the war because they were an answer to the
most difficult problem in fighting trench warfare. Millions of men in the
infantry were killed trying to attack across No Man’s Land. Because of the
barbed wire and the machine gun-posts, they were easy to mow down. The
tanks, however, could cross No Man’s Land and smash through the barbed
wire. This opened up things for infantry who could then attack the enemy.’
e.g. ‘They were very important because they helped Britain win the war.’
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9(c) ‘The Battle of Verdun was more important than the Battle of the 10
Somme.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree. The Battle of Verdun was crucial. Verdun was an important
part of the French defences and a German breakthrough would have been
devastating. The Germans also hoped that a German offensive on Verdun
would force the French and the British to send troops there to help defend it
and that this would weaken them in other areas of the fighting on the
Western Front. However, the French fought bravely and defended Verdun
successfully. This was an enormous help to French morale. It also showed
how difficult it was to attack heavily fortified places and the Germans did not
launch another major attack until 1918.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. The Battle of the Somme was more important. It involved a
huge offensive by the British at the River Somme and was meant to defeat
the Germans and end the war. It did not do this but it did take pressure off
Verdun. The Germans had to take some of their troops away from the attack
on Verdun to send them to the Somme front. This helped the French at
Verdun hold out. The Somme was also important because it showed that
the war would not be over quickly.’
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e.g. ‘I think they were both important because they affected the course of
the war.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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10(b) Why were the Home Fronts in Britain and Germany important in the 6
First World War?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Home Fronts were crucial because this is where the war could
have been won or lost. One example of this is the production of armaments
for the armies to keep fighting. Rifles, machine guns, aeroplanes, artillery,
munitions and tanks all had to be produced for the armies. Without the
civilian workers producing all of this, the armies would have been powerless.
Many of the people working in the factories producing all of this were
women. One of the main reasons why Germany lost the war was because
its factories were struggling to produce all the weapons and equipment its
army needed, whereas in Britain production was increasing.’
e.g. ‘The Home Front produced all the weapons, munitions and equipment
that the armies needed.’
‘Both countries had to increase food production to keep their people fed.’
‘A collapse of morale on the Home Front would have been disastrous.’
‘Germany decided the best way to win the war was to starve Britain into
defeat by a blockade.’
‘Germany lost the war because of starvation and riots on the Home Front.’
e.g. ‘The Home Fronts were important because without them both countries
could not have fought the war.’
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10(c) How important was the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in the First 10
World War? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I do not think that the failure of the Gallipoli campaign was all that
important. This is because its purpose was to help Russia in the war by
defeating Turkey. This would mean Russia had one less country to fight on
the Eastern Front. Not enough troops were sent for the attack and they
ended up being stuck on the beaches under heavy fire. In the end, they
were withdrawn in 1916.The reason this did not matter that much was that in
the next year Russia signed an armistice and then withdrew from the war.
This was because of the revolution in Russia and so the Gallipoli campaign
would not have made much difference.’
OR
e.g. ‘The failure of the Gallipoli campaign was important. By 1915 the
fighting on the Western Front was at a stalemate and it was clear that
neither side was going to make a breakthrough. The idea behind the
invasion of Gallipoli was to win the war on the Eastern Front where Russia
was fighting Turkey. However, it was a disaster. Tens of thousands of men
were killed and the rest had to withdraw. This failure was important because
it meant there would be no breakthrough and the war would last for years.’
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e.g. ‘Russia signed an armistice in the next year and then left the war.’
‘In the end, the war had to be won on the Western Front so the Gallipoli
campaign was irrelevant.’
‘Russia was not helped and so struggled badly in the war.’
‘The war would go on for several more years.’
‘It meant the war had to be won on the Western Front.’
‘It led to hundreds of thousands of casualties.’
‘It led to Winston Churchill resigning from the government because it was
his idea.’
‘It led to the British Prime Minister resigning.’
e.g. ‘The failure was very bad and was a disaster. This was why it was
important.’
11(a) Describe the events of 1932–33 that led to Hitler becoming Chancellor. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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11(b) Why did the Nazis fail to win much support between 1924 and 1929? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Nazis failed to win much support in this period because the
Weimar Republic was doing well. Stresemann had got rid of inflation by
introducing a new currency. He had also negotiated the Dawes Plan which
involved the USA lending Germany money to get its economy going. This
happened and with the economic recovery came jobs. These successes
meant that people had no reason to turn to a small extremist party like the
Nazi Party.’
e.g. ‘The Weimar Republic had recovered and its economy was doing well.’
‘Stresemann managed to end inflation.’
‘The Dawes Plan helped Germany recover.’
‘The failure of the Munich Putsch was a setback for the Nazis.’
‘The Nazis had extreme policies and there was no reason for voters to
switch their support to them.’
e.g. ‘They did not have much support because they struggled to be popular
with the German people.’
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11(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was more important to Hitler than the Night of the 10
Long Knives.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think the Reichstag Fire was more important. This is because it
happened just before an election. The Nazis blamed the fire on communists
and used it to persuade Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree that gave
the government more powers and cut individual rights. This let Hitler arrest
many of his opponents. He also used the fire to whip up hatred of the
communists and this helped him do well in the election where he nearly got
50% of the total vote. Overall, the fire was important because it let him
strengthen his position and make the communists weaker.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The Night of the Long Knives was much more
important because it was when Hitler dealt with the biggest threat he faced –
from Rohm and the SA. Rohm had built up the SA and had over 2 million
members, making him very powerful. He thought that Hitler was making too
many compromises and wanted him to be more radical. He was openly
criticising Hitler. In June 1933, Hitler moved against him and had the leaders
of the SA, including Rohm, executed. This meant the SA was under Hitler’s
control and he was much more secure.’
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e.g. ‘I think the Reichstag Fire was very important because the Reichstag
building was burned down.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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12(b) Why did some young people rebel against the Hitler Youth? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘One important reason for this was the strict discipline of the Hitler
Youth, especially after membership became compulsory in 1936. The
Edelweiss Pirates were young people who wanted more freedom and did
not like the way in which the Nazis were trying to control every aspect of
their lives. They refused to join the Hitler Youth and ambushed their patrols
and beat them up. They wanted the freedom to go hiking and camping and
not have all their activities organised by the Hitler Youth.’
e.g. ‘They did not like the strict discipline of the Hitler Youth.’
‘They did not like the indoctrination that took place in the Hitler Youth.’
‘They were against the separation of sexes into the Hitler Youth and the
League of German Maidens.’
‘The Swing Movement opposed the fact that young people had to join the
Hitler Youth.’
‘Members of the Swing Movement wanted to grow their hair and wear
fashionable clothes and go against the image of the Hitler Youth.’
‘Members of the Swing Movement disliked the ideology of the Hitler Youth
and wanted to enjoy American music and life style.’
‘The Swing Movement was against the military nature of the Hitler Youth
and supported a counterculture by their clothing and music.’
e.g. ‘They rebelled against the Hitler Youth because they did not like all the
activities that went on there.’
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12(c) ‘The Nazis managed to stay in power because they had popular 10
support.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘The Nazis did not stay in power because they had popular support.
They stayed in power by the use of force and by oppressing people. Any
opponents of the Nazis like communists were put in concentration camps
where they often died. The Gestapo spied on everyone by tapping their
phones and using informers. They encouraged everyone to spy on everyone
else, even people spying on their own family. Anyone that was suspected
was arrested and could be sent to a concentration camp without trial.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this because the Nazis won popular support through the
use of propaganda. They indoctrinated people into Nazi ideas. This was
done by controlling everything that went on in newspapers and on the radio.
This meant that the news was controlled by the Nazis and that Hitler’s
speeches and praise for Hitler were the only things people read and heard.
Radios were set up in cafes and factories. Books, art and film were also
controlled. Being bombarded with constant Nazi propaganda meant that
people naturally thought the Nazi regime was wonderful.’
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e.g. ‘The Nazis did have the support of many people in Germany who
supported their ideas.’
13(a) What were the consequences for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘This war led to Bloody Sunday where an end to the war was one of the
demands.’
‘It was one of the causes of the 1905 revolution.’
‘It increased criticism of the Tsar’s rule of Russia.’
‘Soldiers returning from the war protested.’
‘There were naval mutinies at Sevastopol and aboard the battleship
Potemkin.’
‘It led to reforms of the Russian army.’
‘It led to the rise of Japan as a great power.’
‘It was a great blow to Russian pride and prestige.’
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(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘In January 1905, Father Gapon led protestors in a march to present a
petition for reforms to the Tsar. But before they could get to the Winter
Palace they were fired on by soldiers. Hundreds of people were killed and
many more injured. This sent shocks through Russia. People had believed
that the Tsar was their ‘father’ and would look after them. These killings
destroyed this belief and from then on things were never the same. Although
the Tsar survived in 1905, he never really recovered and Bloody Sunday
can be seen as the first important event that led to his downfall in 1917.’
e.g. ‘Bloody Sunday was important because it led to further unrest and
revolution.’
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13(c) Are you surprised that the Tsar managed to remain in power until 10
1917? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
OR
e.g. ‘Yes, I am very surprised. Many of the reforms the Tsar passed, he
soon went back on. The Duma was not the introduction of democracy. It
was packed with Tsarists and the Tsar simply dissolved it whenever he
wanted to. The Fundamental Laws gave him back a lot of his power and the
Okhrana (the secret police) were brutal and were hated. All of this made the
Tsar unpopular and it is surprising that he stayed in power until 1917. This is
especially because he was weakened by Russia’s disastrous entry into the
First World War. This soon led to food shortages. So I am surprised he
survived until 1917.’
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e.g. ‘No. He was the Tsar and so many people would obey him. It is not
surprising that he stayed in power.’
14(a) Describe the impact of Stalin’s rule on ethnic minorities in the Soviet 4
Union.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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14(b) Why did Stalin think it was necessary to reform Soviet industry? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘He did this because he wanted to make it better. Soviet industry
needed reforming and Stalin was ready to do it.’
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14(c) ‘Collectivisation did more harm than good.’ How far do you agree with 10
this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
OR
e.g. ‘Russian agriculture was backward, was not producing the amount of
food needed and had to be reformed. Collectivisation was needed to
increase production. The fact that it did not work well at the beginning was
not the fault of collectivisation but the fault of Kulaks who opposed the
policy. They burned crops, killed millions of their animals and damaged
machinery. This caused less food to be produced and the result was famine.
By the late 1930s, most farms were collectivised, new machinery was being
used and the production of food did go up. Overall, it did more good than
harm.’
e.g. ‘Collectivisation was opposed by Kulaks and this led to disruption with
much livestock being killed.’
‘It did a lot of harm because it caused famine.’
‘In the long run it did increase the production of food.’
‘Collectivisation did harm to the Kulaks who lost their farms and some were
executed or sent to Siberia.’
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15(a) What new products did advertising promote during the 1920s? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Many people wanted to buy things that made life at home easier like
fridges.’
‘Advertising promoted the sale of cars.’
‘Advertising tried to sell domestic appliances like washing machines and
vacuum cleaners.’
‘Advertising sold radios.’
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Prohibition failed because the majority of people did not support it. This
was especially true in large cities. Many people still wanted alcohol and so
‘speakeasies’ sprang up. These were illegal drinking bars. Rich people had
alcohol delivered to their homes while poorer people made their own using
illegal stills. With many of the public against it, prohibition was never going
to work.’
e.g. ‘It failed because it never worked properly. They could not make it
work.’
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15(c) ‘The lives led by rural and urban Americans in the 1920s were more 10
similar than they were different.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. This is because there were many differences.
Flappers in the cities kept up with the latest fashions and had more freedom.
They smoked, drove cars and had more independence. Many women in
cities also had the new labour-saving devices. However, women in rural
areas still had hard traditional lives. They did not have labour-saving devices
and had to bring up children and work hard on the farm. They did not have
much money and lived hard lives just as in the past. Small farmers and
labourers in rural areas did not benefit from the boom in the 1920s and lived
much poorer lives than workers in the cities where there were plenty of well-
paid jobs.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this. If you were poor then it did not make much difference
where you lived. The majority of American workers lived below the poverty
line and they could be found in rural and urban areas. Many workers in cities
such as female cotton operatives were paid low wages and were no better
off than small farmers or labourers in rural areas. Black Americans suffered
from discrimination in rural and urban areas. The persecution in southern
rural areas was worse with the Ku Klux Klan operating but in northern cities
they suffered from low wages and discrimination in housing.’
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e.g. ‘I think their lives were very different because they were living in
different types of places.’
16(a) What were the Supreme Court’s objections to the New Deal? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘They said that parts of it like the AAA were against the constitution.’
‘It wanted welfare help to be given through the states and not by the federal
government.’
‘Most of the judges were Republican and did not believe in the federal
government intervening in people’s lives.’
‘Many of the judges thought that people should stand on their own two feet.’
‘The judges said that the National Industrial Recovery Act was
unconstitutional.’
‘The Supreme Court did not like the move from individualism to collectivism.’
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16(b) Why did the promises Roosevelt made in the 1932 presidential election 6
appeal to the American people?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘His promises appealed to people because of the dreadful situation that
America was in at the time. Banks and businesses were failing and people
were losing their jobs in their millions. There were no welfare benefits and
people lost their homes and had to live in shanty towns. Many people were
completely without any hope. Roosevelt promised ‘a new deal for the
American people’. His confidence that American society could be reformed
and be made fair for everyone raised people’s hopes. They believed that he
would rescue them from the Depression.’
e.g. ‘They appealed to them because the American people were in such a
desperate situation in the Depression.’
‘Roosevelt had a reputation for helping the elderly and the poor in New York
State.’
‘Compared to Hoover he seemed full of hope for the future.’
‘Roosevelt had a warm friendly personality and filled people with hope.’
e.g. ‘His promises were just what the American people needed at that time.’
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16(c) ‘The fact that Roosevelt introduced the Second New Deal in 1935–36 10
shows that the First New Deal had failed.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I think this is right. The Second New Deal was introduced to deal with
the areas that the First New Deal was weak on. The First New Deal did not
do much about workers’ rights and welfare. Some critics like Huey Long said
that it did not help those who were unemployed and poor. Parts of the
Second New Deal showed how Roosevelt was trying to put this right. The
right of workers to join trade unions was defended and pensions for elderly
were introduced as well as insurance against unemployment.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this at all. The First New Deal did an awful lot and
was a success. It helped farmers by paying them to cut production. This
increased their income. Banks were saved and reopened again.
Employment was provided by job creation schemes and building projects
such as dams and roads. Industry was helped to recover by using the ‘Blue
Eagle’ scheme which businesses joined. The First New Deal did not solve
every problem but it stopped businesses going bankrupt and helped those in
desperate need.’
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e.g. Disagree:
‘The banking system was saved.’
‘The homeless and those starving were helped.’
‘Jobs were created.’
‘Businesses were prevented from going bankrupt.’
‘The regeneration of the Tennessee Valley was a great success.’
e.g. Agree:
‘There was still a lot of unemployment.’
‘Wealth was not re-distributed to the poor.’
‘Not enough was done to get rid of poverty.’
e.g. ‘The First New Deal was a not a failure. It helped a lot of people.’
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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17(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek think that the five extermination campaigns 6
were necessary?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘He thought this because he had decided that it was the only solution for
his problems in China.’
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17(c) ‘Leadership was the main factor that determined the outcome of the 10
Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. When they first got to Yenan, Mao laid down basic
principles. One was to win over the support of the peasants. This became a
crucial factor in the Civil War. The peasants supported Mao and the
Communists because they treated the peasants much better than the
Nationalists. Mao insisted that the Communists lived with the peasants and
helped them. He also promised the peasants their own land. This was very
important because the peasants were the largest group in China and so this
gave the Communists mass support. Mao dominated the Communists and
gave them clear leadership.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think that other factors were important. The corruption of the
Nationalists was very unpopular with the Chinese people. It was so bad that
it made the Americans stop sending support to them. The Nationalists lost
support and even their own soldiers began to desert and join the
Communists who were seen as defenders of the country. The tactics of the
Communists also helped. They avoided big battles and launched smaller
attacks.’
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e.g. ‘The Nationalists were weakened by the war against the Japanese.’
‘Chiang’s desire for a powerful centralised government meant he upset too
many different groups in China.’
‘Mao made sure the Communists won over the peasants.’
‘The Communists were given help by the USSR.’
‘The corruption of the Nationalists lost them much support.’
‘The charismatic leadership of Mao gave the Communists a unity of
command.’
‘The Communists were seen as standing up to the Japanese more.’
‘The Communists used better tactics such as small attacks rather than large
battles.’
‘Chiang failed to give the Nationalists clear and popular leadership.’
‘The Nationalists were seen by the Chinese people as corrupt.’
e.g. ‘Leadership was very important but there were other factors like the
popularity of the Communists.’
18(a) What was the policy adopted by China from 1979 in relation to 4
population growth?
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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18(b) Why was China able to achieve economic growth from the late 1970s? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘China was able to achieve economic growth after a new ten-year plan
for rapid growth was devised in 1978. This allowed China to follow a new
direction, closer to a Western-style economy. Foreign trade resumed, along
with borrowing from foreign investors in an effort to generate capital.
Agriculture also benefited economically from the introduction of greater
resources following on from a sharp increase in the prices paid for farm
goods and products from 1979. There was a change from collective to
family farming and greater choice for peasants in what was grown, with
impressive harvests in the early 1980s after excellent weather. Many small
industries, transport companies and other services were set up by the many
who decided to leave farming.’
e.g. ‘China achieved growth after it introduced a plan for the economy.’
‘China adopted different policies on trade and investment.’
‘China modernised its industry and agriculture with a more Western-style
approach.’
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An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Deng’s economic reforms did lead to high economic
growth which led to an increase in the standard of living of millions of
Chinese people. Other improvements included allowing peasants to earn
extra income by selling produce from their plots of land. Deng also opened
China up to the rest of the world and outside cultural influences began to
impact on the lives of the Chinese. Many of them moved to the cities for jobs
and bought consumer goods.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were important social changes such as many people moving to
the cities.’
‘The standard of living of many Chinese was improved.’
‘Many Chinese bought more consumer goods.’
‘The Communist Party kept control and did not allow dissent.’
‘The policy of one child per family was continued and strictly enforced.’
‘Many Chinese were happy not to have political freedoms if they had
economic freedom.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Agents recruited young men from their villages to work in mines.’
‘Black South Africans migrated from their villages to work in diamond and
gold mines.’
‘Migrant workers were on short contracts.’
‘While at work, the workers lived in male-only compounds.’
‘The mining companies fed and housed the workers.’
‘The mining companies kept the wages low.’
‘The workers took their wages back to their home villages.’
‘The workers were treated harshly by their overseers.’
19(b) Why was the Natives Land Act of 1913 unpopular with black South 6
Africans?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘It was very unpopular with black South Africans because it banned
share-cropping. This was how they could farm for themselves. They gave
half their crop to the white landowner in return for the land they used, but at
least they could produce food to feed their families. The banning of share-
cropping meant they could not farm for themselves and they had to either
work for the farmer as a labourer or work in the mines.’
e.g. ‘It stopped them owning or renting land except in the black reserves.’
‘It led to black share-croppers being evicted and ending up homeless.’
‘It meant black South Africans could no longer be farmers except in the
reserves.’
‘It forced black South Africans to become labourers for white farmers.’
e.g. ‘It was unpopular because it did a great deal of harm to them and made
their lives difficult.’
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19(c) How far was the victory of the National Party in the 1948 election 10
caused by the failings of the United Party? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think the National Party won because of its
own policies and ideas. It promised a white South Africa under Afrikaner
rule. This would involve moving black South Africans to the reserves. This
pleased Afrikaners, who made up the majority of white South Africans and
who believed in white supremacy and were worried about their culture being
overwhelmed by black South Africans. They also promised white
industrialists lots of cheap black labour which would be allowed to leave the
reserves to work in the cities. All of this appealed to the Afrikaners.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The United Party which was the party in power was
very unpopular, especially with Afrikaners. This was because after the war
the South African economy was in a mess and white workers found that
when they returned from the war, their jobs had been taken by black South
Africans. They were also worried by all the black protests and strikes and
feared black South Africans taking over. They blamed this on Smuts and his
government which they thought did not seem able to keep black South
Africans under control.’
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e.g. ‘The policies of the National Party were very popular with Afrikaners.’
‘The National Party promised to move black South Africans to the reserves.’
‘The National party promised to keep South Africa under Afrikaner rule.’
‘The National Party promised to provide factory and mine owners with lots of
cheap labour.’
‘The National Party promised to provide white farmers with lots of cheap
labour.’
‘The United Party government was not sorting out South Africa’s economic
problems.’
‘The United Party government was not dealing with protests and strikes by
black South Africans.’
‘Afrikaners did not like the flood of black workers to the cities which the
United Party seemed to be allowing.’
‘The United Party government had kept food prices low which was not good
for white farmers.’
e.g. ‘I think the United Party lost the election because it had some very bad
ideas and policies.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
20(b) Why was there opposition to apartheid from outside South Africa? 6
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘This happened because more and more nations in Africa were winning
their independence from the colonial rule of whites. As black Africans took
over in countries near South Africa like Angola, Mozambique and
Zimbabwe, they were hostile to South Africa and apartheid. South Africa
had been able to depend on these ‘buffer states’ but not after the 1970s and
1980s. These countries let organisations like the ANC, liberation fighters
from Namibia and even soldiers from Cuba set up camps from which they
could attack South Africa.’
e.g. ‘This was because more African countries were being ruled by black
governments who were against apartheid.’
‘The United Nations had many countries with black governments and they
were against apartheid, turning the UN against it.’
‘Many ordinary people in countries like Britain were horrified by the
injustices of apartheid.’
‘Events like Sharpeville turned more people outside South Africa against
apartheid.’
e.g. ‘There was lots of opposition because people did not like the way
apartheid was working in South Africa.’
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20(c) ‘The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was a turning point in the opposition to 10
the apartheid state.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘Yes, I think it was a turning point. When other events like Sharpeville
had happened in the past, the police had quickly regained control but after
Soweto there was almost never-ending unrest and violence and the police
never really got the townships under control again. From this moment,
opposition to apartheid grew and exploded in the 1980s. The townships
became hotbeds of opposition and hid ANC guerrillas. The Soweto Uprising
started all this.’
OR
e.g. ‘No, I do not think it was a turning point. There had been riots and
demonstrations long before this and this was just one of many. It is
important to remember that it was still a long time before apartheid and
minority rule would be ended at the end of the 1980s and in the early 1990s.
What was happening in South Africa was a gradual declining of apartheid
that had been going on for a long time. Soweto was just a step in that
process.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Britain met with France and Israel and agreed to invade Suez.’
‘Britain and France issued an ultimatum threatening to intervene if the
Egyptians and Israelis did not agree to a ceasefire.’
‘British and French aircraft bombed Egyptian airfields.’
‘British and French troops invaded Suez.’
‘Under US pressure Britain agreed to a ceasefire in November.’
‘British and French forces withdrew.’
21(b) Why were the consequences of the Yom Kippur War of 1973 6
important?
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The consequences were important because the war showed how
powerful a weapon the Arab states had over the US and the West. During
the war, the Arab states had announced an embargo on oil supplies to the
US and the West. Although the war ended shortly afterwards, this threat
showed everyone what a powerful weapon the oil states had over the West.
The Arab states produced over a third of the world’s oil and they could
cripple the West’s economies by reducing supply.’
e.g. ‘It showed the Arab states could harm the West by stopping the supply
of oil.’
‘The Arab states worked together much more effectively.’
‘The Arab armed forces and people regained a lot of self-confidence.’
‘Israel realised that it would not have security until a diplomatic solution was
found.’
‘The oil threat made the US keener to find a settlement.’
e.g. ‘The consequences were very important to the whole world and
changed the situation quite a lot.’
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21(c) ‘The Six-Day War of 1967 solved Israel’s problems.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘The Six-Day War was a great success for Israel and solved its
problems by strengthening the country and weakening Arab countries. Israel
had been worried about possible attacks by the Arab countries and so
struck first. By destroying so much of the Arab armed forces and winning
more land, Israel was much more secure. Winning the Golan Heights
improved Israel’s defences against Syria and its defences in other areas
were improved by driving Egypt back across the Sinai. At the end of the war,
the Arab states were in no position to threaten Israel.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Six-Day War actually increased Israel’s problems. The military
victory would not ensure Israel’s safety forever. Only a diplomatic settlement
would do that. Its conquests of Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and
the Golan Heights meant that many Palestinian Arabs were now living under
Israeli control. This would cause Israel problems in the future as would Arab
claims that Israel had no right to the conquered territory.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Gaza strip is on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and
Israel.’
‘It is a self-governing Palestinian territory.’
‘It is claimed by the state of Palestine.’
‘It is governed by Hamas.’
‘It is under a US boycott.’
‘Because of an Israeli blockade its people cannot leave or enter.’
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘Hezbollah has attacked Israel’s border and killed Israeli soldiers.’
‘Hezbollah has claimed gas fields in Israel.’
‘It has thousands of rockets stationed on the Israeli border.’
‘Hezbollah does not recognise Israel and has called for its destruction.’
‘It has been a problem for Israel because of its activities and threats.’
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An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Israel has built Jewish settlements on land it occupied
after the Six-Day War. This includes the West Bank and East Jerusalem as
well as the Golan Heights. This has caused enormous problems because
Israel regards them as legal while most countries as well as the UN and
Palestinians regard them as illegal. They have been an obstacle to peace
because even the US has sometimes stated that withdrawal from most
settlements is necessary for a peace agreement. Israel refuses to accept
that.’
OR
e.g. ‘The PLO campaigned and fought for a Palestinian state for many
years. Its use of guerrilla, and even terrorist, tactics lost the cause support
and made peace more difficult. Some Israelis have claimed that the creation
of a Palestinian state has created a breeding ground for organisations like
Hamas and so this has made peace more difficult. However, many people,
even at times the USA, argued that there would no peace without the
question of a Palestinian state being settled.’
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HISTORY
Paper 2147/12
Paper 12
Key messages
Successful responses are dependent upon candidates reading the questions carefully before they begin, in
order to understand exactly what is being asked, and to give themselves the opportunity to write focused and
balanced responses. Any given dates in the question should be carefully noted to help ensure that
responses only include relevant details.
In essay-type responses it is a good idea for candidates to practice writing evaluative, rather than purely
summative, conclusions in which they make a judgement and justify this by reference to the balance of
evidence cited in their essay.
General comments
Successful responses were able to demonstrate good factual knowledge and understanding of both the Core
and Depth Study questions. These responses included clear and accurate communication of ideas, whether
explaining the reasons for past events and historical features or building an argument to reach a balanced
historical judgement. Less successful responses, whilst often demonstrating sound factual knowledge, found
it difficult to apply the knowledge to the question set. These responses tended to be characterised by a
descriptive list of facts with no explanation.
It was pleasing to see that there were very few rubric errors and most candidates had used the time
allocated effectively and completed the paper.
Part (a) responses should focus on description and only include relevant details. Explanation is not required.
Most candidates now realise that answers to (a) questions can be short and concise and that there is no
need to include background information.
Part (b) responses require facts and explanation. Candidates must be selective of the factual knowledge
needed to explain events and write in continuous prose rather than using a ‘listing’ approach. Most (b)
questions ask ‘Why’ a particular event happened, so it is important that candidates direct their response to
address the reasons, rather than provide a description of what happened. Successful responses were
carefully organised, usually using separate paragraphs for the different reasons that are being explained.
Narrative or long introductions which ‘set the scene’ are not required.
Part (c) requires facts, explanation and analysis. The most effective responses argue both for and against
the focus of the question and reach a balanced judgement. When a question asks, ‘Are you surprised a
particular event happened?’ it is important to include explanations on both sides of the argument. A valid
conclusion should go beyond being a summary of what has already been stated by addressing, ‘how far’ or
‘how successful’. Weaker responses often focused only on one side of the argument. These could be
improved by including more contextual examples on both sides of the argument to produce a balanced
response.
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Questions 1, 2, 3 and 4
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
Questions 5 and 6
Question 5
(a) This question was very well answered. The best responses demonstrated a detailed knowledge of
how the Assembly and the Council of the League were meant to work and included a number of
relevant, concisely expressed points. Points made included: ‘the Assembly met once a year’, ‘one
of the Assembly’s roles was to set the budget’, ‘the Council consisted of four permanent members’,
‘the Council could issue sanctions’. Other responses did not include details on both the Assembly
and the Council. Less successful responses did not distinguish between the Assembly and the
Council and described the activities together. Some responses strayed away from the question
and wrote at length generally on the setting up of the League of Nations, which lacked relevance to
this question.
(b) There were mixed responses to this question. The most effective were familiar with the events
leading up to Mussolini’s bombing of Corfu and the subsequent response of the League, and
provided two explanations as to why the League’s failure was important. They explained that the
League appeared weak because Mussolini ignored the League’s instructions and insisted that the
demands for Greek compensation should be dealt with by the Conference of Ambassadors, which
found in favour of Mussolini’s demands. A second reason often explained was that the Corfu crisis
showed that powerful countries, such as Italy, could just ignore the League of Nations. This would
be a lesson for other powerful countries, such as Germany and Japan, in the future when they
were attempting to acquire territory. Less successful responses identified reasons without any
explanation, or with minimal reference to the Corfu incident, such as, ‘its failure was important
because it showed the weakness of the League’ and ‘this was important as it showed that powerful
countries could ignore the League’. A small number of responses demonstrated no accurate
knowledge of the Corfu crisis, often confusing the events and the countries involved.
(c) This question was well answered. There were a number of well-developed and balanced
responses which discussed the extent to which the lack of an army explained the League’s failure
in the 1930s. Strong responses identified the problems caused by the lack of the League’s own
army, especially when moral and economic sanctions failed, and went on to explain where such an
army could have been used such as in Manchuria or Abyssinia. These responses then explained
other reasons for the failure of the League of Nations. The most common reason identified and
explained was the lack of major powers such as the USA. This had an impact on the imposition of
economic sanctions, candidates most often citing the Abyssinian crisis as an example whereby the
USA, not being in the League, continued trading with Abyssinia, rendering the economic sanctions
ineffective. Other reasons identified included British and French self-interest, and this was often
explained using aspects of the Manchurian or Abyssinian crises to demonstrate this. Weaker
responses included irrelevant details of why the USA did not join the League and/or wrote detailed
descriptions of the Manchurian and Abyssinian crises without highlighting how the response of the
League led to its failure. A few responses included events in the 1920s such as Corfu and Vilna
which were not relevant to this question.
Question 6
(a) This question worked well for most candidates who had a good understanding of what happened in
the Saar in 1935. Successful responses tended to include four precise and relevant pieces of
information, for example: a scheduled plebiscite was held, identifying two of the choices available
to those who voted (most were unaware of the option to remain as a League mandate) and
knowing the outcome. Some left out the options and simply gave the result. Weaker responses
were characterised by a lack of factual knowledge, often confusing the Saar with the Rhineland and
describing how German troops marched into the area.
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(b) There were many strong responses which contained two explanations as to why the Anschluss
was important to Hitler. The most common reasons identified were Hitler’s own Austrian origins and
his determination to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Candidates then went on to develop and
explain these themes by linking them to Hitler’s determination to create a Greater Germany and to
strengthen German military resources, including manpower. Successful responses also included
how the Anschluss would improve Hitler’s more immediate ambitions regarding Czechoslovakia
and confirmed his improved relationship with Mussolini’s Italy. Weaker responses were often
confused. For example, there was confusion between Hitler’s aim for a Greater Germany and
Hitler’s quest for Lebensraum (which did not apply to Austrian territory). Some responses had no
understanding of the term, ‘Anschluss’.
(c) There were mixed responses to this question. Successful responses included contextual examples
to produce a well-balanced answer explaining surprise and alternatively, not surprised, that Britain
and France declared war on Germany in September 1939. Candidates were strongest on
appeasement as a reason to be surprised. The rationale behind appeasement was well explained,
with Anglo-French non action over the remilitarisation of the Rhineland and Anschluss, as well as
the 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement, frequently cited and explained. Appeasement was also
well used on the other side of the argument to indicate that that the patience of Britain and France
with Hitler ran out after the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and in effect
that the warning to Hitler over Poland after that could not have been clearer. The lack of British and
French preparedness for war, though cited as a reason not to be surprised, was often identified,
but less well explained, with many candidates arguing that both these countries were still
recovering from the impact of the First World War (rather than the Great Depression), as was more
accurately the case in the 1930s. Weaker responses tended to be superficial on much of the detail.
They commonly identified appeasement as a reason why they were surprised but did not provide
any contextual examples to support their supposition. These responses needed to include
supporting examples such as: ‘they were following a policy of appeasement and had let Hitler
break the Treaty of Versailles by rearming Germany, remilitarising the Rhineland, achieving
Anschluss and agreeing at the Munich Conference for the Sudetenland to be taken over. They took
no action when he invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939, therefore it is difficult to see how
Hitler’s invasion of Poland was any different, and so it is a surprise that they declared war on
Germany in September 1939.’ Weaker responses also tended to include a narrative of events
leading to the outbreak of war in 1939 with no expression of surprised/not surprised.
Question 7
(a) This question was very well answered and most candidates very high marks. They demonstrated a
detailed knowledge of the tactics used by the Vietcong. Points made included: they used guerrilla
warfare, which often involved a network of tunnels for escape and surprise attacks. They blended
in with the peasants and used booby traps. Other relevant tactics most commonly cited were the
use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, they retreated when the Americans attacked so that the Americans
could not fight a conventional battle, and the use of ambushes.
(b) Strong responses demonstrated a good understanding of why the Tet Offensive was important for
the USA and explained two reasons. The two most common reasons identified were that it showed
the American people that North Vietnam was very far from being defeated and it led to the US
seeking negotiations to end the war with North Vietnam. The first identification was explained by
developing the idea that it was important for the USA because of the impact it had on the American
people. Tet was a massive attack by North Vietnamese forces across South Vietnam in 1968.
Despite being a military defeat for North Vietnam it caused a big shock in America. They even
attacked the American Embassy in Saigon. The Americans had been told that North Vietnam was
weak and incapable of launching large attacks. Tet showed that this was incorrect and support for
the war in America declined and the opposition increased. Prior to this media coverage had been
generally positive but, as a result of Tet, public opinion changed and there were several peace
marches to end the war. Weaker responses usually readily identified reasons, but these needed to
be fully developed into explanations. There was a minority of candidates who had no knowledge of
the Tet Offensive and offered no response.
(c) There were mixed responses to this question. To achieve high marks candidates needed to
produce a well- balanced answer to explain which was more important for the USA, its involvement
in Korea or in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Successful responses showed good understanding of the
events in Korea and identified that US involvement was important to stop the spread of
communism. This was explained by adding, as troops from North Korea invaded South Korea and
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were supported by both China and the USSR, that there was a real danger that South Korea would
fall to the communists. This would have been an important step in spreading communism to other
countries in Southeast Asia. On the other side of the argument, candidates identified and explained
that US involvement in Cuba was vital to stop a potential nuclear war. This is because Cuba was a
communist country off the coast of the USA and the USSR missiles which were placed there were
a real threat to the USA. Some responses were one sided; candidates tended to be more familiar
with events in Cuba than with those in Korea. Weaker responses included much narrative on the
background to the Cuban Missile Crisis, including the overthrow of Batista and the Bay of Pigs
failure for the USA, which were not relevant to this question. These responses also often included
detailed description of the Cuban Missile Crisis without stressing why it was important for the USA.
Question 8
(a) This question worked well for most candidates who had a good understanding of the Soviet Union’s
response to the uprising in Hungary in 1956. They expressed a number of concise and relevant
points, including: Soviet tanks and troops moved into Budapest, fierce fighting followed and 3,000
Hungarian civilians were killed. Nagy and his supporters were executed. Other responses wrote
about why the Soviet Union responded in this way which was not the focus of the question.
(b) This question was well answered. Strong responses were characterised by the explanation of two
reasons why it was important for the Soviet Union to stop Dubcek’s reform programme in
Czechoslovakia. The most common reason explained was that the Soviets were afraid that
Dubcek’s ideas would spread to other Communist countries in Eastern Europe. His reforms
included a free press, freedom of speech and reducing government control over industry. If these
reforms were allowed in Czechoslovakia there was a worry that people in other communist
countries would demand the same freedoms. Other factors identified and explained included the
fact that the USSR would look weak if they did not take decisive action and they were worried this
would weaken the Communist Bloc in the Cold War against the USA. Weaker responses shifted
the focus of the question and described Dubcek’s reforms, rather than emphasising why it was
important for the Soviet Union to stop them.
(c) There were mixed responses to this question. Strong responses explained surprise that Gorbachev
made little effort to defend Soviet power in Eastern Europe. This was because previous Soviet
leaders had seen Eastern European countries as a protective barrier for the Soviet Union against
the West. The Soviet Union had been invaded by Germany twice in the twentieth century and
Stalin had been determined that this would not happen again. This had been the basis of foreign
policy for decades and explains why the Soviet Union had put down risings in Hungary and
Czechoslovakia. As a result of previous events, it is very surprising that when communist regimes
began to collapse and the Berlin Wall fell, that Gorbachev did nothing. These responses often also
expressed surprise, because The Brezhnev Doctrine had said that the Soviet Union would
intervene. Such responses produced a balanced answer by then explaining why they were not
surprised, most commonly expressing the fact that Gorbachev was a new type of leader in the
Soviet Union who realised that the Soviet Union was in economic trouble and spending too much
on arms in the unwinnable war in Afghanistan. He believed in different policies such as Glasnost
and Perestroika. Less successful responses were characterised by a narrative of Gorbachev’s
reforms, with no reference to surprised/not surprised. It is important that candidates link the points
that they make to the question.
Questions 9 and 10
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
Question 11
(a) The majority of candidates knew that Hitler took advantage of the Reichstag Fire by blaming the
communists, which then gave him an excuse to arrest them. Successful responses had a good
understanding of other immediate consequences, including how he was able to convince President
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Hindenburg that communists were plotting to overthrow the Government so that he would issue an
emergency decree, thus he took advantage of the Reichstag Fire to consolidate his power. A
common misconception was that after the Reichstag Fire he immediately passed The Enabling Act.
(b) There were mixed responses to this question. The majority of candidates could identify reasons
why the Depression was important to the Nazis, most commonly that the Nazis gained support
because the Weimar Republic did not deal well with the effects of the Depression and the Nazis
were able to win support by offering full employment. Successful responses developed such points
into an explanation. They explained that, as a result of the Depression, millions of Germans had
lost their jobs. This gave the Nazis the opportunity to do well in elections as they expressed
contempt for Weimar’s democratic system and said that it was unable to solve Germany’s
economic problems caused by the Depression. The Nazis organised soup kitchens and provided
shelter in hostels for the unemployed. They promised them work, freedom and bread. This gave
them lots of votes and they became the largest party in the Reichstag in the elections of July 1932.
Less successful responses included generalisations as to how the Depression was important to the
Nazis and how it enabled them to exploit the situation but did not say how, and also the points
made were often not linked to the Depression. A small number of responses discussed the
hyperinflation crisis of 1923 which was not relevant to this question.
(c) This question was well-answered. Candidates showed a very good understanding of the effects of
the Munich Putsch and produced some good responses, with detailed arguments on either side of
the debate. The majority of candidates began their responses agreeing with the hypothesis by
using the events of the Munich Putsch to explain that in the short term it was a failure. Most
commonly included were that it was not well planned, failed to win popular support, was defeated
quickly, Hitler was later arrested and imprisoned and the Nazi Party was banned. Successful
responses then examined the other side of the debate, including the long-term effects of the
Munich Putsch. A common explanation was that Hitler was imprisoned in Landsberg Castle and
whilst there he had time to re-think his tactics. He realised that he could not gain power by
uprisings and violence and that he needed to win support and win elections. This made him re-
organise the party and begin to use democratic methods. This was a turning point for the Nazis and
contributed to their later success in elections. Weaker responses tended to be more descriptive, an
example being that Hitler wrote Mein Kampf when he was in prison; the key themes were
described in these responses, but little attempt was made to link it to the long-term success of the
Nazis. Others were less selective in the details they included in their answers and wrote at length
how the Germans gained power in 1933, with no link to the effects of the Munich Putsch.
Question 12
(a) The majority of candidates were very familiar with how the Nazis used the mass media. Examples
included: cheap radios were made available so all Germans could buy one and hear Hitler’s
speeches. Goebbels controlled the newspapers closely and they were not allowed to print anti-Nazi
ideas. Posters were put up around Germany showing images of the ideal Aryan family. Successful
responses also highlighted that the Nazis used the media to promote Nazi propaganda and to
make the Nazis look great. Weaker responses mis-interpreted the focus of the question and whilst
being able to identify the different types of mass media, they did not focus on how the media was
used by the Nazis.
(b) Strong responses identified and explained two reasons why Kristallnacht was important. The most
common explanation was that it was a turning point in the nature of the Nazi persecution of the
Jews. It was a change from the previous economic and social persecution to physical persecution,
with Jews being beaten and murdered, and can be seen as a step towards the Holocaust. Other
reasons explained included the increasing number of Jews leaving Germany and how Goebbels
had used the event to try to improve his standing with Hitler. Less successful responses included
details on why Hitler hated the Jews, which was not the focus of the question. A small number of
candidates confused Kristallnacht with the Night of the Long Knives.
(c) There were some good responses to this question which were well organised and included
carefully selected and relevant details. In agreement with the hypothesis, responses explained that
there was no effective opposition to the Nazi regime. They explained this in terms of the terror and
force used to suppress any opposition. Control was exercised through the Gestapo, who had
unlimited powers to search houses, arrest people on suspicion and send them to concentration
camps without trial or explanation. Many Germans were frightened to speak out against the regime,
even if they wanted to. Strong responses also gave consideration to ways in which opposition to
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the Nazi regime was effective. They explained how many young people believed in freedom of
expression and values which conflicted with those of the Nazis. They used the Edelweiss Pirates
as an example and showed how they shared a strong distaste of the strict regimentation and
sexual segregation of the Hitler Youth, so they often beat them up. During the war they carried out
acts of sabotage, helped army deserters and even assassinated a Gestapo chief. The activities of
the Swing Movement, the White Rose group and members of the Church were also often used as
examples of effective opposition. Some opposition could be used to demonstrate both sides of the
debate, for example, groups like the White Rose, despite scattering leaflets and conducting an anti-
Nazi graffiti campaign, were rounded up by the Gestapo and executed, thus reducing the
effectiveness of the opposition. Other responses would have benefited from adopting a much less
narrative approach on the effectiveness of the opposition.
Questions 13 and 14
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
Question 15
(a) This question was well answered and candidates had a good understanding of the experiences of
American farmers in the 1920s. Successful responses described the problems experienced by
farmers at this time and gained very high marks as a result of identifying four points. These
included: overproduction, competition from Canada, reduction in prices and the eviction of tenant
farmers because they could not pay their rents.
(b) Successful responses were characterised by explaining how a specific traditional industry struggled
in the 1920s. Two explanations were needed. The main industries identified and explained were
the coal and textile industry. For example: The coal industry struggled and found itself producing
too much coal because demand for it was going down. This was because electricity was
increasingly supplied to more homes and factories, so they were changing from coal to electricity
for their energy. They were also changing to other new forms of energy, such as gas and oil. Less
successful responses only provided generalised answers with no mention of specific industries, for
example, the main reason why traditional industries struggled was because of changes happening
in American society. This could have been improved by identifying an industry and including more
details as to why it was struggling in the 1920s.
(c) There were some very good responses to this question, which displayed an excellent knowledge
and understanding of the US economy in the 1920s. These responses produced well supported
arguments on both sides of the debate. Regarding the responsibility of the Republican Government
for the boom, successful responses identified and explained policies related to low taxation, import
tariffs, the formation of trusts and laissez-faire. The counter explanations most commonly focused
on technical advances such as the assembly line and mechanisation of new industries, such as the
car industry and its boost to other associate industries like rubber, oil and glass. Other examples
included explanations of credit, advertising and the positive impact of World War I on the US
economy. Less successful responses, whilst often demonstrating sound factual knowledge, were
less selective in the details they needed to use to answer the question relevantly and often
described the reasons for the boom, rather than explain their impact on the American economy.
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
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HISTORY
Paper 2147/13
Paper 13
Key messages
• Candidates need to read the questions very carefully to ensure that their responses are relevant. They
should note the particular focus of any given question, and structure their answer accordingly.
• Dates given in a question should be noted so that only relevant material is included in responses.
• Candidates need to be aware of the specific demands of each type of question. Part (a) questions
require recall and description. Part (b) questions require recall and explanation, and part (c) questions
require recall, explanation and analysis.
In part (c) questions the most effective responses argue both for and against the focus of the question and
they also reach a valid judgement. A valid judgement will go beyond restating what has already been written
in the response by addressing ‘how far’, ‘how important’, ‘how successful’ or ‘to what extent’, depending on
the question set.
General comments
Many answers reflected sound understanding and good knowledge, supported by a wealth of factual detail.
Candidates expressed themselves clearly and had a great deal of information to share and they were able to
put this to good use in the part (a) questions which reward recall and description. Many answered these
questions in the form of a short paragraph, which was an appropriate approach.
Strong answers to part (b) and (c) questions applied knowledge precisely to what the questions were
asking, rather than writing lengthy introductions which ‘set the scene’ or including information which was
lacking in relevance. Credit was given for the identification of relevant ‘why’ factors but the best responses
were those that went further and developed each factor fully, thereby meeting the exact demands of the
question.
Many responses to part (c) questions not only tried to argue both sides of the topic (both agreeing and
disagreeing with the given interpretation) but also attempted to arrive at a judgement in the conclusion.
Candidates should avoid repeating points already made in the essay and should try to explain and analyse
how far the argument both supports and disagrees with the focus of the question. Some conclusions just
asserted ‘how far’, rather than explaining which side of the argument was stronger than the other.
Questions 1, 2, 3 and 4
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
Question 5
This was a popular question. In answer to part (a), answers included references to the League’s support for
Finland’s claims to the Islands and details about the safeguards which were included in the judgement. Part
(b) was answered well, as many candidates identified Soviet communism, the opposition from the US
Congress and Germany’s War Guilt as factors; explanation and development of these identified factors
featured in stronger responses, for example, why did the context of Soviet communism mean that its
membership would not be allowed? Many candidates showed good knowledge in part (c) of the crises the
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League was meant to deal with in the 1930s; valid descriptions of the Manchurian and Abyssinian crises, for
example, gained credit. Better answers included explanations as to why Britain was responsible for not
dealing with these events more successfully, for example the motives behind the Hoare Laval Pact and why
Britain appeased Mussolini in order to avoid driving him into the arms of Hitler, were referenced in some
responses. Stronger responses were better balanced, with explanations on each side, in this case providing
alternative reasons for the League’s failure in the 1930s. These usually included explanations of the impact
of the Depression or the problems limited membership created when the imposition of sanctions was
considered. The very best responses went on to substantiate a judgement on the hypothesis given in the
question.
Question 6
Relevant points in part (a) included the lack of action by Britain and France plus additional points of detail,
such as Britain’s view that Germany had a right to do what it wanted in ‘its own backyard’. The opposition of
French public opinion and the economic and political crises faced by its government were also cited.
Candidates knew a great deal about the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s in part (b) but needed
to apply this knowledge to why these failures were important to Hitler. In this case, the League’s failures
were important to Hitler because they showed him that the League would not stand up to countries which
had aggressive foreign policies. This was clear when Japan got away with invading Manchuria and the
incapacity to deal with Italy’s aggression in Abyssinia. When Hitler decided to destroy the terms of the Treaty
of Versailles, he was more confident that the League would not stop him. Many valid factors were identified
in answers to part (c) and candidates attempted arguments to both support and challenge the idea that they
may be surprised by Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939. Some explanations dealt precisely with the
Polish context. For example, some responses expressed surprise because both Britain and France realised
that Hitler wanted to conquer the whole of eastern Europe and he was not going to stop at Czechoslovakia.
This was explained by reference to Polish guarantees that if it was attacked they would come to its aid.
Answers explained that appeasement had therefore ended and as Hitler did not want a war with Britain, the
invasion of Poland was a significant risk. Candidates who went on to provide a balanced answer in which
other arguments were explained provided the best responses. These answers included a ‘lack of surprise’
because of the well-publicised aims of Hitler’s foreign policy (such as lebensraum), as they applied to
Poland. The terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact were also used as a signal of Hitler’s intent. Some then
progressed to an evaluative conclusion, rather than repeating points already made.
Question 7
There were some good answers to part (a); many responses included the military nature of the alliance, its
purpose to stand up to communism and how its members used it for mutual protection. The best answers to
part (b) kept precisely to the demands of the question which focused on why the fate of Germany at the end
of the Second World War led to disagreements, rather than general differences such as those based on
ideology. Identified factors referenced the issue of reparations, the West’s preference for a strong Germany
to counter Soviet influence and Truman’s hostile attitude to Stalin. Candidates who then explained each
factor fully achieved the strongest responses. The aim in part (c) was to write a balanced answer which
looked at the motives behind the Marshall Plan. Responses tended to emphasise and explain efforts by the
United States to combat the advance of communism in poverty stricken and war-torn European states. Some
responses offered more, explaining that the idea behind lending European countries enormous sums of
money was that, as their economies recovered, they would buy goods from the USA. This would help US
industry and create jobs in the USA because there would be a great demand for US exports.
Question 8
There were too few responses to this question for meaningful comments to be made.
Question 9
It was rare to read a poor answer to part (a), as candidates gained marks by describing such features as
disease, trench foot, mud, wet and damp conditions, rats, shell shock and boredom. There were detailed
narratives of the use of tanks in part (b), although the best answers met the specific demands of the
question with explanations of importance. Weaker answers tended to make generalised observations about
tanks and trench warfare. Two explained points about importance or impact were provided in the best
responses, for instance, the impact of tanks at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917 and the co-ordinated
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counterattacks of 1918. Answers to part (c) reflected many details about the battles of Verdun and the
Somme but were less clear about their comparative importance. An analysis of their relative impacts might
have included the argument that Verdun was crucial as the loss of the fortress would have been
catastrophic, while the Somme played its part in taking pressure off Verdun and it also enabled valuable
lessons to be learned about how to develop military strategies to fight attritional warfare.
Question 10
There were too few responses to this question for meaningful comments to be made.
Question 11
Candidates in part (a) were able to describe numerous events in 1932 and 1933 which led to Hitler
becoming Chancellor. The best responses focused on elections and the roles of Hindenburg, Papen and
Schleicher. It is worth noting the importance of dates –some answers included events after January 1933.
Answers to part (b) contained detailed knowledge about the reasons why the Nazis failed to win support
during the so-called ‘Golden Age’ of the Weimar Republic, emphasising why economic ‘recovery’ lessened
the appeal of extremist parties. Part (c) saw candidates writing at length about the Reichstag Fire and Night
of the Long Knives and in better responses candidates were able to link their narratives to the demands of
the question. In other responses, these links could have been made more explicitly; in this case, the quality
of the answers relied on a discussion of ‘importance’. Some candidates would have benefited from greater
engagement with the idea of analysing impact, placing both events in the context of the development of a
one-party state, the destruction of the opposition to the Nazis and Hitler’s assumption of dictatorial powers.
Question 12
It was rare to see weak answers to this question. Candidates knew a great deal about the Nuremberg rallies
in part (a). Part (b) provided an opportunity to explain why some young people rebelled against the Hitler
Youth. Weaker responses relied on general criticisms of Nazi indoctrination, discipline and activities aimed at
preparation for either life in the military for boys or in the home for girls. Higher marks were achieved when
candidates explained the specific objections of groups such as the Edelweiss Pirates or those who might
consider themselves members of the Swing Movement. In part (c), many candidates went beyond
description to explanation and tried to create an argument; for example, they contrasted the fear engendered
by the Gestapo with the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda in considering why the Nazis managed to stay in
power. Developed attempts to interlink the two factors reflected a complex understanding of the topic.
Question 13
In part (a) some candidates took the opportunity to focus precisely on consequences of the Russo-Japanese
War and achieved good answers; for example, responses focused on Bloody Sunday, criticism of the Tsar’s
authority and the loss of military prestige. Responses to part (b) saw candidates take a short and long term
view of the significance of Bloody Sunday; there were explained references to the loss of trust in the Tsar,
leading initially to the 1905 Revolution and subsequently to the October Manifesto. Many answers to part (c)
reflected strong lines of argument expressing surprise that the Tsar survived as long as he did until 1917 on
the one hand, with lack of surprise at his maintenance in power because of his use of both reform and
repression after 1905. Explanations were supported by knowledge of the royal family’s unpopularity following
the failed Dumas, The Fundamental Laws and the disastrous entry into the First World War to support
‘surprise’; alternative factors such as Stolypin’s reforms and the Okhrana’s brutality evidenced lack of
surprise.
Question 14
There were too few responses to this question for meaningful comments to be made.
Question 15
Candidates knew many of the products promoted by advertising in the USA in the 1920s in part (a). Better
answers focused on cars and examples of domestic appliances. Part (b) attracted many quality explanations
of the failure of Prohibition which often focused on a lack of public support, the problems of enforcement,
corruption and the widespread supply of illegal alcohol. Part (c) responses tended to be unbalanced and
descriptive; the elements of ‘similarity’ and ‘difference’ were not always made clear. The best answers drew
on knowledge of poverty and discrimination in both urban and rural areas (similarities), and evidence of the
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‘boom’ enjoyed by urban Americans, rather than those in rural parts of the country (differences). Developed
arguments tended to be stronger when explaining the latter.
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
HISTORY
Paper 2147/22
Paper 22
Key messages
Candidates should ensure that they answer the question directly. If a question asks how useful a source is,
candidates should clearly refer to ‘usefulness’ in the answer; if a question asks why a speech was given or a
letter was written, then explaining a reason is vital. The best way to ensure that the question is being directly
addressed is to refer to it in the opening sentence of the answer, for example ‘This cartoon is very useful to a
historian because’.
Avoiding descriptions of pictorial sources and paraphrasing written sources is important. Candidates should
try to interpret sources. This means they need to work out the argument or point of view the artist/author was
trying to put across and their purpose in doing this. It can be a useful starting point for candidates to ask
themselves about each source, ‘What is the point of view of the artist or author?’
Question 6 carries a high number of marks. When answering it, candidates need to directly check each
source against the hypothesis given in the question and not against something that is similar to it. In the
twentieth century option, a number of candidates focused on ‘harsh’ rather than on ‘unfair’.
General comments
A large majority of candidates answered the questions on the twentieth-century option. There were many
competent scripts and a small number of outstandingly good ones.
Nearly all candidates were able to comprehend the sources and showed at least reasonable skills in
interpreting, comparing and evaluating. The better candidates made good use of their knowledge and
understanding of the historical content to help them understand and use the sources relevantly. Weaker
responses tended to focus on the historical context without relating it to the question or the sources.
Nearly all candidates completed all the questions, although there was a tendency to write very long answers
to Question 1. These answers often contained lengthy paraphrases of both sources and did not address the
question until right at the end. This sometimes appeared to lead to candidates not having enough time to
complete Question 6 properly.
Question 1
Most candidates managed to find several agreements such as the Papacy, Austria and local loyalties all
being an obstacle to unification. Many also explained that the sources disagree over what was the biggest
obstacle to unification, the Italians or Austria. Some candidates summarised both sources and then made
assertions about agreements or disagreements. The best way to answer this question was a point-by-point
comparison.
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Question 2
The most common way of answering this question was to focus on the fact that Charles Albert promised his
immediate support in Source C, but in Source D he claimed that he was not ready and was very slow to act.
Candidates used this difference as proof that Charles Albert was lying in Source C. Some also compared his
show of enthusiasm for ‘Italian brotherhood’ in C with his rejection of popular support in D, and the
suggestion that he was more interested in expanding Piedmont’s power. Better answers evaluated one of
the sources to check whether these differences meant he was lying. The most popular way of doing this was
to consider Charles Albert’s purpose in making the proclamation in Source C. Relevant use of sound
contextual knowledge made this approach work well and produced some very strong responses. Other
answers tended not to compare the sources or identified lying by Charles Albert but did not explain the lying.
Question 3
The key to answering this question well was to consider Mazzini’s message in the context of November
1848. By this time it is not surprising to see Mazzini feeling frustrated because of the defeat of Charles Albert
and the change of mind by Pope Pius and King Ferdinand. Most candidates were able to explain Mazzini’s
message but tended to set this in the very general context of 1848, rather than specific events of that year. A
small number of candidates paraphrased the source, rather than interpreted its message.
Question 4
Most candidates were able to find similarities in the messages of the two cartoons. Similarities most
commonly explained were the fact that Italy is not free in either cartoon and the fact that Austria is portrayed
as an oppressor in both. A few candidates managed to find a difference such as Source F suggesting some
possible hope for Italy, but Source G suggesting no hope at all. The best answers were those that compared
the points of view of the cartoonists – they are both in favour of a free independent Italy.
Question 5
There are two crucial steps on the way to writing a good answer to this question. The first is to infer from
Source H the Pope’s attitude towards a unified Italy. The second is to clearly and explicitly address the issue
of ‘surprise’. Some candidates wrote good answers that could have led to being surprised or not surprised
but did not get as far as addressing the issue. Most candidates were surprised by what we are told about the
Pope’s attitude in Source H. This was based on Pius’s actions as a reformer shortly after being elected as
Pope in 1846. A few candidates were able to use their knowledge of the Pope’s actions and
pronouncements since 1848 to argue that there is no reason to be surprised by Pius’s attitude.
Question 6
This question was generally answered well. The sources provided candidates with plenty of material to work
with on both sides of the argument. They managed to focus on the hypothesis about Austria being the most
important obstacle to Italian unification and used the sources clearly and convincingly. The following is a
good example of how a source should be used in response to Question 6: ‘Source D shows that the most
important obstacle to Italian unification was the incompetence of Charles Albert. The source tells us that he
was very slow in attacking the Austrians and his army was not ready. It also suggests that he was interested
in increasing the power of Piedmont rather than helping Italian unification.’ A few candidates neglected the
sources and wrote general essays about the struggle for Italian unification.
Question 1
Most candidates had little difficulty identifying and explaining agreements between the two sources, for
example they both state that the British thought the Treaty was too harsh, they both state that Germany did
not like the Treaty, and they both claim that Germany was made stronger by the Treaty. Candidates found it
harder to find disagreements but they are there, for example Source A claims Germany was made stronger
by the splintering of the Austrian and Russian empires, while Source B says that this was caused by the
creation of Poland. Candidates should avoid summarising each source and then asserting that they agree or
disagree. What worked best was a point-by-point comparison.
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Question 2
The majority of candidates were split into four groups by this question. Some thought that the cartoonist
approved of the treatment of Germany, and this seems to be supported by the mocking way in which the
Kaiser and Germany are presented. The date of the cartoon would also support this view. In June 1919, a
large majority of people in Britain wanted Germany to be punished harshly. Those that were explicit about
the cartoonist’s approval provided the strongest responses. A second group of candidates understood that
Germany was being punished harshly but did not get as far as suggesting approval. A third group inferred
valid sub-messages from the cartoon, for example the Treaty was a diktat, Germany did not like the Treaty or
the Allies were in total control. A final group of candidates, probably influenced by Sources A and B,
understood the harsh treatment of Germany but argued that the cartoonist disapproved of what was
happening. These answers were the weakest ones to this question. A small number of candidates either
misinterpreted the cartoon (for example Germany was being punished lightly) or described the surface
features of the cartoon.
Question 3
There were few poor answers to this question. Most candidates addressed the issue of surprise and did so
by comparing the claims made by the two sources. This usually led them to conclude that Source D does
make Source E surprising because of the disagreements about the Treaty. However, some then turned their
answers around by pointing out that because D is British and E is German, the disagreements are not
surprising. The best answers developed this approach further by using either contextual knowledge or cross-
reference to other sources to explain why the views expressed in Sources D and E are to be expected. Less
successful answers either claimed that D does not make E surprising because one is British and the other is
German, without using the content of the sources, or did not address the issue of surprise.
Question 4
This question is about Lloyd George’s purpose in making the speech in Source F when he did. The best
answers therefore focused on what he said and how he wanted to affect the behaviour of others. This led
them to explain that Lloyd George was trying to win the support of Parliament or of the British people. Many
candidates put their answers in context by explaining, for example, that he may have been doing this
because of the demands in Britain for a tough treaty. A careful reading of Source F shows that Lloyd George
was trying to convince people that the Treaty was a good one because it was just, its punishment of
Germany was appropriate, and that it would help maintain peace in the future. Many candidates just focused
on the message of the speech and did not consider Lloyd George’s purpose in making such a speech, while
some explained the context as the reason for giving the speech but neglected to address what he was
actually saying. The best answers brought message and context together, to explain Lloyd George’s
purpose. It is very important, when answering a question such as this one, that candidates make clear that
what they are explaining about the message or the context, is a reason for the speech. A few candidates
explained message or content but would have improved their answers by stating why they were doing this.
Question 5
This question produced many good answers. Most candidates argued that the cartoon is useful evidence.
They did this on the basis of interpreting the messages of the cartoon, for example, Germany was punished
harshly. Better answers added that Germany’s allies were also going to be heavily punished. This is a central
feature of the cartoon. The cartoon also reveals the cartoonist’s glee that the punishment was going to be
harsh. The cartoon has a gloating tone and some candidates were able to use this as evidence of British
support for the treatment of Germany and its allies. Weaker answers dismissed the cartoon as not useful
because it is just a cartoon, it is British and therefore biased, or because of what it does not tell us. When
responding to questions about usefulness it is usually a good approach to try to find a way that the source is
useful. This cartoon is undoubtedly biased, but this is not a good reason for rejecting it because it provides
useful evidence about British attitudes. Some candidates argued that the cartoonist is criticising the peace
treaties, whereas the portrayal of the various figures in the cartoon clearly suggest a mocking of the fear and
discomfort of Germany and its allies.
Question 6
Many candidates answered this question well. They were able to explain how some sources support the
hypothesis that Germany was treated unfairly, and how some sources disagree with such a claim. The best
answers contained certain key features. First, it was made clear which source was being referred to and
whether it supports or disagrees with the hypothesis. This can be achieved very simply, for example ‘Source
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E supports the idea that German was treated unfairly because…’. Second, the focus was on the hypothesis,
rather than on a variant of it. For example, it is not acceptable to replace ‘unfairly’ with ‘harshly’. They do not
have the same meaning. Something can be harsh without being unfair. Thirdly, if sources were divided into
two groups, each individual source was then used by itself. Attempts to make general claims about a group
of sources do not generally result in strong answers. Finally, source detail was used as the basis of an
explanation of how a source supports or disagrees with the hypothesis, for example ‘Source E supports the
idea that Germany was treated unfairly. It does this by calling the treaty ‘disgraceful’ and claiming that
German honour was being ‘dragged to the grave’, and ‘Source F does not support the claim that Germany
was treated unfairly. This is because Lloyd George argues that the treaty was right and fair. He does this by
arguing that Germany has to pay reparations because of the damage it caused in the war. It is being
punished because it tried to trample on national rights and freedoms.’
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HISTORY
Paper 2147/23
Paper 23
Key messages
• Candidates should read through the background information and the sources before answering any of
the questions. This should give them an understanding of the main issue of the paper and of a range of
perspectives. This understanding will feed into all of their answers, as well as helping to identify
opportunities for cross-referencing.
• It is crucial that candidates respond to the specific question being asked. For example, answers on the
twentieth century topic that did not address a reason for publication in Question 2, the issue of surprise
in Question 3, or usefulness in Question 4 struggled to achieve high marks. A helpful strategy is for
candidates to directly address the question in the very first sentence of the answer, for example,
‘Source B was published at this time because’ or Source C does/does not make Source D surprising
because’.
• On Question 6 candidates must ensure that the specific hypothesis stated in the question is being
addressed and that sources are used as the basis of the answer. Candidates should engage with the
content of the sources and make it clear whether they are using a source to agree or disagree with the
given statement. It is crucial that candidates use the sources to both support and challenge the given
hypothesis.
• If quotations from the sources are used, and this can be particularly useful when answering Question 6,
candidates should not use an abbreviated form of quotation that misses out some of the words and
replaces them with ellipsis points. The words that are used must make sense and support the point the
candidate wants to make, so giving the quotation in full is crucial.
General comments
Most candidates responded well to the demands of the paper and the overall standard of answers was
broadly in line with previous series. An overwhelming majority of the scripts were on the twentieth-century
option, consequently there were too few responses on the nineteenth-century option for meaningful
comments to be made. Most candidates completed all 6 questions, however there were a few instances of
th th
rubric errors where candidates attempted both the 19 and 20 century options, such scripts did not tend to
score highly.
There were too few responses for any meaningful comments to be made.
Option B
Question 1
This question asked candidates to explain the impression of Clemenceau presented in Source A. Many
candidates were able to identify an impression, such as Clemenceau was misunderstood, open-minded,
reasonable or rational, and then use information from the source to support this. In the vast majority of
instances, if a valid impression was identified, support was then given, often in the form of a direct quote
from the source. The strongest responses were from those who could support more than one valid
impression. In less successful responses, some candidates paraphrased the source and made no
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inferences. One issue with the use of Source A is that the author comments on the views of others. It is
important that candidates distinguish between the presented opinions; for example, the source says that
‘Clemenceau was personally responsible for the damage the Treaty did to the ideals of Wilson’, however this
is not the author’s view, rather this was a popular idea that was, in the author’s view, wrong. Neglecting to
make this distinction hindered some attempts to present a valid impression.
Question 2
This question produced a wide range of responses, but most candidates were able to demonstrate at least
some understanding of the cartoon ‘The Reckoning’. The best answers focused on the purpose of
publication in the context of the time. The context being that the Treaty of Versailles had yet to be signed, but
negotiations were well underway and the purpose being to justify the reparations bill to the British or get the
British to support it. What was crucial was that candidates recognised that the cartoon is about reparations
specifically. Answers that referred in more general terms to the Treaty were rewarded as sub-messages.
Many candidates produced reasonable answers by focusing on sub-messages, for example, that the
Germans were unhappy about reparations or that they complained about the Treaty, but these fell short of
explaining the cartoonist’s overall message. Here there were a couple of routes that candidates could
pursue, one being that the reparations were fair and the other that Germany was being unreasonable in
complaining about the reparations. Less successful candidates wrote surface descriptions of the cartoon or
offered valid interpretations of it without considering reasons for its publication in 1919. Some responses
were based on a misinterpretation of the cartoon. These candidates had not made use of the provenance
given and wrongly concluded that the cartoonist’s message is that the reparations were too high or the
Treaty’s terms too harsh.
Question 3
In Question 3, candidates were asked to consider two written sources and conclude whether the content of
one makes the other surprising. Specifically, they were asked whether Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau’s
response to the proposed terms of the Treaty of Versailles in Source C makes Source D, Clemenceau’s
reply to the objections he raised, surprising. Many candidates were able to pick out agreements, or more
commonly, disagreements between the two sources and use these to explain their surprise or lack of
surprise. Agreements between the sources include that Germany must pay reparations, while the
disagreements focus on the nature of the Treaty and its impact on Germany. In Source C, the Treaty is not
just or it is unfair, while in Source D, it is fair or just. In Source C, the terms are more than Germany can bear
and economic life is made impossible, while in Source D, there is no intention to strangle Germany and it will
be treated fairly economically. The best responses were from candidates that could make a valid comparison
between the sources and then explain a reason for the agreement or disagreement based on an evaluation
of the sources. The surprise, or lack of surprise, expressed had to make sense in the light of the specific
explanation presented. The most commonly used contextual evaluation centred on Clemenceau’s aims and
the experiences of the French in the war. It is worth noting that there was a small but significant number of
responses in which the issue of surprise was not referred to at all; such responses were not addressing the
question. A helpful strategy with a question about surprise is for candidates to directly address the issue in
their opening sentence.
Question 4
This question, which focused on the usefulness of Source E to a historian studying the Treaty of Versailles,
produced a wide range of answers. In many responses, candidates dismissed this source as not useful
simply because ‘it is a British source and therefore biased’. Some candidates were able to identify a valid
sub-message from the source, for example, that the Treaty was not harsh enough or that Germany did not
receive the punishment it deserved, but then still concluded that the source has no use due to its bias. It is
worth remembering that most sources can be useful in some way and that the bias of a source is often
precisely what gives it its usefulness. The best answers demonstrated an understanding that the source tells
us a lot about British attitudes towards the Treaty of Versailles and that the source is useful as evidence that
British opinion wanted the Treaty to be harsher.
Question 5
This question produced many strong responses. When candidates are asked about the message of a source
they should always try to consider the author’s voice or opinion. Many recognised the need to address the
cartoonist’s view in this question and consequently produced strong responses by explaining that, in Source
F, the cartoonist is disapproving of the harsh treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. The support
from the source for this conclusion was wide ranging; many referred to sub-messages, such as the Treaty
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was a diktat, the Treaty was harsh, the Germans will suffer as a result of the Treaty, or identified the overall
message, that being that Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany harshly. There was little misinterpretation
seen in responses to this question and, with very few exceptions, candidates were able to move beyond a
surface description of the source and explain one or more of the cartoon’s numerous sub-messages.
Question 6
There was a wide range of answers to this question. Some candidates achieved high marks by carefully
explaining how some of the sources (B, C, D and F) can be seen as providing convincing evidence that
Germany was punished as much as the French wanted, while others (A, B and E) argue that Germany’s
punishment was not sufficient to satisfy the French. The most successful answers examined the sources one
by one and explained how the content of each supports or disagrees with the given hypothesis. Other
candidates did not make it clear whether the source under discussion was being used to support or
challenge the given statement or used a slightly different hypothesis - for example, simply referring to the
Treaty of Versailles as being harsh or not harsh. A helpful strategy is to begin an answer to Question 6 by
stating which sources support and which reject the given statement; candidates should use the words from
the question to do this. They should then continue by writing about the sources in order, or by addressing
those that support the statement before moving on to deal with those that reject it. What is crucial is that
clear explanations about how the content of a source provides evidence to either support or dispute the
hypothesis are given. Many candidates used direct quotes from the sources to do this. For this to work well,
however, as mentioned above, a full quote must be used. Few genuine examples of the evaluation of the
sources were seen. Most candidates did not attempt evaluation, but those that did were successful when
they examined the purpose of the writer or cartoonist, as opposed to evaluation based on source type,
undeveloped provenance or evaluation unrelated to the hypothesis.
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/11
Paper 1 October/November 2021
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (SLM) 220831
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
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(c) ‘Liberal ideas were the main cause of the 1848 revolutions.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) Is it surprising that it took until 1870–71 to unify Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
3 Tension increased between North and South before the American Civil War.
(c) ‘The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘European powers ruled harshly over their African colonies.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(c) ‘Loss of territory was the most serious consequence of the Versailles Settlement for Germany.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What did Hitler do to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? [4]
(c) ‘The increase in aggression from some states in the 1930s was caused by economic factors.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did US public opinion turn against the Vietnam War? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the US failed to contain the spread of communism? Explain your
answer. [10]
(c) How far do you agree that Gorbachev was to blame for the collapse of Soviet power in
Eastern Europe? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why was the Battle of Verdun important for the Allies? [6]
(c) Who achieved more from the Battle of the Somme, the Allies or the Germans? Explain your
answer. [10]
(a) Describe German use of U-boats in the First World War. [4]
(c) ‘Poor leadership was more important than food shortages in Russia’s decision to leave the
war.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the Nazi Party have little success before 1930? [6]
(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was the most important event in Hitler’s consolidation of power during
1933.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe actions taken by the Nazis against Jewish businesses in 1933. [4]
(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis had control over German society? Explain your answer.
[10]
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(b) Why was there discontent with the Russian government by 1905? [6]
(c) How surprising is it that the Tsar fell from power in 1917? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) How did life in the countryside change under Stalin? [4]
(c) How far do you agree that women benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were the 1920s known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Prohibition failed because it was unpopular? Explain your answer.
[10]
(b) Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) introduced? [6]
(c) ‘The most serious opposition to the New Deal came from business leaders.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe the changes made to education in China in the 1950s. [4]
(c) ‘The main reason for the introduction of communes in 1958 was to improve agricultural
production.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did China’s relationship with Vietnam change in the 1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Differences over ideology caused the change in relations between China and the USSR.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘The Sharpeville Massacre was more important than the Defiance Campaign in the resistance
to apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the introduction of the Homelands policy make life worse for black South Africans?
[6]
(c) ‘Increased security measures were more important than government censorship in
maintaining apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(a) What were the aims of the Zionists after 1945? [4]
(c) ‘US pressure was the main reason for the change in British policy towards Palestine.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the differences in views between Labor and Likud towards the peace process. [4]
(b) Why did the Palestinian conflict become more intense after 1988? [6]
(c) How successful has the UN been in its efforts to deal with the Palestinian issue? Explain your
answer. [10]
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament failed because the rulers of the German states
did not support it wholeheartedly. When they were afraid that the revolution in
their lands would mean they would lose their power, then they were prepared
to support the Parliament. They thought that if they opposed the Parliament
this would cause even more opposition to their rule. However, once order was
restored, they were not prepared to continue supporting the Parliament as
they did not want their powers to be reduced by a constitution such as that
proposed by the Frankfurt Parliament.’
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1(c) ‘Liberal ideas were the main cause of the 1848 revolutions.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Liberal ideas were important in causing the 1848 revolutions. The fact
that the King held all the power was increasingly unpopular and people
wanted the freedom to vote and own land. They wanted freedom of speech
and freedom of the press. People wanted a say in how their country was
governed. These liberal ideas were very powerful in causing the revolutions in
1848.’
OR
e.g. ‘Nationalism was also an important cause of the revolutions. For instance,
in Hungary national groups sought independence from the Austro-Hungarian
empire. In Germany and Italy nationalist groups wished to unite with other
states to form a larger nation.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘One of the reasons Mazzini failed was because the Austrian army was
powerful, and his supporters were no match for them. Charles Albert was not
convinced of Mazzini’s claims of large-scale support for revolution and
therefore refused to back him. Without his backing, there was no way Mazzini
could take on the Austrians and win.’
e.g. ‘Mazzini failed because the Italian people were not ready for unification.’
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2(c) Is it surprising that it took until 1870–71 to unify Italy? Explain your 10
answer.
e.g. ‘It is surprising because Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy
in 1861 and it might be expected that this meant Italy was unified. His
kingdom consisted of all Italian states including Piedmont, Naples and Sicily,
but not Rome and Venetia. Venetia was ceded to Italy after the Austro-
Prussian War as a reward for fighting against the Austrians.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Italy was not unified until 1870–71 because there
was still strong influence from the French within Italy, and they protected the
Pope who did not recognise Italy’s power over Rome. The French kept a
garrison in Rome until 1866 and then again between 1867 and 1870 to protect
the Pope. Italian Catholics were concerned and did not know whether they
should recognise their King’s wishes or their Pope’s wishes. Eventually
Napoleon III had to withdraw his garrison from Rome and Rome was annexed
to the Italian state.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was a court case involving a slave called Dred Scott.’
‘The Court decided that the Constitution of the United States was not meant to
include American citizenship for black people.’
‘Scott sued in court for his freedom, claiming that because he had been taken
into free US territory, he had automatically been freed and was legally no
longer a slave.’
‘Abolitionists thought they had a strong case to put to the Supreme Court.’
‘The Supreme Court decided that residency in a free state did not free a slave
from slavery in his home state.’
‘The Supreme Court declared that the Missouri Compromise was against the
Constitution. The Court ruled that by forbidding slavery, it deprived a slave
owner of his property.’
e.g. ‘Lincoln won the 1860 election because he won the support of the North.
He won 54% of the Northern vote and carried all the free states except New
Jersey. This gave him the majority of votes in the electoral college.
Republicans voted for Lincoln in the Northern states because they did not
want slavery to expand.’
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3(c) ‘The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Slavery was an important cause of the Civil War. The South argued that
it needed to keep slavery so that it could run its plantations with a profit. The
South felt the North did not understand this and that slavery would be
abolished because of the political strength of the North. The election of
Abraham Lincoln as President provoked the South. Lincoln was known for his
anti-slavery views and the South feared he would act.’
OR
‘Another reason for the Civil War was that states in the South seceded and
set up the Confederacy. This threatened the Union. Lincoln saw the Union as
unbreakable and secession as illegal. He was afraid it would break the United
States apart. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he decided to put down the
‘rebellion’ in the South and issued a call to arms.’
e.g. ‘Slavery caused the Civil War as it caused the disagreements between
North and South.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Mutiny broke out among the ‘sepoys’ in the Bengal army of the East
India Company.’
‘It broke out in 1857.’
‘The mutiny began in Meerut but spread more widely.’
‘The soldiers were issued bullets greased with cow or pig fat which offended
those following the Hindu and Muslim religions.’
‘The concerns of the sepoys were ignored.’
‘Many Indians were discontented with British rule.’
‘The city of Lucknow was destroyed in the fighting and reprisals which
followed.’
e.g. ‘The opium trade was damaging to China because opium addiction
increased during the Qing dynasty. It became such a problem that the
Emperor prohibited the sale and smoking of opium. However, the trade
continued and in 1796 the Jiaqing emperor outlawed opium importation and
cultivation to try to prevent this from happening.’
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4(c) ‘European powers ruled harshly over their African colonies.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Native peoples were not always treated harshly. The British built roads,
railways, schools and hospitals and this generally improved the standard of
living of native peoples by increasing their mobility, improving their health and
giving them an education. There were benefits to the native peoples from
trade. Raw materials such as bananas, palm oil, rubber, cocoa and tea were
exchanged for manufactured goods.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some colonies native peoples were treated harshly. For example, in
the Congo there were many human rights abuses against the native peoples
and almost 10 million died under Leopold’s rule. Native peoples, even
children, were forced to work as slaves in rubber plantations. They were
treated brutally if they did not meet their work targets.’
e.g. ‘Nearly 10 million native people died under Belgian rule in the Congo.’
‘Native peoples were often forced to work as slaves or in near slave
conditions.’
‘The health and education of native peoples was ignored.’
‘The British built hospitals and schools.’
‘Some local producers benefited from the development of trade.’
‘In French colonies the native peoples were assimilated and gained rights as
French citizens.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED 2021
e.g. ‘Wilson’s view meant people should have their own state.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
5(c) ‘Loss of territory was the most serious consequence of the Versailles 10
Settlement for Germany.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Loss of territory was a serious consequence for Germany because much
of the land which it lost was rich in industrial resources and important for the
German economy. The Saar region was put under League of Nations control
and Alsace-Lorraine was given to France. Both regions contained coal mines
and the profits from these would have helped Germany pay reparations.’
OR
e.g. ‘The reduction in armaments brought a loss of pride and resentment. The
army was reduced to 100 000 men and the navy was restricted in size. This
contributed to a feeling of insecurity as the size of the army was thought to be
too small to defend against a possible French attack.’
e.g. ‘They thought it was wrong that some Germans were now living in foreign
countries.’
‘They lost revenue from industrial areas given to France and Poland.’
‘German overseas colonies were taken away.’
‘Access to raw materials was limited.’
‘There was a loss of agricultural land.’
‘There was a loss of coal mines/industrial areas.’
‘They thought the War Guilt Clause was unjust.’
‘They objected to the ‘Diktat’ or imposed peace.’
‘They thought the reparations were too severe.’
‘They felt their army was made too small.’
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Question Answer Marks
6(a) What did Hitler do to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The spread of communism was considered a great threat after the First
World War. British politicians feared the power of the Soviet Union in helping
to spread communism to Western Europe. Hitler was a known enemy of
communism and he was acting as a buffer against the spread of Soviet
communism. British politicians, therefore, decided to appease Hitler to help
strengthen his position against the USSR and reduce the risk of communism
spreading.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
6(c) ‘The increase in aggression from some states in the 1930s was caused 10
by economic factors.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘The Great Depression led to an increase in aggression from some states
and had political consequences. Many people lost their jobs and turned to
extreme political parties which promised solutions to the economic crisis. For
instance, in Japan, the government invaded Manchuria to gain raw materials
which were needed to strengthen the Japanese economy.’
OR
e.g. ‘The increased aggression during the 1930s came from the actions of
powerful leaders, such as Hitler and Mussolini. Hitler tested his military
capability in Spain as he was determined to build a ‘Greater Germany’, which
meant taking over territory, often by force, such as Austria, Czechoslovakia
and Poland.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
7(b) Why did US public opinion turn against the Vietnam War? 6
e.g. ‘One reason the US public turned against the Vietnam War was the My
Lai massacre. In revenge for the Tet Offensive in 1968, a small group of
American soldiers killed unarmed Vietnamese civilians in a village called My
Lai. The public was horrified when they found out what had happened.’
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7(c) How far do you agree that the US failed to contain the spread of 10
communism? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The war in Vietnam was one example of the US failing to contain the
spread of communism. The US wanted to stop the domino effect whereby if
one country fell to communism then the surrounding ones would follow. The
USA failed to defeat the Vietcong in South Vietnam and, after the evacuation
of US troops, the South was overrun. As a result of Vietnam becoming
communist, so did Laos and Cambodia.’
OR
e.g. ‘The USA failed because the whole of Vietnam became communist.’
‘In Vietnam, the US failed to stop the spread of communism from the north.’
‘As a result, neighbouring Laos and Cambodia became communist.’
‘US forces, under the UN, pushed North Korea back to its border.’
‘The USA had stopped the spread of communism in South Korea.’
‘Cuba remained communist after the Cuban missile crisis.’
‘Castro remained in power and was allied with the USSR.’
‘Kennedy’s critics did not want to see communism on the US’s doorstep.’
‘Kennedy was happy to isolate Cuba with no trade and no diplomatic contact.’
‘The US managed to contain communism in Cuba for the immediate future.’
‘The Marshall Plan prevented some states becoming communist in Europe.’
‘The Berlin Airlift saved West Berlin from becoming communist.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...783 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...784 of 1150...Call.03-234567800
2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
e.g. ‘The USSR invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 because it felt that Dubcek’s
reforms undermined their control over the country. He introduced freedoms
such as abolishing censorship and gave people the right to criticise the
government. Workers were given more rights in controlling how industry was
run and the trade unions were given more power. The USSR saw this as a
threat to their control as they were concerned these ideas would spread to
other parts of the Soviet bloc. Therefore, they invaded to bring down Dubcek’s
government.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
8(c) How far do you agree that Gorbachev was to blame for the collapse of 10
Soviet power in Eastern Europe? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Gorbachev was responsible for the decline of Soviet influence. He made
it clear he would not oppose attempts at democracy in Warsaw Pact
countries, and he would not send Red Army troops into these countries to
support Communist regimes nor force countries to stay tied to the Soviet
Union. This made it easier for Eastern European countries to decide on their
own future, with many deciding to break away from Soviet influence.’
OR
e.g. ‘Solidarity was certainly responsible for the decline of Soviet influence.
The movement showed that if people united, they could resist a Communist
government. In the 1989 elections in Poland, anti-communist candidates won
a striking victory. This inspired people in other Eastern European countries,
and there were peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Hungary, East
Germany and Czechoslovakia. Soviet influence was declining.’
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED 2021
9(b) Why was the Battle of Verdun important for the Allies? 6
e.g. ‘It was important because if the Germans won the battle, it would have
dealt a devastating blow to French morale. The Germans believed that if
France lost the battle they would surrender, and it may have led to Britain
withdrawing from the war.’
e.g. ‘It was one of many battles fought on the Western Front.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
9(c) Who achieved more from the Battle of the Somme, the Allies or the 10
Germans? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Germans did not suffer such severe losses at the Battle of the
Somme. On the first day of the battle, 1 July 1916, the British Army suffered
20 000 dead and 40 000 wounded. This was the worst day in the history of the
British Army. The week-long bombardment of enemy lines had left the
Germans in their deep bunkers largely undamaged. This proved that their
defences were strong.’
OR
e.g. ‘In spite of the losses suffered, the Battle of the Somme took pressure off
the French forces defending Verdun. It meant the Germans withdrew forces
from the Verdun area to fight on the Somme. This saved the French from
defeat and possible surrender, preventing Germany from winning the war.’
e.g. ‘The first day of the battle was the worst day in the history of the British
Army.’
‘There was criticism of the Allied leadership.’
‘German troops survived the heavy shelling.’
‘There was no breakthrough.’
‘It turned into a battle of attrition.’
‘Many PAL battalions were wiped out.’
‘At the end of the battle, British forces gained 7 miles.’
‘It took pressure off the French at Verdun.’
‘It saved the French army.’
‘Germans had to strengthen their forces with troops from Verdun.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘At first the Germans used a policy of ‘sink on sight’ towards British and
Allied ships.’
‘Merchant and military ships leaving or heading to Great Britain and Ireland
were targeted.’
‘In February 1915, the Germans created ‘war zones’ around the British Isles.’
‘Any ship from any country found in the war zones would be sunk.’
‘From February 1915, the policy was to use unrestricted U-boat warfare.’
‘In May 1915, U-boats sank the Lusitania.’
‘There were nearly 1200 casualties.’
‘The Germans called off unrestricted warfare, but it resumed again in 1916.’
‘U-boat warfare prevented essential supplies getting to Britain.’
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e.g. ‘One reason Germany suffered food shortages was that the potato
harvest failed in 1916 due to the spread of blight, a fungus which destroyed
the potatoes just as they were about to be harvested. Normally this could
have been prevented but a key ingredient in the treatment was copper which
had been set aside for the country’s war industry. Potatoes were an important
staple in the German diet and had to be replaced with turnips which were
usually reserved for feeding cattle.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
10(c) ‘Poor leadership was more important than food shortages in Russia’s 10
decision to leave the war.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘There was chaos in the Russian command structure. The staff
headquarters resembled an officer’s club rather than a military headquarters.
The Tsar had appointed many of his loyal courtiers as senior army
commanders, who were more concerned with their dining arrangements than
military planning. They assumed the bravery of their men would win the war
even though this might cause mass casualties. In 1915, the Tsar took over the
role as Commander-in-Chief.’
OR
e.g. ‘Food shortages were very severe in Russia. Urban areas such as
Petrograd faced shortages and people had to queue for hours to buy bread.
Inflation was also high. In February 1917 there were demonstrations in
Petrograd to protest at the lack of food. These continued for several days and,
when the army went onto the side of the demonstrators, the Tsar abdicated.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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11(b) Why did the Nazi Party have little success before 1930? 6
e.g. ‘One reason the Nazi Party had little success was that, for much of the
1920s, the Weimar government seemed to be doing well. Stresemann’s
policies were successful and the moderate parties, which made up the
Weimar coalitions, were the winners at the polls. The German electorate
could see little reason to switch their support to an untested, extreme right-
wing party whose leader had recently been convicted of high treason and
therefore the Nazi Party achieved limited results in elections.’
e.g. ‘The Nazi Party’s ideas were not popular with most people in the 1920s.’
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11(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was the most important event in Hitler’s 10
consolidation of power during 1933.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘The Enabling Act was important because it effectively made Hitler a
dictator. It gave him the power to make laws without the Reichstag for four
years. This meant the existing constitution could be ignored. It meant the end
of parliamentary democracy.’
‘Hitler used the Enabling Act to ban trade unions, to ban all political parties
apart from the Nazi Party, to purge the Civil Service and take control of local
government.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
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12(a) Describe actions taken by the Nazis against Jewish businesses in 1933. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The Nazis organised mass rallies as they were an excellent propaganda
opportunity to show the power and strength of the regime. People watched
military bands, marches, flying displays and listened to speeches by leading
Nazis. The rallies emphasised the order and dedication of the Nazis and how
good they were for Germany, and thus reinforced support for the Nazi
regime.’
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12(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis had control over German society? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Nazis did have control over German society because they used the
Gestapo to make people afraid of them and to keep them in line. The Gestapo
had powers to spy on ordinary citizens by tapping telephones, intercepting
mail and using information from informers. Most ordinary Germans were
frightened to speak out against Hitler and the Nazis and so this meant there
was little opposition to Nazi policies.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazis were not in control of all German people. There was still some
opposition, although numbers were very small. For instance, the Kreisau
Circle organised secret meetings to discuss how Germany would be governed
after Hitler’s removal. Their members included aristocrats and army officers.
They were prepared to risk their lives to hold opposition meetings.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED 2021
13(b) Why was there discontent with the Russian government by 1905? 6
e.g. ‘There was discontent with the Russian government because the new
industrial cities were breeding grounds for revolutionary ideas. The industrial
workers had been peasants but now they lived and worked in the cities. Living
and working conditions were appalling. There were few controls on child
labour, industrial injuries were common, and employers paid starvation
wages. People wanted change.’
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13(c) How surprising is it that the Tsar fell from power in 1917? Explain your 10
answer.
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that the Tsar fell from power in 1917. In 1915 he had
assumed supreme command of the Russian Army fighting on the Eastern
Front. This meant that he was held responsible for the country’s military
failures and the country’s huge loss of life, which, by the end of 1916, was
estimated at nearly five million dead, missing or as prisoners. There was
discontent and mutiny.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways it is surprising that the Tsar fell from power in 1917. When
war broke out in 1914, the Tsar had been popular and there were
demonstrations in support of him. He could always rely on loyalty from his
government, armed forces and secret police. The events of February 1917
started due to a bread strike and not because of a demand for revolution. It
was surprising for the Tsar that the army refused to fire on the demonstrators.’
e.g. ‘The Tsar fell from power because Russia was in a bad state.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Stalin saw that the development of industry was vital to the USSR
becoming economically and militarily strong. If the Soviet Union was
threatened by a foreign power, it would need strong defences to survive. It
was essential to develop heavy industries such as coal and steel production
and chemicals so that armaments could be built.’
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14(c) How far do you agree that women benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain 10
your answer.
e.g. ‘There were some benefits for women under Stalin’s regime. For
instance, Stalin insisted that men and women had equal status and therefore
women were encouraged to study to become engineers and doctors. By
1939, 79% of doctors were women and over 40% were involved in the
industrial workforce. These opportunities had not existed for them before.’
OR
e.g. ‘The position of women was supposed to be equal, but there were no
women in senior positions in the state and they often took lower positions in
the workplace. Also, women still had their traditional roles of mother and wife
to fulfil and were expected to work in the home as well as in the workplace.’
e.g. ‘Stalin increased the number of crèches for children of working mothers.’
‘Some factories were encouraged to establish ‘sitting’ services. This was for
mothers so that they could work even while caring for children.’
‘Stalin encouraged women into skilled jobs such as doctors and engineers.’
‘He promoted the idea that it was normal for women to work in industry.’
‘According to Soviet propaganda, women were equal partners in the struggle
to build a communist state.’
‘In the world of work, Soviet women were given equality with men.’
‘It was still considered women’s responsibility to do the domestic chores.’
‘Not a single woman held high office during Stalin’s years in power.’
‘Women were subjected to changing laws which took away freedoms, such as
easy divorce.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail. 1–4
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e.g. ‘They were known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’ because these years were
often associated with radical change in society and outrageous behaviour
from some sections of society. Some women broke free from traditions and
wore short dresses, short hairstyles, and took up smoking and drinking in
speakeasies. Many spent time in the new nightclubs where jazz quickly
became very popular.’
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15(c) How far do you agree that Prohibition failed because it was unpopular? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The main reason for the failure of Prohibition was that millions of
Americans, especially in urban areas, were simply not prepared to obey this
law. Some made their own liquor at home, known as moonshine, while rich
households imported wine and spirits illegally. By 1925, there were more
speakeasies in American cities than there had been saloons in 1919.’
OR
e.g. ‘One reason Prohibition failed was that it was not policed properly. The
government appointed several thousand enforcement agents, but this was not
enough and they were poorly paid. The networks which ran the illegal liquor
business were complex and there were not enough Prohibition agents to stop
them. The agents were often open to threats and bribes made by criminal
gangs. State officials, judges, senior police officers and jury members were
often bought off with bribes. Almost 10% of Prohibition agents were fired for
taking bribes.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Roosevelt wanted measures to bring about the recovery and rebuilding
of the American economy.’
‘Roosevelt wanted the New Deal’s aims to be ‘relief, recovery and reform’.’
‘He wanted to give people hope.’
‘He intended to introduce measures to bring relief to the poverty-stricken.’
‘He wanted to create employment through new agencies.’
‘The New Deal included improving working conditions and pay for the
employed.’
‘He wanted to bring stability to the banking system.’
‘He wanted to re-build the economy, both in industry and agriculture.’
‘Roosevelt wanted the New Deal to create a fairer and more just society.’
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e.g. ‘The Agricultural Adjustment Act was introduced because farming was in
crisis and farmers could not live on what they earned. Prices had fallen
because US farms were overproducing and were not able to export their
surplus because of the tariff system. Many farmers could not afford to pay
back loans which they had taken out to buy new machinery. This resulted in
eviction and unemployment. The Agricultural Adjustment Act aimed to
address this by cutting production to raise prices.’
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16(c) ‘The most serious opposition to the New Deal came from business 10
leaders.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘Business leaders were opposed to the New Deal. In 1934, they formed
the Liberty League to unite the opposition against FDR’s new policies. They
thought the welfare payments made by the New Deal were too generous and
undermined the American characteristics of self-reliance and ‘rugged
individualism’. They were opposed to trade unions and particularly disliked the
NIRA. They were a serious threat because they were influential in political
circles, both Democrat and Republican.’
OR
e.g. ‘Probably the most serious opposition to the New Deal came from the
Supreme Court. They were concerned that FDR was over-extending his
power and taking away rights which should have belonged to the states rather
than the federal government. By the end of 1936, the Supreme Court had
ruled against seven of the nine cases about the New Deal which had come
before it. As a result of these cases, the AAA and NIRA had both been
declared unconstitutional.’
e.g. ‘Business leaders in the Liberty League opposed the New Deal.’
‘Republicans believed in minimal government intervention and low taxation.’
‘Some Republicans thought Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.’
‘Some state governors argued that the New Deal laws conflicted with the
rights of state governments.’
‘Individuals like Huey Long, Francis Townsend and Father Coughlin thought
Roosevelt should do more than the New Deal.’
‘The Supreme Court had to uphold the Constitution.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There was a campaign to teach Chinese people to read and write.’
‘In 1949, only 20% were literate. By the 1960s this had increased to 90%.’
‘Teachers were sent to the villages, teaching children by day and the adults in
the evening.’
‘Students received an education in communism. They read from the works of
Lenin, Marx and Mao.’
‘They were encouraged to be hard-working, cheerful, loyal to their leaders and
helpful to others.’
‘All those in education were reminded of the importance of manual work.’
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e.g. ‘The barefoot doctors were important because they brought free medical
care to the peasants and were able to help stem the spread of disease by
providing basic healthcare. They focused on prevention rather than cure and
ran public campaigns to encourage good hygiene. Their work led to a decline
in the death rate, particularly in infant mortality.’
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17(c) ‘The main reason for the introduction of communes in 1958 was to 10
improve agricultural production.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘Communes were designed not only to improve agriculture, but also
industry, education, local government and medicine. Communes established
‘backyard furnaces’ which produced an estimated 11 million tons of steel.
They also were a way to control the peasantry and increase productivity. They
were large and so could undertake large projects such as irrigation work.’
e.g. ‘Communes seemed to be the ideal way to organise China’s vast peasant
labour force.’
‘They were large enough to tackle large projects such as irrigation works.’
‘Communes had an industrial purpose – to mine coal and iron and to set up
their own blast furnaces.’
‘It was believed that communes would be more efficient for agriculture.’
‘Everyone had to live communally with childcare and schooling provided.’
‘Communes were designed to speed up the change to communism.’
e.g. ‘The introduction of Communes meant great changes for the Chinese
people.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘In 1954, India and China signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet called
‘Panch Shila’.’
‘There were cultural exchanges between India and China.’
‘In 1954, India published maps showing the border between India and China.’
‘In 1959, the Chinese stated that the borders were incorrect and much ‘Indian
land’ was in fact Chinese.’
‘In 1959, the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees fled to India.’
‘In 1962, there was a brief war on the border which China won.’
‘There were small communist risings in India, supported by China.’
‘China supported Pakistan in the war with India in 1965.’
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18(b) Why did China’s relationship with Vietnam change in the 1970s? 6
e.g. ‘Relations between China and Vietnam became tense because Vietnam
invaded Cambodia in 1976. This was seen as a threat by China which was
afraid that Vietnam would become a threat on its southern border at a time
when it felt threatened also by the USSR in the North. To make matters
worse, Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship with the USSR. This was all at a
time when Sino-Soviet relations were deteriorating.’
e.g. ‘During the Vietnam War, China provided arms, military training and
supplies to the North.’
‘This support was dependent on the North Vietnamese refusing all Soviet aid.’
‘There was tension because the Vietnamese Communist Party wanted to
develop their own approach.’
‘China wanted Vietnam to follow a similar path to China.’
‘Tensions arose when Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1976.’
‘The relationship deteriorated when Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship with
the USSR.’
‘In 1979, fighting broke out when China attacked North Vietnam.’
‘Peace talks were held at the end of 1979, but these broke down.’
e.g. ‘China had supported Vietnam but relations broke down in the 1970s.’
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OR
e.g. ‘There were also differences in foreign policy between the two nations.
Khrushchev wanted peaceful coexistence between capitalist and communist
nations. Mao saw this as weak and had wanted to form a communist bloc
which was against the West. The USSR attempted to form better relations
with the USA and supported India in border disputes with China.’
e.g. ‘In February 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and Mao was angry
about this.’
‘The terms of the 1950 Treaty of Friendship meant China was exploited
economically.’
‘Mao and Khrushchev clashed.’
‘In July 1959, Khrushchev criticised the Great Leap Forward.’
‘There were armed clashes between Soviet and Chinese troops along the
Amur River.’
‘In 1960, the Soviet government withdrew all Russian technicians from China.’
‘Mao disagreed with Khrushchev as he thought ‘peaceful coexistence’ was a
weak policy.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘White people, black people and others were to live in separate racial
areas.’
‘The whole of South Africa was to be divided into racial areas.’
‘The impact of the law was to exclude black people from living in the most
developed areas.’
‘It caused many black people to have to commute large distances to work.’
‘The law led to many black people being forcibly removed for living in the
‘wrong’ areas.’
‘The white minority owned most of the country.’
‘Black people had to carry pass books to enter ‘white’ parts of the country.’
e.g. ‘The Act was introduced because Verwoerd wanted to create an all-white
South Africa. The creation of Bantustans provided a way for the government
to eject all black people from white areas who were not employed or needed
for the functioning of the economy. This meant that women, children, the old
and the unemployed were driven out to live on the black reserves or
homelands.’
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19(c) ‘The Sharpeville Massacre was more important than the Defiance 10
Campaign in the resistance to apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was probably more important in the
resistance to apartheid because it resulted in the membership of the ANC
increasing from 7000 to 100 000. The Campaign gave confidence to the
opponents of the government that further mass protest could bring political
changes. It was important because it was the largest non-violent resistance
ever seen in South Africa and the first campaign pursued jointly by all racial
groups under the leadership of the ANC and the South African Indian
Congress.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
20(b) Why did the introduction of the Homelands policy make life worse for 6
black South Africans?
e.g. ‘One of the main ways it made life worse was that the South African
government did not have to provide schools, hospitals and homes. This meant
the people living in the Homelands had very few facilities, living conditions
were poor and the few schools were overcrowded and very poorly resourced.’
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OR
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2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Zionists wanted to win support for a Jewish homeland from the
British government.’
‘They thought the work of Haganah during the war would persuade the British
to help them.’
‘They aimed to win the support of the USA for a homeland for European Jews
in Palestine.’
‘They wanted the British to leave Palestine.’
‘They wanted to ensure that Jewish immigration to Palestine could not be
limited.’
‘They aimed to use their influence in the US to pressure Truman to support
their goals.’
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e.g. ‘The Arabs were too confident of achieving success. Five Arab states
were involved in the attack against an Israeli force that initially had no planes,
no heavy artillery and few armoured vehicles. The Arabs were confident they
could defeat this Israeli force quickly. They were surprised when Israel began
to fight back and were outnumbered by Israeli troops.’
OR
e.g. ‘Since the First World War there had been strong Jewish groups
demanding a separate state for Jews. In the war of 1948–49, the Jews were
fighting to keep this dream alive. They were determined to win and were
aware that if they lost, they could lose their chance of having a homeland.’
e.g. ‘The Israelis won the war because they were better organised than the
Arab forces.’
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21(c) ‘US pressure was the main reason for the change in British policy 10
towards Palestine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘There were millions of Jews living in the USA and they exerted pressure
on their government to encourage Britain to take more Jewish immigrants and
to accept the partition of Palestine. The Mayor of New York launched a
campaign to raise £2 million in 1947 for the purchase of guns to fight the
British. The British government had enough of this pressure and gave in.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, there were other factors which meant Britain was already keen
to leave the Middle East. The Second World War had left the British
exhausted with huge debts. The new Labour Government wanted to
concentrate on introducing expensive social reforms, such as the NHS, and
could not afford to keep thousands of troops in Palestine to keep peace in the
area.’
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22(a) Describe the differences in views between Labor and Likud towards the 4
peace process.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
22(b) Why did the Palestinian conflict become more intense after 1988? 6
e.g. ‘The Palestinian conflict became more intense after 1988 because the
Intifada had started at the beginning of December 1987. Palestinians began
general strikes, riots and civil disobedience campaigns across the West Bank
and Gaza Strip. This uprising of youths in Gaza and the West Bank provoked
a furious backlash from Israel. This provoked further resentment, and more
violence, in the occupied territories.’
e.g. ‘Some groups decided that peaceful means were not working.’
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22(c) How successful has the UN been in its efforts to deal with the 10
Palestinian issue? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways the UN has not been successful as the UN has been
divided over which approach to take. The UN General Assembly has passed
many resolutions which address the ‘Palestinian problem’ or the refugee
crisis, but the Security Council has been unable to bring lasting peace to the
area. Many of the peacekeeping missions, such as in Suez in 1967, ended in
failure. Many Lebanese and Palestinian civilians died in the war which
followed Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways the UN has been successful in its efforts. The UN has
provided humanitarian relief in the region. UNWRA has provided relief for the
refugees from the 1948 war and established camps to house, provide
education and offer healthcare to displaced Palestinians.’
e.g. ‘The UN has tried and failed to address the issue of Palestine.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 October/November 2021
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (CE) 222885
© UCLES 2021 [Turn over
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(a) Describe Frederick William IV’s response to the 1848 revolution in Prussia. [4]
(b) Why did Pope Pius IX turn against the 1848 revolutions in Italy? [6]
(c) How far did the 1848 revolution in France fail? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction opposed by Congress? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the position of black Americans improved as a result of
Reconstruction? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Leopold II’s control over the Congo cause hatred among the local population? [6]
(c) ‘The changes to British rule resulting from the Indian Mutiny were beneficial to Indians.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
4 Relationships between European powers were important in the build-up to the First World War.
(b) Why did the Balkan Wars (1912–13) lead to tension between Russia and Austria? [6]
(c) ‘Colonial rivalry was a greater cause of tension between Germany and Britain than the naval
race.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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5 Agreeing a peace settlement at the end of the First World War was challenging.
(a) Describe how Austria was treated in the peace settlement. [4]
(b) Why was Danzig important in the negotiations for a peace settlement? [6]
(c) Who had the harder task in achieving their aims for the peace settlement, Lloyd George or
Wilson? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘German involvement in the Spanish Civil War was more important for Hitler than the takeover
of Czechoslovakia.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 The USA and USSR had different aims in Europe after 1945.
(b) Why did Stalin want control over the government of Poland? [6]
(c) ‘Marshall Aid did more to strengthen the Americans than benefit the Europeans.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the Shatt al-Arab waterway a cause of tension between Iran and Iraq? [6]
(c) ‘Damage to the economies of Iran and Iraq was the most important consequence of the
Iran–Iraq War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why were tanks ineffective on the Western Front before 1918? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Haig deserved his reputation as ‘Butcher of the Somme’? Explain
your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the methods used by the British government to recruit soldiers. [4]
(c) ‘Food shortages were a more important factor than military failings in Russia’s decision to
leave the war.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
11 Germany faced challenges in the years following the First World War.
(c) How far did Stresemann restore Germany’s strength between 1924 and 1929? Explain your
answer. [10]
(c) How far did Hitler’s policies towards the Jews between 1933 and 1938 have popular support?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(c) ‘White weakness rather than Bolshevik strength determined the outcome of the Civil War.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) How far do you agree that Stalin carried out the Purges to remove Trotsky’s supporters?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the development of advertising important to the boom? [6]
(c) ‘Americans benefited from the boom.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
(b) Why did many people face unemployment after the Wall Street Crash? [6]
(c) How surprising was the Wall Street Crash? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe Chiang Kai-shek’s treatment of the Communists in the early 1930s. [4]
(b) Why did support for the Communists increase during the Second World War? [6]
(c) ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists determined the outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were there changes in the relationship between India and China in the 1960s? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for the improvement in China’s relations with the USA after 1970 was the
establishment of trade between the two of them.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did South African gold mining flourish in the period up to 1945? [6]
(c) ‘The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact on non-white South Africans than the
Native Urban Areas Act in the period to 1948.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was Oliver Tambo important in the struggle against apartheid? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that internal unrest was more important than economic problems in
encouraging de Klerk to end white minority rule? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(c) How surprising was it that Israel won the 1948–49 war? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Jordan withdraw support for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the
1970s? [6]
(c) ‘The Palestinians were successful in winning international support by the 1990s.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
1(b) Why did Pope Pius IX turn against the 1848 revolutions in Italy? 6
e.g. ‘Pope Pius IX turned against the revolutions in Italy because he did not
want to engage in aggression against another Catholic country, Austria. The
Pope was not as liberal as many wanted to believe. His Allocution infuriated
many nationalists who believed he would lead Italy. Pius IX feared that war
with Austria would lead to a religious divide between the Church in Austria
and that of Rome. He recalled his troops from the front, a decision which
caused the revolutionary movement to falter.’
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1(c) How far did the 1848 revolution in France fail? Explain your answer. 10
OR
e.g. ‘The 1848 revolution in France was not a success, as not everyone was
happy with the actions of the new provisional government. Small farmers and
peasants were unhappy that they had to pay taxes to fund the National
Workshops when they received no benefit at all from the scheme.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Carpetbaggers were unscrupulous politicians from the North who entered
the southern states.’
‘They had the backing of Union troops.’
‘They took control of the state governments.’
‘They set up state governments which were often corrupt.’
‘Scalawags were white Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies.’
‘They supported the Republicans.’
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e.g. ‘One reason Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction were opposed was that
he tried to prevent Congress from increasing the powers of the Freedmen’s
Bureau. The Bureau had been important in providing basic welfare provision
to ex-slaves. When Johnson vetoed the extension, Republicans were horrified
and joined forces to introduce a Civil Rights Act.’
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2(c) How far do you agree that the position of black Americans improved as 10
a result of Reconstruction? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The position of black Americans did not improve as attitudes towards
them did not change. Much of Southern white society still believed white
people were superior. The Ku Klux Klan was a continuation of this attitude;
they would not accept black Americans as equal citizens. The Klan
intimidated, beat and lynched black Americans.’
OR
e.g. ‘The lives of black Americans did improve because they now had their
freedom – the most important benefit of all. They were able to live with their
families and make decisions about their lives. In the South, after the war
ended, they were supported by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and
Abandoned Lands, which set up schools and supplied work, clothes and
food.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
3(b) Why did Leopold II’s control over the Congo cause hatred among the 6
local population?
e.g. ‘The local people hated Leopold II’s control because he was very cruel
towards them and treated them in an inhumane way. Often villagers were
forced to work for him in the rubber plantations without pay and many people
died in the harsh conditions. People faced severe punishments, such as
mutilation, if they did not produce enough and this often meant they were
unable to work and care for their families.’
e.g. ‘Leopold exploited the territory’s resources, mainly rubber and ivory, as a
private entrepreneur.’
‘Leopold’s Force Publique decimated many native villages.’
‘Villagers were forced to gather rubber, often without pay.’
‘The forced labour system led to the deaths of 20% of the population.’
‘Many had hands amputated, meaning they found it difficult to work and look
after their families.’
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3(c) ‘The changes to British rule resulting from the Indian Mutiny were 10
beneficial to Indians.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘The Indians did not benefit from the changes to British rule. To reassert
their authority, the British soldiers crushed the Mutiny and inflicted
unbelievable cruelty on the sepoys and their supporters. Authority was
tightened by passing control to the Crown from the East India Company.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, there were some benefits in the longer term. Considerable
investment and organisation went into the country from Britain. Improved
communications resulted in better roads and railways being built. An
education system was introduced, and hospitals and universities opened.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED 2021
4(b) Why did the Balkan Wars (1912–13) lead to tension between Russia and 6
Austria?
e.g. ‘In the Balkan War of 1912, Serbia gained significant territory from the
defeated Turks. In 1913, the Bulgarians attacked fellow members of the
Balkan League, but lost. Again, Serbia gained even more land. It had doubled
in size in two years. A ‘big Serbia’ now presented a considerable threat to
Austria‐Hungary. Russia promised to support Serbia in its nationalist struggle
and supported the Balkan League.’
e.g. ‘Serbia became twice as large because of the wars, making Austria
relatively weaker.’
‘Serbia was a great threat to Austria as it was seen as a tool of Russia.’
‘Russia was keen to support Serbia in future conflicts.’
‘The Germans had restrained Austria, but realised that, if there was another
crisis, they would support Austrian action.’
‘It involved both powers in rival alliances.’
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4(c) ‘Colonial rivalry was a greater cause of tension between Germany and 10
Britain than the naval race.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The British were afraid that Germany wanted an empire and would use
its strength to acquire colonies. This had happened in Morocco where the
Kaiser had challenged French control. Britain was concerned that Germany’s
empire would be serviced by a rapidly increasing military fleet, which would be
based largely in the North Sea.’
OR
e.g. ‘Britain felt Germany was threatening its economic superiority and her
naval power by building up Germany’s naval strength. Britain, therefore,
started a programme of Dreadnought building to combat Germany’s High
Seas Fleet. This was a greater threat because the German Fleet was close to
Britain. Traditionally, Germany had a strong army and Britain had a strong
navy. Now that balance seemed to be under threat.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
5(b) Why was Danzig important in the negotiations for a peace settlement? 6
e.g. ‘Before the First World War, Danzig had been a thriving German seaport.
With the re-creation of Poland, Germany would lose Danzig to the new state
of Poland. This worried the peacemakers because Danzig’s population was
mainly German. Transferring authority to Poland could cause great
resentment and a politically unstable situation.’
e.g. ‘It was important to make the right decision about it.’
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5(c) Who had the harder task in achieving their aims for the peace 10
settlement, Lloyd George or Wilson? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Lloyd George had a hard task because he knew that the British people
wanted Germany to be punished for the damage caused in the war. Therefore
he had to try and secure a harsh treaty in order to maintain the support of the
British people. However, he also understood that Germany was an important
trading partner to Britain. If it was too harshly punished, then the German
economy might suffer, and the country would be unable to trade with Britain.’
OR
e.g. ‘Wilson had the harder task as he was trying to ensure that the peace
was just and Germany was punished, but not too harshly. This meant he
clashed with Clemenceau who wanted Germany to be weakened. Wilson also
had the idea of self-determination which Britain and France saw as a threat to
their empires, making them less likely to support the policy.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Hitler stated in Mein Kampf that he wanted to create a Greater Germany
and to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Anschluss had been forbidden by
the Treaty and so a union would help him achieve both these aims.’
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6(c) ‘German involvement in the Spanish Civil War was more important for 10
Hitler than the takeover of Czechoslovakia.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Spanish Civil War was important for Hitler as it gave him the
opportunity to test the capability of his Luftwaffe in strategic bombing of
Spanish towns such as Guernica. It was testing carpet bombing which made
civilians a direct target. The attacks were designed in waves to maximise the
damage and casualties.’
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
7(b) Why did Stalin want control over the government of Poland? 6
e.g. ‘Stalin thought the USSR would be more secure if Poland had a friendly
government.’
‘Stalin felt Poland was in the Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.’
‘Stalin wanted a barrier between the West and the USSR.’
‘Stalin wanted the border of the USSR to move westwards towards Germany
and into Poland.’
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7(c) ‘Marshall Aid did more to strengthen the Americans than benefit the 10
Europeans.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘Although Marshall Aid was an expensive policy for the USA, the
programme helped the Americans in several ways. Truman was keen to
contain communism, and strengthening Western Europe meant that the
spread of communism was contained.’
OR
e.g. ‘Marshall Aid brought great benefits to Western European nations. Many
nations, such as France and Italy, faced severe food shortages after the
Second World War. Marshall Aid gave financial support to 16 European
countries and this helped them to stabilise their economies and remain free
from communist control.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
8(b) Why was the Shatt al-Arab waterway a cause of tension between Iran 6
and Iraq?
e.g. ‘The Shatt al-Arab waterway caused tension between Iran and Iraq
because it was important for the oil industry in both countries. Both were
dependent on their income from oil and if one or the other of them gained
control of the waterway, it meant they could disrupt the oil industry of the other
and inflict economic harm.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
8(c) ‘Damage to the economies of Iran and Iraq was the most important 10
consequence of the Iran–Iraq War.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Economic damage was very severe on both sides. Having been one of
the wealthiest countries in the region, Iraq was reduced to bankruptcy by eight
years of war. It owed over $80 billion in loans and its revenues from oil had
drastically reduced. Iran had less foreign debt, but its oil industry had also
plummeted. In both countries, the standard of living of the population was
dramatically reduced.’
OR
e.g. ‘Loss of life was the most severe impact of the war. Approximately 1
million Iranians were killed. In Iraq (which had a smaller population), up to half
a million people died. This represented around 2 per cent of each country’s
population. There was also psychological damage, and many soldiers and
civilians were seriously wounded on both sides.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The machine gun was the weapon which produced most casualties.’
‘It was effective against troops crossing no man’s land.’
‘It was effective for defending trenches.’
‘Machine guns fired between 400 and 600 bullets a minute.’
‘They had the effect of over 100 rifles.’
‘It produced most of the 60 000 British casualties on the first day of the Battle
of the Somme.’
9(b) Why were tanks ineffective on the Western Front before 1918? 6
e.g. ‘Early tanks were slow moving and often broke down in no man’s land
before they reached the enemy trenches. When they were first used on the
Somme, over half of the tanks failed to make the German front lines. Because
tanks were large and slow, they were an easy target to hit. This meant they
did not provide protection for the infantry as they were supposed to do.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
9(c) How far do you agree that Haig deserved his reputation as ‘Butcher of 10
the Somme’? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways Haig deserved to be remembered as the ‘Butcher of the
Somme’. The first day of the Battle of the Somme was the worst in the history
of the British Army with over 20 000 deaths and 40 000 wounded. Haig would
not change his tactics and insisted the full-frontal attacks must continue. He
was bitterly criticised for throwing men at massed defences.’
OR
e.g. ‘On the other hand, some argue that Haig was doing the best that he
could with the resources at his disposal. Haig had warned politicians that the
campaign would result in heavy losses. He believed that the objective of the
Somme had been achieved. It saved Verdun. Many of Germany’s best troops
were killed and injured and overall their losses were greater.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Britain was forced to introduce food rationing because of the effect of
unrestricted submarine warfare on British shipping by German U-boats. By
April 1917, Britain had lost 1500 merchant sailors and almost 3 million tons of
shipping. These ships had transported food supplies to Britain from abroad
and so rationing was introduced.’
e.g. ‘The government needed to ensure there was enough food to go round.’
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10(c) ‘Food shortages were a more important factor than military failings in 10
Russia’s decision to leave the war.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Food shortages were an important factor because they led to the
outbreak of the February Revolution which caused the abdication of the Tsar.
There were severe shortages of grain, supplies were slow to reach the towns
and people had to queue for hours to buy bread. Demonstrations started in
Petrograd. At first these were about the lack of bread, but the demands of the
demonstrators soon became political, and the Tsar was forced to abdicate.
Although a Provisional Government took over, the Bolsheviks seized power.
They promised bread for the people and an end to the war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Military failings were important in Russia’s decision to leave the war.
Russia had faced heavy defeats since the start of the war and suffered huge
casualties. The few successful offensives, such as the Brusilov Offensive
could not be followed because of a lack of supplies and poor leadership.
When the Provisional Government took over it kept Russia in the war but an
unsuccessful attack on Austria in June of 1917 added to this government’s
unpopularity.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Spartacists were led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.’
‘In January 1919, the Spartacists launched their bid for power.’
‘It was a Communist rising against the Weimar Government.’
‘There were barricades in the street and armed street fighting.’
‘They wanted a Germany ruled by workers’ councils or soviets.’
‘The leaders were executed by the Freikorps.’
e.g. ‘In January 1923, the French and Belgians occupied the Ruhr because
Germany had not paid the second instalment of their reparations. They
decided to seize coal to the value of the money which they should have been
paid. However, the German industrial workers refused to work. The German
government encouraged passive resistance by the German workers, but
violence broke out and the French drove 100 000 Germans out of the Ruhr
region.’
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11(c) How far did Stresemann restore Germany’s strength between 1924 and 10
1929? Explain your answer.
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Gestapo was feared by German citizens because they could arrest
citizens and send them to concentration camps without trial or explanation.
They would find out if people had spoken out against Nazi policy by spying on
people through their telephones, mail and accessing information through a
network of informers, so no one knew who to trust.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
12(c) How far did Hitler’s policies towards the Jews between 1933 and 1938 10
have popular support? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘When the Jews were driven out of their professions it meant that other
people were able to take their jobs. Young people were indoctrinated to hate
the Jews, and some joined in the persecution. There was no outcry from the
German people about the events of Kristallnacht. However, maybe this was
because people were afraid of speaking out rather than because they
supported what the Nazis had done.’
OR
e.g. ‘The policy towards the Jews was not popular with all Germans. For
instance, when the boycott of Jewish shops was organised in April 1933,
many Germans took no notice of the SA men who were standing guard
outside the shops and carried on shopping as they usually did. The Nazis
claimed that ordinary Germans had carried out the attacks on the Jews on
Kristallnacht, but it was actually SA men.’
e.g. ‘Children and young people were indoctrinated to hate the Jews.’
‘Some benefited when the Jews lost their jobs.’
‘Some Germans tried to protect the Jews.’
‘Many ignored the boycott of Jewish shops in 1933.’
‘Some were horrified by the events of Kristallnacht.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis passed laws which discriminated against the Jews.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The sailors had played vital roles in the November Revolution and the
Civil War. They thought they had fought against repression and dictatorship
which the Soviet government now seemed to be showing. They thought the
Soviet government had taken away the freedoms from the workers and
peasants which they had fought for in 1917.’
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e.g. ‘Bolshevik strength was important. Trotsky’s leadership of the Red Army
was vital to Communist success. He enforced strict discipline, but he was also
able to inspire and rally his men. He was personally brave, taking his special
forces to places where the fighting was fiercest. The Bolsheviks were united
and fought for a common cause, unlike the White armies.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, the Whites had weaknesses and lost the war because they
lacked unity. White armies were geographically separated by large distances.
This made communications difficult, especially moving men and weapons and
co-ordinating the attacks of the different White armies. They could not agree
on co-ordinating a plan for attack, and this worked in favour of the Bolsheviks.'
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Stalin was part of every aspect of the Soviet people’s daily lives.’
‘Portraits, photographs and statues were everywhere celebrating Stalin’s
image.’
‘There were 16 cities named after him.’
‘Stalin was made out to be a super-being.’
‘Children were taught that Stalin was the ‘wisest man of the age’.’
‘His birthday was celebrated by the nation every year.’
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e.g. ‘Trotsky was a leading candidate to succeed Lenin because he was the
most prominent member of the Bolsheviks after Lenin. His leadership had
been important in the October Revolution and he had led the Red Army to
victory in the Civil War. He was well known and popular.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
14(c) How far do you agree that Stalin carried out the Purges to remove 10
Trotsky’s supporters? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘One reason for the purges was that Stalin wanted to remove the old
Bolsheviks, such as Kamenev and Zinoviev, and he blamed them for the
murder of Kirov. Even though Trotsky had fled the country he continued to
denounce Stalin and members of the left-wing opposition were accused of
being agents of Trotsky. Stalin removed them so they could no longer be a
potential threat.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, the purges were much more far-reaching and did not stop at
removing the old Bolsheviks and this suggests there were other motives.
Stalin was afraid that the army leaders might be a threat and many of them
were executed in 1937–38. Stalin also used the purges to remove ‘enemies of
the people’ who were denounced or accused of being ‘anti-Soviet’ and either
sent to labour camps or executed. Many were subjected to show trials, with
false evidence against them.’
e.g. ‘Stalin blamed Zinoviev and Kamenev for the murder of Kirov.’
‘Those who had supported NEP (such as Bukharin) were killed.’
‘Senior members of the armed forces were purged because they had the
potential to be a threat.’
‘The purges gave Stalin an opportunity to increase his control over the USSR.’
‘People would be too frightened to criticise the regime.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Advertising was important to the boom because consumer goods were
being produced on a vast scale and profits depended on increased sales.
Sophisticated marketing techniques were developed to encourage people to
buy goods. Many of the advertisers had learned their skills producing wartime
propaganda. Now they set up agencies to sell cars and other consumer goods
produced during the boom. If the advertising was successful more people
would buy products and demand would continue to rise, fuelling the boom.’
e.g. ‘There were many more consumer goods on the market to buy.’
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15(c) ‘Americans benefited from the boom.’ How far do you agree with this 10
statement? Explain your answer.
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
16(b) Why did many people face unemployment after the Wall Street Crash? 6
e.g. ‘After the first series of business and banking failures, the whole economy
had to adjust to a reduction in trade and demand for American goods.
Businesses had to reduce their operations by sacking workers and reducing
the wages of those who remained. It became a vicious cycle as these actions
took even more money out of the economy and further reduced the demand
for goods. This meant that unemployment increased even more.’
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PUBLISHED 2021
16(c) How surprising was the Wall Street Crash? Explain your answer. 10
e.g. ‘The Wall Street Crash was a great surprise for some investors. The
1920s had been boom years for the American economy. Consumer items
such as cars and radios had sold in huge numbers. Industries made huge
profits and some shareholders grew wealthy. Many investors did not notice
the fall in profits and production in 1928. Some had bought shares on credit
expecting to sell them and make a profit. These speculators were caught by
surprise in 1929 when some investors decided that the market was going to
fall and started to sell their shares. This caused a panic which resulted in a
dramatic decline in share values.’
OR
e.g. ‘On the other hand, it was not surprising that the Wall Street Crash
occurred. There were signs that the economy had reached saturation point.
Americans with money had already bought a car, fridge and other domestic
appliances and did not need to keep buying more. Also, as many as 60% of
Americans still lived in poverty and could not afford to buy new domestic
products in the first place. This all meant that demand was reducing, profits
would decline, and the value of shares would fall.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
17(b) Why did support for the Communists increase during the Second World 6
War?
e.g. ‘The Communists were popular with the peasants because they took the
fight to the Japanese by using guerrilla tactics. They organised local Chinese
resistance forces in areas occupied by the Japanese in an attempt to
sabotage the enemy war effort. They destroyed railways, ambushed troops
and disrupted Japanese supply lines. This was in contrast to the defensive
approach by the Nationalists.’
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17(c) ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists determined the outcome of the Civil 10
War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Mao’s leadership was more important than the Nationalists’ weaknesses
because he was seen by the peasants as a liberator because of his guerrilla
tactics against the Japanese. The peasants recognised that Mao was fighting
to defend China’s national interests. Mao made sure that his troops were
disciplined and treated the peasants fairly. This secured support for the
Communists and enhanced their chances of victory.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nationalists became unpopular, and this helped the Communists to
victory. Chiang’s regime was corrupt and inefficient. Local officials abused
their powers and made themselves rich by taking bribes and extorting money
from the local people.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘China provided arms, military training and supplies to the North during
the Vietnam War.’
‘There was tension because the Vietnamese Communist Party wanted to
develop their own approach.’
‘China wanted Vietnam to follow a similar path to China.’
‘Tensions arose when Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1976.’
‘The relationship deteriorated) when Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship with
the USSR .’
‘China attacked northern Vietnam in 1979.’
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18(b) Why were there changes in the relationship between India and China in 6
the 1960s?
e.g. ‘In 1962, a brief war broke out between China and India. In 1954, India
had published new maps that included the boundaries of India with China, but
in 1959, the Chinese stated in a letter to the Indian leader that their borders
were incorrect and that over 100 000 square kilometres of territory shown on
the Indian maps was in fact Chinese land. The Chinese won the war in 1962
but there was tension throughout the 1960s.’
e.g. ‘The relationship changed because China felt differently about India.’
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18(c) ‘The main reason for the improvement in China’s relations with the USA 10
after 1970 was the establishment of trade between the two of them.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Trade between China and the USA was an important part of the greatly
improved relations between the two countries after 1970. The failure of the
Great Leap Forward meant that China was in need of help and saw American
trade and business expertise as something that could be beneficial to China.
In 1971, Henry Kissinger travelled to China and negotiated a trade agreement
and China was admitted to the UN in the same year. In 1972, the Chinese-
American trade agreement was followed by the signing of a peace treaty.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other motives for a thaw in Sino-US relations. As the
Chinese relationship with the USSR deteriorated, Mao believed that it was a
good idea to cultivate a relationship with the USSR’s traditional enemy, the
USA. Mao believed in the principle that his enemy’s enemy should be his
friend, and the provocative behaviour of the Russians in the late 1960s made
a positive relationship with the Americans even more attractive.’
e.g. ‘The relationship between the USSR and China had deteriorated in the
1969’s.’
‘The US supported Taiwan in the Taiwan Straits crisis.’
‘The US finally accepted that the CCP was the legitimate government of
China.’
‘In 1971 the Chinese government invited the American table tennis team to
Beijing.’
‘Mao saw there were economic benefits from trading with the US.’
‘In 1972 there was a Chinese-American trade agreement.’
e.g. ‘It was in both countries’ interests to put their differences aside.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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19(b) Why did South African gold mining flourish in the period up to 1945? 6
e.g. ‘Gold mining flourished because the government gave the mine owners
their support. They passed laws which meant the black farmers living in
mining regions such as the Transvaal had to pay a tax. As most did not use
money they had to find supplementary income to pay the tax. This meant they
often went to work in the mines. This ensured a supply of labour for the
mines.’
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19(c) ‘The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact on non-white South 10
Africans than the Native Urban Areas Act in the period to 1948.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact because it prevented
black people from owning or renting land and they were forced to live in
reservations which were overcrowded. Sharecropping was banned. In the
short term, this was significant because many black sharecroppers were
evicted, causing them harsh suffering. In the long term, the Act simply turned
black people into labourers for white farmers. It was no longer possible to
earn a living from farming.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Native Urban Areas Act meant that housing became segregated.
Black South Africans were only allowed to live in black townships, away from
white people. Their houses were often constructed of mud bricks and
corrugated iron. There were no metalled roads, and the water supplies and
sanitation were poor. This meant disease spread easily.’
e.g. ‘The Natives Land Act prevented black people from owning land.’
‘The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from practising
sharecropping.’
‘The Act forced black people to seek work on white-owned farms.’
‘The 1913 Act led to the eviction of black sharecroppers.’
‘The Native Urban Areas Act meant black people had to live in extremely poor
housing.’
‘Clean water and sanitation were in short supply.’
‘Disease spread easily.’
e.g. ‘Both of these laws made living and working conditions much worse for
black South Africans.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Laws that restricted the movements of black people were removed in
1986.’
‘Some prisoners who had broken pass laws were released.’
‘Black workers would be free to move from one city to another to seek work in
white areas.’
‘Black people were not allowed to live in white areas.’
‘Passes were to be replaced with an identity document which would be
required for all South Africans, regardless of colour.’
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20(b) Why was Oliver Tambo important in the struggle against apartheid? 6
e.g. ‘Oliver Tambo was important in the struggle against apartheid because
he was influential in raising international awareness of the injustices of
apartheid and increasing opposition against it. After the Sharpeville Massacre
he was sent by the ANC to establish ANC offices in foreign countries. By
1990, there were 27 of these in European and African States. He also spoke
to the United Nations and other international organisations to raise awareness
of the plight of those living under apartheid.’
e.g. ‘He was an ANC leader and later became its president.’
‘He helped to transform the organisation into a radical national freedom
movement.’
‘He established ANC offices in foreign capitals.’
‘He mobilised international opinion against apartheid.’
‘He addressed the United Nations.’
‘He raised the prestige and status of the ANC to that of an alternative
government.’
‘He encouraged people in townships to make them ungovernable.’
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20(c) How far do you agree that internal unrest was more important than 10
economic problems in encouraging de Klerk to end white minority rule?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Internal unrest was at extremely high levels by the end of the 1980s and
played an important role in de Klerk’s decision to end white minority rule.
South Africa was almost in a state of civil war and the government could no
longer control the black townships. The ANC launched attacks on government
buildings and there was widespread violence, often in response to the actions
of government security services.’
OR
e.g. ‘Economic problems were an important motive for ending white minority
rule. The South African economy was in recession and living standards were
declining. By the 1980s, the declining power of the USSR meant that South
Africa was no longer valuable to the West in the fight against communism.
This encouraged some countries to cut trading links with South Africa, making
the economy worse. The US Congress passed the Comprehensive Anti-
Apartheid Act in 1986, and many large multinational companies withdrew from
South Africa. This reduced investment and employment opportunities. By the
late 1980s, the South African economy was struggling with the effects of the
internal and external boycotts and was facing economic ruin.’
e.g. ‘Internal unrest reached record levels by the end of the 1980s.’
‘Police brutality sparked unrest.’
‘The ANC carried out a bombing campaign.’
‘The townships were uncontrollable.’
‘Foreign powers were no longer prepared to trade with South Africa.’
‘There was an external boycott and foreign companies withdrew.’
‘South Africa faced economic ruin.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘At the end of the First World War, control of Palestine passed to Britain.’
‘It was held under a League of Nations mandate.’
‘Britain was to be in control until Palestine could be granted self-government.’
‘It lasted from 1923–1948.’
‘The Mandate sought to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine.’
e.g. ‘The United Nations drew up a partition plan to try and find a solution to
the issue of the future of Palestine. The United Nations Special Committee on
Palestine (UNSCOP) was established to investigate the situation and make
recommendations for the future of Palestine. UNSCOP reported that the
solution should be to divide the land between the Jews and the Arabs. They
felt this system would be fair to both sides.’
e.g. ‘The London Conference could not find a solution acceptable to Jews and
Arabs.’
‘The British government sought advice from the United Nations.’
‘The British wanted to leave Palestine.’
‘The USA and USSR favoured partition.’
‘The UN Special Committee on Palestine made recommendations.’
‘The UN General Assembly voted to accept its recommendations.’
‘The UN thought it would force the Jews and Arabs to co-operate.’
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21(c) How surprising was it that Israel won the 1948–49 war? Explain your 10
answer.
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Israel won this war as they had long been
determined to establish a homeland. Since the First World War there had
been strong Jewish groups demanding a separate state for Jews. In the war
of 1948–49, Israel was fighting to keep this dream alive. This gave them the
determination they needed to win.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Israel won the war because the Arabs were not
united. There was limited support from Syria and Lebanon, and the King of
Jordan tried to negotiate secretly with Israel to take over parts of Palestine
himself. This meant there was mistrust between the Arab forces which
undermined their determination to win.’
OR
e.g. ‘It can be seen as surprising that Israel won the war because the Arabs
appeared to be in a strong position at times, with, in May 1948, a coalition of
six Arab states involved in an invasion of Israel from different directions. A
third of Israel’s territory was occupied before the June 1948 ceasefire and the
Arabs made some territorial gains.
e.g. ‘The Arab countries were too confident to co-ordinate their efforts.’
‘Arab forces were outnumbered.’
‘Syria and Lebanon provided limited support to the Arabs.’
‘Israel could not afford to lose because it was fighting for its survival.’
‘Israeli morale was boosted by support from the US.’
‘Israel was well organised and well led.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘In 1964 Fatah joined other Palestinian groups to form the Palestine
Liberation Organisation (PLO).’
‘Fatah carried out an attack on Israel.’
‘In 1965, Fatah carried out 39 attacks on Israeli targets.’
‘Railways and Israeli villages were attacked.’
‘Israeli water supplies were attacked in raids.’
22(b) Why did Jordan withdraw support for the Palestine Liberation 6
Organization (PLO) in the 1970s?
e.g. ‘Jordan withdrew support for the PLO because King Hussein wanted to
regain control of his country. He felt that members of the PLO were acting as
if they ruled much of Jordan rather than controlling just the refugee camps.
They were often fully armed and set up roadblocks, even in Amman, the
Jordanian capital.’
e.g. ‘King Hussein feared Israeli reprisals for PLO attacks from Jordan.’
‘He felt he was losing control of parts of Jordan to the PLO.’
‘Hussein was concerned by the 1970 hijackings as it challenged his authority.’
‘He feared foreign intervention because of the September 1970 hijackings.’
e.g. ‘King Hussein thought the PLO had taken advantage of Jordan.’
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OR
e.g. ‘In some ways the PLO were not successful in winning international
support. When Arafat opted for a diplomatic route in the 1980s, it lost him the
support of Syria. In 1989, the USA granted Israel major non-NATO ally status
and continued to support Israel financially and with weaponry for defence. The
Palestinians viewed this as support for their enemies.’
e.g. ‘In 1974, Arafat was invited to speak at the United Nations.’
‘In 1977, the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights was created.’
‘In 1979, the USSR recognised the right of the Palestinians to have their own
country.’
‘In 1987, the Intifada brought sympathy for the Palestinian cause from the
Western world.’
‘The PLO renounced terrorism and recognised Israel which brought support.’
‘The rise of Hamas led to international condemnation.’
‘They were marginalised by the US/Israeli/Egypt peace talks.’
‘After 1982 neither Jordan nor the USA were prepared to support the PLO’s
plan for a homeland.’
e.g. ‘Some international observers thought the PLO’s methods were wrong.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 May/June 2022
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (CE) 315986/1 R
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
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(c) Who contributed more to Italian unification, Mazzini or Garibaldi? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Frederick William IV react as he did to the disturbances in Berlin in March 1848? [6]
(c) How surprising was it that Prussia emerged as the dominant power in Germany? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the Chinese try to resist the British in the Opium Wars? [6]
(c) ‘The British response to the Indian Mutiny was justified.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
4 The First World War had both long-term and short-term causes.
(b) Why was the launching of the first dreadnought in 1906 important? [6]
(c) ‘The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia was more important than Franz Ferdinand’s assassination
in bringing about the First World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
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5 Nobody got everything they wanted from the peace treaties of 1919.
(a) What were the territorial terms of the Treaty of St Germain? [4]
(b) Why did Lloyd George not want to punish Germany harshly? [6]
(c) Who had to compromise more during the peace negotiations in Paris, Clemenceau or Wilson?
Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe Germany’s relationship with the League of Nations during the period 1920 to 1939.
[4]
(b) Why did Haile Selassie speak to the Assembly of the League of Nations in June 1936? [6]
(c) ‘The League of Nations did as much as it could in relation to the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 Immediately after the Second World War relations between the Soviet Union and the United States
were very difficult.
(a) What were the main disagreements at the Potsdam Conference? [4]
(c) ‘Stalin’s policies in Eastern Europe in the period 1945–49 were defensive.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) Was Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 surprising? Explain your answer. [10]
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9 Trench warfare dominated the Western Front for much of the war.
(c) ‘Gas was the most important new weapon used in the First World War.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘The Eastern Front was more important than the Western Front in the First World War.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
11 German recovery after the First World War was at first slow.
(c) ‘The Revolution of 1918 was more important for Germany than the reaction of the people to
the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the Nazis make changes to the school curriculum? [6]
(c) ‘Racial theories explain why minorities were persecuted in Nazi Germany.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe how Trotsky contributed to the Communist victory in the Civil War. [4]
(b) Why was the New Economic Policy (NEP) important? [6]
(c) ‘The Provisional Government failed because of the Petrograd Soviet.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What weaknesses of Trotsky helped Stalin become leader of the USSR? [4]
(c) ‘The Purges were a disaster for Stalin and the Soviet Union.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe ways in which the lives of many young women in cities changed during the 1920s.
[4]
(c) ‘The main problem caused by prohibition was corruption among the police and judges.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the banking system one of the first things Roosevelt focused on during the Hundred
Days? [6]
(c) ‘The New Deal was opposed because it increased the power of government.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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17 From the late 1920s the Communists and Nationalists had differing views on the future of China.
(a) What happened at the Marco Polo Bridge in July 1937? [4]
(c) ‘It was the Second World War that brought about the Communist victory in the Civil War.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) How did the Chinese people respond to the Hundred Flowers campaign? [4]
(b) Why did Deng Xiaoping think change was necessary in China? [6]
(c) How far was the Cultural Revolution a success? Explain your answer. [10]
19 Many white South Africans benefited from the country’s economic development.
(a) Describe the growth of manufacturing industries in South Africa up to 1945. [4]
(b) Why did the South African government support agriculture in the 1930s? [6]
(c) ‘Land ownership was the most important issue facing black South Africans up to 1945.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What new steps did the South African government take to tighten security in the period 1966
to 1980? [4]
(b) Why did the economic improvements of 1966 to 1980 not benefit all sections of South African
society? [6]
(c) ‘Black consciousness was the most important part of the anti-apartheid movement in the
period 1966 to 1980.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(a) What were the Jewish objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for Palestine? [4]
(b) Why was the future of Palestine important for Arabs at the end of the Second World War? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Jewish insurgency in Palestine that persuaded Britain to withdraw.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the impact of the 1967 war on the issue of Palestinian refugees. [4]
(b) Why did the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) use violent tactics? [6]
(c) ‘The Palestinian refugee crisis of 1948–49 was caused by Israel expelling Palestinians.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He was important because he met with Cavour at Plombières and
agreed to support Cavour in a war against Austria. This took place in 1859
and, although it did not all go well, Piedmont was able to invade the central
Italian states and this was a big step towards unification. This was made
possible by Napoleon.’
e.g. ‘He was important because he did a lot to help unification happen.
Without him it may have not happened.’
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e.g. ‘Garibaldi was much more important because his actions actually led to
unification. He led the ‘Thousand’ to conquer Sicily and he then moved to the
mainland and captured Naples. He then handed over all his gains in Sicily and
in the south to Victor Emmanuel. This was a massive step towards unification
and would not have happened without Garibaldi.’
OR
e.g. ‘Mazzini was more important because he spread the idea of a unified
Italy. He had a lot of influence on many people such as Garibaldi. He set up
Young Italy. This was full of intellectuals who spread his idea of Italian
unification. He led several attempted uprisings. These failed, but his main
importance was because of his ideas – to remove Austria from Italy, to end
the Pope’s power over the Papal States, and to create a national government
for Italy.’
e.g. ‘I think Garibaldi contributed more than Mazzini. He was very popular and
had lots of support.’
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PUBLISHED
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘When revolution broke out in Berlin, Frederick William acted as he did
because he did not want to be a despot and did not want to be as reactionary
as his father. He rather liked being popular with the people. When the
disturbances began, he simply accepted the demands such as a constitution,
elections and a united Germany.’
e.g. ‘He acted like that because he had no choice. He was in a position of
weakness.’
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2(c) How surprising was it that Prussia emerged as the dominant power in 10
Germany? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I think this is very surprising because for a long time it looked as if
Austria would be the dominant power. When the German Confederation was
set up, Austria was probably the leading country in it. It was one of the major
powers in Europe and President of the German Confederation.’
OR
e.g. ‘This was not surprising because of Prussia’s growing economic power.
Prussia was the leading member of the Zollverein which included many major
German states. This helped Prussia strengthen its economy. Austria was not
in the Zollverein and therefore did not grow so economically strong as
Prussia. Also, Prussia could trade more easily because of the Rhine, while
Austria in southern Germany was more backward and still very agricultural.’
e.g. ‘It was very surprising because few people thought that Prussia was
strong enough to dominate Germany.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
3(b) Why did the Chinese try to resist the British in the Opium Wars? 6
e.g. ‘The Chinese resisted Britain because British merchants were selling
opium in China. They sent it to their warehouses in Guangzhou and then sold
it to Chinese smugglers. This was against the wishes of the Chinese
government because it led to addiction and affected large sections of the
Chinese population with what the Chinese government saw as moral decay.
The Chinese government wished to stop this.’
e.g. ‘This was because the British were importing opium into China.’
‘Many Chinese people were becoming addicted to opium.’
‘China wanted to stop Britain interfering with its trading system.’
‘The Chinese government had told Britain to stop trading in opium.’
‘The trade in opium damaged China’s balance of trade.’
‘China did not want to come under more Western influences.’
e.g. ‘China did this because Britain was becoming very aggressive and had to
be stopped.’
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3(c) ‘The British response to the Indian Mutiny was justified.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The British response was not justified and even people in Britain were
horrified by it. The response was very violent with thousands of Indians being
killed. They fired Indians from cannons and made Muslims eat pork and
Hindus eat beef. Many Indians were tortured. When the British army captured
towns, they went on a rampage destroying everything and committing
atrocities. Far more Indians than British were killed and this was not justified.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the British response was justified. Firstly, the Indian rebels had
committed atrocities against British men and women, especially at Cawnpore
where, after a siege, women and children were slaughtered. Also, the reforms
that followed were justified. The British government took over from the East
India Company, which was not running India properly. It introduced some
sensible reforms like consulting the Indians more.’
e.g. ‘The Indian rebels had committed atrocities and had to be dealt with.’
‘The British slaughtered many Indians unnecessarily.’
‘The British were very cruel to Indians, for example, making Muslims eat pork.’
‘The reforms that were introduced, such as involving Indians more in local
government, were sensible.’
‘The East India Company was not governing India properly and it was a good
move to get rid of it.’
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The British were not justified in responding in the
way they did. It was too cruel.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
4(b) Why was the launching of the first dreadnought in 1906 important? 6
e.g. ‘It was important because it was so fast and powerful. It had more
powerful guns than ever before and could fire further with more accuracy. It
could also fire torpedoes. It was driven by steam turbines. This made it faster
than any other warship. It was also protected by thick armoured plating and so
was difficult to sink. The dreadnought was a revolution in the development of
battleships and no other ships at the time stood a chance against it.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it was more powerful than any other ship at the
time.’
‘It was a great symbol of British national power.’
‘This accelerated the naval race with Germany.’
‘It was faster than any other battleship at the time.’
‘It gave Britain clear naval supremacy.’
‘It led to Germany starting to build dreadnoughts in 1907.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it was a big event that was known all round the
world. It changed the situation completely.’
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4(c) ‘The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia was more important than Franz 10
Ferdinand’s assassination in bringing about the First World War.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Austrian ultimatum was more important in causing the war. It was
deliberately designed to make sure Serbia could not agree to all the demands
and made war inevitable. Until this point, it was not inevitable. It led to Russia,
who was friendly with Serbia, mobilising and then Serbia rejecting the
ultimatum. This immediately led to Austria declaring war on Serbia. Within
days Germany had declared war on Russia and the First World War had
started.’
OR
e.g. ‘The assassination was more important because it started the whole
movement to war. The assassination was carried out by Serbs and the
Serbian government was probably involved. Franz Ferdinand was the heir to
the Austrian throne and so the assassination was seen as a direct attack on
Austria and its empire. Serbia had long been a problem for Austria and the
assassination gave the upper hand in Austria to those wanting to take tough
action against Serbia. Germany then gave Austria the ‘blank cheque’ allowing
it to do what it liked with Serbia. All this made war inevitable and started the
July Crisis which directly led to war.’
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e.g. ‘The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was more important because it led
to the war breaking out. No other event did this.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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5(b) Why did Lloyd George not want to punish Germany harshly? 6
e.g. ‘Lloyd George’s main concern was Britain’s trade and wealth. For these
to prosper, Britain needed to return to the trade it had before the war and for
this to happen it was important for Germany to economically recover. This is
the reason Lloyd George did not want Germany facing huge reparations,
which could stop its recovery.’
e.g. ‘He did not want to do this because it would upset the Germans.’
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5(c) Who had to compromise more during the peace negotiations in Paris, 10
Clemenceau or Wilson? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Wilson had to compromise a lot. He had got the League of Nations, but
he was disappointed not to get the free navigation of the seas. He also had a
big disappointment over self-determination. The German Empire was broken
up and, instead of giving the colonies independence, Britain and France were
going to run them on behalf of the League. It was also the case that the
Sudeten Germans were not consulted about their future.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Clemenceau had to compromise the most. He was still worried
about Germany being a future threat. He had wanted a treaty of guarantee
where Britain and USA promised to come to France’s help if it was attacked
by Germany. He did not get this. He was also disappointed that both the Saar
Basin and the Rhineland were going to stay as parts of Germany. So overall,
Clemenceau thought that France was vulnerable to a future German attack.’
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e.g. ‘Wilson was not happy that some German-speaking areas were under the
rule of other countries.’
‘Wilson thought the Treaty was too harsh on Germany.’
‘Wilson was unhappy that the principle of free navigation of the sea was
abandoned.’
‘Wilson was unhappy that self-determination did not apply to some areas,
such as the Sudetenland.’
‘Wilson was displeased that Britain, France and Japan gained Germany’s
colonies.’
‘Wilson was pleased that the League of Nations would be included in each of
the treaties.’
‘Wilson was pleased that the defeated nations should disarm.’
‘Wilson was pleased that the Rhineland would remain part of Germany.’
‘Clemenceau was pleased that Germany was made weaker by losing a lot of
land and resources.’
‘Clemenceau was pleased that France regained Alsace-Lorraine.’
‘Clemenceau was not pleased that Germany was keeping the Rhineland.’
‘Clemenceau was not pleased that there was no treaty of guarantee for
France.’
‘Clemenceau failed to get the Saar Basin for France.’
e.g. ‘The Treaty was a compromise because they had different opinions.’
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6(a) Describe Germany’s relationship with the League of Nations during the 4
period 1920 to 1939.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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6(b) Why did Haile Selassie speak to the Assembly of the League of Nations 6
in June 1936?
e.g. ‘Haile Selassie spoke to the League of Nations in June 1936 pleading for
help because in 1935 Italian troops had invaded his country of Abyssinia.
Mussolini had wanted to create an Italian empire for years. He used a dispute
on the border with Somaliland (which was Italian) as the excuse. The Italian
troops had modern weapons, and the Abyssinians did not stand a chance.’
e.g. ‘Haile Selassie made this speech because Italy had invaded his country.’
‘He did this because the League had done little since the Italian invasion.’
‘Haile Selassie did this because he wanted help from the League of Nations.’
‘He did this because Italy was using chemical weapons against his people.’
‘He did this in June because Addis Ababa had just been captured by Italian
troops.’
e.g. ‘He spoke to the Assembly because he wanted them to understand his
concerns.’
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e.g. ‘I think the League did as much as it could. It faced several big problems,
one of which was the absence of the USA. This made it difficult for the
League to implement economic sanctions because the USA, being outside of
the League, would continue to trade with Japan, so sanctions would have little
impact. It would also be difficult to send an army without the support of the
USA.’
OR
e.g. ‘The League of Nations should have done much more. It acted far too
slowly. By the time the Lytton Commission reached the area, the Japanese
had firmly established themselves in Manchuria and were in the process of
setting up a puppet state called Manchukuo. The League voted on the Lytton
Report 18 months after the Japanese invasion.’
e.g. ‘The events took place on the other side of the world and there was little
the League could do.’
‘The USA was not a member of the League and this made it difficult to use
military action.’
‘Britain and France could not afford to impose economic sanctions.’
‘Britain and France were worried Japan might attack their colonies in the Far
East.’
‘The League acted far too slowly, letting the Japanese establish themselves in
Manchuria.’
‘The League failed to impose economic sanctions.’
‘If Japan did not like the decision of the League, it could simply leave, which it
did in 1933. There was little the League could then do.’
‘The League did not have an army.’
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e.g. ‘I think it did what it could. There was not much more it could do, given
the situation at the time.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The main reason why it failed was because Stalin’s plan to force Berlin
into submission by cutting off food, fuel and other supplies was defeated by
the Allied airlift. Stalin might have cut off the road links, but the Allies could
still fly into Berlin. The airlift consisted of planes landing every 90 seconds,
taking in all the supplies Berlin needed. It was an enormous operation and
there were over 300 000 flights. The airlift succeeded.’
e.g. ‘The blockade failed because it was not properly thought through and
stood little chance of success. It also had a lot of opposition.’
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e.g. ‘I agree that Stalin’s policies were defensive in Eastern Europe. The main
reason behind all his actions was a concern for the security of the Soviet
Union. Russia had been attacked twice by Germany and he was worried
about future attacks from the West, especially given Truman’s hard-line
attitude and the fact that the US had the atomic bomb. What particularly
worried him was the fear that Germany would be allowed to recover and
become strong again. It would be in a position to threaten Russia again. This
led Stalin to plan for a protective ring of friendly states on his western border.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. One of Stalin’s aims was to spread communism
around the world and destroy capitalism. His first step was to control Eastern
Europe. He did not keep to the agreements made at Yalta and forced
communist governments on Poland and Romania. By 1948, Eastern Europe
was under communist control and through COMECON all the countries there
followed the Soviet economic model. The Soviet Union had firm control of
Eastern Europe and this was the first step in destroying capitalism
everywhere.’
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e.g. ‘I do not think that Stalin’s policies were defensive. He wanted to take
over Eastern Europe and he was very aggressive.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The main reason why Iraq invaded Iran was because Saddam Hussein
wanted to dominate the Gulf. Iran and Iraq were the two leading countries in
the area and Saddam wanted to make sure that Iraq, and not Iran, emerged
as the most powerful country. He thought that increasing his oil revenues by
taking Khuzestan would give Iraq the necessary money to become the top
country.’
e.g. ‘It did this because it wanted to be in control in that part of the world.’
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e.g. ‘I do not think that his invasion of Kuwait was at all surprising. Iraq’s rulers
had claimed that it was part of Iraq for decades. They argued that Kuwait was
an artificial creation by the British. They also argued that the creation of
Kuwait meant that Iraq’s access to the Gulf was greatly reduced. This meant
that it was no surprise that Saddam Hussein decided to conquer Kuwait and
make it part of Iraq.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was very surprising because he was taking such a risk. The invasion
caused a massive storm both in Arab countries and all around the world. An
international alliance was soon set up to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. This was the
risk he was taking – that he would be driven out and humiliated. It was also
surprising that he would take such an action just a couple of years after the
end of the war with Iran when Iraq was totally exhausted and bankrupt.’
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e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait was not at all surprising. Many
thought that he was going to do it.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Trench warfare lasted so long because it was a defensive system and
not offensive. The heavy protection, such as barbed wire, the machine guns
and No Man’s Land, all made the trenches very difficult to attack. Cavalry
charges across No Man’s Land could easily be cut down. Also, artillery
attacks on the trenches were often inaccurate. There were some new
weapons for attacking, like tanks, but it took some time before they were used
properly. All this meant that trench warfare lasted for years.’
e.g. ‘It lasted for so long because neither side knew what to do about it and so
it simply lasted for years.’
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9(c) ‘Gas was the most important new weapon used in the First World War.' 10
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Gas was a very important weapon. Its effects were horrifying and the
soldiers were in great fear of it. It could be added to shells that were fired at
the enemy. When the shell landed and exploded, the gas would be released.
Its effects on the soldiers could be terrible. Soldiers’ breathing systems could
be destroyed and mustard gas burned the soldiers, creating blisters inside
and outside the body. Thousands of soldiers were killed and injured by gas. It
was important because of the fear it struck into the soldiers.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this at all. Although gas was dangerous and very
unpleasant, it was responsible for only a small percentage of deaths in the
war – about 4%. Also, a very small percentage of soldiers died from gas and
over half were ready to return to fighting after six weeks. As the war
progressed, gas masks were developed and this made gas less of a threat.
Overall, gas made very little difference to the development and course of the
war.’
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e.g. ‘I think there were many other new weapons that were far more important
in the war.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘People’s lives were restricted. For example, there was censorship and
conscription.’
‘There were shortages of food and rationing was introduced.’
‘Women did jobs such as on farms and in factories that they had not done
before.’
‘Towards the end of the war people in Germany were starving.’
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e.g. ‘The war at sea was important to Britain because most of its crucial
supplies of food and other goods came from the USA across the sea. In 1917
the Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare. This involved using
U-boats to sink all boats coming to Britain from the USA. So many ships were
sunk that within months Britain was short of food and had to introduce
rationing. If this had gone on for much longer, Britain could have been
defeated. Only the use of the convoy system removed the threat to Britain.’
e.g. ‘Britain was able to blockade the German coast and stop supplies getting
through. By 1917 Germany was on its knees.’
‘After the Battle of Jutland Britain controlled the North Sea and was able to
blockade Germany.’
‘Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare threatened to starve Britain of
food.’
‘Supplies from the USA across the Atlantic kept Britain going during the war.’
‘Britain used the convoy system to protect ships.’
e.g. ‘The war at sea was very important because both sides would be in
terrible trouble if they lost control of the seas.’
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10(c) ‘The Eastern Front was more important than the Western Front in the 10
First World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘The Eastern Front was very important. Russia’s possible involvement in
the war made the Schlieffen Plan necessary and its actual involvement was
the reason why the Schlieffen Plan failed – Germany had to send troops to
fight Russia. This weakened the Germans in the west. Although much of the
fighting did not go well for Russia, the Eastern Front did tie up many German
troops that could have been used on the Western Front. Also, early Russian
victories against the Austrian army did mean that Germany had to rush troops
to the Eastern Front to support Austria. This is the reason the Eastern Front
was important.’
OR
e.g. ‘The war could only be won and lost on the Western Front. Developments
on the Eastern Front were only important because of the effect they had on
the Western Front. It was in the west where the main German armies were
and it was here where the Americans sent their troops, making a decisive
difference in 1918. It was the failure of the German offensive in 1918 on the
Western Front that finished Germany off and made the Allied victory
inevitable. The Western Front was far more important.’
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e.g. ‘The Eastern Front led to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.’
‘The Eastern Front made it necessary for Germany to take troops away from
the Western Front.’
‘The fact that the Allies attempted the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 shows how
important the Eastern Front was.’
‘It was the failure of the Ludendorff Offensive on the Western Front in 1918
that was decisive.’
‘The arrival of American troops on the Western Front decided the outcome of
the war.’
‘The success of the Allied offensive in 1918 and the victory at Amiens decided
the outcome of the war.’
‘Russia left the war in 1918 but the Allies still won. This shows the Eastern
Front was not so important.’
e.g. ‘I think the Western Front was more important because this was where
most of the fighting took place.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The impact of the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr.’
‘There was hyperinflation.’
‘High reparations made the problem worse.’
‘Money became worthless.’
‘The existing currency was in crisis.’
‘To stabilise Germany’s economic situation.’
‘The German workers and pensioners were faced with high prices and could
not afford food.’
e.g. ‘It did this because it was in real trouble and something had to be done.’
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11(c) ‘The Revolution of 1918 was more important for Germany than the 10
reaction of the people to the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Revolution of 1918 was very important for Germany. There were
naval mutinies and then disturbances and rebellions all over Germany. They
were important because they led to the Kaiser abdicating and Germany being
declared a Republic with Ebert as Chancellor. This was opposed by extreme
groups like the Spartacists who were communists. They tried to lead a
revolution and overthrow the government which had to be rescued by the
Freikorps. The Revolution of 1918 made fundamental changes to the way
Germany was governed that had an impact right through the 1920s.’
OR
e.g. ‘The reaction of people to the Treaty was obviously more important
because it was responsible for many later events. This is because the Treaty
was very unpopular, especially the reduction to Germany’s armed forces and
the fact that it was a ‘Diktat’. This led to many disbanded soldiers joining the
Freikorps, which then led to the Kapp Putsch. Kapp was against the Treaty
and marched on Berlin and tried to take over the government.’
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e.g. ‘I think the Revolution was far more important to people because it
changed things a lot.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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12(b) Why did the Nazis make changes to the school curriculum? 6
e.g. ‘The Nazis made changes because they wanted German children to
believe in the Nazi ideas about race. The children were taught about the
importance of blood purity and that Germans should only marry Germans to
keep the blood pure. They were taught that Germans were Aryan, which was
a superior race, and that many other groups like Jews were sub-human.’
e.g. ‘To make German children believe that Germany would become the
world’s greatest nation.’
‘To make children believe Nazi ideas about race.’
‘To make children support the Nazis.’
‘To teach children that Germany had been defeated in 1918 because of Jews
and Marxist spies.’
‘To make children believe that the Treaty of Versailles was evil.’
‘To make girls ready to be perfect German mothers and wives.’
‘To teach the boys information about war and weapons.’
‘PE was increased to make the girls healthy to be mothers and the boys to be
strong soldiers.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis did this because they had new ideas about what should be
taught to children at school.’
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e.g. ‘Minorities were punished because of Nazi ideas about race. They
believed that Germans were the master race and had to be kept separate
from other inferior races. These races had to be destroyed or kept under
control. This is the reason Jews were persecuted. They were at first driven out
of German society and then the Nazis tried to destroy all Jews in the Final
Solution. This was to stop them contaminating the German race.’
OR
e.g. ‘Minorities like the mentally handicapped, drunks and beggars were
persecuted by the Nazis because they believed they were undesirables who
were not contributing to society and were a drain on German resources. In
other words, they were weakening the Nazi state. This led to them being sent
to camps or sterilised. There was even an attempt to start a campaign of
euthanasia.’
e.g. ‘Minorities were persecuted because the Nazis did not like them and
thought they should be punished.’
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13(a) Describe how Trotsky contributed to the Communist victory in the Civil 4
War.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The NEP was important because it helped the Communists solve the
problems caused by War Communism. This had helped the Communists win
the war but it restricted people’s freedoms and led to a lot of hardship with
industrial production falling and people returning to the countryside. The NEP
allowed some private ownership and peasants were allowed to sell some of
their grain for profit. This was important because it led to the economy
recovering and people being better off.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it stopped trouble like the Kronstadt mutiny.’
‘It was important because it reduced dissatisfaction with Communist rule.’
‘It was important because it improved people’s standard of living.’
‘It was important because it increased production and helped the Russian
economy to recover.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it helped Russia a lot at a very difficult time.’
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e.g. ‘The main reason why it failed was the Petrograd Soviet. This was a very
powerful body made up of socialists and the representatives of workers and
soldiers. It was probably more powerful than the Provisional Government, but
it refused to take over the running of the country. It had a lot of power over the
factories, the railways and power supplies. This meant that Russia was really
being run by two competing bodies and this undermined the Provisional
Government because it was never in complete control and many people
listened to and obeyed the Petrograd Soviet instead.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Provisional Government failed because of its decision to
continue with the war and its failure in the war. This was a major mistake and
led to the government being blamed for the failures in the war. It launched the
Kerensky offensive, which was a terrible failure. Millions of soldiers deserted.’
e.g. ‘It failed because the Petrograd Soviet had too much power.’
‘The Petrograd Soviet shared power with the Provisional Government.’
‘The loyalties of many workers and soldiers were to the Petrograd Soviet
rather than the Provisional Government.’
‘It failed because of the Kornilov affair.’
‘Kerensky made the mistake of arming the communists.’
‘Failures in the war made the Provisional Government very unpopular.’
‘It failed because people were starving with no jobs.’
‘The Provisional Government did not help the peasants in their attempt to gain
more land.’
‘The Provisional Government failed because it did not hold elections.’
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14(a) What weaknesses of Trotsky helped Stalin become leader of the USSR? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Trotsky’s idea of permanent revolution was unpopular with many ordinary
Russians.’
‘People thought that Trotsky’s ideas could involve the USSR in new conflicts.’
‘Trotsky was seen as arrogant by many in the Communist Party.’
‘Trotsky was too confident.’
‘Trotsky underestimated Stalin.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it made Stalin central to everything in Russia
and showed him as representing everything that was good in Russia. He
wanted to be worshipped as a great leader and hero of the Revolution. He
wanted to be popular and to see pictures and statues of himself everywhere
and even have places named after him.’
e.g. ‘It was important in making his position as head of Russia secure.’
‘It would take away some of the horrors of his rule.’
‘It was important because it showed him as a hero of the Revolution.’
‘The ‘cult of personality’ made it more difficult for any opposition to Stalin’s
rule.’
‘It put him beyond criticism.’
e.g. ‘It was very important to Stalin, who wanted to be in control of everything.’
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14(c) ‘The Purges were a disaster for Stalin and the Soviet Union.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘They were a complete disaster for the Soviet Union. Senior members of
the armed forces were arrested, imprisoned and executed. This took away all
the best expertise from the armed forces leaving the army without many good
generals. This became a big problem for the army, especially when the
Second World War started.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Purges were important in keeping Stalin in power. He was worried
about opposition to him in the Communist Party and the Purges got rid of
these rivals. They also struck fear through the whole population, which made
everybody obey Stalin. They were too afraid to criticise him. All of this was
good for Stalin because it made his position secure.’
e.g. ‘They were a disaster and it took Russia a long time to recover from
them.’
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15(a) Describe ways in which the lives of many young women in cities 4
changed during the 1920s.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Restrictions were introduced because the Red Scare made many
Americans more afraid of immigrants. The rise of communism in Russia made
them worry about these ideas coming to America. They thought that
immigrants from Eastern Europe were bringing these ideas into the country.
These fears were made worse when there were bomb attacks in America by
anarchists.’
e.g. ‘They were introduced because people did not like the idea of lots of
immigrants and thought they were a danger.’
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15(c) ‘The main problem caused by prohibition was corruption among the 10
police and judges.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘Corruption was the main problem caused by prohibition. The gangs
running the production and selling of alcohol bribed the police and judges with
money. This meant that many in the police would turn a blind eye to what the
gangs were doing and the judges would let them off if they appeared in their
courts. This meant that law and order was in danger of completely breaking
down. The gangs controlled whole districts of cities and it was very difficult for
the police to go against them.’
OR
e.g. ‘The main problem caused by prohibition was the rise of gangsters. In the
cities many people wanted to drink alcohol and, because it was illegal, the
production and selling of alcohol came under the control of criminal gangs.
They were soon fighting each other for control of different parts of the cities
and there were killings and even wars. Each gang gunned down rival gangs.
This meant that law and order had broken down in the major cities.’
e.g. ‘Prohibition caused many problems and one of the most serious was the
corruption of the police.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Agricultural Adjustment Act rewarded farmers for cutting production.’
‘Farmers were given low interest loans.’
‘The TVA did a lot of work to stop erosion, which helped farmers.’
‘Farm workers and share-croppers were helped to move to better land.’
‘The New Deal made food prices go up and farmers’ incomes doubled.’
‘The New Deal helped farmers with their mortgages.’
‘The Farm Security Agency was able to spread the knowledge of the plight of
farmers.’
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16(b) Why was the banking system one of the first things Roosevelt focused 6
on during the Hundred Days?
e.g. ‘The banks were at the centre of the whole system. People had queued to
get their money out of the banks and many of them had collapsed. The banks
were crucial to any recovery and had to be fixed before anything else.
Roosevelt focused on making people have confidence in the banks again. He
closed all the banks and only opened those that the government said were
sound. This led to people putting their money in banks again.’
e.g. ‘Roosevelt did this because the banking system was very important and
needed to be fixed quickly.’
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16(c) ‘The New Deal was opposed because it increased the power of 10
government.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘Republicans opposed the New Deal because it increased the power of
the government. They believed that people should support themselves and
that the government should not intervene to help them or to control the
economy. Roosevelt’s New Deal did this. It gave the unemployed, farmers
and industry a lot of help and schemes like the TVA gave the government a
lot more power.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other reasons why the New Deal was opposed. Some people
did not think it was going far enough in giving people enough help. Huey Long
wanted to redistribute wealth by taking money away from the very rich. Other
people thought that the New Deal was not helping the poor enough while
others thought that there should be old age pensions and started Townsend
Clubs to organise this.’
e.g. ‘Republicans did not believe that the government should have more
power.’
‘Republicans believed that people should stand on their own two feet and look
after themselves and their families.’
‘Republicans disliked the extra powers that schemes like the TVA gave to
government.’
‘Business leaders believed that they should be left alone to run their own
companies.’
‘Father Coughlin believed the New Deal was not doing enough to help the
poor.’
‘Huey Long thought that wealth should be redistributed.’
‘Some people thought that the New Deal should have provided old age
pensions.’
‘Some people thought the New Deal should have gone further to help people.’
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e.g. ‘There were many people who opposed the New Deal. They opposed it
for many different reasons but an important one was the increase in the power
of the government.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘They did this because of the onslaught on them by Chiang Kai-shek’s
forces. He began the five extermination campaigns against them. The
communist Chinese Soviet Republic was overrun and Communists were in
danger of being wiped out. They went on the Long March to retreat to safety.
They marched 8000 miles to Yenan where they were safe from the KMT.’
e.g. ‘They did this because they thought it was the best thing to do as they
were in danger.’
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17(c) ‘It was the Second World War that brought about the Communist victory 10
in the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘I think the Communists won because of the Second World War. This was
mainly because of the mistakes made by Chiang Kai-shek. He was more
worried about the Communists than the Japanese and so concentrated on
defeating the Communists. This was very unpopular with the Chinese people
who were more worried about the invading Japanese army. It looked as if the
Nationalists were doing nothing about this invasion that threatened their
country.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think that other factors were more important. The use of guerrilla tactics
by the Communists against the KMT was important. They avoided fighting the
KMT in big battles and so avoided defeats against forces that were larger.
Instead, they planned attacks on smaller targets and disrupted the KMT
supply lines. This gradually wore the Nationalists down.’
e.g. ‘The Nationalists failed to deal with the threat from the Japanese.’
‘It was the Communists who put up the strongest resistance to the Japanese.’
‘The Nationalists focused on trying to defeat the Communists.’
‘The Nationalists were corrupt.’
‘The Nationalists did not treat the Chinese peasants well; the Communists
did.’
‘The Nationalists had failed to solve the country’s economic problems and so
lost the support of the people.’
‘The Communists’ use of guerrilla tactics was important.’
‘The Communists concentrated on winning the rural areas.’
‘The Nationalists depended on foreign support and this made them
unpopular.’
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e.g. ‘I think the Second World War was very important for the Communists. It
helped them win the Civil War.’
18(a) How did the Chinese people respond to the Hundred Flowers campaign? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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18(b) Why did Deng Xiaoping think change was necessary in China? 6
e.g. ‘Deng believed that, if China was to become a major world power, it had
to modernise and reform its economy to make major progress. He thought
that China had to use some western ideas and have more to do with the
West. Foreign trade was increased and foreign investment was used to
modernise China’s industries. He moved away from a communist model of the
economy and encouraged private enterprise. China’s economy became one
of the fastest growing in the world, which was what he had been aiming at.’
e.g. ‘He thought this because China was stuck in the past and needed
reforms if it was to move forward.’
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18(c) How far was the Cultural Revolution a success? Explain your answer. 10
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution was a success for Mao. He had been worried
that his power was not as secure as he would like and that he had rivals like
Liu Shaoqi. The Cultural Revolution was designed to get rid of Mao’s rivals
and it did this. Mao claimed that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the
government and society to try to restore capitalism. Many people were
expelled from the Party, punished and re-educated. Mao ended the Cultural
Revolution when he was sure that his position was strong and secure.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Cultural Revolution was a disaster for China. Schools were
closed and the literacy rate went down. Universities were no longer producing
the skilled people China needed, like engineers, and many intellectuals and
students were either imprisoned or sent to labour in the countryside.
Museums and historical sites were destroyed and everybody had to learn
Maoist propaganda. All this set China back by decades and the politicians that
followed Mao had to put it right.’
e.g. ‘Mao was able to get rid of any rivals or threats to him.’
‘Mao strengthened his hold over China.’
‘Mao revived the revolutionary spirit.’
‘Mao managed to stop elements of capitalism creeping into China.’
‘China’s education system was set back by years.’
‘Educational standards fell.’
‘China was no longer producing the skilled workers it needed.’
‘It made China very unstable and little progress could be made.’
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution was not a success. It did not help China or the
Chinese Party and ended in failure.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
19(b) Why did the South African government support agriculture in the 1930s? 6
e.g. ‘This was because agriculture was the biggest industry in South Africa
and so had to be helped.’
‘Agriculture was facing many difficult problems.’
‘Farmers suffered from drought and falling prices.’
‘One third of the population in South Africa was dependent on agriculture.’
e.g. ‘It did this because it thought it was very important and had to be
supported.’
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19(c) ‘Land ownership was the most important issue facing black South 10
Africans up to 1945.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘Land ownership was very important for black South Africans. This was
because the Native Land Act allocated a very small amount of the land in
South Africa to the black population. This meant that farming collapsed for
black South Africans. They were not allowed to buy land outside their
reserves and there was not enough land in the reserves for all the black South
Africans to support themselves. The land was exhausted through over-use
and the standard of living went right down.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think there were other issues that were more important. Segregation
mattered a lot to black South Africans. The Native Urban Areas Act introduced
segregated housing in towns so that there were white only areas. The pass
system was also very unpopular and was used to control the movement of
black South Africans. There was also segregation in employment where white
South Africans were paid more and treated better.’
e.g. ‘The issue of land ownership was very important for black South Africans
because it was central to their lives.’
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20(a) What new steps did the South African government take to tighten 4
security in the period 1966 to 1980?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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20(b) Why did the economic improvements of 1966 to 1980 not benefit all 6
sections of South African society?
e.g. ‘The economic improvements benefited white South Africans and were
actually built on paying black workers much lower wages. Even when white
and black workers were doing the same job, the white workers were paid
much more. This was the case with mineworkers where white workers were
paid 21 times more than black workers.’
e.g. ‘Not all parts of South African society benefited because the economic
improvements affected different people in different ways.’
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20(c) ‘Black consciousness was the most important part of the anti-apartheid 10
movement in the period 1966 to 1980.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Black consciousness was very important. It was led by Steve Biko and
made black people proud of being black and proud of their history and culture.
It also insisted that black people should stand up for themselves and not rely
on white people in the struggle against apartheid. These ideas gave black
South Africans a feeling of solidarity that made them stronger. It was black
consciousness that inspired the students in the Soweto riots. This made the
movement very important because it gave the struggle a new driving force.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. I think the most important part of the anti-apartheid movement
was the external opposition. The United Nations passed resolutions against
South Africa and declared that apartheid was a crime against humanity. The
OAU gave South Africans military training and the countries around South
Africa became independent. This put pressure on South Africa. Sanctions
were also beginning to happen with sporting sanctions in the 1970s. All this
isolated South Africa and meant it could not carry on its policies for much
longer.’
e.g. ‘It made black South Africans more united and determined.’
‘It made black South Africans proud of their culture and history.’
‘It helped inspire the Soweto riots.’
‘It had a great impact on young black Africans.’
‘In 1973 thousands of black workers went on strike.’
‘Many South Africans fled to neighbouring countries and trained as guerrilla
fighters.’
‘International sanctions started against South Africa.’
‘There was condemnation of apartheid from the UN.’
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e.g. ‘Black consciousness was a new development and was very important in
the struggle against apartheid.’
21(a) What were the Jewish objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for 4
Palestine?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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21(b) Why was the future of Palestine important for Arabs at the end of the 6
Second World War?
e.g. ‘At the end of the war Arabs thought they would be given a homeland in
Palestine. They were very hopeful of this because of the British White Paper
which was published in 1939. There was also talk of an Arab state during the
Second World War. The Arabs had long hoped for their own country and they
believed that they now had a real chance of achieving it, especially since,
after a long hard war, Britain was no longer in a position to keep a large
empire.’
e.g. ‘This was because they cared about it a lot and were concerned about
what was going to happen to it.’
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21(c) ‘It was the Jewish insurgency in Palestine that persuaded Britain to 10
withdraw.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Jews mounted a campaign of terror during 1946–48 in
Palestine against the British and Arabs. Hundreds of British soldiers were
killed and there were attacks on transport systems and airfields. Jewish
organisations, like Irgun, kidnapped British soldiers and laid mines. The worst
incident was in 1946 when the King David Hotel was bombed and 92 people
were killed, including Britons, Arabs and Jews. The British government could
not let this go on and there was pressure in Britain to leave Palestine. As a
result of the terror campaign, Britain handed the issue of Palestine over to the
UN in 1947 and British troops left in 1948.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the main reason Britain left Palestine was pressure from the USA.
Britain’s decision to stay in Palestine after the Second World War was
unpopular in the USA and when Britain started to limit Jewish immigration into
Palestine, pressure from America on Britain to leave increased. There was a
strong Jewish lobby in the USA and elections were due so Truman had to
take notice of Jewish demands. He put pressure on the British government to
accept a two-state solution and get out.’
e.g. ‘Jewish organisations such as Irgun and the Haganah conducted a terror
campaign in Palestine killing many British soldiers.’
‘The attack on the King David Hotel killing nearly 100 people turned public
opinion in Britain in favour of Britain leaving Palestine.’
‘Britain had tried to hold talks to find a solution in Palestine but had failed.’
‘There was pressure from the USA for Britain to leave.’
‘American politicians were under pressure to persuade Britain to leave
Palestine.’
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e.g. ‘I think this was the main reason why Britain withdrew, although there
were other important reasons that the British government had to take notice
of.’
22(a) Describe the impact of the 1967 war on the issue of Palestinian 4
refugees.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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22(b) Why did the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) use violent tactics? 6
e.g. ‘The PLO argued that it was legitimate to use violent tactics because its
attempts at using peaceful methods had not achieved much. By 1967, it was
still a little-known organisation. The use of terror led to the PLO attracting
international attention to the plight of the Palestinians. It began to carry out
violence outside Israel such as airplane hijackings to create even more media
coverage. Soon, Arafat was invited to speak to the UN General Assembly.’
e.g. ‘The PLO argued that it had no other methods at its disposal.’
‘The PLO argued that these tactics would put pressure on other countries to
change their policies towards Palestinian refugees.’
‘The PLO started to use violent tactics after the 1967 war.’
‘It did this after Yasser Arafat became Chairman of the organisation.’
‘It did this because peaceful methods had not been very effective in winning
attention to its cause.’
‘The PLO argued that since violence had been used against Palestinians, it
was therefore justifiable to use violence in response.’
e.g. ‘They did this because they wanted to bring about some changes in
Palestine.’
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e.g. ‘I think this is true. During and shortly after the war, Israel drove
Palestinians from their villages. They attacked hundreds of villages and
caused the Palestinians to panic and flee. The people fled to refugee camps
and Israel said that they could not return home unless Israel was allowed to
keep all the land it had won in the war. Therefore, the refugees were forced to
stay in the camps, which soon became permanent.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. Palestinians did flee from their villages during the war but the
Arab Liberation Army was mainly to blame for this. During the war,
Palestinians were forced to leave their villages by Arab countries. This let
them blame the exodus on Israel and gave them excellent anti-Israeli
propaganda. The Arab states also claimed they would enjoy a quick victory
and so the Palestinians agreed to leave because they thought they would be
back very soon.’
e.g. ‘I think this was a major cause, although there were several other
important factors that help explain it.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/13
Paper 1 May/June 2022
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (CE) 311533
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
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(b) Why was Cavour important to the achievement of Italian unification? [6]
(c) ‘Rome was central to the Italian struggle for unification.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Frederick William IV reject the offer by the Frankfurt Parliament of the position of
Emperor of Germany? [6]
(c) ‘Bismarck’s approach to foreign policy in the period 1862–71 was to react to opportunities as
they arose.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What happened to the British ship ‘Arrow’ and its crew in October 1856? [4]
(b) Why did the French use a policy of assimilation in Senegal? [6]
(c) ‘The Boxers achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
[10]
(a) What was the result of the Algeciras Conference of 1906? [4]
(b) Why were Serbian victories in the Balkans in 1912 and 1913 important? [6]
(c) ‘German colonial ambitions were more important than the naval race as a cause of the First
World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why was Turkey treated harshly in the Treaty of Sèvres? [6]
(c) Who did Wilson find more difficult to deal with during the peace negotiations, Clemenceau or
Lloyd George? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was the Spanish Civil War important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Which was more to blame for war breaking out in September 1939, Germany or Britain?
Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe how Eisenhower reacted to the Cuban revolution of 1959. [4]
(b) Why did the American policy of ‘search and destroy’ in Vietnam create problems? [6]
(c) Was the Korean War a defeat for North Korea? Explain your answer. [10]
8 Both Iran and Iraq faced difficulties during the 1970s and 1980s.
(a) Describe the consequences for Iraq of the Iran-Iraq War. [4]
(b) Why did the Kurds in Iraq resist the rule of Saddam Hussein? [6]
(c) ‘The Revolution of 1979 in Iran was motivated by religion.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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9 Both conventional and new weapons were used in the First World War.
(a) Describe the use and impact of gas on the Western Front. [4]
(c) ‘The criticisms of Haig’s leadership in the Battle of the Somme are justified.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the events in November 1918 that led to the Kaiser’s abdication. [4]
(b) Why was the German introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 important? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Allies’ use of new tactics that led to the German failure on the battlefield in 1918.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did Germans in the Ruhr begin passive resistance in 1923? [6]
(c) How important was Stresemann to the recovery of the Weimar Republic? Explain your answer.
[10]
12 Despite all the efforts of the Nazis they still faced some opposition.
(c) ‘The most important opposition to the Nazi regime came from young people.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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13 After the abdication of the Tsar, the future of Russia hung in the balance.
(b) Why was the mutiny at the Kronstadt Naval Base in 1921 important? [6]
(c) ‘Trotsky was the main reason the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was Lenin’s Political Testament not published in the Soviet Union at the time of his
death? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Purges that gave Stalin control of the USSR.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the problems faced by the coal industry in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why was the motor car important in 1920s America? [6]
(c) ‘Farmers benefited from the economic boom of the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What did Roosevelt promise the voters in the 1932 presidential election campaign? [4]
(c) ‘The reason why the Depression had such an impact on people’s lives was Hoover’s failure to
deal with it.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(c) ‘The social reforms of the 1950s were more important than the introduction of communes.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What were the results of Kissinger’s visit to China in July 1971? [4]
(b) Why was India important to China from the 1950s onwards? [6]
(c) ‘Relations between China and the USSR were good in the period 1950 to 1976.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the part played by women in the anti-apartheid protests. [4]
(b) Why was Mandela put on trial for treason in 1963–64? [6]
(c) ‘Few South Africans benefited from the introduction of apartheid.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the part played by Archbishop Tutu in the ending of apartheid. [4]
(b) Why did de Klerk face opposition from some white South Africans during his discussions with
Mandela in the early 1990s? [6]
(c) How far was Botha’s policy of ‘total strategy’ in the 1980s a success? Explain your answer.
[10]
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10
21 Once the Second World War had ended, the issue of Palestine had to be dealt with.
(a) What were the Arab objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for Palestine? [4]
(b) Why was Palestine important for the Jews at the end of the Second World War? [6]
(c) How far were British actions to blame for the crisis in Palestine after the Second World War?
Explain your answer. [10]
22 Attempts to address the issue of Palestinian refugees have not been very effective.
(a) Describe the impact on the Palestinians of Jewish West Bank settlements. [4]
(b) Why has the United Nations failed to solve the issue of Palestinian refugees? [6]
(c) How far have Arab states supported the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)?
Explain your answer. [10]
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Cavour was important because his policies helped Italian unification a
lot.’
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1(c) ‘Rome was central to the Italian struggle for unification.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I think Rome was very important in the struggle for unification. The main
reason for that was the fact that Rome was under the control of the Pope. The
Pope was head of the Catholic Church and the Catholic religion was very
important in Italy. The Papacy also controlled states in the centre of Italy such
as Umbria. This all meant that unification could not be achieved without either
the Pope’s agreement or invading and taking the Papal States and Rome.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not think that Rome was that important. Pius IX was opposed to
unification but it still happened. Garibaldi was able to conquer Sicily and
Naples and Piedmont was able to occupy the central Papal States and Rome
was powerless to do anything about it. Italian troops finally occupied Rome in
1870 but Italian unification was assured long before that.’
e.g. ‘Rome was very important because of its position in Italy. Any unification
had to find a way of dealing with Rome.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
2(b) Why did Frederick William IV reject the offer by the Frankfurt Parliament 6
of the position of Emperor of Germany?
e.g. ‘He rejected it because it was being offered by the Parliament and not by
the German princes. He was most interested in reviving the Holy Roman
Empire of princes under the authority of a Habsburg emperor. In that, the
crown could only be offered to him by the princes.’
e.g. ‘He was not really interested in a united Germany, but a revived Holy
Roman Empire.’
‘He thought only the German princes could offer him the crown.’
‘He did not want the support of a Parliament voted by lower-class people.’
‘He did not think the Parliament had the right to offer him the crown.’
e.g. ‘He did this because he thought it would be too much of a risk to accept it
and it might upset lots of people.’
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e.g. ‘I agree with this statement. He was given the first opportunity when
Denmark invaded Schleswig. Another opportunity appeared when Spain
offered its vacant throne to Prince Leopold (a relative of the Prussian king)
and France objected to it. He made good use of these opportunities by
isolating Austria and France before acting, but the opportunities had to be
there in the first place.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think Bismarck used his diplomacy to create
opportunities which he then took. The wars that helped Prussia grow stronger
and that gradually united Germany were all brought about by his diplomacy.
The war with Austria which ended up unifying northern Germany under
Prussian leadership was engineered by his diplomacy. He negotiated French
neutrality, an alliance with Italy and then made it look as if the Austrians were
the aggressors. All of this was only possible through his planning and
scheming. He did a similar thing with France where he isolated it and then
tricked it into going to war with Prussia.’
e.g. ‘The defeat of Austria made Prussia the leading country in Germany.’
‘The defeat of France in a war he engineered helped unify Germany.’
‘Bismarck agreed not to help the Poles which ensured Russia did not
intervene in the wars of the 1860s.’
‘Denmark’s invasion of Schleswig gave him an opportunity.’
‘Prussia appeared to be a champion of nationalism by defeating Denmark in
1864.’
‘Diplomacy brought about the war with Denmark.’
‘Bismarck used diplomacy to cause the war with Austria.’
‘Bismarck used the issue of the Spanish succession to bring about the war
with France by editing the Ems telegram.’
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3(a) What happened to the British ship ‘Arrow’ and its crew in October 1856? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Assimilation involved the local people having to use the French
language, law, religion and culture. There was a promise that if they did this
they could become French citizens. This happened in Senegal’s Four
Communes. It was done because the French believed that one purpose of
colonisation was to spread French civilisation to peoples of the world. They
believed that French civilisation was superior to African civilisation and
therefore it should be imposed on the African people.’
e.g. ‘They did this because Senegal was a long way from France and it was
the best way to keep firm control of the country.’
‘It involved direct rule which gave the French rulers in Senegal a lot of power
to keep the country under French control.’
‘It was used to civilise the local people in Senegal.’
‘It was used because the French believed their culture was superior.’
e.g. ‘They did this because they knew it suited their needs best. It was better
than other systems.’
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3(c) ‘The Boxers achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Boxers were simply uncivilised barbarians and were never going to
achieve much.’
‘The Boxers were defeated and so they failed.’
‘The rebellion ended with foreign troops being stationed in Beijing and so they
achieved little.’
‘They did not achieve much because China ended up being punished by the
foreign powers very heavily.’
‘They managed to persuade the Empress to support them.’
‘They initially defeated the foreign forces.’
‘They inspired Chinese nationalism.’
e.g. ‘The Boxers did not really achieve much. They tried to introduce their
beliefs and ideas but did not get very far.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The main result was that France and Britain formed a closer relationship.’
‘The Entente Cordiale was strengthened.’
‘Germany was disappointed with the outcome.’
‘Germany failed in its plan to create a triple alliance.’
‘There was no German presence in Africa.’
‘It led to more people in Germany wanting war.’
‘The Sultan kept control of the police force in Morocco.’
‘The rights of Europeans to own land was established.’
‘The Conference opened Moroccan trade to all nations.’
‘Germany had to accept that the French and Spanish would police the ports in
Morocco.’
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4(b) Why were Serbian victories in the Balkans in 1912 and 1913 important? 6
e.g. ‘The Serbian victories were important because they made Austria very
nervous about Serbia. Its victories in both wars enabled it to increase its
territory by about 80%. This made it more powerful and more of a threat to
Austria. It was on Austria’s borders and Austria was worried that it would stir
up the Serbs in its empire and cause trouble for Austria. This is why, when the
assassination of the Archduke took place in 1914, Austria declared war on
Serbia. It saw it as an opportunity to defeat it and destroy it as a threat.’
e.g. ‘The victories were very important to Serbia and made the whole area
more of a problem.’
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4(c) ‘German colonial ambitions were more important than the naval race as 10
a cause of the First World War.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The naval race was very important in causing the First World War. Britain
had the largest and most powerful navy and was determined to keep it this
way. In 1906 it began to build dreadnoughts. These were so powerful they
made all other battleships obsolete. This led to Germany building them as
well. Britain kept ahead in the race but its effect was to lead to rivalry and
much worse relations between Britain and Germany. Both countries thought
the other was planning to cause a major war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Germany’s colonial ambitions were easily more important. Germany had
dropped behind other European powers in building an overseas empire. But
the policy of Weltpolitik meant that Germany was planning to become a world
power and a large part of this was acquiring colonies. This explains
Germany’s actions over Morocco in 1905 and 1911. Both of these crises
brought war closer by damaging relations between Germany and Britain and
France and by driving Britain and France closer together. The battlelines for
the First World War were appearing.’
e.g. ‘The naval race increased tensions between Britain and Germany.’
‘The naval race made Britain and Germany both think that the other was
preparing for war.’
‘The naval race added to the overall military atmosphere and tensions around
Europe.’
‘Germany’s colonial ambitions helped drive France and Britain together.’
‘Germany’s actions over Morocco increased tensions in Europe.’
‘Germany’s ambitions made other major powers think that it was after world
domination.’
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e.g. ‘I think that the naval race was more important because all the major
powers wanted to build more ships.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Turkey was treated harshly because it had a massive empire and other
countries wanted parts of it. Britain and France had secretly started planning
the breaking up of the empire as early as 1915 and had reached an
agreement about what to do in 1917. The British wanted Palestine while
France wanted Syria and Lebanon.’
e.g. ‘It was thought that Turkey deserved to be treated harshly because of
everything it had done in the First World War.’
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5(c) Who did Wilson find more difficult to deal with during the peace 10
negotiations, Clemenceau or Lloyd George? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘who did Wilson find more difficult to
deal with’ 10
e.g. ‘I think he found Lloyd George much more difficult to deal with. This was
because Lloyd George kept changing his mind while Clemenceau knew what
he wanted and stuck to it. At first, Lloyd George, under pressure from the
British public, demanded a harsh treaty in which Germany should pay the full
cost of the war. However, he then changed his mind and decided he wanted a
more moderate settlement because he did not want Germany to become too
weak. This made him difficult for Wilson to deal with.’
OR
e.g. ‘Clemenceau was more difficult to deal with for Wilson because he
wanted such a harsh treaty and Wilson did not want this. Clemenceau was
under pressure from the French people to achieve long-term security for
France. Clemenceau wanted to punish and weaken Germany. He wanted
very high reparations, Germany to lose the Rhineland, many of Germany’s
colonies, and Alsace-Lorraine and the Saar Basin to be given to France. Most
of these demands went against Wilson’s approach of a moderate treaty and
self-determination. He wanted a settlement that would ensure peace in the
future. This is why he found Clemenceau difficult to deal with.’
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e.g. ‘Lloyd George changed his mind about what the settlement should be
like.’
‘At first Lloyd George wanted Germany punished by a harsh treaty.’
‘Lloyd George later wanted a moderate treaty to ensure Germany was not
weakened too much.’
‘Lloyd George wanted to protect and even enlarge the British Empire.’
‘Clemenceau wanted Germany’s colonies.’
‘Clemenceau wanted Germany to be made much weaker and to lose a lot of
territory.’
‘Clemenceau wanted very high reparations to make Germany pay for the cost
of the war.’
‘Clemenceau was not interested in Wilson’s Fourteen Points. He only wanted
what was good for France.’
e.g. ‘I think he found both of them very difficult to deal with because they both
had their own strong opinions.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘It was important to Hitler because it allowed his air force, the Luftwaffe, to
practise new tactics. It was able to practise dive-bombing, which it did in the
attacks on the town of Guernica. This tactic was later used a lot in the Second
World War where it developed into Blitzkrieg which was an important part of
Germany’s tactics.’
e.g. ‘It was important to him to support a fellow fascist like Franco.’
‘It was important because, if Franco won, there would be another country on
Hitler’s side.’
‘It allowed him to try out new weapons and military tactics.’
‘Fighting together in the Spanish Civil War brought Hitler and Mussolini closer
together. Mussolini talked about the Rome-Berlin Axis.’
‘It distracted western powers from what Germany was up to in central
Europe.’
e.g. ‘It was very important to Hitler because it allowed him to prepare his plans
for what he wanted to do in the future.’
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6(c) Which was more to blame for war breaking out in September 1939, 10
Germany or Britain? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I think Germany was definitely more to blame. Hitler had promised to
leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone when he got the Sudetenland in 1938.
But in 1939, the German army took over the rest of the country. Hitler then
went on and invaded Poland. Britain and France had given Poland a
guarantee that they would help it if it was attacked. Hitler knew this, and so he
knew that his invasion of Poland would lead to a major European war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Britain was largely to blame because if it had stood up to Hitler earlier,
the war would never have taken place. Since 1936, with the remilitarisation of
the Rhineland, Germany had shown that it was aggressive and out to take
over much of Europe. The Anschluss and the takeover of Czechoslovakia
confirmed this. All that Britain did was to appease Hitler, and it even agreed at
Munich for him to have the Sudetenland. If Britain had stood up to Hitler over
the Rhineland, then Hitler may have drawn back and the war could have been
avoided.’
e.g. ‘I think both countries were to blame. They had both used tactics that
were likely to bring war closer.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He imposed economic sanctions against Cuba and refused to buy Cuban
products like sugar.’
‘He announced the USA would not buy oil from Cuba.’
‘He was very concerned because Castro was getting closer to the USSR and
becoming a threat to the USA.’
‘He agreed to support an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles.’
‘He planned to replace Castro with a new President who was a Cuban exile.’
7(b) Why did the American policy of ‘search and destroy’ in Vietnam create 6
problems?
e.g. ‘The policy of ‘search and destroy’ was the American way of trying to deal
with the Vietcong’s guerrilla tactics. American soldiers would raid Vietnamese
villages trying to find enemy weapons, stores and fighters. In doing this they
often turned villages upside down, destroying much of the village. They would
punish any villagers found to be helping the Vietcong. This upset the villagers
who turned against the Americans.’
e.g. ‘It created problems because it was a complete mistake. This policy
should never have been used by the USA.’
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7(c) Was the Korean War a defeat for North Korea? Explain your answer. 10
e.g. ‘I think it was a defeat for North Korea. At one point it had nearly overrun
the whole of South Korea even capturing the capital Seoul. It looked as if the
whole of Korea would become communist. However, UN and US troops then
forced the North Koreans back to the 38th Parallel. After a lot more fighting the
war ended with both sides where they had started
– at the 38th Parallel. This meant that by the end of the war the North Koreans
were where they had started, so this can be seen as a defeat.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not think it was a defeat for North Korea. At one point the UN and
US forces were close to overrunning the whole of North Korea and creating a
united and democratic Korea. This was the aim of the UN forces. This would
have been a defeat for the North Koreans. However, helped by China, they
managed to push the UN and US troops back and a communist North Korea
was saved.’
e.g. ‘North Korea’s aim was to unite Korea under communism and it failed to
do this.’
‘North Korea invaded South Korea, but in the end had to retreat.’
‘It was not a defeat for North Korea because the UN aim was to make all
Korea democratic and it failed in this.’
‘North Korea only survived because it was helped by the Chinese army.’
‘North Korea survived as a communist country when it was nearly taken over
by UN troops.’
e.g. ‘I think it was definitely a defeat because North Korea suffered in the
fighting and did not do very well.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
8(b) Why did the Kurds in Iraq resist the rule of Saddam Hussein? 6
e.g. ‘They resisted his rule because of his policies towards them. He
destroyed their villages and towns and killed thousands of them using
mustard gas. In one attack at Halabja where planes dropped poison gas,
thousands of people were killed or injured. They obviously wanted to get
themselves free of this treatment by Saddam Hussein and this is why they
resisted his rule.’
e.g. ‘They resisted his rule because they did not agree with his policies and
did not want to be ruled by him.’
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8(c) ‘The Revolution of 1979 in Iran was motivated by religion.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The leader of the revolution against the Shah was
Ayatollah Khomeini who was a Muslim cleric. For him, the religious factors
were the most important. He argued against the Shah introducing western
influences into the country. He argued that they went against Islam, and said
that the country should be ruled by religious scholars. Although he was in
exile, he was still influencing the mass protests which were taking place in
Iran. When he returned, he was greeted as a hero. This showed that religion
was an important factor.’
OR
e.g. ‘The revolution was really about the Shah’s autocratic and repressive
rule. He turned the country into a one-party state and his secret police
searched out, arrested and tortured political opponents. He had informers
everywhere and there was censorship everywhere. However, in 1977 he
allowed more freedom and released some political prisoners. This did not help
him; it simply encouraged his opponents and created the opportunity for mass
protests to break out across the country.’
e.g. ‘The revolution was really about the poor standard of living of Iranians
and the way that the Shah flaunted his wealth.’
‘It was motivated by his autocratic and cruel way of governing the country.’
‘Unemployment was very high.’
‘He spent enormous amounts on the armed forces while many of the people
were poor.’
‘Some people in Iran opposed the western influences he introduced into the
country as anti-Islamic.’
‘Khomeini believed the country should be ruled by Islamic scholars.’
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e.g. ‘I think religion was the main cause of the revolution, although there were
also many other factors.’
9(a) Describe the use and impact of gas on the Western Front. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Gas was added to the shells before they were fired at the enemy. The
shells would break open when they landed.’
‘It was first used at Ypres in 1915.’
‘Gas killed and injured thousands of soldiers in the war.’
‘The gas would be released from canisters and allowed to drift towards the
enemy.’
‘Using gas could be a problem if the wind changed direction.’
‘Chlorine gas brought on fits of choking and destroyed the victim’s lungs.’
‘Mustard gas burned and caused blisters inside and outside the body.’
‘Phosgene gas caused coughing and damaged the insides of the body.’
‘The side using the gas had to wear gas masks which reduced their visibility.’
‘Although it could be dangerous, the majority of soldiers could return to duty
after about six weeks.’
‘Gas was responsible for a very small percentage of the deaths in the First
World War.’
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e.g. ‘In the First World War it was important to know where the enemy
positions were and if there were any movements of troops. The only way to do
this at the time was by using aircraft. From the air they could spot enemy
positions and its strong and weak spots. They could also give advance
warning if the enemy were moving troops and planning an attack.’
e.g. ‘They were important for observation of the enemy positions and troop
movements.’
‘They were used to shoot enemy aircraft down in dogfights.’
‘They were used for bombing the enemy. Enemy airfields were bombed.’
e.g. ‘They were important because they could carry out a range of useful jobs
on the Western Front. Both sides began to build many aircraft.’
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9(c) ‘The criticisms of Haig’s leadership in the Battle of the Somme are 10
justified.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘I think criticism of Haig is justified because he made too many easy
assumptions. He hoped that seven days of heavy shelling would destroy the
German defences. He hoped that the shells would blow huge gaps in the
defensive wire protecting the German trenches. He over-estimated the impact
of the shells. The German dugouts were deep underground and reinforced by
concrete and, as a result, the shells had little effect. The wire was tangled into
a dense mess rather than having huge holes blown in it. This meant that when
the Allied soldiers attacked, they stood little chance and were shot down in
their thousands.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think that Haig has been criticised too much. Haig had to plan the Battle
of the Somme very quickly after the German attack on Verdun. He was not
given the number of troops he believed he needed to win the Somme. He
thought he needed double the number he had. Also, he was a product of his
time and was bound to use the tactics that he was used to and had been
trained in. It would take commanders some time to realise that new tactics
were needed.’
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e.g. ‘Haig’s plan to use heavy artillery to destroy the German defences did not
work.’
‘When the artillery firing stopped, it gave the Germans warning of an imminent
attack.’
‘German machine gunners concentrated their fire on the gaps in the wire.’
‘The British troops were walking slowly, giving the Germans time to regroup.’
‘After the failure of the first wave, Haig continued the attacks, causing massive
casualties.’
‘Haig did not use tanks on the first day of the battle.’
‘Many of the shells were poor quality and some did not explode.’
‘British intelligence had not discovered the depth and fortification of German
dugouts.’
‘Heavy cloud meant reconnaissance aircraft could not tell what damage had
been done by the artillery.’
‘German casualties were heavier than those of the Allies.’
‘Haig was a product of the military system at the time.’
‘He had to plan the battle at short notice.’
e.g. ‘I think the criticisms are justified because terrible things happened in the
battle and he was in charge.’
10(a) Describe the events in November 1918 that led to the Kaiser’s 4
abdication.
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There were mutinies of sailors going on at the naval bases of Kiel and
Wilhelmshaven.’
‘There were food riots, strikes and protests breaking out across Germany.’
‘A Bavarian Republic was set up in Munich.’
‘There were fears of a civil war or a socialist revolution.’
‘Prince Max announced the Kaiser’s abdication on 9 November.’
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e.g. ‘This was very important and its failure decided the outcome of the war.
The idea was to use German U-boats to sink all the merchant ships bringing
supplies to Britain from the USA. These supplies were desperately needed for
Britain to continue the war effort. The campaign was so successful that at one
time Britain only had days of supplies left and had to introduce rationing.
Britain was saved by using convoys of merchant ships which allowed many of
them to get through. This saved Britain in the war.’
e.g. ‘It was very important because, if it had worked, it could have put Britain
in a difficult position.’
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10(c) ‘It was the Allies’ use of new tactics that led to the German failure on the 10
battlefield in 1918.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘Germany’s failure was down to the failure of the Ludendorff Offensive.
This was an attempt by Germany to pull off its last chance of victory before
US troops began to have an important impact on the battlefield. It did not fail
because the Allies were using new tactics. It failed because the Germans
advanced too quickly. This meant that as they went deeper and deeper into
enemy territory, it became harder to keep the front-line troops supplied. Also
the Germans did not have enough troops to occupy and defend the ground it
had captured.’
OR
e.g. ‘The German failure was largely caused by the new tactics of the Allies.
They used creeping barrages. These involved a line of attacking soldiers
moving very quickly ahead of the main part of the army. It also involved a
series of surprise attacks. This was very effective and the German army
retreated to the Hindenburg line.’
e.g. ‘In the German offensive the German troops advanced too quickly and
could not be kept supplied.’
‘By launching an offensive the Germans turned the war into one of movement.
This was a mistake.’
‘The Germans did not have enough men or tanks to sustain their offensive.’
‘German troops moved from the Eastern Front were exhausted.’
‘The German army suffered from desertions.’
‘The German army was depleted by flu.’
‘The Allies used surprise attacks.’
‘The Allies’ tactics of creeping barrages were very effective.’
‘The Allies made more and better use of tanks at Amiens.’
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e.g. ‘I think new tactics were very important in defeating Germany, but there
were also other important reasons.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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11(b) Why did Germans in the Ruhr begin passive resistance in 1923? 6
e.g. ‘Germany had to send large quantities of goods to France and Belgium
as part of the reparations payment. However, it failed to do this and in
response, French and Belgian troops entered the Ruhr taking what was owed
to them in the form of raw materials and goods. As a protest against this the
German workers went on strike.’
e.g. ‘This was because of the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium.’
‘French and Belgian troops were seizing goods like coal in the Ruhr.’
‘They did this because they were told to by the German government.’
‘It was caused in the first place by Germany failing to pay reparations.’
‘The French and Belgian troops were mistreating the German citizens in the
Ruhr.’
e.g. ‘They did this as a protest because they did not like what was happening.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘All newspapers were under Nazi control, and newspapers and
magazines that were anti-Nazi were closed down.’
‘Radio stations were controlled by the Nazis and pumped out pro-Nazi
material.’
‘Books were censored and libraries were not allowed to have Jewish or
Communist books.’
‘There were public book burnings where un-German books were burned.’
‘Art galleries had to remove much of the art that had been popular in the
Weimar Republic.’
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e.g. ‘The Gestapo was the secret police force. It was very important because
of the spying it did on ordinary people. Its spies were everywhere, in offices,
shops, clubs and could be your next-door neighbour. They tapped people’s
telephones, looked at their post and had a network of informers. Ordinary
people often informed on each other, especially neighbours they did not like.
All of this created a climate of fear and helped the Nazis stay in power.’
e.g. ‘The Gestapo could operate above the law and do what it wanted.’
‘It could put people in prison and concentration camps without going to court.’
‘Many people it arrested simply disappeared.’
‘Its job was to deal with sabotage, treason and acts against the Nazi Party
and Germany.’
‘It got rid of most opposition to the Nazis.’
‘It arrested trade union leaders and got rid of trade unions.’
‘It used torture and blackmail to get confessions.’
‘It had informers everywhere.’
‘It spied on people suspected of not supporting the Nazis.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it did very important jobs for the Nazis.’
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12(c) ‘The most important opposition to the Nazi regime came from young 10
people.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The threat from young people was never a threat to
the Nazis and was often more about music and having a good time than
political matters. There was other opposition to the Nazis. Far more serious
were attempts like the July Bomb Plot of 1944 when senior army officers
plotted to kill Hitler and end the war. A bomb was set off in a briefcase near
where Hitler was working but someone moved the briefcase at the last
moment and the blast missed Hitler. However, if this had worked and killed
Hitler it would have been devastating.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Some of the youth opposition was important. The
Edelweiss Pirates attacked members of the Hitler Youth and carried out
sabotage. During the war they hid army deserters and gave out Allied leaflets.
They even assassinated a leader of the Gestapo. The White Rose movement
distributed leaflets encouraging people to resist the Nazis and criticised the
treatment of the Jews. Its leaders were also executed and some of the
leaders of the Pirates were hanged, which shows how seriously the Nazis
regarded them.’
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e.g. ‘Opposition from young people was important, but there were other
groups that opposed the Nazis and some of them were a real threat.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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13(b) Why was the mutiny at the Kronstadt Naval Base in 1921 important? 6
e.g. ‘The mutiny at Kronstadt was important because it was a big factor in
forcing Lenin to replace War Communism with the New Economic Policy. The
mutiny was partly about the hardship being suffered by people because of
War Communism. Wages had gone down, there was a shortage of food,
production had gone down and disturbances were breaking out all over the
country. They were also complaining that War Communism took away
people’s freedoms. The mutiny helped bring about the change to the NEP.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it made Lenin realise that changes were
needed.’
‘It mattered because it forced Lenin to end War Communism.’
‘It helped lead to the New Economic Policy.’
‘Thousands of the sailors were shot or sent to labour camps.’
e.g. ‘It mattered a lot because it affected the events that were happening in
Russia at the time in a big way.’
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13(c) ‘Trotsky was the main reason the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.’ How far 10
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The main reason the Bolsheviks won was that the Whites were divided.
Some of them were liberals but some wanted to bring back the Romanovs.
Then there were foreign nations who wanted to keep Russia in the First World
War. This meant there was no unity and no overall leadership which meant
they did not coordinate their actions in the war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Trotsky was the main reason. He was charismatic and inspired the
soldiers. He boosted their morale by visiting the soldiers at the front. He also
introduced strict discipline and used the best army officers no matter what
their background was. He even used ex-Tsarist officers, because they were
good generals.’
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e.g. ‘Trotsky was very important because he was in charge of everything and
made sure it worked well.’
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted Russia to focus on its own revolution to show what a
model communist country would look like.’
‘The Soviet Union should strengthen itself internally.’
‘The revolution in Russia should be established before trying to spread world
revolution.’
‘The revolution in Russia had to be secured especially because attempted
revolutions elsewhere in Europe had failed.’
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14(b) Why was Lenin’s Political Testament not published in the Soviet Union 6
at the time of his death?
e.g. ‘It was not published because it was very critical of Stalin. He thought that
it might damage his chances of becoming leader if it was published. Lenin did
not want Stalin to succeed him and Stalin obviously did not want people to
know this. He was in competition with Trotsky to become the next leader.’
e.g. ‘It was not published at the time because there were people who would
not benefit if it was published, so they kept it hidden.’
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14(c) ‘It was the Purges that gave Stalin control of the USSR.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I think Stalin had control because of the personality cult that he created.
Pictures of Stalin appeared everywhere and he was presented as the saviour
of Russia and given god-like status. He was shown to represent everything
that was good about Russia. Because of this, many Russians genuinely
supported him and this gave him the control.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Purges did give Stalin control. Over 500,000 party members
were arrested on charges of anti-Soviet activities and were either executed or
sent to gulags. Over 25,000 army officers were removed from office. Stalin
made sure no-one became too powerful and did not therefore undermine his
authority. If anyone in the Communist Party was a possible rival, then he dealt
with them.’
e.g. ‘They did not give him complete control because local officials often
ignored instructions.’
‘People’s private lives were not always controlled by Stalin.’
‘Stalin used the ‘Cult of Stalin’ to gain control over the people.’
‘Many ordinary citizens admired Stalin and wanted to obey him because of the
personality cult.’
‘It was Stalin’s use of propaganda that gave him control of the Soviet Union.’
‘The ‘Great Terror’ removed opposition to Stalin.’
‘The new constitution gave total power to Stalin.’
‘The kulaks were removed for disobeying Stalin.’
‘The Purges got rid of rivals in the Communist Party.’
‘The Purges made everybody in the Soviet Union too scared to criticise
Stalin.’
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e.g. ‘The Purges helped Stalin stay in control of the USSR. They made sure
his leadership position was secure.’
15(a) Describe the problems faced by the coal industry in the 1920s. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The motor car was important because of the impact it had on lots of other
industries. Many people could afford a car and millions were sold. This
created a demand for lots of other products like rubber and glass. It also
meant that more roads had to be built as well as garages and restaurants.
Many parts of the American economy were stimulated, and new jobs created,
by the motor car.’
e.g. ‘The motor car was important because it changed people’s lives. People
could now go on holiday.’
‘Its production introduced the assembly line that was used in many other
industries.’
‘It created a demand for other products like glass.’
‘The motor car industry provided lots of jobs.’
‘Roads, restaurants and garages had to be built, creating new jobs.’
‘People could now live in suburbs so these grew in size.’
‘It stimulated the whole American economy.’
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15(c) ‘Farmers benefited from the economic boom of the 1920s.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Many farmers did not benefit from the economic boom. This was
because demand for their food fell and prices fell as well. They could not sell
all they produced, and they got less money for it. This was because of the end
of the war and competition from Canada and other countries. Soon many
farmers were bankrupt and had to sell up.’
OR
e.g. ‘Farmers with very large farms in the Mid-West did do well, as well as fruit
growers in California. The large wheat growers in the Mid-West had
mechanised and could produce wheat cheaply so they prospered. The fruit
growers in areas like Florida and California benefited from the fact that more
Americans turned to eating more fruit. So this increased demand for their
produce.’
e.g. ‘Some farmers benefited from the economic boom but not all of them.
Some suffered very badly.’
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16(a) What did Roosevelt promise the voters in the 1932 presidential election 4
campaign?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The Crash took place in October 1929 because of the actions of
speculators. These were people who bought shares on the stock market to
make a quick profit. They borrowed money from banks to do this. Eventually
many companies were over-valued and share prices started to go down. As
soon as this happened people panicked and sold their shares. The value of
the shares fell quickly and lots of people lost lots of money.’
e.g. ‘It crashed because the system was not working and everything was
going wrong.’
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16(c) ‘The reason why the Depression had such an impact on people’s lives 10
was Hoover’s failure to deal with it.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I think it was Hoover’s fault. He did very little to help people in trouble.
Hoover was a Republican and so was against the government helping people
much. He thought that people should stand on their own two feet and look
after their families themselves. People lost their jobs and became homeless
but Hoover did little. The measures he did pass like reducing taxes and
buying surplus farm produce was too little, too late. His actions against the
Bonus Army in Washington showed that he did not care much.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think this is unfair. The problem was an enormous one and there was
bound to be a big impact on people’s lives. Hoover did pass some measures.
He started building programmes like the Hoover Dam to provide jobs. Taxes
were reduced and tariffs were introduced to protect American companies. He
also provided companies with loans to keep them going. Without these
measures the situation would have been a lot worse.’
e.g. ‘The Depression had such an effect on people’s lives because no one
was really sorting out the problems, and this included Hoover.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The first Five-Year Plan was successful because the Chinese people got
behind it. This was largely due to communist propaganda and the enthusiasm
there still was for the new regime. Many Chinese felt that if they failed to meet
the targets they were letting down their fellow countrymen.’
e.g. ‘The Chinese were helped by Russian experts who had developed similar
plans in Russia.’
‘It was modelled on the Russian model.’
‘The Chinese people supported it.’
‘Communist propaganda encouraged the Chinese people to support it.’
‘Workers were given rewards for increasing productivity.’
‘The Plan had clear targets so people knew what they were aiming for.’
e.g. ‘It was successful because it worked well and was exactly what China
needed at the time.’
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17(c) ‘The social reforms of the 1950s were more important than the 10
introduction of communes.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The social reforms were much more important because they made a real
difference to people’s lives. Free health care was introduced. Prevention of
disease was focused on and the number of doctors was increased. These
measures produced dramatic results – rates of illness fell dramatically.
Education was also improved and the literacy rate went up to 90% of the
population. This meant people were able to contribute better to China’s
economic development.’
OR
e.g. ‘The introduction of communes was more important – it had a greater
impact on people’s lives. In the communes people’s lives were transformed.
All aspects of their lives were provided for and controlled. Schools were
provided and the very young and old were looked after. People no longer
worked on their own farms but worked on massive commune farms where
their working lives were controlled. They were also subjected to communist
propaganda, even in the fields where they were working.’
e.g. ‘I think the social reforms were very important because they affected
people’s lives. They were far more important than communes.’
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Question Answer Marks
18(a) What were the results of Kissinger’s visit to China in July 1971? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Relations between the USA and China improved.’
‘The USA withdrew many troops from Taiwan.’
‘It led to Nixon’s visit to China in 1972.’
‘Taiwan was voted out of the UN.’
‘It led to a trade agreement in 1972.’
18(b) Why was India important to China from the 1950s onwards? 6
e.g. ‘After the Chinese Civil War, Mao wanted to lessen the influence of India
in Tibet and to make Tibet officially part of China. The Panchsheel Agreement
(1954) was an important part of this because, as well as being an eight-year
agreement on Tibet, it acted as the foundation for India-China relations. It
governed how the two countries would conduct their relationship with each
other and led to economic and security cooperation between them.’
e.g. ‘It was important because both India and China wanted greater control
over/influence in Tibet.’
‘It was important because the initial agreement over Tibet led to cultural
exchanges between the two countries.’
‘It was important because economic and security cooperation with India was
achieved.’
‘It was important because India-China negotiations over Tibet set down five
principles for post-colonial states.’
‘It was important because of the tension and conflict in the 1950s and 1960s
over borders and territory in relation to Tibet.’
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18(c) ‘Relations between China and the USSR were good in the period 1950 to 10
1976.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In this period, relations between China and the USSR started very well
with the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship in 1950. This included a large loan
to China and a military alliance between the two countries. For the rest of the
1950s relations remained good as the USSR helped China develop its heavy
industry and supported its Five-Year Plan. Relations were also good after
Stalin died with Khrushchev making a visit to China.’
OR
e.g. ‘Relations between the two countries were not very good. This was
especially true when Khrushchev was in charge of the USSR. Khrushchev
was trying to improve relations with the USA and Mao did not approve of this.
Khrushchev even withdrew experts who were advising China on economic
development. Finally, relations were really bad during the Cultural Revolution
when red guards attacked the Soviet embassy in Beijing and both sides
gathered troops at the border.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘He was put on trial because of his involvement in the activities of
Umkhonto which was a radical wing of the ANC. Peaceful protest against
apartheid had not achieved much by 1960 and so this radical wing was willing
to use violent resistance. Mandela was one of the founders. It started to attack
government buildings and the government defined it as a terrorist organisation
and banned it. A campaign of sabotage was started with attacks on electricity
sub-stations and crop burning. Mandela was put on trial for helping to
organise these activities.’
e.g. ‘He was put on trial for treason because of his activities in South Africa
which the South African government did not like.’
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19(c) ‘Few South Africans benefited from the introduction of apartheid.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘White South Africans benefited from the introduction of apartheid. They
supported it because the economy boomed and they benefited from better
wages and a high standard of living. In particular, Afrikaners did well. They
were appointed to top jobs in the government which sent a lot of official
business to Afrikaner banks and businesses. Also, Afrikaner farmers were
given a lot of help by the government.’
OR
e.g. ‘Black South Africans did not benefit. Their wages stayed low and they
had a much lower standard of living than white South Africans. The conditions
in the Homelands were terrible. There was overcrowding and the health
facilities were poor. Life expectancy was lower than for white people. They
also suffered from all the restrictions such as having to carry passes and only
being able to live in certain poorer areas.’
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e.g. ‘The introduction of apartheid did help some South Africans but not many
of them. Most of them were worse off because of it.’
20(a) Describe the part played by Archbishop Tutu in the ending of apartheid. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘As a leading churchman his opposition to apartheid was very important.’
‘He campaigned consistently for an end to apartheid.’
‘He was given the Nobel Peace Prize for his work against apartheid.’
‘He campaigned for reconciliation of all the different groups in South Africa.’
‘He encouraged non-violent protest against apartheid.’
‘During the peace talks he mediated between different black groups.’
‘He chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.’
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20(b) Why did de Klerk face opposition from some white South Africans 6
during his discussions with Mandela in the early 1990s?
e.g. ‘De Klerk faced opposition from some white South Africans because they
were more conservative than him. The Conservative Party won a lot of votes
in the 1989 election and wanted a return to full apartheid. This was the
opposition to what de Klerk was discussing with Mandela. De Klerk thought
that South Africa was in danger of descending into a civil war while the
Conservative Party thought the answer was to deal with the protestors more
strongly.’
e.g. ‘He faced this opposition because they did not agree with what he was
doing in the discussions.’
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20(c) How far was Botha’s policy of ‘total strategy’ in the 1980s a success? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘His policy of total strategy was aimed at dealing with the threats to
apartheid and minority government. It was meant to deal with threats inside
and outside South Africa. Inside South Africa he tried to pass some reforms
that would stop some people from protesting but also deal firmly with those
that kept causing trouble. He introduced a new constitution which gave the
vote to some non-white groups. This did not win most of them over because
few voted in the first elections. The trouble with other reforms like getting rid of
some segregation laws and allowing more black people to live in towns, was
that they did not go far enough to win anyone over and a new wave of
protests broke out. Botha had to introduce a State of Emergency in 1985.’
OR
e.g. ‘Botha thought that one threat he could deal with was the threat from
ANC training camps in neighbouring states. These camps were in countries
like Zambia and Zimbabwe. To deal with them he ordered air strikes against
them. He also introduced some reforms inside South Africa such as legalising
interracial marriage and relaxing the Group Areas Act. He also authorised
contacts with Mandela. So, it could be said that he started South Africa off on
a direction that would lead to the settlement that was eventually reached by
Mandela and de Klerk. This was also true of his social, labour and economic
reforms which began moves towards non-racialism.’
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e.g. ‘His policy did not win over any opponents of apartheid.’
‘His reforms did not go far enough.’
‘His reforms upset some white people who broke away and formed the
Conservative Party.’
‘Violent protests and bombings broke out in the 1980s and South Africa
seemed to be on the edge of revolution.’
‘He had to introduce a State of Emergency in 1985.’
‘He did introduce some reforms to apartheid.’
‘He did relax the Group Areas Act.’
‘He dealt harshly with ANC camps outside South Africa.’
‘He started South Africa on the long road to eventual ending of apartheid and
minority government.’
e.g. ‘His policy was not really a success because it did not achieve what he
wanted.’
21(a) What were the Arab objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for 4
Palestine?
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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21(b) Why was Palestine important for the Jews at the end of the Second 6
World War?
e.g. ‘Jews had a longstanding claim to Palestine and many had moved there
hoping that a Jewish state would be created. During the Second World War
many Palestinian Jews signed up for the British army. Their great hope was
that when the war ended they would be rewarded by a Jewish state being
established. There was growing support for this idea and many Jews thought
their time had come.’
e.g. ‘Jews hoped that the British government would be sympathetic to their
demands for a Jewish state in Palestine.’
‘It was important because they knew that, after the war, decisions would be
made about what to do with Palestine.’
‘The Holocaust had created a lot of sympathy for the Jews and they hoped
this would increase support for a Jewish state.’
‘During the war Britain had plans for both an Arab and a Jewish state, and so
the Jews were hopeful.’
e.g. ‘It was important to them because they wanted Palestine and it was their
great chance to get it.’
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21(c) How far were British actions to blame for the crisis in Palestine after the 10
Second World War? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘I think the British were to blame. Before the war, and during it, they had
raised hopes for both Arab and Jewish states. Both groups were hopeful
when the war ended. However, the British then surprised and disappointed
everyone by refusing to leave Palestine. It wanted to stay so that it could
control the Eastern Mediterranean. The situation was made worse when
Britain than tried to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine. This caused a lot
of criticism. All these actions by Britain led to Jews starting a violent campaign
to drive the British out. However, this was Britain’s fault for refusing to go in
the first place.’
OR
e.g. ‘The crisis in Palestine was caused by Jews. In 1946 they started a
campaign of terror in Palestine against the British. The worst part was the
blowing up of the King David Hotel and the killing of over 90 people.
Hundreds of British soldiers were killed by the terrorists. Jews were
responsible for turning the situation into one of terrible violence and Britain
was forced out.’
e.g. ‘The British were to blame. The decisions they made were hopeless and
were bound to lead to trouble.’
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Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
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22(b) Why has the United Nations failed to solve the issue of Palestinian 6
refugees?
e.g. ‘The UN has played a large role in the issue of Palestine and has
provided refugee camps with supplies. However, it has not managed to solve
the issue. One reason for this has been the opposition of Israel. In 1948 the
UN passed a resolution for all Palestinians to be allowed to return to their
homes. Israel rejected this resolution and was more interested in turning the
Palestinian land into settlements for Jewish immigrants. Without Israel’s
cooperation there was no way that the issue could be sorted out.’
e.g. ‘Israel has not agreed to the refugees returning to their villages.’
‘Arab states and Israel have not been able to agree over the issue.’
‘It was in Arab interests to keep the refugees as refugees, as it gave them
something to criticise Israel with.’
‘The international community has not been focused on solving the issue so
the UN has been powerless.’
e.g. ‘The United Nations has not succeeded in solving the issue of refugees
because it is a very difficult problem to sort out.’
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22(c) How far have Arab states supported the Palestine Liberation 10
Organisation (PLO)? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Arab states have not supported the PLO as much as might be
expected. In 1970, Jordan expelled it but this was because Jordan thought
that the PLO was plotting to overthrow its king. However, it has not been
treated well by other Arab countries. Syria has attacked it and expelled it from
Lebanon. In the 1970s, Egypt took away its support when it started to
negotiate a peace settlement with Israel. It seems that many Arab countries
have been using the PLO when it suited their own country’s interests.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some of the Arab states have supported the PLO. In 1974, the Arab
League recognised the PLO as the only true representative of the Palestinian
people and accepted it as a member of the League. This led to Arafat being
invited to speak to the UN. The PLO has been funded by some Arab states,
especially Saudi Arabia.’
e.g. ‘The PLO attracted much hostility from Arab states because of their
actions.’
‘Both Syria and Jordan expelled the PLO.’
‘Egypt abandoned it when making peace with Israel.’
‘Many Arab countries have not given the PLO the money they promised it.’
‘Some Arab countries have used the PLO to further their own interests.’
‘The PLO had a destabilising influence in the countries where it operated and
so these countries did not support it.’
‘Some countries such as Saudi Arabia have supported it with money.’
‘The Arab League recognised it as the only true representative of the
Palestinian people.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/11
Paper 1 October/November 2022
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (DE) 320002
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
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(c) How far do you agree that Frederick William IV was responsible for the failure of the 1848–49
revolutions in Germany? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was Piedmont’s involvement in the Crimean War important for unification? [6]
(c) ‘France was a more important threat to unification than Austria.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘Prussia’s military strength was the main cause of unification.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
4 Differences between North and South were important causes of the American Civil War.
(a) Describe the economic differences between North and South by 1860. [4]
(b) Why did some states secede from the Union? [6]
(c) ‘A disaster for the South.’ How far do you agree with this assessment of the impact of the Civil
War? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe how the Corfu incident of 1923 was resolved. [4]
(b) Why was the Vilna dispute a challenge for the League? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for the weakness of the League was the absence of the United States.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was ‘lebensraum’ important for Hitler’s foreign policy? [6]
(c) ‘The Munich Agreement was more important in bringing about war than the Nazi–Soviet Pact.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 Tense relations between the Allied powers developed rapidly after the Second World War.
(c) Which did more to damage relations between the United States and the USSR: disagreements
over Poland or Marshall Aid? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did many Iranians resent Western influence over the Shah’s government? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that economic issues were more important than repression in the
development of opposition to the Shah’s regime? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe the reaction of the Allies to the German invasion of Belgium in 1914. [4]
(c) How far do you agree that the Schlieffen Plan failed because of the British Expeditionary
Force? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What was the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) in Britain? [4]
(c) How far do you agree that the First World War had a positive impact on women? Explain your
answer. [10]
(b) Why was the Kapp Putsch important for the Weimar government? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that proportional representation was the most serious weakness of the
Weimar Constitution? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were many workers happy with life under the Nazi regime? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Nazi policies towards women were successful? Explain your
answer. [10]
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(a) What were the main features of the New Economic Policy? [4]
(c) ‘Failure to end the war was the main reason the Provisional Government lost power.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) ‘Stalin’s rise to power was the result of good fortune rather than political ability.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
15 The boom of the 1920s had mixed results for the United States.
(b) Why did the traditional textile industries struggle in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘The boom had little impact on the lives of women.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
16 Different groups had different experiences in the United States in the 1920s.
(b) Why did the demand for popular entertainment increase in the 1920s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that immigrants were the group that suffered most from intolerance in
the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why did the Second World War weaken the Nationalists? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the outcome of the Civil War was decided by the peasantry?
Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What was the role of the Red Guards in the Cultural Revolution? [4]
(b) Why was the Cultural Revolution important to Mao’s leadership? [6]
(c) ‘The greatest social impact of the Cultural Revolution was on education.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
19 Even before the introduction of apartheid, the position of black South Africans deteriorated for
many reasons.
(a) What was the Native Urban Areas Act, 1923? [4]
(b) Why were many black South Africans forced out of farming? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the impact of the Second World War was the main reason for the
National Party’s success in the 1948 election? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were some countries in southern Africa afraid to oppose apartheid in the 1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Economic developments in the 1970s benefited South Africans.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(b) Why did some Arab states react against the agreements made at Camp David? [6]
(c) ‘The USSR’s involvement in the Middle East had a negative impact on the Arab states.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why has it been impossible for Palestinian refugees to return home? [6]
(c) How surprising is it that some Arab states did not support the Palestine Liberation Organisation
(PLO)? Explain your answer. [10]
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PUBLISHED 2022
Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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1(c) How far do you agree that Frederick William IV was responsible for the 10
failure of the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Frederick William was responsible for the failure of the revolution
because he changed his mind over whether he would support or oppose the
revolution. He talked about having a constitutional government in March
1848 but refused the crown which was offered to him by the Frankfurt
Parliament. He did not think the people had the right to make this offer and
his refusal meant the Parliament was bound to fail and that Austrian
authority would be restored.’
OR
e.g. ‘Frederick William was not responsible for the failure of the revolution as
the revolutionary movement was divided and unable to agree about their
aims. Some of the princes supported the Parliament at first but changed
their minds when the revolutions died down. This made the Parliament
weaker and less likely to succeed.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
2(b) Why was Piedmont’s involvement in the Crimean War important for 6
unification?
e.g. ‘The war enabled Cavour to work closely with Napoleon III and build up
a relationship. Cavour hoped that France would help the Italian states to
remove the Austrians from Italian land. The peace conference gave Cavour
a seat at the table. It enabled him to hint that Piedmont deserved a reward
for its support of the alliance.’
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2(c) ‘France was a more important threat to unification than Austria.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Austria was a threat to unification since the Austrian forces were very
professional and could call upon large numbers from their reserves held
behind the Quadrilateral. The Austrian army was also well led by Radetzky,
as shown at Custoza and Novara. However, the weakness of the Austrian
army was seen in 1859 when they were defeated at the Battle of Solferino
and this showed Austria was less of a threat. The combined armies of
Piedmont and France ensured that Austria was forced to negotiate, allowing
Lombardy to be annexed by Piedmont.’
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Austria and Prussia could not agree on how to govern Schleswig-
Holstein, and therefore they decided to split the territories with Austria being
responsible for Holstein and Prussia for Schleswig. Bismarck may have
done this deliberately to make it easier to pick an argument with Austria.’
e.g. ‘They went to war because they disagreed over many issues.’
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3(c) ‘Prussia’s military strength was the main cause of unification.’ How far 10
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Prussian military strength was important. There had been considerable
investment in the Prussian economy to produce the weapons of war. Moltke
and his generals had produced a well equipped and trained army which was
superior to Austria’s. This shows that Bismarck could use force if diplomacy
failed as he had a strong army at his disposal.’
OR
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Question Answer Marks
4(a) Describe the economic differences between North and South by 1860. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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4(c) ‘A disaster for the South.’ How far do you agree with this assessment 10
of the impact of the Civil War? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Civil War had a disastrous impact on the South. Much of the South
had been devastated by war including buildings, roads and railways. The
economy had collapsed and inflation soared. The hard-line radical
Republicans wanted to punish the South and they prevented their
representatives from sitting in Congress. They passed the Basic
Reconstruction Act which prevented Confederate leaders from standing for
office.’
OR
e.g. ‘Many people from the South were killed in the fighting.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
5(b) Why was the Vilna dispute a challenge for the League? 6
e.g. ‘The Vilna dispute was a challenge for the League of Nations because
Poland refused to do as the League asked. The Polish troops had invaded
Vilna which was a city in Lithuania. The League asked them to leave but
they refused and this made the League seem very weak.’
e.g. ‘The League could not get the two sides to agree.’
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5(c) ‘The main reason for the weakness of the League was the absence of 10
the United States.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘The absence of the USA was important because it was difficult to apply
economic sanctions when the USA was not a member of the League. The
USA could continue trading with the offending country, such as Italy in the
Abyssinian crisis, making the threat of sanctions almost meaningless.’
OR
e.g. ‘Other factors were also important. The Depression caused members of
the League to change their priorities. Britain suffered high unemployment
and it was not willing to get involved in sorting out international disputes
while its economy was suffering.’
e.g. ‘The USA was the most powerful country in the world.’
‘The USA had a large army.’
‘The USA undermined economic sanctions.’
‘The Depression affected relations between countries.’
‘The League failed to do anything about disarmament.’
‘There was weakness shown in several incidents such as Corfu, Manchuria
and Abyssinia.’
‘Britain and France often disagreed.’
‘League members were self-interested.’
‘The League took too long to reach decisions.’
‘The League lacked a standing army.’
‘There were too many absent powers.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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6(c) ‘The Munich Agreement was more important in bringing about war 10
than the Nazi–Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The decisions at Munich made war more likely because they meant
Britain and France had abandoned Czechoslovakia. In October 1938,
German troops marched into the Sudetenland. In March 1939, Hitler took
the rest of Czechoslovakia. There was no resistance from the Czechs,
Britain or France. Because of the way Britain gave in to Hitler, he now
thought he could take part of Poland without going to war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Hitler threatened war if he did not get the whole of the Sudetenland.’
‘The four powers effectively abandoned Czechoslovakia to its fate.’
‘Appeasement had failed.’
‘It allowed Hitler to gain confidence.’
‘Munich showed that Hitler could not be trusted.’
‘Germany and Russia made a secret pact to divide Poland between them.’
‘Hitler did not have to fight a war on two fronts.’
‘Britain and France promised Poland they would guarantee its
independence.’
‘Hitler did not believe Britain and France would go to war over Poland.’
e.g. ‘The Second World War broke out when Hitler invaded Poland.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Stalin blockaded Berlin because he felt the USA’s handling of Western
Germany was provocative. The Allies joined their zones together and
introduced a new currency. Stalin could do nothing to prevent this but
wanted to assert his own power over Berlin as it was deep inside Eastern
Germany. Therefore, he took the decision to cut the Western sectors off
from Western Germany.’
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7(c) Which did more to damage relations between the USA and the USSR: 10
disagreements over Poland or Marshall Aid? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Western Allies wanted Poland to have a government which had
been elected by free and fair multi-party elections. They wanted the
elections to be held as soon as possible but agreed to a provisional
government of pro-Soviet Lublin Poles and exiled London Poles. Stalin
wanted a pro-Soviet government on his border and was willing to murder
opposition leaders and fix the elections to achieve this. His failure to do what
had been agreed angered the Allies.’
OR
e.g. ‘The USA interpreted the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe as the start
of spreading communism around the world and responded with Marshall
Aid. This was a package of financial support which was to help strengthen
vulnerable European economies suffering from the effects of war. The
USSR saw this as a threat.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
8(b) Why did many Iranians resent Western influence over the Shah’s 6
government?
e.g. ‘There was resentment of Western influence in Iran because the Shah’s
rule was associated with the British and Americans who were keen to
protect their own interests rather than benefit Iran. Iranians believed that the
West supported the Shah because they were interested in keeping oil
supplies for the West secure.’
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8(c) How far do you agree that economic issues were more important than 10
repression in the development of opposition to the Shah’s regime?
Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘Repression was important in causing the Iranian people to turn against
the Shah. His secret police, SAVAK, used brutal methods and a system of
informers to keep control over the population. In 1977 the Shah relaxed
police controls, thinking this would save his regime. However, it led to a
flood of opposition towards him.’
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9(a) Describe the reaction of the Allies to the German invasion of Belgium 4
in 1914.
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘At the Battle of the Marne combined British and French forces pushed
the Germans back to the River Aisne, but could not push them out of France
entirely. Neither side could make any progress. Therefore, both sides began
to dig trenches to hold on to their positions and protect themselves from
snipers and shells.’
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9(c) How far do you agree that the Schlieffen Plan failed because of the 10
British Expeditionary Force? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The BEF was important in the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. At Mons
and Le Cateau, the BEF slowed the German forces down. To be successful
the Plan relied on speed. Working with the French at the Battle of the
Marne, the BEF managed to halt the German advance outside Paris and
cause a split in the German forces, forcing the Germans to retreat to the
River Aisne.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other factors which meant the Schlieffen Plan did not work
properly. The plan assumed that Russia would take six weeks to mobilise.
However, Russia was ready to fight more quickly and this meant the
Germans had to fight on two fronts. The Plan had been based around the
idea that this would not happen.’
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10(a) What was the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) in Britain? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘One factor which prevented Britain from starving was the convoy
system. This was introduced in June 1916 to stop British merchant ships
being sunk by German U-boats. Most of Britain’s food supplies were
transported by sea. The convoy system proved successful because in over
a year only 150 ships were sunk out of 17 000 crossing the Atlantic.’
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10(c) How far do you agree that the First World War had a positive impact on 10
women? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways the war had a positive impact on women. For the first
time they could work in traditional male occupations. Women could become
police officers, railway staff, bus conductors, welders, plumbers, munition
workers and farm labourers. In France, a third of all employees in
armaments production were women. Jobs like these were better paid than
their traditional occupations.’
OR
e.g. ‘The war had a negative impact on many women who lost husbands,
brothers and sons in the fighting. In Germany, women suffered from food
shortages and many died as a result of influenza in 1918. Some of the jobs
undertaken by women were dangerous, such as in the armaments industry
where they worked with dangerous chemicals and could become ill as a
result.’
e.g. ‘Women tackled many jobs they had not been involved in before.’
‘The war meant higher wages for many working women.’
‘Women worked in munitions factories.’
‘Women lost relatives during the war.’
‘Food shortages in Germany had a serious impact on women.’
‘Many women died of influenza.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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11(b) Why was the Kapp Putsch important for the Weimar government? 6
e.g. ‘The Kapp Putsch was important for the government because it showed
that the government could survive threats against it. When the putsch was
launched the government appealed to the workers in Berlin for help. In
response, they organised a general strike and this brought transport to a
halt. This meant the putsch collapsed and the government survived.’
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11(c) How far do you agree that proportional representation was the most 10
serious weakness of the Weimar Constitution? Explain your answer.
OR
e.g. ‘Article 48 was a more serious weakness because it gave too much
power to the President. It allowed him to override the democratically elected
government and make laws by decree. This undermined the parliamentary
system and was used with more frequency after the start of the depression
in 1929.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
12(b) Why were many workers happy with life under the Nazi regime? 6
e.g. ‘Workers were happy with life under the Nazi regime because they were
unlikely to suffer from unemployment as they had during the depression.
Nazi policies such as rearmament, public works schemes to build autobahns
and conscription meant there was enough work for everyone.’
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12(c) How far do you agree that Nazi policies towards women were 10
successful? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The policy of encouraging women to give up their job, get married and
have children was successful. The number of marriages increased from half
a million in 1932 to three quarters of a million in 1934, while the birth rate
increased from 15 to 20 per thousand from 1933 to 1939.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways policies towards women were not a success. After 1937,
the Nazi regime became increasingly contradictory in its attitude towards
women. The increase in the birth rate required women’s presence in the
home. However, there was a shortage of labour and therefore women were
increasingly required to return to work.’
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13(a) What were the main features of the New Economic Policy? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The mutiny was important because the sailors had played an important
role in the Revolution and the Civil War. They thought they had fought
against repression and dictatorship traits which were now being shown by
the Soviet government through policies such as requisitioning. Their
opposition was taken seriously by the government.’
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13(c) ‘Failure to end the war was the main reason the Provisional 10
Government lost power.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Failure to end the war was an important reason for the failure of the
Provisional Government. The war effort was failing and thousands of
soldiers were deserting from the army. Kerensky rallied the army for the
June Offensive but it was a disaster. Riots followed and further desertions.
Without the support of the army the Provisional Government would be
unable to withstand attempts to overthrow it.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other problems which faced the Provisional Government.
The failure to deal with land reform made politicians appear to lack
understanding of the situation facing the peasants. The Provisional
Government waited to take action until after the elections, but this did not
address the needs of the peasants.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to control culture so that he could control every aspect of
people’s lives. He introduced censorship to make sure that books, films and
music only contained ideas which glorified him and the Soviet regime. This
would stop people having access to other ideas which Stalin might see as
threatening.’
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14(c) ‘Stalin’s rise to power was the result of good fortune rather than 10
political ability.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘Good fortune was an important part of Stalin’s rise to power. Lenin’s
Last Testament was extremely critical of Stalin and warned that he could not
be trusted as he was unlikely to use power wisely. He was not viewed as a
natural successor to Lenin and it was fortunate for Stalin that this testament
was not made public.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin’s rise to power showed that he was a skilled manipulator and
politically astute. Stalin used his power within the Communist Party very
effectively. He was the General Secretary and used this and his other
positions to put his own supporters in important posts. He also made sure
he removed people likely to support his opponents. He gradually increased
his own support base.’
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PUBLISHED 2022
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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15(b) Why did the traditional textile industries struggle in the 1920s? 6
e.g. ‘There was less demand for traditional textiles such as cotton and
woollen cloth. This was because new synthetic textiles, such as rayon and
artificial silk, were more popular with consumers.’
e.g. ‘Traditional fabrics such as cotton and wool became less popular.’
‘Cheaper alternatives were being made.’
‘New synthetic materials were more fashionable.’
‘New fabrics were lighter to wear and easier to wash.’
‘The latest fashions used less fabric so demand for cloth went down.’
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15(c) ‘The boom had little impact on the lives of women.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Many women were able to get jobs and earn their own income for the
first time. Linked with the increased use of labour-saving devices, such as
washing machines and vacuum cleaners, women were able to become freer
and independent. Some even learned to drive and bought cars.’
OR
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
16(b) Why did the demand for popular entertainment increase in the 1920s? 6
e.g. ‘Entertainment was more in demand in the 1920s because the average
working week dropped from 47 hours to 44 hours so people had more
leisure time. Average wages rose by 10% in real terms so workers had more
disposable income. Many chose to channel this spare time and money into
entertainment.’
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16(c) How far do you agree that immigrants were the group that suffered 10
most from intolerance in the 1920s? Explain your answer.
OR
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
17(b) Why did the Second World War weaken the Nationalists? 6
e.g. ‘The Second World War weakened the Nationalists because Chiang
Kai-shek proved reluctant to engage the Japanese in military confrontation
and adopted defensive positions. He ignored the advice of American military
advisers who urged him to attack the Japanese. This annoyed the Chinese
peasants who wanted to see their own government fight the Japanese.’
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17(c) How far do you agree that the outcome of the Civil War was decided by 10
the peasantry? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Mao won the Civil War because he was extremely popular with the
peasants. He had fought the Japanese hard in the Second World War, and
during the Civil War the Communists were always considerate towards the
peasants. The peasants were also attracted to the Communists because
they were promised land. This meant the peasants fought loyally for the
Communists.’
OR
e.g. ‘Other factors were important. For instance, the Communists used
guerrilla tactics. They knew they could not afford to engage in large scale
attacks as this would be too costly in terms of manpower and supplies.
Therefore, they made calculated attacks against small targets to cause
problems for the KMT.’
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18(a) What was the role of the Red Guards in the Cultural Revolution? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Red Guards led the campaign against the Four Olds.’
‘The Red Guards were protecting the ideas of the revolution.’
‘They used violence to defend the revolution against western ideas.’
‘Thousands of people were tortured and imprisoned by the Red Guards.’
‘They confiscated antiques.’
‘They placed posters with the names and crimes of people on the streets.’
‘They tried to remove ancient art forms.’
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e.g. ‘Since the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao had lost his position
as Chairman of the Party. Mao wanted to return to a powerful position. As
the Great Leap Forward had been widely discredited, Mao was worried his
position in history was under threat. A new movement would help re-
establish his influence.’
e.g. ‘Mao wanted to regain his influence after the failure of the Great Leap
Forward.’
‘Mao had lost his position as Party Chairman.’
‘Mao considered his place in history was under threat.’
‘Mao was concerned the revolution was heading towards a Soviet model
with privileged groups.’
‘Liu Shaoqi did not favour collective farms and factories which Mao had
introduced.’
‘Young people seemed less connected to the communist model and needed
enthusing.’
‘The less well off and poorly educated seemed to be turning against the
spirit of the revolution.’
‘Elements of capitalism, such as private trade, had made certain people
richer than others.’
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e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution had a huge impact on education. The closure
of schools and colleges led to a lowering of academic standards. Some
areas of China had illiteracy rates as high as 40% twenty years after the
revolution. The elimination of qualified teachers meant many areas were
forced to rely upon chosen students to re-educate the next generation.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution also had an impact on the lives of young
people. Millions of young people joined the Red Guards. The young were
expected to question their parents, although this had been forbidden in
traditional Chinese culture. Slogans such as ‘Parents may love me, but not
as much as Chairman Mao’ were common. Many young people became
more loyal to the regime.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
19(b) Why were many black South Africans forced out of farming? 6
e.g. ‘Many black South Africans were forced out of farming because of the
1913 Natives Land Act. Under the act, only 7% of South African land was
allocated to black farmers. This prevented them from practising
sharecropping and they were thrown off the land.’
e.g. ‘The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from owning land.’
‘Black people could only own land in the native reserves.’
‘The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from practising
sharecropping.’
‘The 1913 Act forced black people to seek work on white-owned farms.’
‘Black people could only occupy white-owned land if they worked for the
farmer.’
‘Black people became cheap labour on large farms run by white people.’
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19(c) How far do you agree that the impact of the Second World War was the 10
main reason for the National Party’s success in the 1948 election?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The Second World War caused changes which were partly responsible
for the National Party winning the election in 1948. The war led to industrial
expansion and the need for black workers who moved to the towns. They
began to outnumber white people. The United Party government responded
by relaxing some laws and regulations. Many white South Africans and
Afrikaners saw these changes as a threat and voted for the National Party.’
OR
e.g. ‘The voting system was partly responsible for the Nationalist victory.
The National Party and the Afrikaner Party won 79 seats in the House of
Assembly against a combined total of 74 won by the United Party and the
Labour Party. Due to the ‘first past the post’ system, the National Party had
won more seats, even though the United Party had received 11% more
votes.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Some countries would have liked to take action but were too afraid of
the consequences as South Africa had the strongest military forces in the
region. For instance, Botswana and Swaziland were partly surrounded by
South African territory and would not have been able to withstand an attack
by South African forces.’
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e.g. ‘The white population benefited from the booming economy, enjoying a
rising standard of living, high standards of health care and increasing life
expectancy. White farmers used subsidies to mechanise their farms and
increase output.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although wages did rise for black workers during the 1970s, the
workers were still paid a fraction of what a white worker earned for doing the
same job. Unemployment amongst black workers was high, resulting in
poverty, malnutrition and early death.’
e.g. ‘South Africa had a huge unequal distribution of wealth and income.’
‘The main beneficiaries of the booming economy were white South
Africans.’
‘The Afrikaner farmers received massive state support.’
‘Black wages rose in the 1970s.’
‘A quarter of black working people were unemployed in the 1970s.’
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Question Answer Marks
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Nasser announced that the Suez Canal was ‘our Canal’.’
‘Nasser decided that Egypt would nationalise the Canal and Egyptians
would run it themselves.’
‘Egyptian forces occupied key positions in the Canal Zone.’
‘Nasser froze the assets of the Suez Canal Company and announced the
compulsory purchase of its shares.’
‘The Canal was closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘The Straits of Tiran were closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘Nasser ordered that the Gulf of Aqaba be blockaded.’
21(b) Why did some Arab states react against the agreements made at Camp 6
David?
e.g. ‘Many Arab nations did not agree with the agreements made at Camp
David. The agreements did not demand from Israel recognition of the
Palestinians’ right to self-determination. Therefore, Arab states saw Camp
David as a disintegration of a united Arab front in opposition to Israel.’
e.g. ‘The agreements did not demand from Israel recognition of the
Palestinians’ right to self-determination.’
‘It was a weakening of Arab opposition to Israel.’
‘Egypt was suspended from the Arab League.’
‘King Hussein was angry that Jordan’s interests in the West Bank were not
discussed.’
e.g. ‘Some Arab states did not agree with what had been decided.’
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21(c) ‘The USSR’s involvement in the Middle East had a negative impact on 10
the Arab states.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways the USSR was an effective ally for the Arab states. In
1955, the Russians started to sell weapons to Nasser to attempt a balancing
of power in the region. During the Six-Day War, the Russians supported the
Arabs and, despite their defeat, the support continued up to 1973. The
USSR also provided support to Egypt in projects such as building the Aswan
Dam.’
OR
e.g. ‘In other ways the USSR had a negative influence. In 1967, the USSR
passed on intelligence to the Arab states about Israeli troop movements on
the border of Syria. This was later proved to be false but was one of the
main reasons the Six-Day War was launched. Some leaders, for instance
President Sadat, were concerned they were being used by the USSR as a
pawn in the Cold War and relations cooled in the 1970s.’
e.g. ‘The USSR was involved in many countries in the Middle East.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
22(b) Why has it been impossible for Palestinian refugees to return home? 6
e.g. ‘One reason the Palestinians could not return home was that Israel
would not let them unless the Arab states agreed to allow Israel to keep the
land captured in the 1948 war. Of course, the Arab states would not agree
to this and so the Palestinian refugees had no option but to stay in the
camps.’
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22(c) How surprising is it that some Arab states did not support the 10
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that some Arab states did not support the PLO.
Jordan had been supportive of the PLO but, after the Dawson’s Field
hijacking, King Hussein of Jordan ordered his army to take control of the
PLO bases in Jordan. King Hussein was worried that, by maintaining
support for an organisation which had committed the hijacking, he would
lose valuable allies. PLO offices in Jordan were shut down and their
newspapers banned.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is surprising that Arab states have not supported the PLO. When the
West Bank was captured by the Israelis in 1967, 350 000 Palestinians fled.
The Palestinians became refugees and yet some Arab countries would not
support them even though they were Arabs too.’
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Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 October/November 2022
2 hours
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (CE) 320288
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over
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1 Internal and external factors were important in the move towards Italian unification.
(a) What did Piedmont gain from its involvement in the Crimean War? [4]
(b) Why was the Plombières agreement important to Italian unification? [6]
(c) How far was Garibaldi responsible for the unification of Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament offer the German crown to Frederick William IV? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany achieved little? Explain your
answer. [10]
(a) What changes were made to the US Constitution as a result of the Civil War? [4]
(c) How far was Reconstruction a failure? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe the involvement of Christian missionaries in the spread of European imperialism.
[4]
(b) Why was trade important in the expansion of European empires? [6]
(c) ‘British imperialism brought little benefit to Africa.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why was the League often slow to react to aggression? [6]
(c) ‘Italy was more to blame than Britain and France for the failure of the League.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(c) How far do you agree that Chamberlain’s attempts to appease Hitler were justified? Explain
your answer. [10]
(b) Why did President Johnson increase American involvement in Vietnam? [6]
(c) ‘American public opinion was more important than the tactics of the North Vietnamese forces
in causing the United States to withdraw.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [10]
8 Many measures were taken to maintain Soviet control over Eastern Europe.
(c) How far do you agree that resistance to Soviet domination broke out in Hungary (1956) and
Czechoslovakia (1968) for the same reasons? Explain your answer. [10]
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(b) Why did the Allied bombardment at the start of the Battle of the Somme fail to destroy the
German defences? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that tanks were used to better effect than aircraft in the First World
War? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What challenges to its authority did the German government face by early November 1918?
[4]
(b) Why were food supplies running out in Germany by 1918? [6]
(c) How far was the strength of the Allied forces responsible for the failure of the Ludendorff
Offensive? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) From which groups did the Nazis draw most of their support in the 1920s? [4]
(b) Why was the Reichstag Fire important for Hitler? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the Munich Putsch benefited Hitler? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were some women unhappy with changes made by the Nazis? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis succeeded in winning support from young people?
Explain your answer. [10]
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13 The Tsarist regime was under threat in the early twentieth century.
(a) Describe the impact of the Russo-Japanese War on the Tsar’s regime. [4]
(b) Why did the Tsarist regime survive the 1905 revolution? [6]
(c) ‘The most important reason why the Tsar fell from power was that he had taken personal
control of the army.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why was there a famine in the Soviet Union in 1932–33? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that industrial workers benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain your
answer. [10]
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(c) How far do you agree that women’s lives improved in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) What did the New Deal do to help the Tennessee Valley? [4]
(c) ‘The main reason for opposition to the New Deal was that it failed to provide enough help for
the poor.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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(a) Describe the changes made to the organisation of farms in 1953. [4]
(b) Why did the Communists take action against the landlords? [6]
(c) ‘Mao’s industrial reforms were a success.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [10]
(a) Describe what happened when Mao visited Stalin in 1949–50. [4]
(b) Why did China’s relationships with other countries change after 1976? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that China had a positive relationship with the USSR in the 1950s?
Explain your answer. [10]
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(c) How far do you agree that South African governments had repressed opposition to apartheid
by 1966? Explain your answer. [10]
(a) Describe how South African governments strengthened security after 1966. [4]
(b) Why were some countries unwilling to impose economic sanctions on South Africa in the
1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Trade union opposition was the most serious challenge to the apartheid system in the 1970s.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
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10
(a) Describe the role of the USSR in the Middle East. [4]
(b) Why were there tensions between Israel and Lebanon in the 1980s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Israel survived between 1956 and 1973 because of support from
the United States? Explain your answer. [10]
(b) Why were the actions of Black September important for the Palestinian cause? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Yasser Arafat failed to achieve his aims? Explain your answer.
[10]
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1(a) What did Piedmont gain from its involvement in the Crimean War? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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1(c) How far was Garibaldi responsible for the unification of Italy? Explain 10
your answer.
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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2(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament offer the German crown to Frederick 6
William IV?
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament wanted the King to accept the crown so that
the Constitution they had proposed would be accepted in Prussia. This
would allow the Parliament to introduce reforms which had popular support
and to create a new German Empire free from Austrian control.’
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2(c) How far do you agree that the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany 10
achieved little? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The revolutions in Germany didn’t achieve their aim to be united and
free from Austrian control. Liberals and nationalists met to draft a new
constitution but failed. Prussian attempts to become leader of a united
Germany were quashed by Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, there were some changes because of the 1848 revolutions in
Germany. Reforms were introduced in some parts of the country. The
German governments agreed to create three constituent assemblies at
Berlin, Vienna, and Frankfurt by which democratic constitutions were to be
drafted for Prussia, Austria, and Germany. Although the Frankfurt
Parliament was closed in 1849, it had begun a series of debates about the
way German states were ruled and the rights which should be given to the
people.’
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3(a) What changes were made to the US Constitution as a result of the Civil 4
War?
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The KKK was formed because the ex-Confederate soldiers saw
themselves as vigilantes protecting white communities from the freed
slaves. They set out to persecute freed men trying to set up business in
white areas or on their own land.’
e.g. ‘The Klan was formed because there was chaos at the end of the Civil
War.’
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e.g. ‘Johnson’s policy was one of reconciliation. The Southern states could
elect legislatures and send senators and representatives to Washington. In
theory, the Southern states were treated equally with the Northern states.’
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Trade was important because countries were keen to expand their
markets and sell goods which were produced at home. Also, many countries
looked for raw materials such as precious metals. They also looked for
valuable products such as silk, which could be sold for high prices at home.’
e.g. ‘More products were bought and sold as a result of the expansion of the
empire.’
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4(c) ‘British imperialism brought little benefit to Africa.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In Africa, Britain built roads, railways, schools and hospitals. This
generally improved the standard of living of native peoples by increasing
their mobility, improving their health and giving them an education. There
were benefits to the native peoples from considerable trading. Raw
materials, such as bananas, palm oil, rubber, cocoa and tea, were
exchanged for manufactured goods.’
OR
e.g. ‘The British used their African colonies for their own benefit.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The League was often slow to act because decisions made by the
council had to be unanimous to be carried. When the Council or Assembly
met to vote on aggressive action by a country, it would take just one
negative vote for the motion to fail. This obviously made it difficult to take
decisive action against a country that decided to disturb the peace.’
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5(c) ‘Italy was more to blame than Britain and France for the failure of the 10
League.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
e.g. ‘Italy was more to blame. Mussolini undermined the authority of the
League in 1923 when he persuaded the Conference of Ambassadors to
change the League’s ruling. This showed the League could be intimidated
by one of the major powers. His invasion of Abyssinia underlined the
League’s weakness as members would not impose sanctions which would
hit their own industries.’
OR
e.g. ‘Britain and France were more to blame as they failed to take action to
prevent Mussolini’s aggression. They tried to find a solution to the
Abyssinian Crisis. This involved the Hoare–Laval Pact, which was leaked to
the press, and showed they were not willing to take tough action to stop
Mussolini. Therefore they are more to blame.’
e.g. ‘Both sides put their own interests above those of the League.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Stalin agreed to the Nazi–Soviet Pact because he wanted to buy time
to build up his armed forces. The Soviet army was weak and the leadership
had been purged. Stalin hoped that a war in western Europe would distract
Hitler for a long time and give him the opportunity to strengthen his own
defences.’
e.g. ‘Stalin agreed to the Nazi–Soviet Pact because he would benefit from
it.’
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PUBLISHED 2022
6(c) How far do you agree that Chamberlain’s attempts to appease Hitler 10
were justified? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Some would argue that Chamberlain’s policy was justified. Many
people feared communism more than Nazism. One way to reduce the
potential threat of Soviet Russia was to ensure that there was a strong, anti-
communist state in central Europe committed to its destruction. Germany
fitted the bill perfectly. Anti-communists found it convenient to support
appeasement and agreed with what Chamberlain was doing.’
OR
e.g. ‘Many people thought the Treaty of Versailles was unfair to Germany.’
‘The British hoped that a strong Germany would stop the spread of
communism.’
‘Britain and France were militarily weak and not ready to fight.’
‘Appeasement would give time to rearm adequately.’
‘Memories of the First World War were still vivid.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘A political and military group formed to fight the South Vietnamese/
army/government.’
‘North Vietnam supported the Vietcong.’
‘They were also known as the National Liberation Front/Liberation Army.’
‘They were backed by the USSR and China.’
‘They were supported by the peasants in the South of Vietnam.’
‘They carried out attacks on US/South Vietnamese troops from behind US
lines.’
‘They included South Vietnamese opponents of the government there.’
‘They were communists.’
‘They used guerrilla tactics.’
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PUBLISHED 2022
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2147/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022
7(c) ‘American public opinion was more important than the tactics of the 10
North Vietnamese forces in causing the United States to withdraw.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Public opinion was important because it increasingly turned against the
war due to atrocities committed against the Vietnamese people. Americans
were horrified by events in the village of My Lai, where 300 villagers, mainly
women and children, were attacked by US troops. Americans began to
protest about US involvement in the war which put pressure on the US
government to withdraw.’
OR
e.g. ‘North Vietnamese forces were important. They launched the Tet
Offensive against US targets and South Vietnamese cities. This attack was
deep inside South Vietnam and was a blow to US morale. North Vietnamese
tactics continued to wear down US soldiers who began to realise that the
war was unwinnable and what was the point of continuing.’
e.g. ‘The public was concerned about the high level of casualties.’
‘The public thought too much money was being spent.’
‘People began to protest and burned their draft cards.’
‘The public was upset by U.S. atrocities against the Vietnamese people.’
‘The Tet Offensive turned public opinion.’
‘North Vietnamese forces were very resilient.’
‘US had no effective weapon against guerrilla warfare.’
‘North Vietnamese tactics wore down US soldiers’ morale.’
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2147/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED 2022
e.g. ‘The wall was built to prevent people from leaving the Eastern sector of
Berlin and defecting to the West. Over 2.5 million East Germans had left
between 1949 and 1961. Many of those leaving were the most skilled
workers, such as engineers and teachers, and the East German
government wanted to stop this to protect the economy in the East.’
e.g. ‘It was built to show where East Berlin ended and West Berlin started.’
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PUBLISHED 2022
8(c) How far do you agree that resistance to Soviet domination broke out in 10
Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) for the same reasons?
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The uprisings had some similar causes. For instance, both countries
resented Soviet rule. They wanted there to be more freedom and for people
to have more rights. They wanted to reduce the control of the Communist
state and improve living standards.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were some differences. The Hungarian uprising had been
inspired by rebellions in Poland. The workers there had gained some
concessions and this gave the Hungarians hope that they could do the
same. In Czechoslovakia, however, the rebellion was motivated more by
economic concerns as the country was suffering from a deep recession.’
e.g. ‘There were similarities and differences in the reasons why these
countries resisted Soviet control.’
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PUBLISHED 2022
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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PUBLISHED 2022
9(b) Why did the Allied bombardment at the start of the Battle of the Somme 6
fail to destroy the German defences?
e.g. ‘The plans failed to clear no man’s land of barbed wire and so it was
difficult to advance at speed. The shelling which took place for 7 days before
the attack did not destroy the barbed wire as hoped and so the soldiers got
caught in the tangled barbed wire and were easy targets for the German
soldiers.’
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9(c) How far do you agree that tanks were used to better effect than aircraft 10
in the First World War? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Although early tanks broke down and often did not get across no man’s
land, later tanks became more reliable and quicker. When used in large
numbers such as at Amiens and Cambrai, the German lines could be
breached.’
OR
e.g. ‘Aircraft were useful to some extent. They were used for observation
and reconnaissance and observed battle positions and the movement of
troops behind the enemy lines. However, they were not especially useful in
fighting the war.’
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10(a) What challenges to its authority did the German government face by 4
early November 1918?
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There was conflict between the Generals and the Reichstag.’
‘The Generals interfered in domestic affairs.’
‘The Reichstag wanted to end the war.’
‘The Chancellor, Max von Baden, asked for an armistice on 3 October.’
‘President Wilson wouldn’t accept peace negotiations as the Kaiser was still
in power.’
‘It faced a revolution.’
‘The sailors at Kiel mutinied.’
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...1113 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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e.g. ‘Food supplies in Germany were running out by 1918 as the blockade of
the North Sea ports by the British was effective. This meant Germany was
unable to import food. By the winter of 1917, people were driven to eating
fodder kept for cattle and many faced starvation.’
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10(c) How far was the strength of the Allied forces responsible for the failure 10
of the Ludendorff Offensive? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The strength of the Allied forces was important. French forces launched
a successful counterattack at the Marne in July. This pushed Ludendorff
onto the defensive. The Allies also used creeping barrages to support
infantry advances. The Allied forces were stronger and better equipped than
the German forces.’
OR
e.g. ‘At first, the Germans did well in the Ludendorff offensive. However,
changing the war from one of attrition into one of movement, by breaking out
from the heavily fortified Hindenburg Line, played into the hands of the Allies.
German soldiers were also demoralised and poorly equipped. They suffered
a huge number of casualties and had no reserves.’
e.g. ‘The Allied forces were stronger than the German forces.’
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11(a) From which groups did the Nazis draw most of their support in the 4
1920s?
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘The fire was important to Hitler because it gave him an excuse to get rid
of the Communists. Hitler claimed the fire was proof of a Communist plot. He
persuaded Hindenburg to issue an emergency decree which allowed the
police to arrest Communists, thus removing a threat to his quest to
consolidate his power.’
e.g. ‘Hitler claimed it was proof of a Communist plot against the state.’
‘Hitler took the opportunity to whip up public fear against Communists.’
‘It gave him the opportunity to persuade President Hindenburg to issue a
Reichstag Fire decree.’
‘The decree curbed personal freedoms and increased police powers.’
‘It gave the opportunity to arrest Communists and thus remove a threat to
the Nazis.’
‘He was able to ban the Communist Party.’
‘He closed down Communist newspapers.’
e.g. ‘The fire gave Hitler the opportunity he needed to gain power.’
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11(c) How far do you agree that the Munich Putsch benefited Hitler? Explain 10
your answer.
e.g. ‘In the short term, the Putsch did not benefit Hitler. When Hitler and
members of the SA marched through the streets of Munich, they were met
by the police and army and the Putsch was easily crushed. Hitler had hoped
for support from the Bavarian Prime Minister but this did not materialise. The
Putsch was no threat to the Weimar government.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although the Putsch had failed, Hitler benefited in the long term. He
gained a lot of publicity through the Putsch and only served a short
sentence. He now understood that his tactics had been wrong and went on
to re-organise the Party and make it more popular and professional.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Young people were encouraged to join movements like the Hitler
Youth.’
‘Girls joined the League of German Maidens.’
‘Policies were changed in schools to indoctrinate youth.’
‘Membership of the Hitler Youth became compulsory in 1936.’
‘The school curriculum was changed to reflect Nazi values.’
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12(b) Why were some women unhappy with changes made by the Nazis? 6
e.g. ‘Some women were unhappy because they had to give up their careers.
During the Weimar years, women had been encouraged to become
educated and take up fulfilling careers. Now many women doctors, civil
servants, lawyers and teachers were forced to leave their jobs and stay at
home with their families. Many resented this as a restriction on their freedom
and a waste of years of training.’
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12(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis succeeded in winning support 10
from young people? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways it seemed as though the Nazis had won support from
young people. By 1939, the Hitler Youth had 7 million members, mostly
young Germans. Many were happy to join as other associations were
banned and this offered many activities such as camping and a wide range
of sports. Many boys saw it as a preparation for the armed forces.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazis did not win over all of German youth. Membership of the
Hitler Youth was compulsory so it is difficult to tell if people joined because
they wanted to do so. Rather than join the Hitler Youth, many young people
joined the Catholic Youth Organisation or two groups which were hostile to
the Nazi regime, the Swing Movement and the Edelweiss Pirates.’
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13(a) Describe the impact of the Russo-Japanese War on the Tsar’s regime. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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13(b) Why did the Tsarist regime survive the 1905 revolution? 6
e.g. ‘One reason the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution was that he issued
the October Manifesto. This promised that a Duma would be established and
that people would be given freedoms such as free speech and freedom of
assembly. The Duma would be elected and laws would not be passed
without the Duma’s authority. By appearing to give in to the demands of the
people this way, Nicholas II was able to restore order.’
e.g. ‘The Tsar survived because he had more support than the
revolutionaries.’
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13(c) ‘The most important reason why the Tsar fell from power was that he 10
had taken personal control of the army.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘By assuming supreme command of the Russian Army fighting on the
Eastern Front, the Tsar was immediately linked to the country’s military
failures. He made himself personally responsible for the country’s huge loss
of life, which, by the end of 1916, was estimated at nearly five million dead,
missing or as prisoners. There was discontent and mutiny and the Tsar was
seen as being the cause.’
OR
e.g. ‘When the Tsar went to lead the troops at the front, the Tsarina took
responsibility for domestic policy. Rasputin served as her adviser and, as a
result, she dismissed ministers in rapid succession. Rumours circulated that
she and Rasputin were leaders of a pro-German court group. The
government was very unstable and this was responsible for Nicholas’ fall
from power.’
S-ReCourse....38-H,PHASE-1,DHA,LHR...1124 of 1150...Call.03234567-569
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PUBLISHED 2022
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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2147/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022
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2147/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
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14(c) How far do you agree that industrial workers benefited from Stalin’s 10
rule? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways the workers did not benefit. Factory life for workers under
the Plans could be harsh. Lateness or absences could be punished by
sacking and this often meant losing your house or flat. To escape the hard
discipline, some workers tried to move jobs, but the free movement of
workers in the USSR was banned.’
OR
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The U.S.A. film industry was centred in a small suburb of Los Angeles
called Hollywood.’
‘Many cinemas were opened.’
‘The big film companies promoted stars such as Buster Keaton and Charlie
Chaplin.’
‘Some of the new films were considered scandalous.’
‘After a threat from states to bring in censorship, Hollywood brought in its
own censorship code.’
‘It was organised on a studio basis, such as MGM.’
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e.g. ‘One reason there was religious intolerance was the rise in popularity of
Fundamentalist Christianity. Fundamentalists believed in a literal translation
of the Bible and did not believe in the theory of evolution. They were
concerned about declining standards of morality and set up their own
churches. They did not tolerate other religions or groups which challenged
their ideas. This culminated in the ‘monkey trial’ where a high school biology
teacher broke the law by teaching the theory of evolution.’
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15(c) How far do you agree that women’s lives improved in the 1920s? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Life improved for some women in the 1920s. The number of women in
employment increased by 25% to 10 million by 1929. Office work and
manufacturing accounted for much of the increase and in some new
industries, such as electronics, women were preferred to men. Many
benefitted from new labour-saving devices which were designed to make
housework easier.’
OR
e.g. ‘For some women, the 1920s brought little change. If women lived in
rural areas or worked in traditional occupations such as cotton textiles, they
still had poor wages and did not benefit from some of the aspects of the
boom. Women were still paid less than men, even if they were in the same
job. Only a minority became ‘flappers’ and greater freedom was not shared
equally between town and countryside.’
e.g. ‘Life got better for some women but not others.’
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16(a) What did the New Deal do to help the Tennessee Valley? 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
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e.g. ‘Roosevelt made his fireside chats to help people understand and
therefore support his policies. For instance, he explained the changes he
was going to make to the banking sector. This helped to restore confidence
in the banks and people were encouraged to reinvest their savings.’
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16(c) ‘The main reason for opposition to the New Deal was that it failed to 10
provide enough help for the poor.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘There was some opposition to the New Deal because it did not do
enough for the poor. For instance, Senator Huey Long did not think the New
Deal went far enough. His ‘Share our Wealth’ scheme included confiscation
of large fortunes, lump sums for American families, pensions, minimum
wages and free education.’
OR
e.g. ‘Others thought the President had exceeded his powers through some
of the legislation which was introduced. The Supreme Court declared that
the AAA and the NRA were unconstitutional. It undermined states’ power to
help businesses. It was the Court’s task to decide if measures passed by the
President and the Congress were consistent with the American Constitution.
Most of the judges were Republican and they had a natural political dislike
for the New Deal.’
e.g. ‘Huey Long thought the New Deal didn’t do enough for the poor.’
‘The Supreme Court had to uphold the Constitution.’
‘Republicans believed in minimal government intervention and low taxation.’
‘Some Republicans thought Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.’
‘Some state governors argued that the New Deal laws conflicted with the
rights of state governments.’
‘Business leaders in the Liberty League opposed the New Deal.’
‘Dr Francis Townsend wanted the New Deal to do more for the elderly.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
17(b) Why did the Communists take action against the landlords? 6
e.g. ‘The Communists took action against the landlords because they
believed that they had grown wealthy at the expense of the peasants. This
went against their beliefs that people should be equal.’
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17(c) ‘Mao’s industrial reforms were a success.’ How far do you agree with 10
this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways Mao’s industrial reforms were a success. The first Five
Year Plan for heavy industry achieved huge increases in the output of steel,
coal and iron. All the targets set had been exceeded by 1957.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some industrial policies were not successful. The Great Leap Forward
encouraged the growth of inefficient, small factories and low quality
‘backyard’ iron and steel was produced. This was unusable and its
manufacture took workers away from the fields, causing a drop in food
production.’
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Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Sino–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was signed by China
and the USSR.’
‘A 30-year military alliance was agreed.’
‘China was given a $300 million low-interest loan by the USSR.’
‘The low-interest loan was over a period of five years.’
‘Mao felt that he was not treated as an equal by Stalin.’
‘Mao felt that the trip had not gone well for him.’
‘Little was achieved after a visit of over two months.’
‘Mao was unable to meet Stalin for many days.’
‘China was angry about the lack of generosity shown by Stalin and the
Russians.’
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18(b) Why did China’s relationships with other countries change after 1976? 6
e.g. ‘One reason that China’s relations changed with other countries was
that China had better relations with the US. China was admitted as a
member of the UN in 1971 and in the 1970s developed better relations with
the USA. In 1979, the US accepted that the PRC was the legitimate ruler of
China. This showed that China’s global status was improving.’
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18(c) How far do you agree that China had a positive relationship with the 10
USSR in the 1950s? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘There were positive aspects to the relationship between China and the
USSR. In 1950, the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship. The USSR
gave China a $300 million low-interest loan and sent economic advisers to
China to help develop industry. The USSR provided aid to 156 industries in
the Five-Year plan and there was a military alliance between the two
countries.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, relations were not always positive. Mao did not like
Khrushchev as he thought he was betraying Marx and Lenin. Mao thought
his form of Communism based on the peasants was what Marx and Lenin
had preached. Mao disapproved of Khrushchev’s suggestion that Russia
and the capitalist West could follow peaceful co-existence and suggested
that China was the true leader of the Communist world.’
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e.g. ‘He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 when he was tried for
sabotage under the Suppression of Communism Act. He had organised
Umkhonto we Sizwe which was linked to acts of sabotage against the
government and Mandela was tried for treason.’
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19(c) How far do you agree that South African governments had repressed 10
opposition to apartheid by 1966? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways opposition had been crushed. Following the Rivonia trial,
the main leaders of the ANC were imprisoned and the government
introduced harsh legislation to deal with opponents of apartheid. For
instance, the General Laws Amendment Act meant the police could detain
people for 90 days without charge and with no access to a lawyer. Given the
lack of leadership and strict law enforcement, it appeared that resistance to
apartheid had died down.’
OR
e.g. ‘Repression meant that some opponents of apartheid fled abroad. This
didn’t mean that they gave up trying to resist apartheid. The OAU was
formed in 1963. The headquarters was in Tanzania and many opponents of
apartheid went there to gain military training which would enable them to
fight back against the South African regime.’
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e.g. ‘The world economy depended upon South Africa for a broad range of
essential minerals. Over 60% of the world’s gold and half of the platinum
group of metals used in car exhausts and oil refineries came from South
Africa. It also produced diamonds, chromium, vanadium, asbestos, coal,
copper, iron, nickel and zinc.’
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20(c) ‘Trade union opposition was the most serious challenge to the 10
apartheid system in the 1970s.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Trade union opposition was important because it showed that the
workers could force concessions from the employers. There was a recession
in South Africa in 1973 and there were a series of strikes to protest about
wage reductions and longer working hours. In Natal, the Zulu workers
organised themselves into a strong, united force and employers had to give
way. This was to be important in future opposition.’
OR
e.g. ‘Steve Biko’s Black Consciousness Movement was the most important
challenge because it encouraged a greater sense of cohesiveness, solidarity
and assertiveness among black people. He encouraged them to struggle
against oppression with renewed hope and vigour. He advocated peaceful
and moderate methods and was an inspiration to many followers including
those involved in the Soweto protests.’
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21(b) Why were there tensions between Israel and Lebanon in the 1980s? 6
e.g. ‘There were tensions between Israel and Lebanon because Lebanon
was an important base for the PLO. The PLO established bases there in the
1970s and launched attacks on Israel. Border attacks and the attempted
assassination of the Israeli ambassador in London prompted Israeli
invasions of Lebanon in 1978 and 1982.’
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21(c) How far do you agree that Israel survived between 1956 and 1973 10
because of support from the United States? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘Israel survived because of its own strength and effective military
planning. In the Six-Day War of 1967, the Israelis launched Operation Focus
by a large-scale air strike. The Israelis caught the Egyptian aircraft on the
ground. They also destroyed the air forces of Syria, Iraq and Jordan. Over
400 aircraft were destroyed by the Israelis in two days.’
OR
e.g. ‘The support of the US was important to the survival of Israel. During the
1960s, US aid increased and President Johnson was strongly pro-Israel. The
most important support given by the US was in the Yom Kippur war of 1973.
Egypt hit first and caught the Israelis by surprise. The USA gave Israel
support by airlifting emergency supplies of arms to enable a successful
counterattack to take place.’
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supporting detail 1–4
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22(b) Why were the actions of Black September important for the Palestinian 6
cause?
e.g. ‘After the plane hijacking at Dawson’s Field by Black September, King
Hussein became concerned that his country would suffer a backlash from
the West and Israel for supporting the PLO. He therefore ordered his army to
remove the PLO from Jordan. Many Palestinian refugees lived in Jordan and
they were forced to flee.’
e.g. ‘King Hussein feared Israeli reprisals for PLO attacks from Jordan.’
‘Hussein felt he was losing control of parts of Jordan to the PLO.’
‘In September 1970, three hijacked planes were taken to Jordan.’
‘The British plane was blown up.’
‘Nine Israeli athletes were killed after being taken hostage at the Olympic
Games in 1972.’
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22(c) How far do you agree that Yasser Arafat failed to achieve his aims? 10
Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘In some ways Yasser Arafat succeeded in achieving his aims. He spoke
at the United Nations and put forward the Palestinian view. He was received
sympathetically by world powers. He established the PLO as an independent
voice for the Palestinians rather than the Arab governments.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is questionable whether Arafat achieved his aims. He did not appear
to have total control over the PLO. It was divided, with some arguing that
Israel should be destroyed. This led to terrorist attacks which damaged
public opinion.’
e.g. ‘Actions by the PLO in the 1970s gained massive world publicity.’
‘Arafat addressed the United Nations.’
‘At the UN, they were backed by African and Asian states.’
‘The PLO provided a voice for Palestinians.’
‘In 1988, the PLO accepted the existence of Israel.’
‘In the 1970s, they were considered as terrorists by the West.’
‘PLO actions often resulted in Israeli revenge attacks which escalated
tension rather than encouraging peace.’
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