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Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge Ordinary Level
HISTORY (MODERN WORLD AFFAIRS) 2134/01

Paper 1 Modern World Affairs May/June 2018
2 hours
Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

*6710241435*
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet.
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
You must answer four questions taken from at least two sections.
You must answer at least one question from Section A.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.
All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

Each part question is worth 10 marks.
Answer each part of the questions chosen as fully as you can.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
This document consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page.
06_2134_01_2018_1.12
© UCLES 2018 [Turn over
2
Section A
International Relations and Developments
You must answer at least one question from this section.
1 (a) Describe the ways in which the Treaty of Versailles reduced German strength. [10]
(b) Was the Treaty of Rapallo the most important international agreement signed by Germany in
the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
2 (a) What was the work of the League of Nations? [10]
(b) Was poverty in Europe the main reason for the weakness of the League of Nations in the
1930s? Explain your answer. [10]
3 (a) What was appeasement? [10]
(b) Was the Treaty of Versailles the main cause of the Second World War? Explain your answer.
[10]
4 (a) What decisions were reached at the Yalta Conference? [10]
(b) ‘The Potsdam Conference was a failure.’ How true was this? Explain your answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the role of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. [10]
(b) ‘The permanent members of the Security Council must agree before any action can be taken.’
Has this been a strength or a weakness of the United Nations? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12
3
Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the treatment of Jewish people in Hitler’s Germany up to 1938. [10]
(b) ‘It was mainly fear of the secret police that allowed the Nazi Party to keep control over Germany.’
Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
7 (a) Describe how a Fascist dictatorship was established in Italy in the 1920s. [10]
(b) ‘Sustained economic development.’ How far does this describe the achievements of Mussolini
in Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) What were the domestic policies of the government of the Second Republic in Spain after
1931? [10]
(b) How important were air raids in bringing about the defeat of the Republican forces in the
Spanish Civil War? Explain your answer. [10]
9 (a) Describe the impact of the General Strike on British coal–miners, 1926-27. [10]
(b) ‘A decade of development.’ How true was this of 1930s Britain? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What organisations were established to help Europe recover from the Second World War?
[10]
(b) ‘The greatest achievement of the European Union (EU) since 1991 has been the single market.’
How far do you agree with this? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12 [Turn over
4
Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe the Jazz Age. [10]
(b) ‘The 1920s saw a great change in the role of women in American society.’ How far do you
agree with this? Explain your answer. [10]
12 (a) What were the aims of the New Deal? [10]
(b) How effective was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? Explain your answer. [10]
13 (a) What was Johnson’s 'Great Society'? [10]
(b) ‘Nixon’s reputation suffered mainly because of the impact of his economic policies.’ How far
do you agree with this? Explain your answer. [10]
14 (a) Describe the contribution of Malcolm X to the struggle for civil rights in the USA. [10]
(b) ‘The civil rights movement has achieved equality and opportunity for all Americans.’ Do you
agree? Explain your answer. [10]
15 (a) Describe the ‘Dirty War’. [10]
(b) ‘The main reason for the restoration of democracy in Argentina was the Falklands War.’ Do
you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12
5
Section D
The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
16 (a) Describe the February/March Revolution of 1917. [10]
(b) Was the Kornilov Affair the most important factor in ending the rule of the Provisional
Government? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe how Stalin used propaganda during the Great Patriotic War. [10]
(b) ‘Stalin’s economic policy saw the USSR recover from the Great Patriotic War.’ How far do you
18 (a) What was the Virgin Lands Scheme? [10]
(b) How far did Khrushchev’s domestic policies demonstrate a ‘thaw’ within the Soviet Union?
Explain your answer. [10]
19 (a) Describe reactions in the Soviet Union to perestroika. [10]
(b) How far did glasnost bring about the collapse of the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. [10]
20 (a) Describe Russian involvement in Germany from the end of the Second World War until May
1949. [10]
(b) How similar were the governments of Eastern European countries from 1945 to 1955? Explain
your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12 [Turn over
6
Section E
Africa and the Middle East
21 (a) Describe the French response to calls for independence from Algeria in the 1940s and 1950s.
[10]
(b) ‘Independence from France in 1962 solved the problems of Algerians.’ How far do you agree?
22 (a) Describe the 1948 national elections in South Africa. [10]
(b) Was the 1950 Group Areas Act the most significant law in the establishment of apartheid in
South Africa? Explain your answer. [10]
23 (a) Describe immigration into Palestine from 1919 to 1949. [10]
(b) ‘The 1947 Partition Plan served the needs of the inhabitants of Palestine.’ How far do you
24 (a) Describe the overthrow of King Farouk in Egypt. [10]
(b) How damaging to Nasser’s popularity was the decision to cancel the loan to Egypt for the
building of the Aswan Dam? Explain your answer. [10]
25 (a) Describe the overthrow of the Shah in 1979. [10]
(b) How successful was the Shah as leader of Iran up to the establishment of martial law in 1978?
© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12
7
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe the political situation in China by 1919. [10]
(b) ‘Chiang Kai-shek was the main reason for the growing strength of the Guomindang in the
1920s.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) Describe the role of the Gang of Four in Chinese politics, 1971–76. [10]
(b) ‘As China was modernised, individual freedoms grew.’ How true was this of China in the 1980s?
28 (a) What was the Potsdam Declaration, 26 July 1945? [10]
(b) How far was Japan’s economic miracle the result of the USA’s contribution? Explain your
answer. [10]
29 (a) Describe the condition of India after 1947. [10]
(b) How important has government investment in industry been in India’s development since 1947?
30 (a) Describe the events that led to independence for Malaya in 1957. [10]
(b) ‘Social factors were more important than economic considerations in the decision to separate
Singapore from Malaysia in 1965.’ How true was this? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme May/June 2018
PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
Notes
• The full mark range will be used as a matter of course. Marks must not be deducted for inaccurate or irrelevant material. Half-marks will not
be used.
• Levels of response criteria are used for questions where a hierarchy of answers is possible. Each answer is to be placed in the level that best
reflects its qualities. It is not necessary to work through the levels.
• In all levels, provisionally award the highest mark and then moderate according to the qualities of the individual answer.
• The examples given in the mark scheme are indicative only and are not intended to be exhaustive or prescriptive. They are given only as
examples of some responses/approaches that may be seen by an examiner.
Generic mark scheme for Paper 1

(a) Questions
Level 0: No response or response does not answer the question. [0]

Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question. [1]
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question. [2–6]
Level 3: Makes developed statements that answer the question. [7–10]
(b) Questions

Level 2: Identifies/lists factors/describes. [2–4]
Level 3: Explains the given factor or other factor. [5–6]
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors. [7–9]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question. [10]
This generic mark scheme will be adapted to suit specific wording of individual questions.
© UCLES 2018 Page 4 of 34
PUBLISHED
1(a) Describe the ways in which the Treaty of Versailles reduced German strength. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question.
Level 2 [2–6 marks]

Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question.
E.g. Land was taken away.

Level 3: Makes developed statements that answer the question.
E.g. Germany’s African colonies became mandates of Britain and France, giving them increased access to trade and
depriving Germany of the same, thus reducing Germany’s power in the world.
1(b) Was the Treaty of Rapallo the most important international agreement signed by Germany in the 1920s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied to the question.

Level 2: Identifies/lists factors/describes.

Level 3: Explains the given factor or other factor.
E.g. Yes, it solved border anxieties left between the Treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Versailles.

Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors.
E.g. No, Locarno was more significant in that it calmed French fears about German intentions – there was to be no seeking to
reclaim land lost on the western border of Germany.
Level 5 [10 marks]

Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question.
PUBLISHED
2(a) What was the work of the League of Nations? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It was to keep the peace.

E.g. Collective security meant that all countries working together should be able to negotiate ways out of disputes.
2(b) Was poverty in Europe the main reason for the weakness of the League of Nations in the 1930s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, poverty made trade really important, so in the Abyssinian Crisis Suez could not be closed as it would have harmed
British and French trade.

E.g. No, the USA was not a member and so any trade sanctions were of limited use as the USA did not stop trading, and
indeed, filled in trade gaps.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
3(a) What was appeasement? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Britain and France giving in to German demands.

E.g. Allowing Germany to unite with Austria.
3(b) Was the Treaty of Versailles the main cause of the Second World War? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, it left many German people anti-Britain and France, and eager to believe what Hitler told them about how Germany
could be made strong again, leading to the reclaiming of land.

E.g. No, the Depression caused such widespread poverty across Germany because of loan recalls that people were
desperate to vote for anyone who gave them hope. This brought Hitler to power with his stated 25 Point Programme that took
Germany to war.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
4(a) What decisions were reached at the Yalta Conference? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Decisions were made about Poland.

E.g. It was agreed that free elections should be held in Poland.
4(b) ‘The Potsdam Conference was a failure.’ How true was this? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, disagreements were significant: borders between zones and the question of reparations held the conference back.

E.g. No, the handing over of command of zones to military commanders meant that humanitarian work could be managed
effectively.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
5(a) Describe the role of the International Court of Justice of the United Nations. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It settles disputes.

E.g. It settles disputes between states e.g. fishing limits between Britain and Norway.
5(b) ‘The permanent members of the Security Council must agree before any action can be taken.’ Has this been a 10
strength or a weakness of the United Nations? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, similar in that in both cases it was about freedom, Nasser gaining freedom from Western oppression and Nagy
trying to gain freedom USSR’s oppression.
A strength: discussion has slowed the actions of leaders who had feelings rather than evidence e.g. USA and Iraq.
A weakness: the involvement of the US in Korea was only possible because Russia had withdrawn its support.

E.g. No, in Hungary the power of the USSR was brought to stifle change, whist in Suez the UN intervened to support Nasser.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
6(a) Describe the treatment of Jewish people in Hitler’s Germany up to 1938. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. They were discriminated against.

E.g. They were moved from their homes and made to live in areas where they had no freedom and few possessions.
6(b) ‘It was mainly fear of the secret police that allowed the Nazi Party to keep control over Germany.’ Do you agree? 10
Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, violence in polling stations saw Germans forced to vote for the Nazi Party.

E.g. No, promises of economic development bringing security to Germany won them votes.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
7(a) Describe how a Fascist dictatorship was established in Italy in the 1920s. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Mussolini controlled the press.

E.g. The 1925 Press Laws saw government approval required for all publications.
7(b) ‘Sustained economic development.’ How far does this describe the achievements of Mussolini in Italy? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, aiming for self-sufficiency, the Battle for Grain saw production rise by 100% between 1922 and 1939.

E.g. No, The drive to produce grain saw other foodstuffs’ production reduce.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
8(a) What were the domestic policies of the government of the Second Republic in Spain after 1931? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. The Church lost power.

E.g. The Roman Catholic Church was no longer allowed to teach in schools.
8(b) How important were air raids in bringing about the defeat of the Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, bombing raids supported land attacks e.g. they broke the blockade around nationalist Morocco.

E.g. No, It was mainly a land war fought with tanks and supported by mercenaries from Africa, the Spanish Foreign Legion
and the Army of Africa.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
9(a) Describe the impact of the General Strike on British coal miners, 1926–7. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. They were poorer.

E.g. They grew so poor and had so little power, as other trades had made deals and returned to work, that they returned to
work agreeing to worse conditions than before 1926.
9(b) ‘A decade of development.’ How true was this of the 1930s in Britain? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, new industries developed e.g. chemical industries in the south of England.

E.g. No, outdated, under-resourced industries in the north around Jarrow were dying causing high unemployment in northern
areas.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
10(a) What organisations were established to help Europe recover from the Second World War? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. The UN and the EEC were established.

E.g. The OEEC was set up and led by Britain, to oversee the spending of Marshall Plan support.
10(b) ‘The greatest achievement of the European Union (EU) since 1991 has been the single market.’ How far do you agree 10
with this? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, It has encouraged buying from within the EU by basing national contributions on buying from outside it. There has
therefore been economic growth.

E.g. No, for France it has been the CAP that has supported farmers by guaranteeing their income.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
11(a) Describe the Jazz Age. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Black musicians became valued.

E.g. The Harlem Renaissance saw musicians/singers attracting customers to bars and clubs, and taking an interest in the
lives of Black mucisians.
11(b) ‘The 1920s saw a great change in role of women in American society.’ How far do you agree with this? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, women were enfranchised and led by remarkable women such as E Roosevelt who modelled public life for them.

E.g. No, women had little political power still. In the south, they were expected to work, raise children and look after house
and husband.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
12(a) What were the aims of the New Deal? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. To help Americans through the Great Depression.

E.g. Relief: to give relief from poverty through direct help for those without food and homes.
12(b) How effective was the Agricultural Adjustment Act? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


Level 3: Explains effectiveness or no effectiveness.
E.g. Money was given to farmers to reduce production.

Level 4: Explains effectiveness and no effectiveness.
E.g. L3 plus it did not put excess food into the market, but rather destroyed it. This raised the price of food.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
13(a) What was Johnson’s ‘Great Society’? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It aimed to end poverty and injustice.

E.g. To reduce numbers in society earning less than $3000/pa, the level identified as poverty.
13(b) ‘Nixon's reputation suffered mainly because of the impact of his economic policies.’ How far do you agree with this? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, By 1971 there were 4 million out of work, and prices were up.

E.g. No, It was Watergate.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
14(a) Describe the contribution of Malcolm X to the struggle for civil rights in the USA. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Black Pride gained a following.

E.g. He believed that integration would not be good for Black people. He coined the phrase 'Black Power '.
14(b) ‘The civil rights movement has achieved equality and opportunity for all Americans.’ Do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, Colin Powell showed how Americans could go from the army, through to Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of State.

E.g. No, unemployment rates are higher amongst Black people. By the 1990s most Black Americans were worse off than in
the 1970s.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
15(a) Describe the ‘Dirty War’. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It happened during a period of military rule.

E.g. The era of the Montaneros’ guerilla was was ended by the clean-up called the Dirty War.
15(b) ‘The main reason for the restoration of democracy in Argentina was the Falklands War.’ Do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, Argentina suffered losses during the war, caused the government to be overturned.

E.g. No, economic policies of the 1970s were not addressed by the war.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
16(a) Describe the February/March Revolution of 1917. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. The Tsar lost power.

E.g. Bread rioters won the support of the army and turned against Tsar Nicholas.
16(b) Was the Kornilov Affair the most important factor in ending the rule of the Provisional Government? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, it allowed the Bolshevik army to hold weapons for training purposes, preparing themselves for revolution.

E.g. No, more important was the failure of the Provisional Government to meet the needs of the people for an end to war, and
for the provision of food and land.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
17(a) Describe how Stalin used propaganda during the Great Patriotic War. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. He made speeches and had victory posters made.

E.g. 1941 he spoke of the war being not about Russia v Germany, but Communism v Fascism in order to bring all the country
together.
17(b) ‘Stalin’s economic policy saw the USSR recover from the Great Patriotic War.’ How far do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, the destruction was so bad that the 5 year plans had to start all over again, including the harsh working conditions,
but the 4th 5 Year Plan saw production back to 1940 levels.

E.g. No, agricultural production failed. There was a famine in 1952 with a harvest that was 40% of 1940.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
18(a) What was the Virgin Lands Scheme? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It provided new land to farm.

E.g. in Kazakhstan and Siberia volunteers and tractors developed previously un-farmed land.
18(b) How far did Khrushchev's domestic policies demonstrate a ‘thaw’ within the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. No, Writers were free to write novels critical of life in Stalin's Russia, but not of current aspects of life or government.

E.g. Level 3 plus e.g. yes, sacked politicians and officials were allowed to retire into obscurity instead of being imprisoned.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
19(a) Describe reactions in the Soviet Union to perestroika. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. They did not understand the new rules.

E.g. So set in the old ways were local administrators that initiatives were often set in great bureaucracies and never got off the
ground.
19(b) How far did glasnost bring about the collapse of the Soviet Union? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, the openness was incompatible with communism.
E.g. No, the economy/Afghanistan were already weakening.

E.g. No, Chechnya wanted to remain free from all links with Russia. Yeltsin invaded Chechnya to encourage a change of
mind, but failed and war followed.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
20(a) Describe Russian involvement in Germany from the end of the Second World War until May 1949. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. The eastern sector of Germany was looked after by Russia after the war.

E.g. Fear of the developing capitalist area of Berlin developing within the communist zone resulted in the Berlin blockade.
20(b) How similar were the governments of Eastern European countries from 1945 to 1955? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, It was expected that all would share a structure by which leaders were overseen from Moscow e.g. Romania
abolished the monarchy.

E.g. No, Tito in Yugoslavia established a communist government but was expelled from the USSR for refusing to accept the
USSR's requirements.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
21(a) Describe the French response to calls for independence from Algeria in the 1940s and 1950s. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. peaceful campaigns were ignored.

E.g. M Hadj’s peaceful movement campaigned but was ignored.
21(b) ‘Independence from France in 1962 solved the problems of Algerians.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 2 2–4 marks]


E.g. Yes, Ben Bella’s land reform benefited farmers.

E.g. No, the FLN became lynch mobs and violence against Algerians became the norm.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
22(a) Describe the 1948 national elections in South Africa. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address the question’

E.g. Malan defeated Jan Smuts.

E.g. Malan’s policy of racial segregation caused the National Party defeat Jan Smuts’ United Party.
22(b) Was the 1950 Group Areas Act the most significant law in the establishment of apartheid in South Africa? Explain 10
your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, it introduced the concept of forced movement (though it did not work), with areas for Black, Coloured and White
people.

E.g. No, race was not easily determined by skin colour. Pass Laws were strengthened instead.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
23(a) Describe immigration into Palestine from 1919 to 1949. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. There was Jewish immigration into Palestine.

E.g. Nazi oppression in Europe increased the rate of Jewish immigration into Palestine before the Second World War.
23(b) ‘The 1947 Partition Plan served the needs of the inhabitants of Palestine.’ How far do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, the UNSCOP Report suggested dividing Palestine into areas based on majority populations.

E.g. No, the Arab Higher Committee rejected the plan, saying that the land was all theirs.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
24(a) Describe the overthrow of King Farouk in Egypt. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. A group of army officers seized power .

E.g. He was forced into exile.
24(b) How damaging to Nasser’s popularity was the decision to cancel the loan to Egypt for the building of the Aswan 10
Dam? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, he had to take action to save face, hence the Suez War.

Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors
E.g. No, Nasser already had international support e.g. recognition from China and buying weapons through Russia’s ally,
Czechoslovakia.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
25(a) Describe the overthrow of the Shah in 1979. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Popular uprising.

E.g. He was forced into exile.
25(b) How successful was the Shah as leader of Iran up to the establishment of martial law in 1978? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, there was great social development e.g. education and votes for women.

E.g. No, the changes brought about a huge gap between rich and poor and opposition to him grew.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
26(a) Describe the political situation in China by 1919. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Warlords ruled.

E.g. Central government had collapsed, leaving only an area around Beijing under central control.
26(b) ‘Chiang Kai-shek was the main reason for the growing strength of the Guomindang in the 1920s.’ Do you agree? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. No, it was Sun Yat-sen policies that were popular with the people.

E.g. Yes, the army was formed when Chiang Kai-shek led the Northern campaign and Chinese people followed, eager to
remove the warlords.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
27(a) Describe the role of the Gang of Four in Chinese politics, 1971–76. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. They ruled China.

E.g. They worked to give all people a full share in political decision making, hoping to be appointed as Mao’s successors.
27(b) ‘As China was modernised, individual freedoms grew.’ How true was this of China in the 1980s? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]

Level 3 [5–6 marks].

Level 3: Explains the given factor or other factor
E.g. Yes, land ownership was given to farmers in exchange for growth and guarantees about the surplus available after sales.

E.g. No, the one-child policy reduced freedom.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
28(a) What was the Potsdam Declaration, 26 July 1945? 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It ended the war with Japan.

E.g. The Potsdam Declaration demanded unconditional surrender and the destruction of all air power.
28(b) How far was Japan's economic miracle the result of the USA’s contribution? Explain your answer. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, America paid Japan for special procurement amounting to 27% of Japan's export trade.

E.g. No, Japan developed the concept of kairetsu, through which co-operation between suppliers, banks and manufacturers
guaranteed that the needs of each were met.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
29(a) Describe the condition of India after 1947. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. It was weak.

E.g. Hindus and Sikhs from other areas flooded in, causing an economic and social disaster.
29(b) How important has government investment in industry been in India's development since 1947? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, in 1990 the government funded laboratories to help with space industries.

E.g. No, since 1992 all transport, communications and health centre developments have been in private hands.
Level 5 [10 marks]

PUBLISHED
30(a) Describe the events that led to independence to Malaya in 1957. 10
Level 1 [1 mark]

E.g. Britain found it difficult to police the area.

E.g. Strikes led by communist guerillas and Chin Peng forced the issue.
30(b) ‘Social factors were more important than economic considerations in the decision to separate Singapore from 10
Malaysia in 1965.’ How true was this? Explain your answer.
Level 1 [1 mark]


E.g. Yes, Malaysian policies of affirmative action discriminated against Singapore’s Chinese population.

E.g. No, the dominance of Singapore’s economy caused Kuala Lumpur to fear a shift in power, causing K L to expel
Singapore from Malaysia.
Level 5 [10 marks]

Cambridge International Examinations


Paper 1 Modern World Affairs October/November 2018
2 hours

*3677315910*
Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
You must answer both the (a) and (b) parts of the questions that you choose.

11_2134_01_2018_1.13
2
Section A
1 (a) Describe the impact of the Treaty of St Germain on Austria-Hungary. [10]
(b) Was the German lack of involvement in negotiations the main reason they hated the Treaty
of Versailles? Explain your answer. [10]
2 (a) Describe the Corfu Crisis, 1923. [10]
(b) ‘The main weakness of the League of Nations in the 1920s was that America would not join.’
Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
3 (a) Describe the Battle of Britain, 1940. [10]
(b) ‘Poor planning by Germany was the main cause of the failure of Operation Barbarossa.’ Do
4 (a) What was the Potsdam Conference? [10]
(b) How successful was Stalin’s foreign policy after the Potsdam Conference up to 1948? Explain
your answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the role of the United Nations during the Korean War. [10]
(b) ‘The United Nations has been successful since the end of the Cold War.’ Do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 11_2134_01_2018_1.13
3
Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the Munich Putsch, 1923. [10]
(b) ‘The cultural development of Germany in the 1920s was the main achievement of the Weimar
Republic.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
7 (a) What measures were taken by Mussolini to increase food production in Italy? [10]
(b) ‘Italians were happy to see weak government replaced.’ Was this the main reason for Mussolini’s
support in Italy by 1922? Explain your answer. [10]
8 (a) Describe the establishment of the Second Republic in Spain in 1931. [10]
(b) ‘The Second Republic in Spain suffered more from internal divisions than from opposition
groups up to 1936.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
9 (a) What was the Popular Front government in France? [10]
(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression on France was that tourism declined.’ How far do
10 (a) What was the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)? [10]
(b) ‘Failure to recover from the Second World War caused Britain to apply to join the European
Economic Community (EEC) in 1961.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 11_2134_01_2018_1.13 [Turn over
4
Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe Republican support in the 1920s. [10]
(b) ‘Prohibition was good for the American economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
[10]
12 (a) Describe Roosevelt’s views on the role of government. [10]
(b) Was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) the most significant part of the New Deal?
13 (a) What were Nixon’s foreign policies? [10]
(b) ‘Reagan’s economic policies were largely successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer. [10]
14 (a) What principles guided Martin Luther King’s leadership of the Civil Rights movement? [10]
(b) Was the development of a black middle class in America the main reason for the growth of
the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s? Explain your answer. [10]
15 (a) Describe Batista’s economic policies in Cuba. [10]
(b) Was success at the Battle of Santa Clara the main reason why Castro was able to overthrow
Batista? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 11_2134_01_2018_1.13
5
Section D
16 (a) What was Gosplan? [10]
(b) Did Stalin’s purges weaken or strengthen the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe the Battle of Kursk. [10]
(b) How far was Stalin’s success in leading the USSR during the Great Patriotic War due to the
establishment of the State Defence Committee? Explain your answer. [10]
18 (a) Describe Stalin’s fourth Five-Year Plan, 1946–50. [10]
(b) How similar were the social policies of Khrushchev and Brezhnev? Explain your answer. [10]
19 (a) Describe the policy disagreements between Gorbachev and Yeltsin. [10]
(b) ‘The rise of the oligarchs showed that Yeltsin’s ‘‘shock therapy’’ policy was a success.’ How
far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
20 (a) Describe discontent in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. [10]
(b) ‘It was pressure from other Communist countries that caused the Soviet Union to intervene
against Dubček’s government.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2018 11_2134_01_2018_1.13 [Turn over
6
Section E
21 (a) Describe the political situation in Rhodesia up to 1965. [10]
(b) ‘Mugabe made every effort to reconcile minorities.’ How true was this of his rule during the
early years of Zimbabwe? Explain your answer. [10]
22 (a) What were the main features of apartheid? [10]
(b) How successful was the South African government in preventing protest against apartheid?
23 (a) Describe the impact of the Second World War on Jewish–British relations in Palestine. [10]
(b) How far was the war in Palestine, 1948–49, a response to the United Nations Partition Plan?
24 (a) What was Operation Defensive Shield in Palestine? [10]
(b) Were the Jewish settlements on the West Bank the main obstacle to the peacemaking process?
25 (a) Describe the social changes brought about by the Iranian revolution in 1979. [10]
(b) Was foreign intervention the main reason why the Iran–Iraq War, 1980–88, lasted so long?
© UCLES 2018 11_2134_01_2018_1.13
7
Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe how northern China became united between 1926 and 1928. [10]
(b) How far was Mao successful in maintaining his rule over the Jiangxi Soviet against Guomindang
attack, 1930–34? Explain your answer. [10]
27 (a) How did the rights of women in China change in the early 1950s? [10]
(b) Were the ‘Anti’ campaigns the main reason for economic reform during the early days of the
People’s Republic of China? Explain your answer. [10]
28 (a) Describe the Mukden Incident, 1931. [10]
(b) ‘By invading Manchuria in 1931 the Japanese army was acting recklessly.’ How far do you
29 (a) Describe Gandhi’s role in India’s struggle for independence. [10]
(b) ‘It was in foreign policy that Zia-ul-Haq was most successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
30 (a) Describe the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). [10]
(b) ‘The economic community has been the most successful aspect of ASEAN.’ Do you agree?
© UCLES 2018 11_2134_01_2018_1.13
2134/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2018
1(a) Describe the impact of the Treaty of St Germain on Austria-Hungary. 10
Level 0: No response or response does not address the question (0)
Level 1: Makes general statements about the topic that do not address
the question (1)
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question (2–6)

E.g. land was taken away and Austria was not allowed an army.
Level 3: Makes developed statements that answer the question (7–10)

E.g. the Austro-Hungarian Empire was split up. Land was lost: Bohemia and
Moravia to the new Czechoslovakia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
to the new Yugoslavia.
1(b) Was the German lack of involvement in negotiations the main reason 10
they hated the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer.
Level 1: Makes points about the topic in general terms, but not applied
to the question (1)
Level 2: Identifies/lists factors/describes (2–4)
Level 3: Explains the given factor or other factor (5–6)

Yes: e.g. German people believed that the armistice was a space for peace
negotiations, not for the war to be deemed to be over. They felt that all aspects
of the Treaty of Versailles were given to protect the countries that stated their
victory.
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors (7–9)

L3 plus e.g. No: Germany had fought a war and had lost a lot during the
fighting: men, weapons, industry and farmland. Germans thought that the
reparations demand was excessive and unjust; £6 600 000 000 was an
impossible sum for a country weakened by war to contemplate paying. This
feeling did not weaken through the Ruhr Crisis and the Depression, Germans
blamed Germany’s weakness on the reparations bill.
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question

(10)
PUBLISHED 2018
2(a) Describe the Corfu crisis, 1923. 10
the question. (1)

E.g. Italy became involved.

E.g. the conference of ambassadors was used to overturn the League of
Nations.
2(b) ‘The main weakness of the League of Nations in the 1920s was that 10
America would not join.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. America was a large trading nation, one that had not been
economically weakened by the First World War. Without American support,
sanctions against any country could not be the threat that they needed to be
if they were to stop aggression.

L3 plus e.g. No: the main weakness was that Britain and France, as
signatories of the Peace of Paris treaties, were held responsible for policing
the peace, and therefore, for representing the League of Nations. When there
was a need for opposition to aggressive acts, both Britain and France found
themselves in a difficult position; all of the responsibility but badly
weakened by war and not able (or willing) to fund military action. Thus, the
final threat did not exist in reality.

(10)
PUBLISHED 2018
3(a) Describe the Battle of Britain, 1940. 10
the question (1)

E.g. it was an air campaign.

E.g. use of radar gave Britain the advantage as the RAF knew when an
attack was imminent.
3(b) ‘Poor planning by Germany was the main cause of the failure of 10
Operation Barbarossa.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes, e.g. the Russian winter was so cold that German soldiers were dying at
temperatures of –38.

L3 plus e.g. No: it was heavy rains that held up the German forces preventing
them from capturing Leningrad and Moscow.

(10)
4(a) What was The Potsdam Conference? 10
the question (1)

E.g. it was the meeting between the Second World War victors to decide the
future of Germany.

E.g. Truman, Atlee and Stalin met to decide upon issues where no decision
had been reached at Yalta.
PUBLISHED 2018
4(b) How successful was Stalin’s Foreign Policy after the Potsdam 10
Conference up to 1948? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

E.g. Yes, it was: fearing defeat in the elections, Stalin is believed to have
ordered the seizure of power in Czechoslovakia through an armed coup led
by Czech communists.

L3 plus e.g. No, it was not: The Berlin Blockade 1948–9 failed.

(10)
5(a) Describe the role of the United Nations during the Korean War. 10
the question (1)

E.g. the UN supported the forces in trying to establish a peace.

E.g. the UN Security Council asked member states to support South Korea
in its efforts to hold back North Korean forces.
PUBLISHED 2018
5(b) ‘The United Nations has been successful since the end of the Cold 10
War.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes, it has: e.g. OCHA is able to co-ordinate foreign support, e.g. after the
Boxing Day tsunami disaster that so badly affected Indonesia.

L3 plus e.g. no it has not: lack of an independent army has prevented the UN
from stopping the 2002–5 war in Bosnia even though there was a UN
mandate for it to happen, but neither side in the conflict was ready to stop
fighting.

(10)
6(a) Describe the Munich Putsch, 1923. 10
the question. (1)

E.g. Hitler tried to take control of Bavaria.

E.g. on 9 November, 1923, Hitler forced members of the Bavarian
government to support him in taking control of Bavaria.
PUBLISHED 2018
6(b) ‘The cultural development of Germany in the 1920s was the main 10
achievement of the Weimar Republic.’ Do you agree? Explain your
answer.
to the question (1)

E.g. Yes, music, film and theatre all flourished under Stresemann’s
leadership. Marlene Dietrich became an internationally acclaimed actress
and singer.

L3 plus e.g. political developments such as the signing of the Locarno
Treaties made Germany accepted in Europe as a member of the international
community.

(10)
7(a) What measures were taken by Mussolini to increase food production 10

in Italy?
the question (1)

E.g. more land was used to grow grain.

E.g. under the Battle for Grain, land formerly used for growing olives, was
put under the plough and the wheat production was increased to make Italy
self- sufficient.
PUBLISHED 2018
7(b) ‘Italians were happy to see weak government replaced.’ Was this the 10
main reason for Mussolini’s support in Italy by 1922? Explain your
answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. the wave of strikes and civil disobedience could not be handled
effectively by the Luigi Facta government or the Italian military. Mussolini
promised better.

L3 plus e.g. No: it was his passion for a stronger, united Italy with its due
rewards for fighting with the victors during the First World War, e.g. Fiume
that endeared him to Italians.

(10)
8(a) Describe the establishment of the Second Republic in Spain in 1931. 10
the question (1)

E.g. the king abdicated.

E.g. King Alphonso XIII abdicated following the success of the Republicans
during the April 1931 elections. There was no bloodshed yet.
PUBLISHED 2018
8(b) ‘The Second Republic in Spain suffered more from internal divisions 10
than from opposition groups up to 1936.’ How far do you agree?
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. early decisions reached by the new government caused difficulties
for parts of the right wing: a new party, the Ceda, was formed to defend the
Church and the landlords.

L3 plus e.g. No: opposition from the left was violent e.g. powerful trade
unions organised strikes, assassinations and riots, intent on overturning the
government.

(10)
9(a) What was the Popular Front government in France? 10
the question (1)

E.g. the government in France in 1936.

E.g. the left wing government in France in 1936.
PUBLISHED 2018
9(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression on France was that tourism 10
declined.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. British and American travellers were no longer able to visit the
sights and enjoy the clubs of Paris, or holiday in coastal resorts. For a
country with little to trade, this ended the opportunity to bring foreign money
into France.

L3 plus e.g. No: The Depression took longer to have an impact on France
because the French Economy depended less on international trade. However,
when the slump did start in France it had a very damaging effect. After 1933
French industry went through a great crisis. As late as 1938 France had still
failed to restore the level of national income to that of the 1920s. With a huge
debt for money borrowed during the First World War and war pensions, the
French government could not give its armed forces adequate weapons. The
production of new aircraft fell and compared very badly with output in
Germany. In one year, 1937, the French built 370 military aircraft while the
Germans built 5606. The economic problems added to the bitter social
divisions that existed in France. Unemployment trebled between 1931 and
1935. The membership of the French Communist Party rose dramatically at
the same time. The Communist Party began to do very well in elections.

(10)
10(a) What was The European Free Trade Association (EFTA)? 10
the question (1)

E.g. it was about free trade after the Second World War.

E.g. in 1960, Norway, Sweden, Britain, Switzerland and Austria set up a free
trade area.
PUBLISHED 2018
10(b) ‘Failure to recover from the Second World War caused Britain to apply 10
to join the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1961.’ How far do
you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes, e.g. 1945–1961 Britain’s economy had risen by about 30%, while
Germany’s had risen by 90% and France’s by 75%. Britain felt left behind.

L3 plus: No, e.g. the Commonwealth had been a factor in Britain not joining
initially, but there were signs that the EEC may make special provision for
Commonwealth and other former colonies to have a special relationship with
the EEC.

(10)
11(a) Describe Republican support in the 1920s. 10
the question (1)

E.g. business men.

E.g. businessmen who liked the economic freedom they were given.
PUBLISHED 2018
11(b) ‘Prohibition was good for the American economy.’ How far do you 10
agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. The Temperance Society believed that the economy would be
stronger with a dry workforce. Also, that families would be stronger and women
less harmed.

L3 plus e.g. No: bootlegging cost the inland revenue taxes, while the cost of
supervising the law was very costly.

(10)
12(a) Describe Roosevelt’s views on the role of government. 10
the question (1)

E.g. government should intervene.

E.g. government funds should be used to meet the needs of the people.
PUBLISHED 2018
12(b) Was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) the most significant 10
part of the New Deal? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. this was designed to get people back to work permanently,
stimulating industry as well as putting money in pockets that could be spent
on manufactured items. The PWA and the NRA were established in the Act.

L3 plus e.g. No: the government took over the banks, and guaranteed that
investors would not lose money if there was another crisis. Money began to
flow into the banks again.

(10)
13(a) What were Nixon’s foreign policies? 10
the question (1)

E.g. he was a peacemaker.

E.g. he negotiated peace in Vietnam. This was popular, even when
communists took South Vietnam later. He sought to improve relations with
the USSR, visiting Moscow for the signing of an arms limitation treaty. He
visited Mao in Beijing.
PUBLISHED 2018
13(b) ‘Reagan’s economic policies were largely successful.’ How far do you 10
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. supply-side economics saw government made smaller, taxes
reduced and spending by government restricted (though not on defence).
The intent was to grow the economy. Friedman and Hayek, 1944, were his
policy theorists.

L3 plus e.g. No: sadly, the government failed to balance the budget because of
defence spending and the plan failed in its early years. The economy went
into recession, unemployment rose by 10% and there was inadequate
spending on welfare. After 1983 the economy did begin to grow, but it was
to the benefit of the wealthy, and paid for through the taxes on the poor.

(10)
14(a) What principles guided Martin Luther King’s leadership of the Civil 10
Rights movement?
the question (1)

E.g. it must be peaceful.

E.g. love must be the ideal; protest with courage but with dignity; within the
law; history to view their work as showing the strengths of a great, Black,
people.
PUBLISHED 2018
14(b) Was the development of a black middle class in America the main 10
reason for the growth of the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s?
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. By 1955 almost 50% of all black people lived in northern industrial
areas. These became more aware of political issues and had leadership
qualities to start to address them.

L3 plus e.g. No: seeing Asian and African states begin to get independence
made black Americans more aware of the unfairness of their situation. Action,
therefore, grew. Also, failure of Truman to act quickly enough and the regrowth
of KKK actions made black Americans see that action alone could put things
right.

(10)
15(a) Describe Batista’s economic policies in Cuba. 10
the question. (1)

E.g. he allowed America to control the economy.

E.g. he allowed American investment in key industries: sugar, tobacco,
textiles, iron, nickel. America owned a good part of the electricity industry,
railways and telecommunications. Exports were to America. The wealth from
this was left in the hands of the few. There was no social security.
PUBLISHED 2018
15(b) Was success at the Battle of Santa Clara the main reason why Castro 10
was able to overthrow Batista? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. the rebels had taken the main road and set to move on Santa
Clara. This was the battle that made Batista take flight, leaving the Castro to
take power.

L3 plus e.g. No: the leadership by Che Guevara of hill rebels grew stronger as
Batista took unreasonable measures against rebels captured: torturing
them, murdering them – in fact, showing how brutal he was. This caused
America to withdraw military assistance. Plus conditions that caused the
opposition.

(10)
16(a) What was Gosplan? 10
the question (1)

E.g. it was the way the Five Year Plans were organised/it was about
targets.

E.g. Gosplan established targets for each part of an industry. E.g. for coal,
the targets for the whole of the USSR were established, broken down into
the targets for each area, for each mine and for each worker. These
triggered rewards or sanctions. They were cited as the reason why some
statistics of production were wrong.
PUBLISHED 2018
16(b) Did Stalin’s purges weaken or strengthen the USSR? Explain your 10
answer.
to the question (1)

Strengthen: e.g. following the murder of Kirov in 1934, Stalin said publicly
that this had been part of a plot aimed to kill himself and Molotov as well. This
launched purges against those who he distrusted. These seem to have
aimed at making the population afraid to do other than obey Stalin. His
power grew more secure.

L3 plus e.g. weaken: however, the purge of the army left it unable to
contribute effectively during the 1941–2 attack by Germany. Many of the best
political, industrial and economic brains had been lost. The number of
educated had fallen drastically. The USSR therefore found it more difficult
to recover from the Second World War.

(10)
17(a) Describe the Battle of Kursk. 10
the question (1)

E.g. tank battle.

E.g. tank battle that proved the superiority of the Soviets.
PUBLISHED 2018
17(b) How far was Stalin’s success in leading the USSR during the Great 10
Patriotic War due to the establishment of the State Defence
Committee? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. it undertook to convert the country’s economy to provide for the
needs of war. Among the economic tasks it supervised were mobilising the
country’s human resources for the needs of the front and the national
economy, training reserves and cadres for the armed forces and industry,
evacuating industry from threatened areas, moving industrial enterprises to
regions liberated by the Red Army, restoring the war-ravaged national
economy in the western areas of the country, and establishing the volume
and time of delivery of military and other types of output by industry.

L3 plus e.g. No: the weather also contributed to Russian success. Heavy
October rain slowed the German army down: –38 temperatures in
November/December found them with inadequate clothing.

(10)
18(a) Describe Stalin’s fourth Five-Year Plan, 1946–50. 10
the question (1)

E.g. a return to the principles of the first Five-Year Plan.

E.g. a focus on heavy industry.
PUBLISHED 2018
18(b) How similar were the social policies of Khrushchev and Brezhnev? 10
to the question (1)

Yes they were similar: e.g. both wanted industry to ensure the
contentedness of the population.

L3 plus: they were different e.g. Brezhnev was less tolerant of criticism than
Khrushchev.

(10)
19(a) Describe the policy disagreements between Gorbachev and Yeltsin. 10
the question (1)

E.g. Gorbachev wanted to reform communism; Yeltsin wanted to destroy it.

E.g. Gorbachev did not believe that the USSR would exist if states were not
required to belong to it. Yeltsin wanted membership to be optional.
PUBLISHED 2018
19(b) ‘The rise of the oligarchs showed that Yeltsin’s “shock therapy” policy 10
was a success.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. it demonstrated the working of a free market economy. Those
without the means to wait for prices to level out and for produce to become
available sold their vouchers (10 000 roubles worth) to those who could afford
to help them by buying the vouchers from them.

L3 plus e.g. No: Gaidar’s ideas were untested. The process was
implemented too quickly. Prices rose as restraint was removed. Wages did
not keep up. Sales fell and workers were left unemployed, many living on the
edges of towns in tents. It prompted political opposition e.g. Gaidar’s
replacement, Chernomyrdin re-imposed some controls on prices and profits
but it was too late to undo the damage done.

(10)
20(a) Describe discontent in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. 10
the question (1)

E.g. many still lived who remembered how much better life had been when
Czechoslovakia was free.

E.g. some countries within the Soviet ‘family’ were allowed freedoms e.g.
Hungary, Poland and Romania successfully insisted that they would control
their own economy. Yugoslavia and Albania carried on with their own
version of communism. Czechoslovakia wanted to look after itself e.g. by
being able to buy good grade iron from Sweden instead of Siberian poorer
quality iron.
PUBLISHED 2018
20(b) ‘It was pressure from other Communist countries that caused the Soviet 10
Union to intervene against Dubcek’s government.’ Do you agree?
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. East Germany was afraid that its government would be threatened
by the ideas of Dubcek, and it held the border of the Iron Curtain. They
supported the call for attack, along with troops from Hungary, Poland, Russia
and Bulgaria.

L3 plus e.g. No: socialism with a human face was seen as a threat to central
authority. Freedom of speech and freedom for the press would have spread
across Warsaw Pact countries and potential outcomes were unthinkable.
This was reinforced when Romania failed to respond to the call to support
the invasion, preferring to work with Prague.

(10)
21(a) Describe the political situation in Rhodesia up to 1965. 10
the question. (1)

E.g. white rule was maintained.

E.g. facing a spread of nationalism, white governments in Central Africa
persuaded Churchill’s government to allow a union of three colonies: North
and South Rhodesia and Nyasaland. This became the Central African
federation; 300 000 Europeans intended to rule 8.5 million Africans.
PUBLISHED 2018
21(b) ‘Mugabe made every effort to reconcile minorities.’ How true was this 10
of his rule during the early years of Zimbabwe? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. he spoke early in his new government about the need to work for
reconciliation and unity, recognising the contribution of white farmers and
businessmen to the economy of Zimbabwe. Whites were to have 20 seats
in a 100 seat parliament.

L3 plus e.g. ZANU and ZAPU difficulties grew until armed confrontation
saw Mugabe’s troops suppress ZAPU leaders. It was only stopped by an
accord signed between Mugabe and Nkomo through which they shared
power and whites lost their reserved seats.
As farming difficulties grew as squatters were not removed and land under
crop was reduced, there was a need to improve food output. As Mugabe’s
following was reducing as times were hard and food short, he took actions
to ensure his popularity – hence changes to land ownership.

(10)
22(a) What were the main features of apartheid? 10
the question. (1)

E.g. segregation.

E.g. reservations, townships divided and weaker education for non-whites.
PUBLISHED 2018
22(b) How successful was the South African government in preventing 10

protest against apartheid? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes, they used the suppression of communism act.

L3 plus No E.g. they failed to prevent ANC uniting with Asian and coloured
groups to form policy.

(10)
23(a) Describe the impact of the Second World War on Jewish-British 10

relations in Palestine.
the question (1)

E.g. Jewish policy in Palestine was to support Britain during the Second
World War.

E.g. the Jewish Agency had agreed to the Peel commission’s plan to
partition Palestine, even though it was clear that they would have to fight to
keep the land. In 1939, when Britain decided not to partition Palestine,
campaigning against British policy began. In 1944, partition was again
abandoned by Britain when Lord Moyne was murdered by the Stern Gang.
When Britain announced no change to its policy, Zionists, who had lost
6 million members fighting, were not in a mood to be patient. In August
1945 they decided to work with Irgun and the Stern Gang to target British
interests.
PUBLISHED 2018
23(b) How far was the war in Palestine, 1948–49, a response to the United 10
Nations Partition Plan? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. the Plan gave the larger portion of Palestine to Jews. Arabs did not
want to give up any of their land. They wanted a home for the Jews
elsewhere in the world – and they had the support of other Arab nations.

L3 plus e.g. No: it was the opportunity available when the British withdrew.
When the announcement was made, attacks on Jews intensified. Starting as
defending their lands, Jews soon became aggressive, seeking lands settled
by the Jews but in Arab hands officially. It was also about Arab nations wanting
control all of the land. It was also about Jerusalem.

(10)
24(a) What was Operation Defensive Shield in Palestine? 10
the question (1)

E.g. it was to prevent attacks by Palestinian groups on Israel/it was bombing
Palestinian settlements.

E.g. Israeli troops carried out raids on the West Bank and Gaza. They
attacked and surrounded Arafat’s HQ in Ramallah. They used gunships
and fighter planes to attack and kill Palestinian militants in their homes and
offices. Many innocent lives were lost.
PUBLISHED 2018
24(b) Were the Jewish settlements on the West Bank the main obstacle to 10
the peacemaking process? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. there were many Jewish settlements in Arab-held areas. These
lands had been bought from Arabs in past decades and their owners were
not for giving them up. However, they would need protection in an Arab-held
area. Who should give it: Israeli troops still there supporting them?

L3 plus e.g. No: Jerusalem was a big problem. Both wanted it as their
capital. By the late 1990s, east Jerusalem, mostly Arab, was encircled by
150 000 Israelis in settlements. Also, what about Arab refugees? And also,
the scope of any proposed Palestinian state.

(10)
25(a) Describe the social changes brought about by the Iranian revolution in 10
1979.
the question (1)

E.g. women’s roles changed.

E.g. new laws were passed, all based on the Koran. Education was to be
Islamic. Western influences, such as pop music, were banned.
PUBLISHED 2018
25(b) Was foreign intervention the main reason why the Iran-Iraq War, 10
1980–88, lasted so long? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes e.g. most Arab states supported Iraq, fearing Iranian forces may
spread the area under Shiite control. Syria, on the other hand, supported Iran
because of the rivalry with Iraq. Therefore the sides were balanced.

L3 plus e.g. No: Iran would not agree peace without the fall of Saddam and
this drove the Iraqi population to a greater determination to defend their
country.

(10)
26(a) Describe how northern China became united between 1926 and 1928. 10
the question (1)

E.g. the warlords were defeated.

E.g. the March to the North began in 1926. One of the Guomindang armies
captured Hankow. Another captured Nanjing. In some cases, warlords
capitulated because their own armies joined the Guomindang.
PUBLISHED 2018
26(b) How far was Mao successful in maintaining his rule over the Jiangxi 10
Soviet against Guomindang attack, 1930–34? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. the division of land and the establishment of Peasant Councils
earned Mao the support of the province. It also made it a target for Chiang
Kai-shek, who launched extermination campaigns.

L3 plus e.g. No: his way of leading his army to lure the enemy into his
territory before attacking them allowed Chiang Kai-shek to capture villages
on their way. Millions of peasants were killed or starved to death as a result.

(10)
27(a) How did the rights of women in China change in the early 1950s? 10
the question (1)

E.g. women had more rights/there was a Marriage Law.

E.g. April 1950 a Marriage Law was passed. It ended some of the worst
features of women’s lives. Acts made illegal included: arranged marriages, the
marriage of children, killing of female babies, bigamy. There was shared
ownership of property. Divorce by mutual consent was introduced. 1951
saw new laws allowing new mothers maternity benefits for the first two
months.
PUBLISHED 2018
27(b) Were the ‘Anti’ Campaigns the main reason for economic reform 10
during the early days of the People’s Republic of China? Explain your
answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. the Three-anti Campaign of 1951 made people focus on removing
corruption, red tape and waste. The 1952 Five-anti Campaign focused on
the removal of bribery, tax evasion, fraud, theft of government property and
spying. These helped the economy.

L3 plus e.g. No: it was the strength of the Party that brought about economic
change. Thought reform, the study of Mao’s work, and closely monitored,
Party led interest groups gave the Party a mass of people to call on when
effect was wanted e.g. ‘Swat the fly’ campaign saw the death of millions of
flies.

(10)
28(a) Describe the Mukden Incident, 1931. 10
the question (1)

E.g. soldiers from Japan invaded Mukden.

E.g. Japan was fearful of the unification of northern areas, aware that it had
need of a route to Korea. Officers of the Japanese Kwantung (Guandong)
Army, which was stationed in Manchuria, initiated an incident in Mukden
without the approval of the civil government of Japan.
On the night of 18 September, 1931, Japanese troops used the pretext of
an explosion along the Japanese-controlled South Manchurian Railway to
occupy Mukden. On 21 September, Japanese reinforcements arrived from
Korea, and the army began to expand throughout northern Manchuria. In
Tokyo neither the high command of the Japanese army nor Prime Minister
Wakatsuki Reijirō proved able to restrain the Kwangtung Army in the field.
Within three months Japanese troops had spread throughout Manchuria.
Wakatsuki’s cabinet fell in December, and its successor reacted to a growing
tide of public opinion by sanctioning the invasion.
PUBLISHED 2018
28(b) ‘By invading Manchuria in 1931 the Japanese army was acting 10
recklessly.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. the Japanese military leaders had planned something similar
earlier and had been stopped. Kwantung Army Colonel Seishirō Itagaki and
Lieutenant Colonel Kanji Ishiwara devised a plan to prompt Japan to invade
Manchuria by provoking an incident from Chinese forces stationed nearby.
However, the Japanese Minister of War Jirō Minami dispatched Major
General Yoshitsugu Tatekawa to Manchuria for the specific purpose of
curbing the insubordination and militarist behavior of the Kwantung Army.

L3 plus e.g. No: the government did not follow up and prevent a second
plot, and, after it had caused the Japanese army to have reason to conquer
Manchuria, the Japanese government responded to public feelings and got
behind their military. Also, the Japanese government did not accept the
findings of the Lytton Commission, preferring to pull out of the League of
Nations than admit wrong-doing.

(10)
29(a) Describe Gandhi’s role in India’s struggle for independence. 10
the question (1)

E.g. he led congress.

E.g. he led the Gandhi-Jinnah talks and participated in round table
conferences.
PUBLISHED 2018
29(b) ‘It was in foreign policy that Zia ul-Haq was most successful.’ How far 10
do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. during the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan, ul-Haq
supported Muslim Afghanistan to drive off the invaders. In this they were
supported by military assets and money from the USA. This brought wealth
to Pakistan, recognition of being a Western supporter and international
acclaim. However, it did bring the problem of 3 million refugees arriving in
Pakistan from Afghanistan.

L3 plus e.g. No: Islamization was his key policy. Ulema were put on the
Federal Court and, for the first time, were full time judges. Hudood Ordinances
were passed, creating an Islamic Code of Law. Also, industry was reformed,
nationalisation being replaced by former private owners. His rule saw GPR
rise to 6.2%, amongst the highest in the world.

(10)
PUBLISHED 2018
30(a) Describe the establishment of the Association of Southeast Asian 10

Nations (ASEAN).
the question (1)

E.g. Asian countries worked together to form it. As set out in the ASEAN
Declaration, the aims and purposes of ASEAN are:
To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development

in the region. To promote regional peace and stability. To promote
collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest. To provide
assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities. To
collaborate for the better utilisation of agriculture and industry to raise the
living standards of the people. To promote Southeast Asian studies. To
maintain close, beneficial co-operation with existing international organisations
with similar aims and purposes.

E.g. ASEAN was prefigured by an organisation called the Association of
Southeast Asia (ASA), a group consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia, and
Thailand that was formed in 1961. ASEAN itself was inaugurated on 8 August
1967, when foreign ministers of five countries; Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, signed the ASEAN Declaration, more
commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration.
The creation of ASEAN was motivated by a common fear of communism,
and a thirst for economic development.
ASEAN grew when Brunei Darussalam became its sixth member on 7 January
1984, barely a week after gaining independence.
PUBLISHED 2018
30(b) ‘The economic community has been the most successful aspect of 10
ASEAN.’ Do you agree? Explain your answer.
to the question (1)

Yes: e.g. ASEAN is built on three pillars: the ASEAN Political-Security
Community (APSC), the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC),and the ASEAN
Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC).
ASEAN seeks economic integration by creating an ASEAN Economic
Community (AEC) by end-2015 to establish a common market. The average
economic growth of ASEAN’s member nations during 1989–2009 was between
3.8% and 7%. This economic growth was greater than the average growth
of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which was 2.8%.
The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) which was established on
28 January, 1992, includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT)
to promote the free flow of goods between member states. When the AFTA
agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had only six members (Brunei,
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). Vietnam
joined in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The
newcomers have not fully met AFTA’s obligations, but they are officially
considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement
upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to
meet AFTA’s tariff reduction obligations.
The next steps are to create a:

Single-market and production base competitive economic region of
equitable economic development region fully integrated into the global
economy Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import
duties with member nations. The target is zero import duties by 2016.

L3 plus e.g. No: it has developed a unique way of working. The ‘ASEAN
Way’ refers to a methodology or approach to solving issues that respects the
cultural norms of Southeast Asia. Masilamani and Peterson summarise it as:
‘... a working process or style that is informal and personal. Policymakers
constantly utilise compromise, consensus, and consultation in the informal
decision-making process. It above all prioritizes a consensus-based,
non-conflictual way of addressing problems. Quiet diplomacy allows ASEAN
leaders to communicate without bringing the discussions into the public view.
Members avoid embarrassment that may lead to further conflict’.

(10)
Cambridge Assessment International Education


Paper 1 Modern World Affairs May/June 2019
2 hours

*2857834770*
Write your centre number, candidate number and name on the work you hand in.
You must answer both the (a) and the (b) parts of the questions that you choose.

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Section A
1 (a) What were the Locarno Treaties? [10]
(b) How far did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy President Wilson? Explain your answer. [10]
2 (a) What were the structural weaknesses of the League of Nations? [10]
(b) Was the League’s handling of the Vilna dispute its most important failure in the 1920s? Explain
your answer. [10]
3 (a) Describe Operation Overlord. [10]
(b) How important was the attack on Pearl Harbor to the outcome of the Second World War?
4 (a) What was America’s foreign policy in Europe, 1945–49? [10]
(b) Who was more responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis, the USA or the USSR? Explain your
answer. [10]
5 (a) Describe the humanitarian work undertaken by the United Nations (UN). [10]
(b) How successful was the UN in the Korean War? Explain your answer. [10]
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Section B
Western Europe
6 (a) Describe the economic condition of Germany at the end of the First World War in 1918. [10]
(b) How damaging was the 1923 Ruhr crisis to Germany? Explain your answer. [10]
7 (a) Describe Mussolini’s policies towards women. [10]
(b) ‘Mussolini’s economic policies were successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
[10]
8 (a) Describe the opposition to the Second Republic in Spain up to the outbreak of the Civil War.
[10]
(b) ‘The outcome of the Spanish Civil War was more the result of Republican weakness than
Nationalist strength.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
9 (a) Describe the impact of the German occupation on France. [10]
(b) ‘Evacuating children in 1939 was the most important aspect of British policy on the Home
Front.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
10 (a) What was the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)? [10]
(b) How similar were the Council of Europe (1949) and the Common Market / EEC (1957)? Explain
your answer. [10]
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Section C
The Americas
11 (a) Describe the Sacco and Vanzetti affair. [10]
(b) ‘Immigration into the USA was the main cause of racial discrimination in the 1920s.’ How far
do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
12 (a) What was the banking crisis, 1930–33? [10]
(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression was its human cost.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
13 (a) What were the attitudes towards communists in the USA after the Second World War? [10]
(b) Who achieved more for the American economy, Nixon or Reagan? Explain your answer. [10]
14 (a) Describe life for African Americans in the Southern states in the 1930s. [10]
(b) Did Martin Luther King’s words or actions do more to promote civil rights in the USA? Explain
your answer. [10]
15 (a) Describe the rule of Pinochet in Chile, 1973–90. [10]
(b) ‘Allende was overthrown because of the failure of his economic policies.’ How far do you agree?
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Section D
16 (a) Describe opposition to the Bolsheviks in Russia, 1918–21. [10]
(b) Were Stalin’s Five-Year Plans a success? Explain your answer. [10]
17 (a) Describe how the government of the USSR reacted to the challenges of the Great Patriotic
War. [10]
(b) Which was more effective in helping Stalin to control the USSR after 1945, the ‘cult of
personality’ or economic recovery? Explain your answer. [10]
18 (a) Describe how de-Stalinisation took place in the USSR. [10]
(b) How far did Brezhnev reform the economy? Explain your answer. [10]
19 (a) Describe the coup of August 1991 against Gorbachev. [10]
(b) Was Gorbachev a successful leader of the USSR? Explain your answer. [10]
20 (a) Describe the Brezhnev Doctrine. [10]
(b) ‘The main reason for the establishment of Solidarity in Poland in 1980 was the leadership of
Lech Walesa.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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Section E
21 (a) Describe how Kenya gained independence. [10]
(b) ‘At independence, Zimbabwe faced relatively few social and economic problems.’ How far do
22 (a) Describe the collapse of apartheid in South Africa. [10]
(b) ‘The main weakness of South Africa by 1994 was the economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain
your answer. [10]
23 (a) Describe the 1948–49 Arab-Israeli War. [10]
(b) How fair were the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and its neighbouring states?
24 (a) Describe the Suez War, 1956. [10]
(b) ‘Syria was responsible for the Arab-Israeli War in 1967.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer. [10]
25 (a) What were the main events of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88? [10]
(b) ‘Ayatollah Khomeini was responsible for the fall of the Shah of Iran.’ How far do you agree?
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Section F
Asia
26 (a) Describe life in the communist controlled areas of China up to 1949. [10]
(b) How far was the impact of the Versailles peace treaty harmful to China? Explain your answer.
[10]
27 (a) Describe the structure of government of the People’s Republic of China, set up in 1949. [10]
(b) How successful were the communes in meeting Mao Zedong’s aims? Explain your answer.
[10]
28 (a) Describe the development of fishing industries in post-Second World War Japan. [10]
(b) ‘Japan’s industrial growth in the 1970s was mainly due to the developing electronics sector.’
How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
29 (a) What were the Round Table Conferences of 1930–32? [10]
(b) How far did the 3 June Plan have the support of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim
League? Explain your answer. [10]
30 (a) Describe events leading to Singapore’s separation from Malaysia in 1965. [10]
(b) ‘The 1997 financial crash encouraged the countries of Southeast Asia to work more closely
together.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. [10]
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PUBLISHED
Generic mark scheme for Paper 1
(a) Questions
Level 2: Makes simple statements that address the question. [2–6]
Level 3: Makes developed statements that answer the question. [7–10]
(b) Questions
Level 2: Identifies/lists factors/describes. [2–4]
Level 3: Explains the given factor or other factor. [5–6]
Level 4: Explains the given factor and other factors. [7–9]
Level 5: As Level 4 with additional reasoning to fully answer the question. [10]
This generic mark scheme will be adapted to suit specific wording of individual questions.
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1(a) What were the Locarno Treaties? 10
L2 e.g. European treaties to confirm relationships after the First World War.
L3 e.g. One of them confirmed the boundaries set between Germany, France and Belgium in the Treaty of Versailles.
1(b) How far did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy President Wilson? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes in that Alsace Lorraine was returned to France. This was one of his 14 Points.
L4 L3 plus e.g. It seemed unfair that only countries punished as the defeated during the First World War were forced to
disarm. His aim was for all countries to disarm for international security.
2(a) What were the structural weaknesses of the League of Nations? 10
L2 e.g. The USA was not a member.
L3 e.g. It lacked the power to impact on Powers because it did not have the support for sanctions that the USA would have
brought with it.
2(b) Was the League’s handling of the Vilna dispute its most important failure in the 1920’s? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, the League should have responded to Lithuanian calls for help and removed the Polish army from Lithuania’s
capital city. It did not and Poland retained control of the city.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Corfu Crisis was more significant in that a member of the League of Nations, Italy, abused its position to
overturn a decision and have compensation from Greece paid directly to Italy.
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3(a) Describe Operation Overlord. 10
L2 e.g. Allied troops entered Northern France in order to drive Germany back.
L3 e.g. Beaches in Northern France including Utah and Omaha saw US and British forces landing under air support from
13 000 allied aircraft.
3(b) How important was the attack on Pearl Harbor to the outcome of the Second World War? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. It was important in that it brought the USA into the war as US shipping was attacked by Japanese forces at Pearl
Harbour. The USA made significant differences e.g. on the Western Front, to the outcome of the Second World War.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Russian reactions to Operation Barbarossa weakened German forces so much, and secured the need for
German forces on the Eastern Front, that Germany was unable to defend against Operation Overlord.
4(a) What was America’s foreign policy in Europe 1945–49? 10
L2 e.g. The policy was anti- USSR
L3 e.g. The policy was to support countries e.g. Greece that were at risk of turning to Communism.
4(b) Who was more responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis, the USA or the USSR? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. The USA for putting missiles in Turkey, causing the USSR to retaliate. L4 L3 plus e.g. The USSR for threatening
capitalism in Eastern Europe.
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5(a) Describe the humanitarian work undertaken by the United Nations (UN). 10
L2 e.g. Returning refugees to their home countries after the Second World War.
L3 e.g. UNRWA secured shelter and medical supplies for Arabs forced to leave their homes by the settlement of Jews in
Palestine. When the refugee camps were clearly going to be long-term requirements, it helped to set up schools, hospitals,
houses and training centres to help the Arabs to become self-sufficient.
5(b) How successful was the UN in the Korean War? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, it was. Troops from 16 nations were able to repel the invasion from the north and preserve the frontier at the 38th
Parallel.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was not possible because of the strength of the UN, but because Russia was absent at the Security
Council meetings, enabling the USA to push for UN involvement. It was largely a US affair.
6(a) Describe the economic conditions of Germany at the end of the First World War in 1918. 10
L2 e.g. Germany was drained by war.
L3 e.g. German people were forced to try to survive on turnips and bread, even that being mixed with sawdust to make it go
further.
6(b) How damaging was the 1923 Ruhr crisis to Germany? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, calling for a strike in response to the French invasion caused the collapse of the German currency. L4 L3 plus e.g.
No, it made it clear that Germany could not pay reparations, causing Stresemann to negotiate
loans from the USA.
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7(a) Describe Mussolini’s policies towards women. 10
L2 e.g. Women were to raise children
L3 e.g. Women were to have peasant characteristics, dressing appropriately and being strong and bringing up children to
value hard work.
7(b) ‘Mussolini’s economic policies were successful.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, the Battle for Wheat, while it had increased the supply of bread increased grain production had reduced the
availability of meat and fruit. It had also caused unemployment, bringing opposition to Mussolini.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Battle for Wheat, had reduced the availability of meat and fruit. It had also caused unemployment,
bringing opposition to Mussolini.
8(a) Describe the opposition to the Second Republic in Spain up to the outbreak of the Civil War. 10
L2 e.g. Right wing groups.
L3 e.g. The right wing of the Cortes was made up of landowners, members of the Church, the army and industrialists opposed
policies that attacked all of their interests.
8(b) ‘The outcome of the Spanish Civil War was more the result of Republican weakness than Nationalist strength.’ How 10
far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, Franco was extremely skilled at bringing right wing groups together to fight as one unit. He used their aim of
destroying the godless Republicans to form this fighting unit.
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9(a) Describe the impact of the German occupation on France. 10
L2 e.g. French men had to fight for Germany.
L3 e.g. Many Jews in France were sent to German camps.
9(b) ‘Evacuating children in 1939 was the most important aspect of British policy on the Home Front.’ How far do you 10
L3 e.g. Yes, it was. The threat to London was greatest and removing children/ the next generation from danger showed that
the government was taking control of the war effort.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, preparing airfields across the south and west of Britain was stronger preparation for a war that was
universally expected to see significant air warfare.
10(a) What was the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)? 10
L2 e.g. It was about European countries trading efficiently.
L3 e.g. It was about how payments between countries could be made, using own currencies. It was based on the EPU and
came into being when the USA and Canada joined in 1961.
10(b) How similar were the Council of Europe (1949) and the Common Market / EEC (1957)? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, by 1971 it was made up of all the states of W Europe (except Spain and Portugal), and had an Assembly where
each member was represented. This was like the EU’s Council of Ministers.
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11(a) Describe the Sacco and Vanzetti affair. 10
L2 e.g. Accused and tried in America, they were sentenced to death.
L3 e.g. They were accused of robbing and murdering a postmaster in the USA.
11(b) ‘Immigration into the USA was the main cause of racial discrimination in the 1920’s.’ How far do you agree? Explain 10
your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Americans believed that immigration threatened jobs, wealth and position in the USA.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, 10 million African-Americans lived in the USA, and by 1900 they were beginning to organise themselves.
White Americans became aware that their children would come to voting age, and they must not be allowed to vote in elections
that might reduce the power of white supremacists.
12(a) What was the banking crisis 1930–33? 10
L2 e.g. When Americans had tried to sell their shares in large numbers, banks did not have the money to repay them and
closed their doors.
L3 e.g. Banks had themselves been speculating on the stock exchange and this rendered them unable to meet demands
when the flood of people who had lost confidence in the stocks tried to sell them. Millions lost their life savings as banks simply
closed down. People lost faith in banks, and they were a vital part of recovery after the Wall Street Crash, so the government
had to take action.
12(b) ‘The main impact of the Great Depression was its human cost.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, as demand for all kinds of goods fell, a quarter of the labour force lost their jobs and one in eight farmers lost their
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land. People had to queue for food and Hoovervilles arose.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. People had no money and so were unable to buy produce from farmers or consumables from industry.
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Businesses closed down, leaving the USA in no position to support other countries’ loans. Hence these were called in.
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13(a) What were the attitudes towards communists in the USA after the Second World War? 10
L2 e.g. America was fearful of communists
L3 e.g. In 1947 Truman set up a Loyalty Review Board to investigate people working in government, the civil service, and the
atomic research industries to make sure no spies were employed.
13(b) Who achieved more for the American economy, Nixon or Reagan? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Nixon: Rising unemployment caused calls for a reduction in public spending. He froze prices and wages, reduced
spending on Johnson’s poverty programme. But he extended funding for care of the elderly and he set up a Council of Urban
Affairs to involve other people in considering how to improve slums and ghettos. He did not reduce poverty, but he did reduce
the level of protest about it by involving society e.g. students in the running of their universities.
L4 e.g. Reagan: Supply-side economics, reducing taxes on businesses and workers seemed to show a benefit for the wealthy,
but not for the poor.
14(a) Describe life for African-Americans in the Southern states in the 1930s. 10
L2 e.g. Black people did not have the same rights as white people and they had less wealth.
L3 e.g. Even when regulation forbade it, Southern states did not permit equal access, e.g. in Arkansas to schools.
14(b) Did Martin Luther King’s words or actions do more to promote civil rights in the USA? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Words were powerful and were listened to by all sectors of American society. He talked to crowds of the need to
protest with love, not anger. Dignity would win the day.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. He practised what he preached. In 1963, when King organised successful demonstrations against segregation in
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Alabama, police attacked with tear gas and King was imprisoned. The world, and America, watched as he responded with dignity
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15(a) Describe the rule of Pinochet in Chile, 1973–90. 10
L2 e.g. He led a military regime.
L3 e.g. He was supported by financial aid from the USA and was soon able to bring the annual inflation rate to reasonable
levels where an election could be planned.
15(b) ‘Allende was overthrown because of the failure of his economic policies.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Economic policies: land redistribution policies turned powerful landowners against him. They destroyed land and
animals and hunger turned the public against him.
L4 L3 plus e.g. An election for President was due in 1976, and Allende was not able to stand, according to the Constitution.
His opponents feared that he would change the Constitution, and so they organised a massive strike, gained the support of
the army and staged a military coup.
16(a) Describe opposition to the Bolsheviks in Russia, 1918–21. 10
L2 e.g. The Whites opposed them.
L3 e.g. Those who wanted to see the monarch restored opposed the Bolsheviks.
16(b) Were Stalin’s Five Year Plans a success? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, vastly greater amounts of coal, iron, steel, electricity and oil were produced than during the years of Lenin’s period
of rule.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it is believed that figures published were grossly exaggerated, and production was little more than would
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have been achieved under Lenin’s New Economic Policy.
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17(a) Describe how the government of the USSR reacted to the challenges of the Great Patriotic War. 10
L2 e.g. Stalin controlled all of the USSR.
L3 e.g. He was leader of the Communist Party and Supreme Leader of the USSR. He was supported by the NKVD which was
tasked to remove opponents of the State. The new constitution of 1936 seemed to give freedoms to the people, including voting
rights and freedom of speech/ the press, but these were all controlled and there was only one Party.
17(b) Which was more effective in helping Stalin to control the USSR after 1945, the ‘cult of personality’ or economic 10
recovery? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Cult of personality – through education programmes and the press, as well as personal appearances, Stalin was loved
as the hero of the revolution and the father of the people.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Some people had good jobs with high incomes and a good lifestyle through industrialisation, and, for this, Stalin
was given credit. However, the chaos in the countryside was blamed on others, so Stalin’s reputation was not tarnished.
18(a) Describe how de-Stalinisation took place in the USSR. 10
L2 e.g. Laws were changed.
L3 e.g. Culture and public discourse were given more freedoms.
18(b) How far did Brezhnev reform the economy? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. No, centralisation inhibited reform and industry remained old fashioned and under-productive.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, he developed military hardware to match that of the USA.
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19(a) Describe the coup of August 1991 against Gorbachev. 10
L2 e.g. Gorbachev’s Vice President took control of the USSR while Gorbachev was on holiday.
L3 e.g. With Yeltsin having resigned and the republics demanding independence, Yanayev arrested Gorbachev while he was
in the Crimea on holiday. Telling Moscow that he was ill and that an eight-man committee was now in charge, they established
a state of emergency. However, Yeltsin condemned the coup and the army followed him.
19(b) Was Gorbachev a successful leader of the USSR? Explain your answer. 10
L3: Yes, many believe that he was trying to get Communism to where Lenin wanted it to be. He allowed Eastern European
countries to become free and independent. People in the USSR had more personal freedom than at any time since 1917, if not
before.
No: At the time he was seen as a failure. Conservative Communists thought him a traitor. Reformers thought he stuck with
Communism for too long. Ordinary people saw him as inefficient and weak as he had not protected them.
20(a) Describe the Brezhnev Doctrine. 10
L2 e.g. It was about controlling Eastern Europe.
L3 e.g. It proclaimed the right to use military force to keep countries under control.
20(b) ‘The main reason for the establishment of Solidarity in Poland in 1980 was the leadership of Lech Walesa.’ How far do 10
you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, in Poland food shortages led to calls for trade unions to be allowed. The USSR sent troops to the border, but did
not carry through to invasion.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. Communism had failed to provide the sort of lives that should have been possible given the resources
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available. Living conditions were simply unacceptable.
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21(a) Describe how Kenya gained independence. 10
L2 e.g. Africans were allowed to participate in government in increasing numbers until they governed their country.
L3 e.g. Following the appalling treatment of the Mau Mau by the British, there was a change of heart in Britain and Africans
were allowed greater freedoms to engage in the production of crops and in government e.g. in 1960, Africans became the
majority group on the council and had 4 out of 10 seats in the Council of Ministers.
21(b) ‘At independence, Zimbabwe faced relatively few social and economic problems.’ How far do you agree? Explain your 10
answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the coalition between ZAPU and ZANU was uneasy with Mugabe and Nkomo not being able to trust each other
and Nkomo was accused of planning a coup.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the problems of dealing with poverty and the economy were the same as in other newly independent
African states.
22(a) Describe the collapse of apartheid in South Africa. 10
L2 e.g. The Pass Laws were abolished.
L3 e.g. In September 1979 Botha announced that white domination and enforced apartheid were a recipe for discontent.
22(b) ‘The main weakness of South Africa by 1994 was the economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, the African homelands were a failure and foreign governments did not trust them to be independent states, and
therefore did not support them with aid.
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L4 L3 plus e.g. No, recession caused many white people to leave S Africa, causing the rising black population to form 84% of
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the population.
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23(a) Describe the 1948–49 Arab-Israeli War. 10
L2 e.g. The main conflict was in Jerusalem.
L3 e.g. Israeli forces were unable to defeat King Abdullah’s Arab Legion which was defending East Jerusalem, but they were
able to capture West Jerusalem.
23(b) How fair were the 1949 Armistice Agreements between Israel and its neighbouring states? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, for Israel, It gained recognition as a new state and secured some more land.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, for the Arabs as land borders between Egypt and Israel returned to the pre-war situation.
24(a) Describe the Suez War, 1956. 10
L2 e.g. Britain and France bombed Egypt.
L3 e.g. Egypt refused to obey the call for ceasefire following the Israeli attack, causing France and Britain to bomb Egypt from
the air.
24(b) ‘Syria was responsible for the Arab-Israeli War in 1967.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, Nasser was stung by criticism from the new Syrian government that not enough was being done to challenge the
growing might of Israel.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Russia informed the Egyptian government that Israel was moving troops to the borders it shared with Syria and
was about to invade. This was not true but it had the desired effect.
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25(a) What were the main events of the Iran-Iraq War, 1980–88? 10
L2 e.g. Iraq attacked Iran.
L3 e.g. Air attacks on Iran began the war.
25(b) ‘Ayatollah Khomeini was responsible for the fall of the Shah of Iran.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, Ayatollah was a leading mullah who encouraged criticism of the wealth and freedoms of the élite in society. He
took the opportunity of the Shah’s ill health and absence from Iran to take control.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Shah failed to see the inequality that arose from oil wealth. This made people listen to arguments
against his religious sincerity.
26(a) Describe life in the communist controlled areas of China up to 1949. 10
L2: e.g. Life became more fair.
L3 e.g. Large estates were divided between tenant farmers.
26(b) How far was the impact of the Versailles peace treaty harmful to China? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, it confirmed that Japan controlled the port of Kiaochow, formerly controlled by Germany
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, issues around the 21 Demands from Japan to the Warlords were forgotten and the unequal treaties were
not undone or extended.
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27(a) Describe the structure of government of the People’s Republic of China, set up in 1949. 10
L2 e.g. Regions were established and Communist members were in control of these.
L3 e.g. Strict rules guided relationships at local and national level. Regions controlled counties, controlled cities etc. Mao was
Chairman of the Communist Party and Head of State. His deputy was PM and Foreign Minister.
27(b) How successful were the communes in meeting Mao Zedong’s aims? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, he aimed to develop agriculture and industry at the same time and communes were responsible for everything,
and the organisation of e.g. childcare freed everyone up to contribute to the full. Projects were completed at great speed and
with enthusiasm e.g. giant dams.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, progress made was uneven. Boilers made by non-specialists were liable to break down and n-one knew
how to repair them. Harvests were wasted as those who were the farmers of old were steel making. Famine followed, and
political change.
28(a) Describe the development of fishing industries in post-Second World War Japan. 10
L2 e.g. America supported the development of a new fishing industry.
L3 e.g. Processing plants had been destroyed during the war, and new ones were efficient. America agreed to import fish, so
the fishing industry rose quickly to contribute to the developing economy.
28(b) ‘Japan’s industrial growth in the 1970s was mainly due to the developing electronics sector.’ How far do you agree? 10
L3 e.g. Yes, Japanese products, e.g. radio and TV, had gained a reputation for high quality and reliability, so when the digital
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age arrived Japan was able to develop its expertise and gain international markets.
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parties prevented a change in government.
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29(a) What was the Quit India Movement? 10
L2 e.g. It was led by Congress.
L3 e.g. Gandhi called for a mass non-violent demonstration on the widest possible lines to disrupt the British government.
29(b) ‘The main reason for tensions between India and Pakistan since 1947 has been territorial disputes.’ How far do you 10
L3 e.g. Positive: April 1950 Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan signed the Minorities Pact to look after the freedoms of minorities that
did not cross to the country of their religion in time.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, Kashmir has continued to be a disputed territory.
30(a) Describe events leading to Singapore’s separation from Malaysia in 1965. 10
L2 e.g. There were riots in Singapore
L3 e.g. Race riots in Singapore put pressure on the government.
30(b) ‘The 1997 financial crash encouraged the countries of Southeast Asia to work more closely together.’ How far do you 10
L3 e.g. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative,
was put forward in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It called for better integration of the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus
Three countries, China, Japan, and South Korea.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The newcomers have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of AFTA as they
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were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA’s tariff
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reduction obligations.
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1(a) What was the Dawes Plan? 10
L2 e.g. It was to give Germany a loan to help with reparations repayments.
L3 e.g. America loaned Germany money to boost the German economy so

that repayments could be made.
1(b) Did the peace treaties of 1919–23 treat Germany more harshly than its 10
allies? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Germany had to accept War Guilt, reparations.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, all defeated countries had to pay reparations, reduce
arms and suffer alteration to lands held.
2(a) What actions could the League of Nations do to protect international 10

security?
L2 e.g. It could demand that the offending country stop its actions L3 e.g. It
could impose economic sanctions on the offending country.
2(b) How far were the weaknesses of the League of Nations demonstrated 10
by the Corfu Crisis? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the Council of the League’s decision was overturned by the
Conference of Ambassadors. Italy, being a member of the League, was able
to take advantage of the weakness in the non- fulltime working of the Council.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, bigger weaknesses were visible in crises where the loss
of the USA was evident e.g. in the Abyssinian Crisis where the USA
continued to trade when sanctions were imposed by the League.
PUBLISHED 2019
3(a) Describe how the War in the Pacific came to an end in 1945. 10
L2 e.g. The Americans won at Midway Island.
L3 e.g. The Americans defeated the Japanese at Midway Island, where they
made better use of a less equipped force against one that was over-
confident.
3(b) How far was Britain’s survival in 1940 a result of naval power? Explain 10
your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, British shipping protected the merchant fleet, providing essential
supplies to Britain, as well as blockading the German navy in the Baltic.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The British Navy was more effective when the value of air
cover was realised.
4(a) Describe the Berlin Blockade. 10
L2 e.g. Russia tried to make the West give up Berlin.
L3.e.g. All methods of contact between West Berlin and West Germany
were cut off by Russia.
4(b) How much of a threat to world peace was the U2 spy plane incident? 10
L3 e.g. It was a serious threat. It was the USA’s refusal to admit what had
been done or to apologise that caused a rift between East and West.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it happened in 1960, during the Khrushchev years when it
seemed that tensions were cooling.
PUBLISHED 2019
5(a) What are the strengths of the United Nations (UN)? 10
L2 e.g. The UN has a much wider membership and is truly a worldwide

organisation.
L3 e.g. Having a membership including both the USA and the USSR made it
more likely to be able to work for world peace.
5(b) How successfully did the UN deal with the issue of Saddam Hussein 10
and Kuwait? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, during the 1991 Gulf War the UN forces drove Hussein out of
Kuwait.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it did not – preventing the USA and Britain from attacking
Iraq unilaterally.
6(a) Describe how the German Republic was established, 1918–19. 10
L2 e.g. The Kaiser abdicated.
L3 e.g. Ebert took control of the government. After a year, elections

confirmed the government of the SPD.
6(b) How successful was the Weimar Republic in Germany up to 1929? 10

L3 e.g. Yes, it was able to manage attacks from the left, the Spartacists, and
the right, the Freikorps.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was unable to manage its obligations under the Treaty
of Versailles.
PUBLISHED 2019
7(a) Describe the economic situation of Italy at the end of the First World 10
War.
L2 e.g. It was poor.
L3 e.g. Industry had been destroyed, land was not productive.
7(b) How far were Mussolini’s social policies successful? Explain your 10
answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, youth groups were taught to value fascist ideals.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, they came at great cost. Benefits such as free Sundays,
access to activities and cheap tours and holidays were expensive but had to
be provided to make the Corporate State a reality.
8(a) Describe the changing fortunes of the Nationalists during the Civil War 10
in Spain.
L2 e.g. By 1936 the nationalist army had reached Madrid.
L3 e.g. Unable to conquer Madrid quickly, nationalists turned to foreign

powers for support.
8(b) How far were the economic policies of Spain’s Republican 10

governments, 1931–36, responsible for the Civil War? Explain your
answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Attacking church, army, landowners and industry saw

opposition from the right grow.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The left wing did not approve of the Republican government as
it did not try to overthrow capitalism. Most people felt that the government was
weak, unable to manage dissent.
PUBLISHED 2019
9(a) Describe how civilians in Britain coped with air raids. 10
L2 e.g. There were shelters in homes.
L3 e.g. In London, underground stations were used to shelter civilians.
9(b) How important was the contribution of women to the war effort on the 10
Home Front in Britain? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, propaganda about being quiet stopped Germany being able to
spy on Britain so easily.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, Land Army women were vital in replacing fighting men
who had left farming jobs. Food production was a crucial part of the Home
Front efforts.
10(a) Describe de Gaulle’s reaction to Britain’s request for entry into the 10
European Economic Community (EEC).
L2 e.g. France did not want Britain to be part of the EEC.
L3 e.g. President de Gaulle of France refused Britain’s first application to

join the EEC.
10(b) How far do you agree that the European Parliament is more important 10
to the working of the European Union (EU) than the European
Commission? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, because it is where each country is represented.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Commission is able to carry on its programmes

without the consent of the European Parliament.
PUBLISHED 2019
11(a) Describe the growth of the US economy during the 1920s. 10
L2 e.g. Cars, fridges and radios were made and sold in great quantities.
L3 e.g. Cars, fridges and radios were made and sold in great quantities.
However, while production was speeded up to meet demand, it was not
slowed as demand fell, so the economy was vulnerable.
11(b) ‘The benefits of the economic growth of the 1920s were shared fairly 10
between the different social groups in the USA.’ How far do you agree?
L3 e.g. In the cities of the north of the USA there was greater equality
between black and white workers and between male and female workers.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Between men and women in the South of the US and
between black and white workers in the US the situation was little different
than it had been in the early 1900s.
12(a) What did Roosevelt achieve in his first 100 days as President? 10
L2 e.g. He strengthened the banking system.
L3 e.g. His Emergency Banking Act and Securities Exchange Commission

re-established faith in banks.
12(b) ‘The strongest opposition to the New Deal came from the Supreme 10
Court.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, Republicans in the Supreme Court against the New Deal
declared the NRA unconstitutional and therefore unable to send a body
bringing its laws to trial.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Huey Long accused the government of not doing enough
e.g. on pensions for the elderly and buying American products to give to
families e.g. radios.
PUBLISHED 2019
13(a) What was the Watergate scandal? 10
L2 e.g. Break-in and cover-up.
L3 e.g. It was when he withheld evidence and was believed to be involved in

approving the spying on the opposition.
13(b) Who achieved more to improve social welfare in the USA, Truman or 10
Kennedy? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Truman wanted a wide-ranging programme of social welfare to be

implemented, but the Republican majority in Congress threw out his
proposals. However, the public supported him and returned him for a second
term along with a Congress with a Democrat majority. He was therefore able
to extend social security benefits and increase the minimum wage. He was
not able to pass his national insurance and old age pensions schemes.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Kennedy was in office at a time of rising unemployment. In

spite of this, Congress prevented many measures. He was only able to raise
the minimum wage by 25%, extend social security benefits for each child of
an unemployed man, extend grants to support states in giving benefits to the
unemployed and loans to those wanting to buy houses. Covering medical
treatment and widening state support for education and social housing were
not allowed.
14(a) Describe the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 10
L2 e.g. Black people in Montgomery refused to use buses after one woman
was asked to give up her seat.
L3 e.g. Rosa Parks refused to give her seat for a white person in 1955 when
directed to by the bus driver. The furore that this led to brought about a
boycott of buses travel by black community to raise awareness.
14(b) ‘The Selma marches were the most important reason for the 10
introduction of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.’ How far do you agree?
L3 e.g. Yes, they were: by obeying the restriction set upon them by the
courts, the marchers won the respect of government and white voters.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was the work of King who showed the legitimacy of the Civil
Rights cause that won the government over.
PUBLISHED 2019
15(a) Describe Peronism. 10
L2 e.g. It is a political movement.
L3 e.g. It is a blend of Nationalism and Labourism
15(b) How far was the Junta in Argentina brought down in 1983 by its human 10
rights record? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, charged with 2300 political murders and the disappearance of up
to 30 000 people, the Junta did not have a good record.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the attack on the Falkland Islands left Argentina with
unprecedented debt and an unsustainably low standard of living for the
population.
16(a) Describe how Russia was ruled before the February Revolution in 10
1917.
L2 e.g. It was ruled by the Tsar.
L3 e.g. It was ruled by the Tsar supported by a Duma.
16(b) Which was more responsible for the fall of the Provisional Government, 10
Lenin’s leadership of the Bolsheviks or the failure of its own policies?
L3 e.g. Lenin’s call for peace and bread had a great impact on Russian
people who were struggling from poverty and loss of lives of through military
action.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The Provisional government believed that it could take no

direct action as it was awaiting approval through elections. This left it open to
challenge from Bolsheviks who had no such qualms.
PUBLISHED 2019
17(a) Describe how the USSR’s resources were managed during the Great 10
Patriotic War.
L2 e.g. They were moved away from the Western Front.
L3 e.g. Production of steel and tanks was moved to Eastern Russia, away
from threats from Germany.
17(b) ‘The most important reason for Stalin’s continued control over the USSR 10
after 1945 was his use of purges.’ How far do you agree? Explain your
answer.
L3 e.g. Stalin’s people in Russia had been educated into the Cult of
Personality.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Purging both opposition and military strength prevented

challenge to his leadership.
18(a) Describe Khrushchev’s economic policies. 10
L2 e.g. Industry was turned to meeting consumer needs.
L3 e.g. Local Councils were charged with directing local industry to make
things locals needed e.g. washing machines. They were encouraged to
make a small profit on sales.
18(b) How far did Soviet society and politics change under Khrushchev’s 10
leadership? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, he was less of a dictator and returned to Party control in politics
and freedoms for individuals increased e.g. for writers.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the Church was not allowed to continue to return to its
position, indeed they were closed down, and a strike against rising meat
prices was met with tanks and shots fired.
PUBLISHED 2019
19(a) Describe the constitutional crisis in Moscow in 1993. 10
L2 e.g. It was when Yeltsin tried to take over Russia.
L3 e.g. Yeltsin tried to take full control of Russia and parliament tried to stop
him. The army supported Yeltsin, firing on the White House and the Mayor of
Moscow.
19(b) How far was Yeltsin re- elected because his policies had been 10
successful? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, it was his personal appearances that won him 35% of the votes
and kept him in power.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, he had support from the West, and people in Russia
agreed that they did not want to go back to the old days either.
20(a) Describe how the USSR took over Eastern Europe, 1944–48. 10
L2 e.g. It began with the Soviet Union supporting the restoration of Germany
after the Second World War.
L3 e.g. The Soviet Union supported Poland after the Second World War, but
would not allow America to force the holding of elections.
20(b) How far was Jaruzelski responsible for the collapse of communism in 10
Poland in the 1980s? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, he opened talks with Solidarity about its activities and
established a democratic process.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, there were wider forces at work. The policies of Gorbachev
made him aware that communism was a different sort of force now.
PUBLISHED 2019
21(a) Describe how the Congo gained independence. 10
L2 e.g. Protests by people of the Congo caused Belgium to give the country
independence.
L3 e.g. Belgium had allowed their colonies no education and no participation

in government. When protests arose over standards of living and
unemployment, the Belgian government changed its policy and gave the
country independence.
21(b) ‘The main problem facing newly independent Algeria was its weak 10
economy.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, white French settlers ran Algeria as part of France, exporting
their produce and treating native workers as third class citizens. The result
was very low standards of living and education among Algerians. When
800 000 French left Algeria, there was not much left to control.
L4 L3 plus e.g. The new government turned against the Algerians who had
remained loyal to the French and it is estimated that 150 000 were executed
or murdered.
22(a) Describe the policies of the National Government elected in 1948 in 10

South Africa.
L2 e.g. Apartheid.
L3 e.g. Saving whites from the ‘black menace’ was how Malan described
Apartheid.
22(b) Was de Klerk’s leadership in South Africa the most important factor in 10
ending apartheid ? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, it began under Botha when freedoms were given to black people
and the Pass Laws were ended.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, de Klerk freed Mandela and removed the rest of the
regulations of Apartheid.
PUBLISHED 2019
23(a) Describe Britain’s role in Palestine 1945–48. 10
L2 e.g. It was a time of violence. Britain was officially protector,

spokesperson.
L3 e.g. Zionists targeted the British who had stopped large numbers of
Jewish settlers from landing in Palestine for fear of further angering the
Arabs.
23(b) How far was Palestinian Arab refusal to accept the United Nations’ 10
partition plan the cause of the war of 1948–49? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a three day strike that
led to violence against Jewish people, who they felt were gaining from the
plan.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, Jewish military groups began to forcibly remove Arabs
from what they saw as land they were to be given.
24(a) Describe the aims of the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) when 10
it was founded.
L2 e.g. It was to unite Arabs.
L3 e.g. It was set up in Cairo in 1964 by Arab leaders who wanted to unify
their actions.
24(b) ‘King Hussein of Jordon weakened the PLO.’ How far do you agree ?
Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. Yes, he expelled them from Jordan fearing reprisals from the West.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, the PLO went on to even more violent activities e.g.
attacking the Israeli athletes in Germany.
PUBLISHED 2019
25(a) Describe the Iranian revolution of 1979. 10
L2 e.g. It was when the Shah was deposed.
L3 e.g. It was when the Shah, who was out of Iran receiving medical
attention, was overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini.
25(b) ‘The 1980–88 Iran-Iraq War was a success for Iraq.’ How far do you 10
L3 e.g. Yes, Hussein succeeded in the short term.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, in the longer term his forces were forced to a standstill
and then forced back. It was a long war that destroyed both sides.
26(a) What were the ‘extermination campaigns’ 1930–34? 10
L2 e.g. It was the attempt to wipe out the communists.
L3 e.g. In the Jiangxi Soviet Chiang Kai-shek mounted five campaigns to try
to wipe out communists. They failed as the communists with much smaller
numbers drew the opposing forces deep into their territory and attacked
them.
26(b) How successful were the Chinese in fighting the war against Japan, 10
1937–45? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. No, Japanese troops swept over Beijing to take control over coastal
regions and all the main cities and lines of communication.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Yes, from 1937–40 communists began the Hundred Battles
campaigns through which they rendered the Japanese harmless. Japanese
retaliations were hindered by Chinese people who rose to support the
communists.
PUBLISHED 2019
27(a) What was the Democracy Wall? 10
L2 e.g. It was a wall where Chinese people could post their thoughts.
L3 e.g. Deng allowed freedom for people to post their thoughts and
Changan Avenue was the chosen place for posters of all sorts, e.g. Mao
was 70% good and 30% bad’ to be posted.
27(b) How effective was China’s one-child policy? Explain your answer. 10
L3 e.g. It succeeded in the cities where the population fell and standards of
living were rising.
L4 L3 plus e.g. It was less successful in the countryside – in areas the

population even rose. It is leading to a crisis in the care of the elderly.
28(a) Describe the development of agriculture in post- Second World War 10

Japan.
L2 e.g. Land was shared out.
L3 e.g. Landlords who lived in cities and rented small plots to tenants had their
lands redistributed to those tenants who were able to buy it at reasonable
rates. They then could access government grants. They prospered and
production rose.
28(b) ‘Traditional industries declined. New industries thrived.’ How far is this 10
true of Japan after 1970? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the traditional weapons industries were disbanded. But shipping
industries were redeveloped, resulting in bigger and faster ships to send
goods overseas.
L4 L3 plus e.g. Technologies developed e.g. radios, cars that were seen as
reliable and were sold world-wide.
PUBLISHED 2019
29(a) What was the non-cooperation movement, 1920–22? 10
L2 e.g.it was a Muslim policy.
L3 e.g. Muslims warned Great Britain that they would start non-cooperation
on August 1st 1920 should the terms of the Treaty of Sevres be
implemented.
29(b) How far did the 1946 Cabinet Mission Plan satisfy the political leaders 10
of India? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, The Muslim League agreed to nominate members to the interim
cabinet on the basis of this.
L4 e.g. L3 plus Nehru stated that, once the British had left, Congress would
not feel bound by its terms.
30(a) Describe Sukarno’s rule over Indonesia. 10
L2 e.g. He became leader of Indonesia under the Japanese.
L3 e.g. Sukarno was arrested as a nationalist by the Dutch, but was

released and allowed to play a part in the administration under the rule of
the Japanese. When Japan was defeated he declared independence. War
with the Dutch followed. Part by part Sukarno won independence from the
Dutch.
30(b) ‘Social cohesion has been the main aim of Malaysia’s government 10
since 1963.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
L3 e.g. Yes, the varied national groups were to be positively supported

under Malaysia’s governments.
L4 L3 plus e.g. No, it was economic development that was paramount.
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY2147/01
Paper 1 For examination from 2020
SPECIMEN PAPER 2 hours
You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

*0123456789*
You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)
INSTRUCTIONS
●● Answer three questions in total:
Section A (Core Content): answer two questions.
Section B (Depth Studies): answer one question.
●● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
INFORMATION
●● The total mark for this paper is 60.
●● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
This document has 10 pages. Blank pages are indicated.
SECTION A: CORE CONTENT
Answer any two questions from this section.
1 In 1848–49 revolutions across Europe failed.
(a) Describe how the Hungarian Revolution had ended by 1849. [4]
(b) Why were attempts to unify Germany in 1848–49 unsuccessful? [6]
(c) ‘The revolutions across Europe in 1848–49 failed because revolutionaries were not united in
their aims.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
2 Bismarck was important to German unification.
(a) What actions were taken to improve the strength of the Prussian army in the 1860s? [4]
(b) Why was there a war between Prussia and France in July 1870? [6]
(c) ‘Bismarck was successful because he was prepared to use force.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
3 Differences existed between the Northern and Southern states of the United States.
(a) What were the terms of the 1850 Compromise? [4]
(b) Why was the South committed to slavery? [6]
(c) How beneficial to the South was reconstruction? Explain your answer. [10]
4 European imperialism produced varying results.
(a) What economic advantages were gained by European countries from expanding their
empires?[4]
(b) Why did the Indian Mutiny take place? [6]
(c) In Africa, was the nature of British imperialism different to that of other countries? Explain
your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2017 2147/01/SP/20
5 The treatment of Germany and its allies at Versailles brought fierce criticism.
(a) What features of the Treaty of Versailles were shared by the other peace treaties of
1919–20?[4]
(b) Why were the German people unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles? [6]
(c) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau or Lloyd George? Explain
your answer. [10]
6 Hitler took advantage of opportunities.
(a) What were the consequences of the Spanish Civil War for peace in Europe? [4]
(b) Why did Hitler take Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933? [6]
(c) ‘The policy of appeasement played a greater part in the outbreak of war in 1939 than did the
Nazi-Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 The United States’ policy of containment was tested in Vietnam.
(a) What was the ‘domino effect’ in relation to Vietnam? [4]
(b) Why did Nixon find it difficult to withdraw from Vietnam? [6]
(c) ‘In Vietnam, Kennedy was more successful than Johnson.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer. [10]
8 From 1956 Soviet control of Eastern Europe was under threat.
(a) Describe the methods of control exercised by the Soviet Union over Hungary before the 1956
uprising.[4]
(b) Why was Solidarity successful? [6]
(c) ‘The Berlin Wall was more advantageous to the Western allies than to the Soviet Union.’ How
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2017 2147/01/SP/20 [Turn over
SECTION B: DEPTH STUDIES
Answer any one question from this section.
DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–18
9 Fighting on the Western Front brought great loss of life.
(a) What problems occurred when tanks were first used in battle? [4]

(b) Why were aircraft important to military commanders on the Western Front? [6]

(c) How far does General Haig deserve to be remembered as the ‘Butcher of the Somme’?

10 Fighting took place on fronts other than the Western Front.
(a) What were the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? [4]

(b) Why did Russia leave the war in 1918? [6]

(c) ‘The main reason for British men joining the armed forces was patriotism.’ How far do you
agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45
11 The Nazis dealt with opposition to their regime.
(a) What were concentration camps? [4]
(b) Why did Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) occur? [6]
(c) ‘By the end of the 1930s, Hitler’s control of Germany was based on oppression.’ How far do
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
12 Life in Germany changed when the Nazis were in control.
(a) What was the ‘Final Solution’? [4]
(b) Why were some women unhappy with life under the Nazi regime? [6]
(c) ‘The standard of living in Germany improved under the Nazis.’ How far do you agree with this
© UCLES 2017 2147/01/SP/20
DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41
13 The Tsarist Regime had collapsed by 1917.
(a) What part did religion play in the Tsarist autocracy? [4]
(b) Why was there continuing discontent with Tsarist rule after the 1905 Revolution and up to the
outbreak of war in 1914? [6]
(c) How important was the First World War in the downfall of Tsar Nicholas II? Explain your
answer.[10]
14 Once in power, Stalin consolidated his position.
(a) What was the ‘cult of Stalin’? [4]
(b) Why were the Purges disastrous for the Soviet Union? [6]
(c) ‘It was Stalin’s use of his power within the Communist Party that ensured his success in the
leadership contest.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41
15 In the 1920s, the US economy grew.
(a) What policies did Republican governments follow in the 1920s to encourage industrial
growth? [4]
(b) Why was the development of assembly-line production important for the growth of the
economy? [6]
(c) ‘The lives of all Americans improved in the boom years.’ How far do you agree with this
16 The New Deal, although appreciated by many, attracted opposition.
(a) Describe the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). [4]
(b) Why was there a Second New Deal in 1935? [6]
(c) ‘Republican opposition was a greater threat to the New Deal than was the Supreme Court.’
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2017 2147/01/SP/20
DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990
17 During the 1930s and 1940s Chiang Kai-shek was under threat.
(a) Describe the Communist base at Jiangxi. [4]
(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek plan the extermination campaigns of 1930–34? [6]
(c) ‘It was the war with Japan that weakened the Nationalist government.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
18 China’s relations with other countries were often unstable.
(a) In what ways did China’s relations with India between 1951 and 1965 affect Tibet? [4]
(b) Why was there a tense relationship between China and the United States before 1970? [6]
(c) ‘The most important reason for China becoming a world power by 1976 was its admittance to
the United Nations.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994
19 By 1948, South Africa was becoming increasingly segregated.
(a) What changes during the Second World War were resented by some white people? [4]
(b) Why were National Party policies appealing to Afrikaner voters in 1948? [6]
(c) How far had segregation been established by 1940? Explain your answer. [10]
20 The contribution of individuals was important to the ending of minority rule in South Africa.
(a) In what ways did Desmond Tutu show his opposition to apartheid? [4]
(b) Why were the actions of Chief Buthelezi controversial? [6]
(c) ‘De Klerk introduced changes in 1990 because he did not have any choice.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2017 2147/01/SP/20
10
DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945
21 Nasser became a hero of the Arab world.
(a) Describe how Nasser took over the Suez Canal. [4]
(b) Why was Israel concerned about Nasser becoming President of Egypt? [6]
(c) How successful was Israel during the Suez Crisis? Explain your answer. [10]
22 From 1948, unrest in the Middle East has been almost continuous.
(a) To where, in 1948–49, did Palestinian refugees flee? [4]
(b) Why would Israel not allow Palestinian refugees to return to their homes in Israel? [6]
(c) How important was the first Intifada? Explain your answer. [10]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2017 2147/01/SP/20
2147/01 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme For examination
SPECIMEN from 2020

1(a) Describe how the Hungarian Revolution had ended by 1849. 4

1 mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail,
maximum 2 marks per point made.
e.g. ‘In 1848, Kossuth addressed the Hungarian Diet.’

‘He demanded independence for Hungary.’
‘Kossuth demanded the immediate implementation of the 1847 reforms, which
had already been agreed by the Diet.’
‘Kossuth was a Magyar and believed that Croat and Slovak nationalism had
no place in the new Hungary.’
‘In April 1849, Kossuth declared Hungary an independent republic with
himself as president.’
‘The Croats reacted angrily to Kossuth’s suggestions.’
‘The Croats invaded Magyar territory supported by the Austrians.’
‘The Austrians asked the Russians to help defeat Kossuth’s forces.’
‘Kossuth’s forces could not resist the troops of Tsar Nicholas I.’
‘After the Hungarian surrender to the Russians, Kossuth fled.’
‘The Hapsburgs regained control of Hungary.’
‘Reprisals were taken against the Hungarian army, including executions.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question
SPECIMEN from 2020

1(b) Why were attempts to unify Germany in 1848–49 unsuccessful? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]
Explains TWO reasons

Explains ONE reason
(4 marks for one explanation; 5 marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Assembly struggled to build a nation state and a

constitution at the same time. The President, Heinrich von Gagern, supported
unification but insisted that the Assembly needed to gain the agreement of
the monarchs, who were highly reactionary. When the position of German
Emperor was offered to Frederick William IV, he refused it because it had not
been offered by his fellow heads of state. He said the offer had come from
‘the gutter’.’

Identifies AND/OR describes reasons
(1 mark for each identification/description)
e.g. ‘There were many divisions in the Frankfurt Assembly.’

‘The liberals wanted to draft a constitution.’
‘The radicals wanted a law making parliament.’
‘It needed to decide whether Germany should include Austria.’
‘Frederick William IV turned down the crown as German Emperor.’
‘Austria was able to re-assert its influence.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘Indecision and lack of organisation at Frankfurt.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

1(c) ‘The revolutions across Europe in 1848–49 failed because 10
revolutionaries were not united in their aims.’ How far do you agree with
this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]

Explains with evaluation
As Level 4 plus evaluation.

Explanation of both sides
•• A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (two on one side;

one on the other). [7 marks]
•• Fuller explanation of one issue to be given 2 marks.
•• An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8 marks.

One-sided explanation OR
One explanation of both sides [5–6 marks]
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given 2 marks.
e.g. ‘Both Croat nationalists and Magyar nationalists wanted to win their
independence from Austria. The revolution in Hungary, led by Kossuth, looked
as though it would be a success, but the Magyars fought the Croats. As a
result, the Austrians with the Russians crushed the revolution.’
OR
e.g. ‘The revolutionaries were not militarily powerful enough to defeat the
Austrian forces under Windischgratz and Radetsky. This showed itself against
Charles Albert and Kossuth. The Tsar was willing to provide forces because
he feared the spread of insurrection into his own Polish provinces.’

Identifies AND/OR describes
(1 mark for each point)
e.g. ‘The clash of aims made success impossible.’

‘Popular enthusiasm was short-lived.’
‘Demands were initially agreed to and then power regained.’
‘The armed forces were able to defeat the revolutionaries.’
‘Some wanted a new constitution while others wanted a nation state.’
‘There were squabbles between Magyar and Croats.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Most revolutionaries lacked support and organisation.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

2(a) What actions were taken to improve the strength of the Prussian army in 4
the 1860s?

e.g. ‘Von Roon was appointed as Minister of War.’

‘Von Moltke was appointed Chief of Staff.’
‘They enlarged and reorganised the Prussian army.’
‘They had more regiments and more equipment.’
‘They set up a General Staff to organise the army.’
‘It also planned its methods of fighting.’
‘The General Staff encouraged subordinate commanders to take responsibility
for decisions.’
‘Prussian soldiers spent 2 years with the colours, 4 years with the reserves
and 5½ years with the militia.’ [2 marks]
‘This produced a field army of 500 000.’
‘It produced a vast reserve of trained men.’
‘They introduced new weaponry including the needle-gun and improved field
artillery.’ [2 marks]
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

2(b) Why was there a war between Prussia and France in July 1870? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘It was suggested in 1870 that Prince Leopold should take the crown of
Spain. France left Prussia in no doubt that this was unacceptable. Gramont,
the French foreign minister, wanted to humiliate the Prussians by asking for a
guarantee that the claim would not be renewed. Bismarck published a version
in German newspapers making the telegram look insulting to the French.
Public opinion pushed Napoleon into war.’

e.g. ‘France believed promises had not been met over rewards for neutrality
in the Austro-Prussian War.’
‘There was an issue over the candidature for the Spanish Crown.’
‘Napoleon did not want a Hohenzollern on the Spanish throne.’
‘Bismarck initially withdrew Leopold.’
‘Gramont would not let the matter rest and wanted a permanent assurance.’
‘Bismarck insulted the French through adjusting the Ems telegram.’
‘The French public demanded war.’
‘Emotions were stirred up by the French press.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It was a long-running dispute.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

2(c) ‘Bismarck was successful because he was prepared to use force.’ How 10
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Bismarck supported von Roon’s and Moltke’s military reforms which
meant he had the most powerful army in Europe. Bismarck defeated the
Austrians which effectively meant Austria was not part of Germany. He
defeated France to unite the southern states with Prussia.’
OR
e.g. ‘Bismarck was successful in defeating France because he gave Austria a
lenient peace treaty, which meant Austria remained neutral in the war against
France. Bismarck had also negotiated neutrality with Russia. This meant
Bismarck could fight one country at a time.’

e.g. ‘Bismarck selected those to fight carefully.’

‘He only fought a country if Prussia would benefit.’
‘He negotiated neutrality from other leading countries, such as Russia.’
‘The military reforms were important.’
‘The economic growth of Prussia was important.’
‘The opposition did not have the same military strength as Prussia.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Bismarck increased the country’s military strength.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

3(a) What were the terms of the 1850 Compromise? 4

e.g. ‘California was admitted to the Union as a free state.’

‘The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.’
‘Slavery could still exist in the District of Columbia.’
‘The Territory of Utah was organised under the rule of popular sovereignty.’
‘The Territory of New Mexico was organised under the rule of popular
sovereignty.’
‘A harsher Fugitive Slave Act was introduced.’
‘Texas gave up much of the western land which it claimed and received
compensation of $10 000 000 to pay off its national debt.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

3(b) Why was the South committed to slavery? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘With the invention of Eli Whitney’s ‘gin’ and the invention of textile
machinery in Britain, there was a great demand for cotton. Growing cotton
was labour intensive and cotton growers in the South made use of slave
labour. Cotton owners said that it would not be profitable if they had to pay
their labour.’

e.g. ‘The slaves were needed in the cotton plantations.’

‘Owners said they would not make a profit without slaves.’
‘Many white Southerners believed they were superior to black people.’
‘Some thought black people were put on earth to be slave labour.’
‘Many Southerners believed that black people were like children and
incapable of caring for themselves.’
‘Slavery was a benevolent institution that kept slaves fed, clothed and
occupied.’
‘Slaves were needed in tobacco plantations and general farming.’
‘They acted as domestic servants.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Slaves had been in the South since the seventeenth century.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

3(c) How beneficial to the South was reconstruction? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Johnson’s policy was one of reconciliation. The Southern states were
allowed to elect legislatures and send senators and representatives to
Washington. The Basic Reconstruction Act of 1867 allowed military governors
to form governments by universal suffrage.’
OR
e.g. ‘Carpetbaggers and scalawags were able to take control of the state
governments in the South and impose their wishes which were often corrupt
and spendthrift. Confederate leaders were disqualified from voting and old
Confederate politicians could not stand for office.’

e.g. ‘Initial representation did not happen.’

‘Governments were elected by universal suffrage.’
‘Carpetbaggers took advantage.’
‘Ex-slaves were now free.’
‘White Southerners took the law into their own hands.’
‘The Ku Klux Klan would not accept black Americans as equal citizens.’
‘Black people were discriminated against and were victims of racial prejudice.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Problems were not overcome.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

4(a) What economic advantages were gained by European countries from 4
expanding their empires?

e.g. ‘It established trade.’

‘It increased a country’s wealth.’
‘Colonies produced raw materials and food products.’
‘Colonies produced products unable to be grown in European countries.’
‘These products included bananas, palm oil, cocoa and tea.’
‘Colonies provided a market for manufactured goods.’
‘These manufactured goods did not have restrictive import tariffs.’
‘It gave an opportunity to invest surplus profits into new projects.’
‘They provided coaling stations vital for trade.’
‘Colonies provided administrative positions.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

4(b) Why did the Indian Mutiny take place? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘The Mutiny broke out among the ‘sepoys’ in the Bengal army of the East
India Company who believed they were issued with bullets greased with cow
or pig fat. This offended those following the Hindu and Muslim religions. The
concerns of the sepoys were ignored.’

e.g. ‘The British were trying to introduce reform.’

‘Opposition had been growing for some time.’
‘Lord Dalhousie tried to introduce his reforms too quickly.’
‘The reforms ignored many Eastern customs and religious practices.’
‘The views of Indians had been ignored.’
‘Greased bullets brought matters to a head.’
‘There were rumours that Indians would be forced to become Christians.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The British were insensitive.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

4(c) In Africa, was the nature of British imperialism different to that of other 10
countries? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Britain allowed the establishment of private companies that were granted
large territories to administrate in Africa. One of these was the British East
Africa Company. Britain used indirect rule. They used indigenous African
rulers within the colonial administration.’
OR
e.g. ‘The French used direct rule. The French removed traditional political
authorities such as chiefs from power. The French stressed policies of
assimilation, ‘civilising’ African societies so that they would be more like
European society.’

e.g. ‘The French wanted equals.’

‘The French applied direct rule.’
‘The British used indirect rule.’
‘The British wanted control.’
‘The Belgians wanted assets.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Different countries wanted different things from their colonies.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

5(a) What features of the Treaty of Versailles were shared by the other peace 4
treaties of 1919–20?

e.g. ‘The War Guilt Clause.’

‘An obligation to pay reparations.’
‘A need to reduce armaments.’
‘An acceptance of the Covenant of the League of Nations.’
‘The defeated countries all lost territory.’
‘All the treaties were diktats.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

5(b) Why were the German people unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘The terms which meant a reduction in armaments brought a loss of

pride and resentment. This also contributed to a feeling of insecurity as the
proposed size of the army was thought to be too small to defend against a
possible French attack.’

e.g. ‘They were horrified at the harshness and injustice of the Treaty.’
‘They did not think they should be treated like a defeated nation.’
‘They were forced to sign the War Guilt Clause.’
‘They objected to the diktat.’
‘They thought the reparation payments were far too high.’
‘To be deprived of industrial areas, such as the Saar.’
‘They were not happy that many Germans were now in foreign countries,
such as Poland.’
‘They were not happy at losing their colonies.’
‘They were unhappy that Germany was now in two parts.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Many thought they had only stopped fighting to make peace.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

5(c) Who was more satisfied with the Treaty of Versailles: Clemenceau or 10
Lloyd George? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Clemenceau was pleased that Germany’s economic power and military
capacity had been reduced, although he failed to get the Saar Basin for
France and he failed to get the Rhineland to be an independent state.’
OR
e.g. ‘Lloyd George was pleased that the reparations Germany had to pay
were not as high as France wanted and this meant Germany was still in
a position to trade with Britain. He was not happy, however, that German-
speaking people were under the rule of other countries.’

e.g. ‘Clemenceau was pleased to get back Alsace-Lorraine.’

‘He was pleased that France would receive some German colonies.’
‘He was unhappy he had to abandon the idea of an independent Rhineland.’
‘He was unhappy that he could not split Germany into small states.’
‘Lloyd George was pleased he had moderated Clemenceau’s approach to
Germany.’
‘He was pleased that the free navigation of the seas was abandoned.’
‘He was pleased to extend the British Empire.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It was a matter of give and take for both men.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

6(a) What were the consequences of the Spanish Civil War for peace in 4
Europe?

e.g. ‘Hitler had tested his armed forces in conflict.’

‘The Luftwaffe had practised and perfected dive-bombing techniques.’
‘This could be considered a dress rehearsal for a full-scale European war.’
‘Hitler succeeded in persuading Mussolini to abandon Britain and France.’
‘Mussolini stated that Germany and Italy now formed the ‘Rome-Berlin Axis’.’
‘The three years of war distracted diplomats and officials from the affairs of
central Europe.’
‘During this time, Hitler was able to take successful action over Austria and
Czechoslovakia.’
‘Britain and France started to rearm.’
‘The League of Nations was again shown to be ineffective.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

6(b) Why did Hitler take Germany out of the League of Nations in 1933? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘When Hitler came to power, Germany had been in the League for six
years. Germany was still not treated as an equal because no other country
had disarmed to the extent that Germany had been forced to in the Treaty of
Versailles. A Disarmament Conference was held, but this was soon after the
Manchurian Crisis and almost no progress on disarmament was made. As a
result, Hitler decided to leave the League because he stated that Germany
was not being treated fairly.’

e.g. ‘It was linked to the Treaty of Versailles.’

‘It failed to deal with general disarmament.’
‘Germany was the only country to have seriously disarmed.’
‘Hitler did not think the League treated Germany fairly.’
‘Hitler was already rearming.’
‘Hitler followed the example of Japan.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Hitler did not think the League had been helpful to Germany.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

6(c) ‘The policy of appeasement played a greater part in the outbreak of war 10
in 1939 than did the Nazi-Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this
statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The fact that Britain and France did not stop Hitler from re-militarising
the Rhineland encouraged Hitler to continue building up his forces beyond
the Versailles limit and also to start demanding more territory such as Austria.
Each step taken by Hitler, without action by Britain and France, gave him
confidence that they would not intervene over Czechoslovakia and Poland.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact was bound to lead to war because some of the
secret clauses meant that Poland would be taken over by Hitler and Stalin.
Britain had warned Hitler that, if he invaded Poland, Britain would declare war.’

e.g. ‘Appeasement boosted the self-confidence of Hitler.’

‘Appeasement encouraged Hitler to make further demands for territory.’
‘Britain and France gave away Czechoslovakia.’
‘The Pact meant Hitler could fight on one front.’
‘The division of Poland in the Pact meant Britain would declare war.’
‘Stalin signed the Pact because he thought Britain and France would not
stand up to Hitler.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Both contributed to the outbreak of war.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

7(a) What was the ‘domino effect’ in relation to Vietnam? 4

e.g. ‘President Eisenhower thought if Vietnam fell to communism, the

surrounding countries would soon fall.’
‘With the fall of China and North Korea to communism, the US thought
Vietnam would be next.’ [2 marks]
‘It was important that the US supported South Vietnam so it did not fall to
communism.’
‘If it fell to communism, then Laos and Cambodia would be next.’
‘There was a possibility that after those two, others would follow such as
Thailand, Indonesia and Burma.’ [2 marks]
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

7(b) Why did Nixon find it difficult to withdraw from Vietnam? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Nixon tried to force the end of the war by bombing Vietnam troop bases
in Cambodia. These raids were carried out in secret but the bombing failed. In
April 1970, Nixon sent in US troops to complete the mission. This was badly
received at home and led to demonstrations, such as the one at Kent State
University where four students were killed by National Guardsmen.’

e.g. ‘Vietnamisation did not work.’

‘Nixon had to extend the combat area into Cambodia.’
‘Nixon couldn’t lose face and admit defeat.’
‘He couldn’t be seen to be giving in to anti-war protests.’
‘In 1965 the US government stated it was a just and vital war.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘US forces were losing the war.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

7(c) ‘In Vietnam, Kennedy was more successful than Johnson.’ How far do 10
you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Kennedy attempted to stem Vietcong attacks by supporting the South

Vietnamese army with equipment, such as helicopters, and military advisers.
By 1963 there were 16 000 US military advisers in Vietnam. Kennedy did not
commit US troops despite Vietcong successes.’
OR
e.g. ‘Johnson committed combat troops in 1965 and Operation Rolling
Thunder to bomb North Vietnam and the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The use of Agent
Orange and napalm showed that the US was struggling to gain any control.
The Tet Offensive showed that the communists could still attack Southern
cities including Saigon and even the American Embassy. The US was losing
the war and Johnson did not seek a second term as president.’

e.g. ‘Kennedy sent thousands of advisers for the South Vietnamese army.’
‘Kennedy sent helicopters and aid to help the South Vietnamese army.’
‘Johnson started bombing North Vietnam.’
‘Johnson sent in American troops.’
‘The Tet Offensive was a major blow to Johnson.’
‘The massacre at My Lai made Johnson unpopular.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Kennedy did little to stop the communists.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

8(a) Describe the methods of control exercised by the Soviet Union over 4
Hungary before the 1956 uprising.

e.g. ‘The press, theatre, art and music were controlled.’ [2 marks]
‘There was no freedom of expression.’
‘Soviet control of education taught a Communist version of history.’
‘There was presence of Soviet troops.’
‘The Soviet troops had to be paid for by the Hungarian people.’
‘There were Russian street signs.’
‘Many of the best goods made in Hungary went to the USSR.’
‘The Hungarians were strongly Christian but the Church was persecuted.’
‘Cardinal Mindszenty was imprisoned.’
‘Any opposition to the Soviets was dealt with by the State Protection Group
(AVO), the secret police.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

8(b) Why was Solidarity successful? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Solidarity had the support of the Catholic Church. Elsewhere in Eastern
Europe, Communist governments had tried to crush the Christian churches.
In Poland, however, the strength of the Catholic religion meant that the
government dared not confront the Catholic Church.’

e.g. ‘Solidarity was strongest in industries that were the most important to the
government.’
‘It was successful because of the charismatic appeal of Lech Walesa.’
‘Walesa was careful to avoid provoking a dispute which would bring in the
Soviet Union.’
‘Solidarity was very popular with half of all workers belonging to it.’
‘Solidarity had the support of the Catholic Church.’
‘Solidarity gained international support, especially in the West.’
‘It highlighted inefficiency and corruption.’
‘It highlighted the failure of Communism to provide good living standards.’
‘It showed there were organisations capable of resisting a Communist
government.’
‘It showed ‘people power’ could threaten a Communist government.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Initially, Solidarity only wanted to improve living standards.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

8(c) ‘The Berlin Wall was more advantageous to the Western allies than to 10
the Soviet Union.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The West used the Berlin Wall for propaganda purposes, asking why, if
Communism was such an ideal system, it was necessary to cage people in
East Berlin. In the context of the Cold War, this was positive propaganda for
the capitalist system of the West.’
OR
e.g. ‘Those who were defecting from East Berlin to West Berlin were very
often highly skilled workers or well-qualified managers. The Communist
government could not afford to lose these high quality people and, therefore,
built the Wall.’

e.g. ‘The Wall kept skilled workers in East Berlin.’

‘It stopped people fleeing from East Germany to the West via West Berlin.’
‘The West used the Wall as a propaganda issue.’
‘The West suggested Communism did not work if people wanted to leave.’
‘It showed that West Berlin was prosperous.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Both sides used it for their own purpose in the Cold War.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

9(a) What problems occurred when tanks were first used in battle? 4

e.g. ‘They only moved at walking pace.’

‘They were not manoeuvrable.’
‘They often broke down.’
‘Of the first 50 tanks used, 17 broke down before engaging the enemy.’
‘The crew suffered from the nauseating stench of gas fumes.’
‘Some got bogged down because of their weight.’
‘Some got stuck in shell holes and trenches.’
‘At least two of the tanks on the Somme fired on their own side.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

9(b) Why were aircraft important to military commanders on the Western 6
Front?
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘The pilots in reconnaissance aircraft watched for signs of enemy troops
moving up to the front lines. They took photographs of enemy trenches.
These helped the artillery to select their targets. A pilot was the first to detect
the gap in the German armies as they approached the River Marne in
September 1914.’

e.g. ‘They were used for observation and reconnaissance.’

‘They could detect troop movements.’
‘They could spot gaps in the enemy’s lines.’
‘They could be used to fight opposition planes.’
‘They could stop the opposition’s reconnaissance aircraft taking photographs.’
‘They could be used to bomb the opposition.’
‘They could inform the artillery if they were on target.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘They helped the army.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

9(c) How far does General Haig deserve to be remembered as the ‘Butcher of 10
the Somme’? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The first day of the Battle of the Somme was the worst in the history of
the British Army with over 20 000 deaths and 40 000 wounded. Haig would not
change his tactics and insisted the full-frontal attacks must continue. He was
bitterly criticised for throwing men at massed defences.’
OR
e.g. ‘Haig had warned politicians that the campaign would result in heavy
losses. He believed that the objective of the Somme had been achieved. It
saved Verdun. Many of Germany’s best troops were killed and injured and
overall their losses were greater.’

e.g. ‘Haig was not capable of changing his tactics.’

‘His tactics cost thousands of lives.’
‘Haig’s artillery bombardment warned the Germans of the attack.’
‘Haig’s orders meant that they did not achieve a breakthrough.’
‘His tactics committed German troops, which saved Verdun.’
‘He did use tanks for the first time at the Somme.’
‘His war of attrition on the German Army paid dividends later in the war.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It was a battle Haig could not afford to lose.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

10(a) What were the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk? 4

e.g. ‘Russia lost a quarter of its population.’

‘Russia lost a quarter of its industry.’
‘Russia lost 90% of its coal mines.’
‘Russia lost a third of a million square miles of land.’
‘Russia lost Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus and the Ukraine.’
‘Russia had to return to the Ottoman Empire all Turkish lands gained in the
Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.’
‘Russia had to pay a fine of 300 million gold roubles.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

10(b) Why did Russia leave the war in 1918? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘The Russian Army had suffered some huge losses in battles.
This sapped morale and led to mutinies and desertion. Even when an
Offensive went well under Brusilov, it soon finished in defeat with half a
million casualties. By 1918, Russian forces had suffered enough with poor
leadership, lacking food and weapons and heavy casualties.’

e.g. ‘Russian soldiers were not strong enough to defeat the German military.’
‘The Russian Army was badly led by the Tsar.’
‘There were numerous mutinies and mass desertions.’
‘The Russian forces were short of essential supplies including food and
weapons.’
‘The Bolsheviks had no intention of continuing the war against Germany.’
‘The Russians had suffered numerous heavy defeats.’
‘The Russians had suffered massive casualties.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Russia lacked the motivation to fight.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

10(c) ‘The main reason for British men joining the armed forces was 10
patriotism.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Most British soldiers signed up for ‘King and Country’. When the Army
called for volunteers in the first two years, hundreds of thousands signed up.
Whatever the horrors of war, most believed they were there to do a job for
their country and that the job was worth doing well.’
OR
e.g. ‘Many men had failed to find employment for long periods of time before
the war. This was an opportunity to earn regular money and send it back
to their families. In the Army they were taught skills which could be used in
employment after the war.’

e.g. ‘Fighting for King and Country.’

‘For those unemployed, it gave them a paid job.’
‘Some wanted excitement.’
‘Many joined because their friends joined and helped form the Pals Battalions.’
‘They enjoyed the comradeship.’
‘It meant being able to travel, especially in the Navy.’
‘Conscription meant you had to join.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It would be over by Christmas.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

11(a) What were concentration camps? 4

e.g. ‘They were large-scale prisons for critics and opponents of the Nazi
regime.’
‘Other groups were sent there such as beggars, tramps, gypsies and the
work-shy.’ [2 marks]
‘Later Jews, Socialists, Communists, trade unionists and churchmen became
inmates.’ [2 marks]
‘The first camps were in disused factories and warehouses.’
‘Dachau, near Munich, was the first purpose-built camp.’
‘The camps were usually in isolated rural areas.’
‘They were run by SS Death’s Head units.’
‘Prisoners were forced to do hard labour.’
‘It was slave labour in quarries, in agriculture and forestry.’
‘Food was limited and prisoners suffered harsh discipline.’
‘There were beatings, torture and even deaths.’
‘As Germany conquered territory, concentration camps were set up there,
such as in Poland.’
‘Some concentration camps turned into extermination camps and were used
to exterminate the Jews.’ [2 marks]
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

11(b) Why did Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) occur? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Although Kristallnacht was caused by the murder of a German diplomat

by a Jew, it was part of a sustained and relentless plan to persecute Jews.
Every year since 1933, except Olympic Year, had seen legislation or directives
against Jews, such as the Nuremberg Laws. In 1938, there was a serious
increase in anti-Jewish policies, such as Jewish children were excluded
from German schools and universities. This culminated in Kristallnacht in
November 1938.’

e.g. ‘It was caused by the murder of a German diplomat in Paris by a Jew.’
‘It was revenge for the murder.’
‘It was an anti-Jewish protest.’
‘It was a way of destroying Jewish businesses and synagogues.’
‘It was an excuse to murder and imprison Jews.’
‘It was part of Hitler’s anti-Jewish propaganda to turn the German people in
favour of his policies.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It was part of Nazi policy.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

11(c) ‘By the end of the 1930s, Hitler’s control of Germany was based on 10
oppression.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The Nazis ran a police state. Any opposition or dissent was dealt with by
the Gestapo and the SS. If a person did not show their loyalty to Hitler, they
could be detained in the concentration camps, the first of which was opened
within a year of Hitler taking power.’
OR
e.g. ‘There was a genuine sense of patriotism amongst many Germans in the
1930s. Many were proud of the achievements of Nazi Germany, which had
full employment and excellent public facilities and road networks. Their pride
was shown in the 1936 Berlin Olympics.’

e.g. ‘It was a one party state.’

‘The Nazis used the SS and the Gestapo to keep order.’
‘The judges swore an oath to Hitler.’
‘There were concentration camps.’
‘Hitler had solved unemployment.’
‘There was pride in Germany.’
‘Workers liked the ‘Strength through Joy’ scheme.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Many were loyal to Hitler because of his achievements.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

12(a) What was the ‘Final Solution’? 4

e.g. ‘It was a Nazi Plan.’

‘The plan was to exterminate the Jews during the Second World War.’
‘It was a policy of deliberate and systematic genocide across German-
occupied Europe.’
‘It was formulated by the Nazi leadership in January 1942.’
‘It was made at Wannsee Villa near Berlin in a meeting chaired by Heydrich.’
‘With this decision, extermination camps such as Auschwitz and Treblinka
were fitted with permanent gas chambers.’ [2 marks]
‘The extermination was carried out by the SS.’
‘Many historians have stated that the Final Solution started with the invasion
of Russia in 1941.’
‘Then mobile SS units committed mass murders of Jews.’
‘Nearly 6 million Jews were exterminated.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

12(b) Why were some women unhappy with life under the Nazi regime? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘During the Weimar years, women had been encouraged to get fully
educated and take up fulfilling careers. Now many women doctors, civil
servants, lawyers and teachers were forced to leave their jobs and stay at
home with their families. Many resented this as a restriction on their freedom
and a waste of years of training.’

e.g. ‘It was a male-dominated regime.’

‘It was expected that their job was to raise children and run the house.’
‘Many women did not like the insistence on traditional dress for women.’
‘Many professional women were forced to leave their jobs.’
‘Discrimination against women applicants for jobs was encouraged.’
‘Schoolgirls were discouraged from going into higher education.’
‘Women were deprived of the vote.’
‘In the late 1930s, the Nazis needed women to work.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The liberal views of the Weimar years were lost.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

12(c) ‘The standard of living in Germany improved under the Nazis.’ How far 10
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Most Germans felt that, until war broke out in 1939, their lives had
improved since the days of the Great Depression. The major improvement
came with the reduction of unemployment from six million to a few hundred
thousand. Those in work had the benefit of the Strength through Joy
organisation.’
OR
e.g. ‘Those whose standard of living declined were those who were
considered to be non-Aryan and those who challenged the Nazi ideology.
These included Jews, gypsies, committed Communists and Socialists,
Christians and members of most religious sects.’

e.g. ‘There were huge improvements in employment.’

‘There were benefits in the Strength through Joy organisation.’
‘Farmers enjoyed price guarantees.’
‘Hitler created a ‘feel good to be German’ factor.’
‘Wages did not rise significantly.’
‘Trade unions were outlawed.’
‘The war led to a steady decline in living standards.’
‘Food rationing started in September 1939.’
‘By 1945, Germans were scavenging for food from rubbish tips.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘For most, the standard of living did improve until the war broke out.’
SPECIMEN from 2020

13(a) What part did religion play in the Tsarist autocracy? 4

e.g. ‘Much of the population belonged to the official Orthodox Church.’

‘The Orthodox Church was closely linked to the Tsar.’
‘The Church supported the way the Tsar ruled.’
‘It taught that the Tsar was the head of the country and head of the Church.’
[2 marks]
‘He was considered God’s chosen representative on earth.’
‘The Church taught that it was a sin to oppose the will of the Tsar.’
‘Other churches did not recognise him as head of their church or religion.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

13(b) Why was there continuing discontent with Tsarist rule after the 1905 6
Revolution and up to the outbreak of war in 1914?
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Nicholas dismissed early the first two Dumas when concessions were
demanded by members. The Tsar often dismissed the elected ministers as
he did not agree with what they wanted. The third and fourth Dumas lasted
longer but they had no power to make the Tsar change his policies. The
limited impact of the Dumas meant Russia was heading back towards its
undemocratic past.’

e.g. ‘The Dumas achieved very little.’

‘Nicholas introduced the Fundamental Laws.’
‘Stolypin used the ‘carrot and stick’ approach.’
‘There was repression.’
‘Opponents were exiled, imprisoned or hanged with ‘Stolypin’s necktie’.’
‘The Okhrana’s powers were increased.’
‘The influence of Rasputin was considered corrosive.’
‘Russia was poorly prepared for war.’
‘Conditions for workers in the towns and cities did not improve.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The Tsar had not learned the lesson from 1905.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

13(c) How important was the First World War in the downfall of Tsar Nicholas 10
II? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘In 1915, Nicholas assumed command of the army on the Eastern Front.
This linked the Tsar to the country’s military failures and massive casualties.
The effects of the war left the Russian people starving, demoralised by the
casualties and angry at the government for forced grain requisition and
shortages. The war revealed the failings in the Tsar’s leadership.’
OR
e.g. ‘When the Tsar went to the front, the Tsarina took responsibility for
domestic policy. She was an unpopular figure because she was German and
she disliked Russia. Rasputin was equally unpopular because of his private
conduct and yet served as her adviser. Ministers were dismissed in rapid
succession.’

e.g. ‘There were millions of Russian casualties.’

‘The Tsar assumed responsibility for leading the Army.’
‘There were mutinies and desertions.’
‘There were food shortages and high prices.’
‘The Tsarina was left to run the country.’
‘Rasputin influenced the Tsarina.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The war highlighted the existing problems in Russia.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

14(a) What was the ‘cult of Stalin’? 4

e.g. ‘The propaganda machine pushed Stalin into every aspect of the Soviet
people’s daily lives.’
‘This created an image of Stalin.’
‘Portraits, photographs and statues were everywhere celebrating Stalin’s
image.’
‘Regular processions were held in towns praising Stalin.’
‘Places were named after him.’
‘There were 16 cities named after him in Soviet-controlled countries.’
‘Stalin was made out to be a super-being, almost god-like.’
‘Children were taught that Stalin was the ‘wisest man of the age’.’
‘His birthday was celebrated by the nation every year.’
‘History books were rewritten making Stalin and Lenin the only heroes of the
Revolution.’
‘The cult of Stalin was made greater by success in the Second World War.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

14(b) Why were the Purges disastrous for the Soviet Union? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘In the purge of the Red Army in 1937–38, three out of five marshals were
purged, fourteen out of sixteen army commanders and 37 000 officers were
either shot or imprisoned. As a result, when Hitler invaded in 1941, one of
the key problems of the Red Army was a lack of good quality, experienced
officers.’

e.g. ‘They removed experienced officers in the Army.’

‘The navy lost every one of its admirals.’
‘The leadership of the forces was inexperienced when facing Hitler.’
‘Much experience was lost in industry with the loss of many engineers.’
‘Many talented lecturers were lost in the universities.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The Purges swept away millions of talented people.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

14(c) ‘It was Stalin’s use of his power within the Communist Party that 10
ensured his success in the leadership contest.’ How far do you agree
with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Stalin was extremely clever in using his power within the Communist
Party. He took on many boring but important jobs such as Commissar for
Nationalities and General Secretary. He used these positions to put his
own supporters into important posts and even to transfer supporters of his
opponents to remote postings.’
OR
e.g. ‘Trotsky wanted world revolution, putting all his efforts into supporting
the working classes in other countries to stage their own revolutions. Stalin
argued for ‘Socialism in one country’, suggesting that Russia should focus on
cementing its own revolution to show what a model communist country would
look like. Stalin’s idea gained most favour.’

e.g. ‘Lenin’s Testament, which criticised Stalin, was not published.’

‘Stalin argued for ‘Socialism in one country’, which was popular.’
‘Stalin used his position of General Secretary of the Party.’
‘He planted supporters in important posts.’
‘Trotsky wanted world revolution.’
‘Trotsky underestimated Stalin.’
‘Trotsky did not turn up to Lenin’s funeral.’
‘Stalin appeared as the chief mourner.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Stalin picked off his rivals one by one.’

SPECIMEN from 2020

15(a) What policies did Republican governments follow in the 1920s to 4
encourage industrial growth?

e.g. ‘Republicans believed that government should interfere as little as

possible in the everyday lives of people.’
‘This attitude is called “laissez-faire”.’
‘The job of government was to leave the businessman alone to do his job.’
‘The Republicans believed in import tariffs.’
‘This made imports more expensive and protected US industries.’
‘The Fordney-McCumber tariff made imported food expensive.’
‘The Republicans kept taxes low.’
‘If people had more money they would spend it on American goods.’
‘The Republicans allowed the development of trusts.’
‘These were huge super-corporations which dominated industry.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

15(b) Why was the development of assembly-line production important for the 6
growth of the economy?
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Henry Ford’s moving assembly line revolutionised car production. By

1927, a Model T was coming off the line every ten seconds. This created
thousands of well paid jobs directly. It also kept workers in other industries in
employment. Glass, steel, leather and rubber were all required to build the
new vehicles. It stimulated growth in the oil industry and in road building.’

e.g. ‘It created employment.’

‘It produced cheaper goods.’
‘Consumer goods were within the range of more people.’
‘It produced a wide range of products.’
‘It improved people’s standard of living.’
‘The moving assembly line in car production stimulated other industries.’
‘Washing machines, fridges and radios became affordable.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It produced goods for the mass market.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

15(c) ‘The lives of all Americans improved in the boom years.’ How far do you 10
agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Those with money or good jobs prospered from the economic boom.
Mass production meant goods such as a car, fridge, vacuum cleaner, washing
machine, radio and telephone were within reach of their income. The cost of
living was falling with cheaper food and rising wages.’
OR
e.g. ‘Many groups did not share the prosperity because of a lack of
employment, low wages or discrimination. Many Black Americans worked as
sharecroppers, but with the slump in agriculture most were laid off. Many went
north to find work, but most got low paid jobs and poor housing.’

e.g. ‘The upper and middle classes prospered.’

‘20% owned a car by 1929.’
‘The cost of living fell during the 1920s.’
‘60% lived below the poverty line.’
‘Many farmers went out of business.’
‘Many Black Americans were unemployed or on low pay.’
‘Native Americans experienced prejudice and discrimination.’
‘New immigrants suffered unemployment, low pay and discrimination.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘There was prosperity for some but poverty was rife.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

16(a) Describe the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). 4

e.g. ‘It was aimed at unemployed young men.’

‘It provided unskilled manual labour jobs.’
‘They could sign on for six months but this could be extended.’
‘They were provided with shelter, clothing and food.’
‘They were paid $30 a month but $25 had to be sent to their families.’
‘Most of the work was done on environmental projects in national parks.’
‘They planted millions of trees.’
‘They built a network of service buildings and roadways in remote areas.’
‘They made structural improvements to bridges.’
‘They built fire look-out towers.’
‘They worked on flood control by ditching and channel work.’
‘They set up camping and picnic areas for the public.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

16(b) Why was there a Second New Deal in 1935? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Roosevelt was concerned that progress was slow in overcoming

unemployment and needed more immediate measures, such as the WPA.
The Second New Deal was introduced, however, to produce a fairer and
more caring society and these measures were more long term. This meant
legislation such as the Social Security Act, which provided old age pensions
and unemployment benefits based on an insurance scheme funded by taxes
levied on workers and employers.’

e.g. ‘Progress was slower than in Europe.’

‘Roosevelt came under heavy criticism.’
‘Huey Long suggested he could do much more.’
‘Roosevelt wanted a fairer society.’
‘Unemployment was stubbornly high.’
‘He needed to do more for poor farmers.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Serious problems still existed.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

16(c) Republican opposition was a greater threat to the New Deal than was 10
the Supreme Court.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘Republicans considered the New Deal as undermining the core values
of the United States. They believed in minimal government intervention, low
taxation, low government expenditure, self-help and individual responsibility.
They thought Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Supreme Court during the 1930s was made up of nine judges who
were old, conservative and Republican. They had a natural dislike for the New
Deal and declared both the NRA and AAA unconstitutional.’

e.g. ‘Republicans thought Roosevelt was too powerful.’

‘They thought the NIRA and the TVA were like Stalin’s economic planning.’
‘They believed in as little government interference as possible.’
‘The Supreme Court was made up of judges with Republican sympathies.’
‘The Court declared parts of the New Deal unconstitutional.’
‘Roosevelt failed to pack the Supreme Court with Roosevelt supporters.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘They were both Republican.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

17(a) Describe the Communist base at Jiangxi. 4

e.g. ‘The Jiangxi Soviet was the largest component territory of the Chinese
Soviet Republic.’
‘It was an unrecognised state set up in 1931.’
‘It was set up by Mao Zedong and Zhu De during the Chinese Civil War.’
[2 marks]
‘Ruijin was selected as the capital.’
‘It had its own bank, printed its own money and collected taxes through its
own tax bureau.’ [2 marks]
‘It had its own postal service and stamps.’
‘It established schools.’
‘It abolished outmoded practices such as arranged marriages.’
‘It created peasant councils to help run local areas.’
‘It developed a land redistribution policy which appealed to peasants.’
‘Mao Zedong was Head of State and Head of Government.’
‘It had a population of about 3 million.’
‘The Chinese Red Army numbered about 140 000.’
‘It was well equipped and trained in guerrilla strategies.’
‘It had a strong code of discipline which respected the peasants.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

17(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek plan the extermination campaigns of 1930–34? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Chiang Kai-shek, along with other powerful rich landowners in China,
was scared that the growth of Communism in China would be a direct threat
to their power. Chiang had killed 300 000 communists in the Shanghai
Massacre and in other cities. He now wanted to completely eradicate the
Chinese Communist Party.’

e.g. ‘Chiang wanted to get rid of the Communists in China.’

‘The KMT felt threatened by the Soviet republic.’
‘The campaign against the Communists had started earlier in Shanghai.’
‘Chiang had time to tackle the Communists after defeating the war lords.’
‘Chiang did not like the fact that the Communists were more popular with
peasants than Chiang’s government.’
‘The Communists occupied 30 000 square kilometres and controlled 3 million
people.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The Communists were a growing threat.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

17(c) ‘It was the war with Japan that weakened the Nationalist government.’ 10
How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The KMT lacked the determination to take positive action against the
Japanese and this affected the views of Chinese peasants. The KMT lost
control of significant parts of China which they had controlled in 1937. Chiang
adopted scorched earth tactics and this brought misery to millions of Chinese
peasants.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was the support for the Communists which weakened the KMT. The
Communists fought hard using guerrilla tactics against the Japanese showing
they cared for their country. During the war, the Communists took care to help
peasants and this had an impact in the Civil War which followed.’

e.g. ‘The KMT took foreign aid but used little of it against the Japanese.’
‘The KMT did not significantly oppose the Japanese but withdrew.’
‘The KMT lost peasant support because of their cruelty.’
‘The Communists fought against the Japanese, showing their patriotism.’
‘They treated the peasants well which gained popularity.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The National Government was weakened by its lack of commitment.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

18(a) In what ways did China’s relations with India between 1951 and 1965 4
affect Tibet?

e.g. ‘In 1951, India stated to China that it had no political claim over Tibet.’
‘An agreement was signed between China and India recognising Chinese rule
over Tibet.’
‘In 1954, India and China signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet.’
‘The agreement was called Panchshila.’
‘It was founded on Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence.’
‘It was meant to promote understanding between China and India over Tibet.’
‘During a border dispute between India and China in 1959, the Dalai Lama
accused China of spreading communism in Tibet.’
‘The Dalai Lama fled to India.’
‘In 1965, China accused India of assisting rebels in Tibet.’
‘As a result, cultural exchanges between China and India ceased to exist.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

18(b) Why was there a tense relationship between China and the United States 6
before 1970?
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘With US support, China’s seat at the United Nations was occupied by
Chiang Kai-shek’s Taiwan. Several times it was proposed that China should
be admitted to the UN, but each time the United States and its allies voted
against it. It was not until 1971 that the majority voted for the admission of
China and the expulsion of Taiwan.’

e.g. ‘The US supported Chiang Kai-shek.’

‘The US did not favour the spread of communism.’
‘The US did not recognise the People’s Republic of China.’
‘The US blocked China’s seat in the UN.’
‘They were on opposing sides in the Korean War.’
‘In Vietnam, China and the US supported opposing sides.’
‘A trade embargo was imposed on China.’
‘CIA agents encouraged a rising in Tibet in 1959 against Chinese control.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The US did not support communist regimes.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

18(c) ‘The most important reason for China becoming a world power by 1976 10
was its admittance to the United Nations.’ How far do you agree with this
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘China had struggled to become a member of the UN because its place
had been taken by Taiwan. The fact that it was given its place in the UN at the
expense of Taiwan was a recognition that China was a world power.’
OR
e.g. ‘The sheer size of China made it a world power if not a superpower
by 1976. With a population of nearly a billion, it was larger than India and
four times larger than the USA or the USSR. The world’s largest country as
regards population could not be ignored.’

e.g. ‘It had a population of 1 billion.’

‘Its population was four times bigger than the USA or the USSR.’
‘It had tested its first hydrogen bomb.’
‘It was capable of producing nuclear weapons.’
‘It dominated most of Asia.’
‘It had shown it could support its allies in Korea and Vietnam.’
‘It defeated India in a brief clash over territory.’
‘It could influence the world stage being in the UN.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘There were many reasons why it should be considered a world power.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

19(a) What changes during the Second World War were resented by some 4
white people?

e.g. ‘Factories employed more black labourers.’

‘Some black people took over skilled and semi-skilled jobs.’
‘This meant more black people moved to the towns.’
‘Black people often settled in squatter camps around the major urban centres.’
‘Some laws and regulations were relaxed, such as the Pass Laws.’
‘Black people pressed for further improvements in their conditions of work.’
‘This led to boycotts, passive resistance and strikes.’
‘Many white people thought these changes suggested cracks were appearing
in the policy of segregation.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

19(b) Why were National Party policies appealing to Afrikaner voters in 1948? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘The policies were appealing to Afrikaners because apartheid

strengthened segregation. This coincided with the Afrikaners’ viewpoint,
supported by the Dutch Reformed Church, that Afrikaners were a chosen
people destined to rule over black people and non-whites. These policies
reinforced this belief.’

e.g. ‘Apartheid was stronger than segregation.’

‘Apartheid was more coherent, far-reaching and intense in its objectives.’
‘It implied white control over the state.’
‘It implied the greater importance of white interests over black interests.’
‘The state felt no obligation to provide equal facilities for white people and
non-whites.’
‘Afrikaners thought they were a chosen people to rule over non-whites.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It gave them all the advantages in society.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

19(c) How far had segregation been established by 1940? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘South Africa was highly segregated by 1940. White rule was exclusively
for the benefit of white people and black people were treated as inferiors in
every department of life – political, social and economic.’
OR
e.g. ‘Segregation and racial discrimination was not as complete as it was to
become under apartheid. Although housing was segregated in the towns,
during apartheid there was an attempt to force all black people to live in
Bantustans or native rural areas.’

e.g. ‘Membership of parliament was restricted to white men.’

‘Black people were not allowed to buy or rent land outside their reservations.’
‘There was segregated housing for white people and black people in town and
city areas.’
‘The freedom for black people to move at will was limited by the pass system.’
‘Bantustans had not been established.’
‘The pass system did not apply to women.’
‘Marriage between black people and white people was not illegal.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It was not as segregated as under apartheid.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

20(a) In what ways did Desmond Tutu show his opposition to apartheid? 4

e.g. ‘He denounced apartheid as ‘evil and unchristian’.’

‘He campaigned in favour of equal rights for all South Africans.’
‘He spoke in favour of a common education system.’
‘He campaigned against the pass laws and the forced relocation to the
Homelands.’
‘He preached against apartheid from the pulpit as an Anglican priest.’
‘He used his position as Bishop of Johannesburg and Archbishop of Cape
Town to attack apartheid.’
‘He spoke as Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches
against apartheid.’
‘Tutu had a world-wide audience when expressing his views in favour of
economic sanctions.’
‘He stated that there should be reconciliation between all parties involved in
apartheid.’
‘He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.’
‘He played a major role in persuading the white community that they would
not become the victims of revenge if apartheid ended.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

20(b) Why were the actions of Chief Buthelezi controversial? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Buthelezi was a Zulu nationalist and hoped to make KwaZulu an

independent state. This was at odds with Mandela’s ambitions for a unified
South Africa. Friction between Inkatha and the ANC sometimes escalated into
violence that threatened to destroy the fragile relationship between Mandela
and de Klerk. Mandela eventually persuaded Buthelezi to participate in the
elections.’

e.g. ‘He left the ANC and became Chief Minister of the Zulu homeland.’
‘He was criticised as being a collaborator of the National Government.’
‘In the 1970s, he called for the peaceful pursuit of political change.’
‘He called for a Bill of Rights.’
‘After 1990, he represented the Inkatha Freedom Party.’
‘He supported the idea of a federal republic to protect the ethnic rights of the
Zulus.’
‘Some thought he was trying to protect his own personal political position.’
‘He refused to take part in the negotiations leading up to the 1994 elections.’
‘This caused violence between the ANC and IFP supporters.’
‘Buthelezi changed his mind at the last moment.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘He was a divisive member of the anti-apartheid movement.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

20(c) ‘De Klerk introduced changes in 1990 because he did not have any 10
choice.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘De Klerk took the view that apartheid was effectively finished in South
Africa. He thought this because of the appalling violence in the townships, the
deteriorating economy and the absence of friends and allies abroad.’
OR
e.g. ‘In the 1989 general election, the Conservative Party polled 31 per cent.
It was to the right of the National Party and wanted a return to full apartheid.
Even within the National Party, there were members who believed that de
Klerk was betraying the white people and wanted the government to fight for a
military victory over the opposition.’

e.g. ‘The Conservatives wanted apartheid to continue.’

‘Some in the National Party wanted limited apartheid.’
‘The security forces were happy to enforce apartheid.’
‘De Klerk realised there was increasing violence.’
‘He realised the economy was deteriorating.’
‘There was no international support for apartheid.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘De Klerk was a political realist.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

21(a) Describe how Nasser took over the Suez Canal. 4

e.g. ‘Nasser announced that the Suez Canal was ‘our Canal’.’
‘Nasser decided that Egypt would nationalise the Canal and Egyptians would
run it themselves.’
‘Britain and France withdrew their Canal pilots, but the Egyptians kept the
Canal running.’
‘Egyptian forces occupied key positions in the Canal zone.’
‘Nasser froze the assets of the Suez Canal Company and announced the
compulsory purchase of its shares.’ [2 marks]
‘The Canal was closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘The Straits of Tiran were closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘Nasser ordered that the Gulf of Aqaba be blockaded.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

21(b) Why was Israel concerned about Nasser becoming President of Egypt? 6
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘There was concern by Israel about Nasser becoming President of Egypt
because he stated that he hoped to unite the Arab states under Egypt’s
leadership and that he wanted to avenge Egypt’s and the Arab states’ defeat
in the 1948 war against Israel and return Palestine to the Arabs. Nasser’s
intentions seemed to threaten Israel.’

e.g. ‘Nasser wanted revenge for an earlier defeat by Israel.’

‘He brought leadership and some unity to the Arab states.’
‘Nasser wanted arms from the USSR.’
‘He allowed the Fedayeen to attack from Egypt.’
‘He wanted to remove foreign powers from Egypt.’
‘He wanted to take over the Suez Canal, hindering Israeli trade.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Nasser was considered a strong leader.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

21(c) How successful was Israel during the Suez Crisis? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The speed of the Israeli victory over Egyptian forces in Gaza and Sinai
had proved that the Israeli Defence Forces were the strongest in the Middle
East. It had proved that it was able to inflict heavy defeats on its Arab rivals.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Suez Crisis made many of the Arab states more anti-Western
than ever. Britain and France had used Israel to try to overthrow Egypt’s
government. Now Israel looked like an outpost of Western imperialism. The
Arabs became more willing to seek Soviet aid.’

e.g. ‘It had defeated the strongest military Arab nation.’

‘The bases of the Fedayeen had been destroyed.’
‘All Sinai had been occupied.’
‘The blockade of the Tiran Straits had been removed.’
‘The Arab states became united in their opposition to Israel.’
‘Israel’s actions had persuaded Egypt to ask USSR for weapons.’
‘Nasser retained power and was the figurehead for Arab opposition to Israel’.
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘Israel proved its strength.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020
22(a) To where, in 1948–49, did Palestinian refugees flee? 4

e.g. ‘To refugee camps.’

‘To other Arab states.’
‘To the Gaza Strip and the West Bank.’ [2 marks]
‘To Jordan.’
‘To Egypt.’
‘To Lebanon.’
Level 0 [0 marks]

22(b) Why would Israel not allow Palestinian refugees to return to their homes 6
in Israel?
Level 4 [6 marks]

Explains ONE reason
e.g. ‘Around 700 000 Palestinian Arabs fled their homes by 1949. This
gave the new nation of Israel considerable areas of land and houses for its
increasing population of Jews. The Jews wanted as few Palestinian Arabs as
possible within Israel so that it was a Jewish state with its own language and
culture.’

e.g. ‘Jews had occupied their homes.’

‘It meant more land for the Jews.’
‘It meant Jewish-dominated settlements.’
‘Jews were trying to make it their homeland.’
‘They thought there would be continued fighting.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘The Jews wanted Israel for themselves.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
SPECIMEN from 2020

22(c) How important was the first Intifada? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 [10 marks]




e.g. ‘The Intifada did not improve the Palestinians’ miserable living conditions
or end the occupation. Its leaders realised that there had to be a political
solution such as recognising Israel and persuading the Israeli government to
accept a Palestinian state.’
OR
e.g. ‘Worldwide publicity was given to the tear-gassing of demonstrators and
the beatings of men, women and children. The world saw a powerful army let
loose against civilians who were fighting for the right to govern themselves.’

e.g. ‘The Intifada took everyone by surprise.’

‘It was spontaneous and unplanned.’
‘Television and newspapers showed teenagers being shot by Israeli troops.’
‘It brought much sympathy for Palestinians, even in the USA.’
‘It did not bring any improvements in Palestinian living conditions.’
‘The USA recognised the PLO.’
Level 1 [1 mark]
e.g. ‘It showed the problems faced by the Palestinians.’
Level 0 [0 marks]
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
Paper 1 May/June 2020
2 hours

* 8 2 5 0 7 1 8 1 4 9 *
INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total:
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
DC (CE) 198673
Answer any two questions from this Section.
1 Italian unification was the result of different factors.
(a) Describe how Piedmont was reformed during the 1850s. [4]
(b) Why were Garibaldi’s actions in 1860 important to Italian unification? [6]
(c) Did Napoleon III help or hinder the cause of Italian unification? Explain your answer. [10]
2 After setbacks in 1848, German unification was eventually achieved.
(a) What were the aims of the revolutionaries in Berlin in March 1848? [4]
(b) Why was the Frankfurt Parliament important? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason why Bismarck was able to achieve German unification was his use of
diplomacy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
3 The USA was divided before, during, and after the Civil War.
(a) Describe the actions of ‘carpetbaggers’ after the Civil War. [4]
(b) Why was there so much violence in Kansas in the years 1854 to 1861? [6]
(c) How far was Lincoln responsible for the North’s victory in the Civil War? Explain your answer.
[10]
4 European imperialism was often met with resistance.
(a) Describe how Britain’s system of indirect rule worked in Nigeria. [4]
(b) Why did Leopold II want to acquire the Congo? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for the first Opium War was the growth of opium addiction in China.’ How
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/M/J/20
5 The politicians had a difficult task negotiating the Paris peace treaties.
(a) What territory did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles? [4]
(b) Why did the Treaty of Sèvres have to be renegotiated? [6]
(c) How satisfied were the French with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. [10]
6 A number of factors helped Hitler achieve his foreign policy objectives.
(a) What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact? [4]
(b) Why was Mussolini’s support over Anschluss important to Hitler? [6]
(c) ‘The Munich Agreement made war more, not less, likely.’ How far do you agree with this
7 Cuba presented problems for the USA.
(a) Describe what happened in the Bay of Pigs incident. [4]
(b) Why was the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba a problem for the USA? [6]
(c) ‘Kennedy handled the Cuban Missile Crisis more effectively than Khrushchev.’ How far do
8 Both Iran and Iraq faced many problems.
(a) Describe Saddam Hussein’s modernisation programme in Iraq. [4]
(b) Why did Ayatollah Khomeini become the ‘supreme leader’ of Iran in 1979? [6]
(c) ‘Iraq’s economic problems explain why it invaded Kuwait in 1990.’ How far do you agree with
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/M/J/20 [Turn over
Answer any one question from this Section.
9 Hundreds of thousands of men died in trench warfare.
(a) Describe what life was like for soldiers in the trenches. [4]
(b) Why did the German failure to break through at Verdun in 1916 matter? [6]
(c) How well did Haig lead the British army in the Battle of the Somme? Explain your answer.
[10]
10 The First World War was not only fought on the Western Front.
(a) Describe how the British government restricted the freedom of civilians during the war. [4]
(b) Why was the Eastern Front important in the First World War? [6]
(c) ‘The most important aspect of the war at sea was the British blockade of German ports.’ How
11 The Weimar Republic struggled to overcome early weaknesses.
(a) Describe revolutionary events in Germany in 1918–19. [4]
(b) Why did events in the Ruhr in 1923 have important consequences for Germany? [6]
(c) ‘The Weimar Republic never recovered from its early weaknesses.’ How far do you agree
12 The Nazis had to deal with many different issues during their time in power.
(a) Describe the activities of the ‘Swing’ movement. [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis change their economic policies during the war years? [6]
(c) ‘Nazi policies towards women were unsuccessful.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/M/J/20
13 Events moved quickly in the period 1917 to 1921.
(a) Describe the actions of the Bolsheviks in Petrograd during 7–8 November 1917. [4]
(b) Why were there disagreements between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd
Soviet? [6]
(c) ‘The introduction of the New Economic Policy by Lenin was surprising.’ How far do you agree
14 Stalin was determined to have no rivals.
(a) Describe what happened at Stalin’s ‘show trials’. [4]
(b) Why did it surprise many people when Stalin emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union?
[6]
(c) ‘The main reason that Stalin was able to control the Soviet Union was his use of the cult of
personality.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
15 Life in the USA in the 1920s had some attractive, but other unpleasant, features.
(a) Describe the attractions of the cinema for Americans in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why were there changes to the roles of women in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘Immigrants suffered most from the intolerance of US society in the 1920s.’ How far do you
16 The New Deal was successful in some ways, but not in others.
(a) What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? [4]
(b) Why was the Supreme Court important to the New Deal? [6]
(c) ‘The successes of the New Deal were more important than its failures.’ How far do you agree
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/M/J/20
17 In the late 1930s and 1940s the Communists grew stronger.
(a) Describe the threat to the Communists from Chiang Kai-shek in the period 1927–34. [4]
(b) Why were the years spent at Yenan important for the Communists? [6]
(c) ‘The weakness of the Nationalists, and not the strength of the Communists, was the most
important factor in the outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
18 China began to change in the 1970s.
(a) Describe the power struggle between Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping after Mao’s death. [4]
(b) Why did the Cultural Revolution come to an end? [6]
(c) ‘China in 1990 was very different from China under Mao.’ How far do you agree with this
19 Before 1948 South Africa was moving towards apartheid.
(a) Describe the consequences of the Native Urban Areas Act of 1923 for black South Africans.
[4]
(b) Why did the 1948 election have important consequences for South Africa? [6]
(c) ‘Economic development by 1945 benefited the people of South Africa.’ How far do you agree
20 In the period 1966 to 1980 pressure on the South African government increased.
(a) Describe the actions taken by the United Nations against South Africa in the period 1966 to
1973. [4]
(b) Why was Steve Biko important? [6]
(c) How far did South Africans benefit from improvements in the economy in the period 1966 to
1980? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/M/J/20
10
21 After the Second World War disputes over Palestine were bound to cause problems.
(a) What was the Arab League? [4]
(b) Why did Jews want Britain to leave Palestine? [6]
(c) ‘Israel won the war of 1948–49 because of support from Europe and the USA.’ How far do
22 Attempts to find a solution to the Palestinian issue have failed.
(a) Describe how the United Nations has helped Palestinian refugees. [4]
(b) Why did the events of 1947–48 create a refugee crisis? [6]
(c) Did Yasser Arafat help or hinder the Palestinian cause? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/M/J/20
PUBLISHED
1(a) Describe how Piedmont was reformed during the 1850s. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Siccardi laws controlled the powers of the Church.’

‘Civil marriage was introduced.’
‘Piedmont was industrialised.’
‘Cavour had a railway built.’
‘The running of the Piedmont army was modernised and the army strengthened.’
‘Cavour made free-trade treaties with several countries.’
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
PUBLISHED
1(b) Why were Garibaldi’s actions in 1860 important to Italian unification? 6
Level 4 Explains TWO reasons 6
Level 3 Explains ONE reason 4–5
(Four marks for one explanation, five marks for full explanation)
e.g. ‘In 1860 Garibaldi’s Thousand defeated the Neapolitans and won control of Sicily. This was a major step towards
unification. Sicily had been taken from the King of Naples and would later be annexed by Piedmont. It gave Garibaldi a base
from which he could next launch an attack on mainland Italy. Basically, Garibaldi destroyed the Kingdom of Naples which was
a massive move towards unification.’
Level 2 Identifies AND / OR describes reasons 2–3
(One mark for each identification/description)
e.g. ‘He defeated the Neapolitan army on Sicily.’

‘He took control of Sicily.’
‘He took control of the city of Naples.’
‘Garibaldi handed over Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel.’
‘He destroyed the power of the Kingdom of Naples.’
‘He made the first moves towards unification when Cavour was not ready to act.’
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1
e.g. ‘They were important because he changed a lot and took Italy towards unification.’
PUBLISHED
1(c) Did Napoleon III help or hinder the cause of Italian unification? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘did Napoleon III help or hinder’ 10
Level 4 Explanation of both sides 7–9
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other.) This will be worth a mark of 7.
Fuller explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6 marks 4–6
More detailed explanation of one issue to be given two marks.
e.g. ‘Napoleon helped Italian unification because without him Austria would not have been defeated. Austrian power in Italy
was the great obstacle in the way of unification, but Piedmont could not defeat it by itself. Cavour and Napoleon made a
secret agreement to provoke Austria into a war. The French helped Piedmont defeat the Austrians and drive them from
Lombardy. As a result, Lombardy was given to Piedmont. This was the beginning of the end of Austrian power in Italy and an
important step towards unification as it led to uprisings in Italy and to Garibaldi’s actions.’
OR
e.g. ‘Napoleon was not all that interested in Italian unification. He wanted to gain Savoy and Nice. He was horrified by the
killing in the battle of Solferino and worried that Piedmont was taking more land than had been agreed. Because of this he
brought the war against Austria to an early end by agreeing an armistice. Piedmont was very disappointed because Austria
had not been driven from Italy as Venetia was still under Austrian control. The Pope also still ruled Rome and central Italy.
This shows that Napoleon was more interested in gaining Savoy and Nice than in helping Italian unification.’
PUBLISHED
1(c) Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3
One mark for each point.
e.g. ‘He helped defeat the Austrians at Magenta and Solferino.’

‘He helped Piedmont defeat the Austrians and win Lombardy.’
‘His victories with Piedmont over Austria started a process of unification that could not be stopped.’
‘He prevented Austria from being driven from Italy by agreeing an armistice with the Austrians in June 1859.’
‘He made peace with Austria when it was on its knees and could have been completely defeated.’
‘Napoleon was only interested in what was good for France – winning Savoy and Nice.’
‘Napoleon was only interested in replacing Austrian influence over Italy with French influence.’
e.g. ‘Napoleon did not really help Italian unification.’
2(a) What were the aims of the revolutionaries in Berlin in March in 1848? 4
e.g. ‘Parliamentary elections.’

‘A constitution.’
‘Freedom of the press.’
‘Their demands included the division of the large estates of the rich amongst the poor.’
‘Social reforms.’
‘Better education for the poor.’
‘A united Germany.’
PUBLISHED
2(b) Why was the Frankfurt Parliament important? 6
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament was important because it represented the first real serious effort to plan a united German state.
It suggested a constitution for a united Germany as a federal union with an elected diet and an emperor. It even went as far
as offering Frederick William of Prussia the position of emperor. Although it failed, it brought the issue of a united Germany to
the forefront, making sure the issue would not disappear.’
e.g. ‘It was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany.’
‘It produced a constitution for a united Germany.’
‘It offered Frederick William the office of emperor of a united Germany.’
‘It was an important step towards a united Germany.’
‘It put the idea of a united Germany firmly on the agenda. It now would not go away.’
‘It represented the German people from all parts of Germany.’
‘Its failure was important because it led to a Prussian dominated Germany.’
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament was important because it was a real change and led to other changes.’
PUBLISHED
2(c) ‘The main reason why Bismarck was able to achieve German unification was his use of diplomacy.’ How far do you 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 10
e.g. ‘Bismarck’s diplomacy was very important in achieving German unification. One big obstacle to unification was France, so
Bismarck knew that France had to be defeated so that it was too weak to stop unification. Therefore, he used diplomacy to
trick France into declaring war. He changed a telegram from William I to the French, making it look as if William had
humiliated the French, and sent it to the newspapers for publication. In reply the French declared war giving Bismarck his
opportunity.’
OR
‘I think it was the Prussian army that achieved unification for Bismarck. The army defeated Denmark, Austria and France.
These military victories were essential for unification. The Prussian army had been reformed so it was better trained and well-
armed. Although the Austrian army was bigger, the Prussians quickly defeated it by using the new breech-loading needle gun
which fired five times faster than anything the Austrians had. This victory meant that Austria was no longer a contender for
leading a unified Germany. Only Prussia could now do that.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘German unification was achieved because Bismarck manipulated the crisis over Schleswig Holstein.’
‘Bismarck made the most of the mistakes made by others like those by the French over the Hohenzollern candidature.’
‘Bismarck used opportunities like over the Ems telegram.’
‘Bismarck used the situation at the time to draw the French into war.’
‘Bismarck used the situation over Holstein to manufacture a war with Austria.’
‘The Prussian army was reformed with new weapons.’
‘Unification was achieved by defeating the Austrians.’
‘Unification was achieved by defeating the French.’
‘Unification was achieved because of the war with Denmark.’
‘Unification was achieved because of the strength of the Prussian army.’
‘Prussian economic strength gave it the resources to challenge Austria and France.’
‘Bismarck was able to achieve unification because of the growth of German nationalism.’
‘German unification was only possible because of Prussia’s economic strength.’
e.g. ‘Bismarck achieved German unification because he was more successful than anyone else.’
PUBLISHED
3(a) Describe the actions of ‘carpetbaggers’ after the Civil War. 4
e.g. ‘They exploited people in the South.’

‘They supported Republican policies.’
‘They supported the right of black Americans to vote.’
‘They bought plantations in the South.’
‘They bought people’s votes so they would support their business schemes.’
‘They planned to make money out of cotton.’
‘They wanted to reform the South to make it more like the North.’
‘They worked at the Freedman’s Bureau.’
‘They invested in the South hoping to make lots of money.’
‘They made money from the South while it was in a weak position.’
PUBLISHED
3(b) Why was there so much violence in Kansas in the years 1854 to 1861? 6
e.g. ‘There was so much violence because of the issue of slavery. The disagreement was over whether Kansas should
become a slave state or a free state. The Kansas-Nebraska Act said that this should be decided by popular vote in Kansas,
and people on both sides of the argument moved into Kansas to gain the right to vote on the issue. Pro-slavers from Missouri
flocked across the border to sway elections. In response, Northern abolitionists moved into Kansas, leading to violence
between the two sides.’
e.g. ‘This was because of slavery.’

‘There was disagreement over whether Kansas would allow or outlaw slavery.’
‘Border Ruffians moved into Kansas to support slavery.’
‘Abolitionists moved into Kansas to ensure it became a free state.’
‘Both sides were armed.’
‘Both sides raised their own armies.’
‘John Brown stirred up much of the trouble.’
e.g. ‘There was so much violence because people disagreed with each other very strongly.’
PUBLISHED
3(c) ‘How far was Lincoln responsible for the North’s victory in the Civil War? Explain your answer. 10
Level 4 Explanation of both sides. 7–9
e.g. ‘I think Lincoln was very important to the victory of the North. He was a great leader and speaker, and this made sure that
Northerners stayed loyal to the North and did not join the South. His election victory in 1864 showed the support he had in the
war. He used all his skill to keep the border states on his side and managed to unite the North. He was also very clever in
issuing the Emancipation Proclamation which ensured the support of black people in the South and gave him lots of support.’
OR
‘I don’t think Lincoln had much to do with it. The North was simply stronger. For example, it had a stronger navy and was able
to establish a naval blockade of Southern ports. This meant that supplies of essential goods could not get through to the
Confederate Army, and the South could not sell its valuable cotton. These financial problems were made worse by the small
population of the South, since they were unable to raise enough taxes to fund the Confederate army.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Lincoln managed to unite the North.’

‘Lincoln won the support of black people in the South.’
‘Lincoln’s speeches won the North a lot of support.’
‘Lincoln led his generals in a decisive way and made them obey his orders.’
‘Lincoln forced his generals to be more assertive and ruthless.’
‘Lincoln’s vision of saving the Union united the North.’
‘The South lost because of a lack of manpower.’
‘The North was able to blockade the South.’
‘The North won because its industry was able to make weapons.’
‘The South had little industry and was mainly agricultural.’
‘The South lacked money. Its population was small and so taxes did not raise much.’
‘The North had a stronger navy.’
‘The North won because of its extensive railroad system.’
‘The longer the war went on the more likely the South was going to lose because of its lack of resources.’
‘Many slaves fled the South to join the Union armies, making them stronger.’
‘Lee’s offensive approach led to high casualties destroying a large part of the Confederate army.’
‘The Battle of Gettysburg was a turning point and made the South retreat.’
e.g. ‘Lincoln was a great leader that helped the North win the war.’
PUBLISHED
4(a) Describe how Britain’s system of indirect rule worked in Nigeria. 4
e.g. ‘It was run by Lugard.’

‘It meant ruling through the local rulers that had been defeated by the British.’
‘The emirs kept their positions if they accepted British authority.’
‘The emirs were responsible to the British district officers who had the final authority.’
‘This system required only a small number of British colonial officers.’
‘All orders from the high commissioners were transmitted through the emirs so they kept their authority with the locals.’
‘Most of the activities of government were carried out by the emirs.’
PUBLISHED
4(b) Why did Leopold II want to acquire the Congo? 6
e.g. ‘Leopold believed that acquiring overseas colonies was essential if a country was to be seen as great. He had seen other
European countries like Britain gain colonies and he thought that Belgium was being left behind. He had already tried to get
the Philippines from Spain. When he failed to gain a colony for Belgium he acquired the Congo as a private citizen. This
shows how desperate he was to gain a colony.’
e.g. ‘He believed that overseas colonies were essential to a country being great.’
‘He thought he could make a lot of money from the ivory and rubber in the Congo.’
‘He had failed to gain other colonies.’
‘He thought that once he had the Congo he could win influence in other areas in Africa such as Sudan.’
‘This was a time of colonial expansion by European powers.’
e.g. ‘He wanted the Congo to make himself much stronger.’
PUBLISHED
4(c) ‘The main reason for the Opium War was the growth of opium addiction in China.’ How far do you agree with this 10
e.g. ‘I think it was the main reason. The East India Company had been making enormous amounts of money by smuggling
opium into China for many years. By the 1830s other countries like the USA were also smuggling it into China and making
vast profits. The result was that millions of Chinese were addicted to opium and this was doing a lot of harm to the country.
The Chinese government tried to stop this by passing laws against the trade but they had little effect. The Emperor even
wrote to Queen Victoria asking for the trade to stop. In desperation the Emperor ordered the opium to be seized and ordered
a blockade of foreign ships. In return the British sent troops to China. So it is clear that the war started because of the
addiction in China which the Chinese wanted to stop.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Opium Wars were caused by the British wanting to increase profits. The British bought lots of goods like tea from
China but the Chinese were not buying any British goods in return. So, the British began to sell opium in China to balance
things up. Its merchants made enormous profits from the trade. When the Chinese tried to stop the trade the British reacted
with force to protect the enormous profits that were being made.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘ Millions of Chinese people were addicted and this was harming the country.’
‘The Emperor was worried about the addiction and wanted to stop it.’
‘The Chinese Emperor seized the opium and tried to stop foreign ships bringing it into China.’
‘The British sent troops when the Chinese tried to stop the opium trade.’
‘The British wanted to open China up to more trade.’
‘The British went to war with China to protect the profits they were making from the opium trade.’
‘The British were annoyed that they could only trade through one port in China.’
e.g. ‘People can become addicted to opium, and I think this was probably an important reason.’
PUBLISHED
5(a) What territory did Germany lose in the Treaty of Versailles? 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting detail
e.g. ‘Alsace-Lorraine.’
‘The Saarland was handed over to the League of Nations for 15 years.’
‘Germany lost the city of Danzig.’
‘Posen and the Polish corridor were given to Poland.’
‘All German colonies were taken.’
‘Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium.’
‘Parts of Schleswig were given to Denmark.’
‘Germany lost Memel.’
‘Czechoslovakia was given the Hultschin district.’
PUBLISHED
5(b) Why did the Treaty of Sevres have to be renegotiated? 6
e.g. ‘It had to be renegotiated because of the emergence of a new, modern Turkey. Many people in Turkey thought that the
treaty was far too severe on them. The Ottoman Empire had been cut up and destroyed and they wanted to create a new
modern Turkish state. There was a Turkish War of independence led by Turkish nationalists. When they set up the Republic
of Turkey they rejected the Treaty of Sevres and negotiated the Treaty of Lausanne which recognised the new state of
Turkey.’
e.g. ‘The treaty was far more severe than the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘It was rejected by the Turkish national movement.’
‘It had to be renegotiated because of the emergence of a new Turkey.’
‘The Turks thought they had been punished too harshly.’
‘The Turks wanted to get the Greeks out of Smyrna.’
e.g. ‘This had to be done because the treaty was no good and would not work.’
PUBLISHED
5(c) How satisfied were the French with the Treaty of Versailles? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how satisfied’ 10
e.g. ‘The French were happy with a lot of the measures in the Treaty of Versailles. They were glad to get Alsace-Lorraine
back which they regarded as French as it had been taken by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. They were also
glad that Germany was being punished by the reparations. Much of the war had been fought in France, and French industry
had been destroyed. The French therefore felt that it was only right that Germany should pay for all this to be put right. The
reduction of the German military would help to protect France from a future attack, and so France was satisfied by the
territorial, economic and military terms of the Treaty.’
OR
e.g. ‘The French were not all that happy. They wanted to completely cripple Germany so that it could never threaten France
again. Some had wanted to weaken Germany by breaking it up into smaller states, but this did not happen. Overall, the treaty
was not harsh enough for the French, and this can be seen by the fact that Clemenceau was voted out of office in 1920. The
French thought that the Rhineland should have been taken away from Germany which would have made it harder for
Germany to threaten France. Overall, the French felt that it did not provide the security from a future German attack that they
had wanted.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘They liked the reduction of the German armed forces which made it harder for Germany to be a threat to France.’
‘They were happy about the war guilt clause that blamed Germany for the war.’
‘They liked the reparations which made Germany pay for war damage.’
‘The French did not think that the League of Nations would protect them against Germany because it was powerless.’
‘The French wanted an independent Rhineland, not a de-militarised and German one.’
‘They wanted the Rhineland to be broken into small independent states.’
‘The French wanted the treaty to be harsher and to punish Germany more.’
‘They were angry that France only got the Saar coalfields for fifteen years.’
e.g. ‘The French were on the whole happy although there were things about it that they did not like.’’
PUBLISHED
6(a) What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact? 4
e.g.
‘Germany and the Soviet Union would not go to war with each other.’
‘It was a non-aggression pact.’
‘Neither country would ally itself to an enemy of the other party.’
‘The Pact had a secret protocol to divide Eastern Europe into Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence.’
‘Germany and the Soviet Union agreed to divide Poland up between the two of them.’
‘It was signed in August 1939.’
‘It meant that Germany would not have to fight a war on two fronts.’
PUBLISHED
6(b) Why was Mussolini’s support over Anschluss important to Hitler? 6
e.g. ‘Mussolini’s support was crucial because he had a big interest in what was happening in Austria. In 1934 Hitler had tried
to take over Austria but it was Mussolini who had stopped him. Mussolini was worried that Hitler would demand the return of
Italian territories that had once been ruled by Austria. If anyone could stop Anschluss it was Mussolini, so his support was
important. If he did not object then the way was open for Hitler with no one to stop him.’
e.g. ‘Mussolini had stopped Anschluss in 1934.’

‘Only Mussolini could stop Anschluss in 1938.’
‘Mussolini’s support showed Hitler that he could get away with other aspects of his foreign policy.’
‘It showed that the Anti-Comintern Pact was working for Hitler.’
‘If Italy did nothing then Britain and France certainly would not do anything about it.’
e.g. ‘Mussolini’s support was very important because Hitler had few friends at this time.’
PUBLISHED
6(c) ‘The Munich Agreement made war more, not less, likely.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
e.g. ‘It made war more likely. The agreement showed Hitler that the European countries were not going to stand up to him. He
could continue to demand more and powers like Britain and France would give in every time. This encouraged him to invade
the rest of Czechoslovakia and then in September 1939 he invaded Poland. Britain and France had said they would declare
war on Germany if Poland was invaded. Hitler did not believe them because of the way they gave in over the Munich
Agreement. When they did declare war Hitler was shocked. As a result of the Munich Agreement, Hitler thought he would get
away with anything.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think it made war less likely. Hitler was ready to invade Czechoslovakia and take the Sudetenland. War seemed
imminent Trenches were even being dug in Hyde Park in London in preparation for a war. The agreement meant that war was
averted at this point since Hitler had got what he wanted. Chamberlain said the agreement had brought ‘peace in our time’,
and others agreed with him. It is clear that the agreement made war less likely.’
PUBLISHED
6(c) Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3
e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement simply moved the start of the war rather than making it more or less likely.’
‘It made Hitler think he could get away with anything and this made war more likely.’
‘It gave Britain a chance to build up its armed forces and so made war more likely.’
‘It encouraged Hitler to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia and Poland, and this made war more likely.’
‘Hitler got the Sudetenland and so he had no reason to go to war.’
‘Chamberlain called it ‘peace for our time’.’
e.g. ‘The Munich Agreement made war less likely because the two sides had agreed with each other.’
7(a) Describe what happened in the Bay of Pigs incident. 4
e.g. ‘Kennedy supplied anti-Castro exiles with arms and equipment for an invasion of Cuba.’
‘The exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs.’
‘American bombers attacked Cuban airfields.’
‘In three days they were defeated by Cuban troops and tanks.’
‘Kennedy decided against sending more air support for the exiles.’
‘The exiles were all captured or killed within days.’
‘The exiles were funded and trained by the CIA.’
PUBLISHED
7(b) Why was the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba a problem for the USA? 6
e.g. ‘The missiles in Cuba were a problem for the USA because Cuba was communist, and anti-American. It was very close to
the USA. The missiles were only 90 miles from the USA, and therefore threatened Florida and the east coast. As this was
happening in the middle of the Cold War, this was a real threat to the people of the US. The presence of missiles in Cuba
would change the balance of power between the USA and the USSR.’
e.g. ‘Cuba was close to the USA.’

‘Cuba was a communist country.’
‘Cuba was anti-American’
‘The missiles could reach most of the Continental USA.’
‘The missiles were nuclear ones.’
‘Cuba was an ally of the USSR.’
‘It was difficult to think how the US could get rid of the missiles without causing a war.’
‘It would be seen as a victory for the USSR if the missiles remained.’
e.g. ‘The Soviet missiles made the Americans very worried.’
PUBLISHED
7(c) ‘Kennedy handled the Cuban Missile Crisis more effectively than Khrushchev.’ How far do you agree with this 10
e.g. ‘I agree that Kennedy was very effective. He resisted the temptation to go to war several times when his advisors were
advising him to use force. He also ignored Khrushchev’s second letter and concentrated on his first letter where he said he
could take the missiles away if the US agreed not to attack Cuba. His acceptance of Khrushchev’s offer in the first letter
meant that the Kennedy had managed to ensure the removal of the missile threat in Cuba without war.’
OR
e.g. ‘I don’t really agree with this. It was Khrushchev who put forward the suggestion of getting rid of the missiles in return for
the USA promising not to attack Cuba. In addition, not only was Cuba protected from the USA, Khrushchev also managed to
secure the removal of newly installed American missiles in Turkey in return for taking missiles out of Cuba. This made the
USSR feel less threatened, and was therefore effective. ‘
PUBLISHED
7(c) Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describe 2–3
e.g. ‘Kennedy managed to get rid of the Soviet missiles without a war.’
‘Kennedy managed to achieve a peaceful resolution and ignored those who wanted him to use force.’
‘Kennedy managed to come out of the crisis looking like the winner.’
‘The removal of American missiles from Turkey was not made public, making Kennedy seem more effective.’
‘Both leaders managed to compromise and avoid a war.’
‘Khrushchev managed to protect Cuba.’
‘Khrushchev managed to get rid of US missiles in Turkey.’
e.g. ‘I think Kennedy was most effective because he won the Cuban Missile Crisis.’
8(a) Describe Saddam Hussein’s modernisation programme in Iraq. 4
e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein modernised and expanded the Iraqi economy.’

‘Universal free schooling.’
‘Increased the literacy rate.’
‘Free hospital treatment for everyone.’
‘Modernised the public health system.’
‘Gave subsidies to farmers.’
‘Modernised farming with the introduction of mechanisation.’
‘Introduced welfare programmes for the Iraqi people.’
PUBLISHED
8(b) Why did Ayatollah Khomeini become the ‘supreme leader’ of Iran in 1979? 6
e.g. ‘Khomeini became the supreme leader because of what happened while he was in exile. During this time the Shah
became more and more unpopular because of his repressive rule. Khomeini became the obvious person to replace him
because while in exile he became the figurehead of opposition to the Shah. While he was in Paris he led the protests in Iran
urging Iranians not to compromise and ordering work stoppages. This meant that when the Shah fled, he was the natural
person to become leader.’
e.g. ‘He became the focus of opposition to the Shah during his exile.’
‘This was because the Shah left the country.’
‘Soldiers defected to him.’
‘The Bakhtiar regime collapsed due to its unpopularity.’
‘In the referendum of 1979 the people voted to establish an Islamic Republic.’
‘He had popular support.’
e.g. ‘He became the leader because he was popular and most people wanted him.’
PUBLISHED
8(c) ‘Iraq’s economic problems explain why it invaded Kuwait in 1990.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain 10
your answer.
e.g. ‘Iraq’s economy was in a bad state. The war against Iran had been very expensive and had destroyed much of Iraq’s
economy. Iraq owed billions of dollars to Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, and its industrial production had gone right down. It was
also put under an international embargo which made matters worse. This meant that Iraq could not repay the loans from
Kuwait during the war with Iran. Saddam Hussein believed that he could raise millions of dollars by invading Kuwait and
taking over its oil.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Iraq invaded Kuwait because it was thought that Kuwait was using a new method of drilling called slant-drilling to
unlawfully drill for oil in Iraq’s Rumaila oilfield. Iraq claimed that by doing this Kuwait had stolen oil worth billions of dollars.
When Saddam Hussein threatened Kuwait with invasion, he used the alleged illegal drilling as an excuse..’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Saudi Arabia and Kuwait refused to give Iraq new loans.’
‘Kuwait demanded that Iraq pay back the loans given to Iraq during the war with Iran.’
‘Kuwait increased its oil production keeping the price of oil down. This annoyed Iraq.’
‘Iraq claimed that Kuwait was drilling for oil in an Iraqi oilfield.’
‘Iraq was in a terrible economic state after the war with Iran.’
‘Iraq claimed Kuwait was an artificial creation and the territory belonged to Iraq.’
‘Saddam Hussein was hoping to increase his power in the Middle East.’
‘Iraq believed that the US would not stop the invasion.’
e.g. ‘Iraq invaded Kuwait because it was ambitious to have more power.’
PUBLISHED
9(a) Describe what life was like for soldiers in the trenches. 4
e.g. ‘Much time was spent repairing the trenches.’

‘They spent some days in the trenches and then some days in support trenches or behind the lines.’
‘Sometimes it was very boring, with little to do.’
‘The smell was terrible because of sewage and rotting corpses.’
‘The soldiers were often infested with lice.’
‘In wet weather they would be up to their knees in water and mud. Many suffered from trench foot.’
‘In winter many got frostbite because of the cold.’
‘The trenches were infested with rats.’
‘They had to suffer days of artillery bombardments.’
‘There were many dreadful casualties.’
‘They suffered from gas attacks.’
PUBLISHED
9(b) Why did the German failure to break through at Verdun in 1916 matter? 6
e.g. ‘The battle of Verdun was an attempt by the Germans to severely weaken the French army by making them use up all the
troops they had to defend Verdun. The Germans thought that all the French reserves would be called up and killed. Although
there were huge French casualties, the French fought back more strongly than the Germans expected. There were nearly as
many German casualties. This led the Germans to eventually give up. This was important because there was still a French
army at the end of the battle. The Germans had hoped that a defeat here would knock the French out of the war.’
e.g. ‘It was a great symbolic victory for the French and helped their morale.’
‘A defeat at Verdun would have finished the French war effort and the Germans would have won.’
‘It meant that France’s eastern defences had held.’
‘If the Germans had broken through Paris would have been vulnerable.’
‘Verdun was a French salient into German territory which was a great threat to the Germans.’
‘After the battle the salient still remained.’
‘It halted the German advance and France survived to fight another day.’
‘The Germans had huge casualties and after the battle had to change their strategy.’
‘It mattered because it led to the firing of the German chief of staff Erich von Falkenhayn.’
e.g. ‘It mattered a lot as it was important to them.’
PUBLISHED
9(c) How well did General Haig lead the British army in the Battle of the Somme? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how well’ 10
e.g. ‘It can be argued that Haig successfully led the British Army at the Somme. There are claims that he knowingly sent tens
of thousands to their deaths. These claims ignore the difficulties of commanding an inexperienced army of a scale never seen
before. The sheer size of the British army and the battle was new. The front was 15 miles long. This caused lots of difficulties
for commanders. For example, communications were very difficult, and Haig often had to act on out-of-date information. Haig
was in a completely new situation but never lost his nerve.’
OR
e.g. ‘Haig made several misjudgements during the battle. He ordered a heavy artillery bombardment of the German lines for
seven days before the Allied soldiers attacked. Haig thought this would make sure that British soldiers would meet little
resistance. Haig was totally wrong. Many of the shells used did not explode. Many of the shells that did explode were not
powerful enough to destroy the deep German dugouts or fortifications, and very little of the barbed wire was cut by the
bombardment. Many shells consisted of just shrapnel, rather than high explosive. When the British soldiers went over the top
on the first day, 19 000 were killed and nothing was gained. Despite this, Haig continued with this tactic.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Somme did take some pressure off the French at Verdun.’
‘He was ready to use new methods of fighting.’
‘Given the circumstances of the western front heavy casualties were inevitable, there was little Haig could have done about
this.’
‘If he had refused to fight at the Somme, Verdun would have been lost and co-operation with the French would have broken
down.’
‘He stayed away from the front to get an overall picture of such a vast battle.’
‘His apparent callousness was part of the determination he needed when he had to send men to their deaths.’
‘Haig’s idea of a heavy bombardment before British soldiers attacked was a failure.’
‘Haig made a mistake when he continued the offensive into November when there was little chance of advancing.’
‘Haig seemed to think it was worth the high death toll if the German army was weakened as well.’
‘He never went near the front and had no idea of the conditions in which the men were fighting.’
‘Haig had no respect for human life and cared nothing about casualties.’
‘Haig underestimated the strength of the German trenches, including deep concrete bunkers to protect them.’
e.g. ‘I don’t think he did this very well. He was not really very good at leading the army.’
PUBLISHED
10(a) Describe how the British government restricted the freedom of civilians during the war. 4
e.g. ‘The Defence of the Realm Act was introduced in 1914.’

‘DORA gave the government the right to take over industries and land for the war effort.’
‘Conscription was introduced in January 1916 for men over 18.’
‘Rationing was introduced in 1918 for meat, butter and cheese.’
‘Censorship was introduced.’
‘Striking was forbidden.’
‘Pub opening times were limited.’
‘No one was allowed to buy binoculars.’
PUBLISHED
10(b) Why was the Eastern Front important in the First World War? 6
e.g. ‘One reason why the Eastern Front was important was because it led to the failure of Germany’s Schlieffen Plan. The
huge Russian army invaded eastern Germany more quickly than the Germans were expecting. This meant that Germany had
to move 100 000 of its troops from the Western Front to fight the Russians. The Schlieffen Plan depended on Germany having
enough troops in France to take Paris and defeat France within six weeks. It could then send its troops to fight Russia. This
plan meant that Germany did not have to fight two fronts at the same time. But when Germany pulled 100 000 troops out of
the advance on Paris it slowed the advance down and the first part of the plan was never accomplished. All hopes of a quick
victory for Germany were over and this was because of the Eastern Front.
e.g. ‘It meant that the Schlieffen Plan was defeated.’

‘It meant that a quick victory for Germany was prevented.’
‘The Russians pulled out of the war in 1917 allowing Germany to send more troops to the Western Front.’
‘Brusilov’s Offensive weakened the Austro-Hungarian army.’
e.g. ‘The Eastern Front was very important because there was a lot of fighting there.’
PUBLISHED
10(c) ‘The most important aspect of the war at sea was the British blockade of German ports.’ How far do you agree with 10
e.g. ‘I think the blockade of German ports was the most important part of the war at sea. This is because it stopped supplies
getting through to Germany. It depended on imports to feed its population, and to make weapons and ammunition. Most of
this came from the USA but the British used its warships to make sure that little got through. This caused enormous suffering
in Germany where people were starving. Many Germans were killed by the effects of the blockade. This caused riots in
Germany and was one of the main reasons why Germany collapsed in 1918. It was simply too weak and exhausted on the
home front to carry on fighting. ‘
OR
e.g. ‘Much more important was the British defeat of the German U-boats. The Germans used unrestricted submarine warfare
to stop food supplies getting to Britain from America. They were very successful and by 1917 Britain was close to a crisis with
only a few days supplies left. However, the threat was defeated by organising the merchant ships into convoys. Using the
convoy system made it much easier to defend the merchant ships. Use of mines also helped to defeat the U-boat threat. It
was crucial to defeat this threat, otherwise Britain could have run out of food and have been defeated in the war.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Germany was stopped from importing supplies for the USA.’
‘By 1918 much of the German population was starving and Germany was in a dreadful state.’
‘Defeating the German U-boat threat prevented Britain from running out of food.’
‘After Jutland the German warships mainly stayed in their ports handing the seas over to Britain.’
‘The use of convoys for merchant ships was crucial.’
‘German U-boat tactics helped persuade the USA to enter the war on the Allies side. This was a crucial development.’
e.g. ‘The British blockade of German ports was very important. Without it, Germany would not have been defeated.’
11(a) Describe revolutionary events in Germany in 1918–19. 4
e.g. ‘Sailors in northern Germany mutinied and took over Kiel.’

‘There were uprisings by Socialists, workers and soldiers in German ports and cities.’
‘In November 1918, the Kaiser abdicated.’
‘Freedom of speech and worship was introduced.’
‘In January 1919 free elections were held for the first time in Germany.’
‘The Spartacists led a communist rebellion.’
‘Fighting between the Spartacists and the Freikorps.’
‘Communists led a rebellion in Bavaria and declared a Soviet republic .’
PUBLISHED
11(b) Why did events in the Ruhr in 1923 have important consequences for Germany? 6
e.g. ‘Events in the Ruhr had important consequences because they led to hyperinflation for Germany. When the French and
Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr, the German government ordered Germans to go on strike. This stopped industrial
production in the wealthiest area in Germany. As a result, the government had to print money to pay the workers. This paper
money was worthless, prices increased rapidly and there was hyperinflation. Soon many people could not afford food.’
e.g. ‘The events in the Ruhr led to hyperinflation.’

‘They led to occupation by French and Belgian troops.’
‘German workers went on strike and German industrial production collapsed.’
‘People could not afford food.’
‘Stresemann replaced the worthless mark with the Rentenmark.’
‘Pensioners and those with savings were greatly affected by the hyperinflation.’
e.g. ‘They had important consequences because the events affected Germany a lot.’
PUBLISHED
11(c) ‘The Weimar Republic never recovered from its early weaknesses.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
e.g. ‘It did recover under Stresemann. He got rid of hyperinflation by introducing the Rentenmark and arranged for new loans
from the United States under the Dawes Plan. This helped German industry recover, exports went up and the country was
becoming prosperous again. Germany began to be accepted internationally after the Locarno Treaties. Stresemann even got
reparations reduced through the Young Plan. These were great achievements and showed that Germany was recovering.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Weimar Republic never really recovered. Although things might have looked good on the surface, there were serious
problems hidden away. Germany’s recovery depended on American loans and when the USA asked for the loans to be repaid
as it did the Depression, there was economic collapse. It became clear that the recovery was built on weak foundations. The
Republic also had other weaknesses such as rising unemployment and the huge sums spent on welfare and health care. It
only needed a development like the Depression and the Weimar Republic collapsed.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Hyperinflation was ended.’

‘German industry prospered.’
‘The USA gave Germany huge loans to help it recover.’
‘Germany became accepted internationally.’
‘The Weimar Republic had many cultural achievements.’
‘The recovery was not a real recovery, it all depended on German loans.’
‘There were still groups ready to strike the Republic down such as the Nazis and the Communists.’
‘Unemployment was going up.’
‘The government was spending vast sums on health care and welfare.’
‘The Republic was weak and it only needed a crisis like the Depression to finish it off.’
Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge
e.g. ‘I think the Weimar Republic was able to recover a bit but it did not last long.’
12(a) Describe the activities of the ‘Swing’ movement. 4
e.g. ‘They listened to jazz and swing music.’

‘They danced in clubs and rented halls.’
‘They wore clothes and fashion that had British and American influences.’
‘Their clothing and love of music represented a rebellion against Nazi values and against the Hitler Youth.’
‘The young women wore their hair down and used make-up.’
‘They set up Swing Clubs.’
‘They distributed anti-Nazi propaganda.’
‘They developed songs to mock the Nazis.’

© UCLES 2020
PUBLISHED
12(b) Why did the Nazis change their economic policies during the war years? 6
e.g. ‘The Nazis changed their economic policies because as the war progressed they needed to increase military production.
Germany had lost a lot of planes in the Battle of Britain. More tanks and ammunition were needed as well. As a result, civilian
factories were converted to military use. In 1943 Germany switched to a full war economy under Albert Speer. This meant that
nearly all of Germany’s economy was dedicated to military production.’
e.g. ‘To produce weapons and armaments for the war.’

‘Slave labour camps were set up to produce armaments for the war.’
‘Attempts at autarky were intensified.’
‘The British blockade meant they needed to produce more goods for themselves.’
‘Rationing was introduced in 1939.’
‘They exploited conquered territories.’
‘Speer introduced a war economy because of the needs of war.’
‘Shortages were very serious by 1943, and Speer changed the system and greatly increased production.’
e.g. ‘They did this because the war changed everything and so their economic policies had to change.’
PUBLISHED
12(c) ‘Nazi policies towards women were unsuccessful.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. 10
e.g. ‘One of Hitler’s aims was to increase the birth rate in Germany, to provide Germany with soldiers and workers in the
future. Nazi policies tried to overturn the falling birth rate under the Weimar Republic. Financial rewards were given for having
lots of children, and Nazi propaganda emphasised that the proper role of women was as mothers and homebuilders. The
German Maiden’s League was used to indoctrinate girls in these ideas. The policies did work to an extent. Many women left
their jobs and looked after their homes and families, and the birth rate did go up in the 1930s.’
OR
e.g. ‘Nazis policies towards women did not really work. This is because there were basic contradictions in the policies. The
Nazis wanted women to stay at home and have children. At the same time, they wanted the economy to grow. Especially
during the war, Women were needed to work in factories. The number of women in jobs actually went up in the 1930s.
Despite this by 1936 Germany had a shortage of workers. The situation got worse during the war when the Nazis had to allow
many women to go back to work even. This went against what the Nazi’s believed to be best for Germany.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The birth rate went up between 1933 and 1939.’

‘Births outside marriage were encouraged.’
‘Many women followed the propaganda ideas to stay at home and have lots of children.’
‘Women were sacked from government jobs when the Nazis came to power.’
‘In 1939 the Nazis had to introduce compulsory agricultural labour service for unmarried women under 25.’
‘The number of women in jobs increased in the 1930s.’
‘During the war the number of women in work went up.’
‘The birth rate started to decline after 1939.’
e.g. ‘Nazi policies towards women did not really work because they were not thought out properly.’
13(a) Describe the actions of the Bolsheviks in Petrograd during 7–8 November 1917. 4
e.g. ‘Bolsheviks took control of post offices, bridges and the State Bank.’
‘They took control of most of Petrograd.’
‘They stormed the Winter Palace and arrested the ministers of the Provisional Government.’
‘Abolition of private property and redistribution of land to the peasants was announced.’
‘Withdrawal from the war was announced.’
‘Censorship of newspapers was introduced.’
PUBLISHED
13(b) Why were there disagreements between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet? 6
e.g. ‘I think the main reason for the disagreements was the war. The Provisional Government declared that Russia would stay
in the war until Germany was defeated. This was very unpopular with the Petrograd Soviet. The Socialists and Mensheviks in
the Soviet wanted peace because conditions in Russia were dreadful. They wanted to reform the country and this could not
be done whilst Russia was fighting in a war.’
e.g. ‘They disagreed over whether to withdraw from the First World War.’
‘The Provisional Government was made up of middle-class liberals, but the Soviet consisted of socialists and Mensheviks.’
‘The Soviet wanted to pass reforms that were too radical for the Provisional Government.’
‘The Provisional Government tried to stop peasants taking over land, but the Soviet supported them.’
‘The Provisional Government was officially in charge, but the real power lay with the Soviet.’
e.g. ‘There were disagreements because they wanted different things and had different aims.’
PUBLISHED
13(c) ‘The introduction of the New Economic Policy by Lenin was surprising.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
e.g. ‘I am not surprised that Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy. His previous policy of War Communism had achieved
its aim of helping the Bolsheviks win the Civil War. As a result, War Communism was not needed anymore. War Communism
also caused enormous hardships. There was a lot of opposition to War Communism. There were food shortages and millions
of people died in a famine in 1921. The NEP was designed to try and put the situation right. It introduced elements of
capitalism such as peasants selling their surplus grain for profit. Some factories went back into private ownership. The policy
worked and food production went up.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was very surprising. The NEP involved capitalist ideas like peasants selling their surplus produce for profit. This is what
the Bolsheviks were trying to get away from. They believed in state ownership and everything being produced for the state.
They believed that individual people should not make enormous profits and get rich at the expense of everyone else. Many
Bolsheviks were horrified at what Lenin was doing. This makes his policy a great surprise.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘It was introduced because of the famine.’

‘It was introduced because War Communism led to food shortages.’
‘Lenin introduced it because of the Kronstadt revolt.’
‘There was trouble all over Russia with peasants rebelling over their grain being taken from them.’
‘The Bolsheviks had won the Civil War and so War Communism was no longer needed.’
‘It led to an increase in food production.’
‘It involved a return to capitalism.’
‘It was seen as a betrayal by some Bolsheviks.’
‘It let people make profits for themselves.’
‘It led to the emergence of ‘NEPmen’ who were businessmen that made profits because of NEP during the period.’
14(a) Describe what happened at Stalin’s ‘show trials’. 4
e.g. ‘Leading communists were made to confess to being traitors to the state and they were sentenced to death or sent to
labour camps.’
‘They confessed to the crimes because they were tortured or their families were threatened.’
‘Stalin’s opponents were removed.’
‘The Soviet army was purged of its leaders.’
‘Leaders like Bukharin and Kamenev confessed to being traitors.’
PUBLISHED
14(b) Why did it surprise many people when Stalin emerged as the new leader of the Soviet Union? 6
e.g. ‘It was a surprise when Stalin emerged as the leader, as Trotsky was a more prominent member of the Bolsheviks. To
many people, Trotsky seemed like the natural successor to Lenin. Trotsky was a brilliant speaker, and had led the Red Army
to victory over the Whites in the Civil War. Stalin, on the other hand, was much less well known, and a relatively minor
position in the Party. This difference between the two made it surprising that Trotsky did not become the new leader as he
seemed an obvious choice.’
e.g. ‘Trotsky had been an important person in both the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War.’
‘Trotsky was a brilliant speaker and political thinker.’
‘Kamenev and Zinoviev were also leading Bolsheviks who could have become leader.’
‘Lenin stated in his Testament that he did not want Stalin to succeed him.’
‘Stalin was regarded as rather mediocre with no special talents.’
e.g. ‘This was because there were other people who were more likely to become leader.
PUBLISHED
14(c) ‘The main reason that Stalin was able to control the Soviet Union was his use of the cult of personality.’ How far do 10
e.g. ‘I agree that he kept control because of the cult of personality. He could not stay in control just by using terror, so needed
the Russian people to respect and even love him. This was achieved through propaganda. History was rewritten to make
Stalin the hero of the Revolution. Posters, statues and photographs flooded the country so that Stalin appeared everywhere in
a heroic pose. Music and poems were created to praise Stalin. Many towns held regular processions to celebrate Stalin. It
was all this propaganda that made people loyal to Stalin, allowing him to control the Soviet Union.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. He controlled the country through terror. In the purges in the 1930s he removed anyone he thought
might be a threat to him. This included leading communists like Zinoviev, army officers, teachers, scientists and even ordinary
workers. Millions of people were sent to the labour camps. This created an atmosphere in the country where people knew that
they needed to agree with everything Stalin did if they wanted to survive. It is often called the Great Terror and people were
so frightened that Stalin was able to make his control complete.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘He controlled the Soviet Union through terror during the purges.’
‘He destroyed any chance of opposition by sending millions of people to labour camps.’
‘He got rid of anyone who might be a threat to him.’
‘Propaganda was used to make people love him as a great figure.’
‘He was shown in poster and photographs to be responsible for all the Soviet Union’s achievements.’
‘The arts were used to show him as a great and lovable man.’
e.g. ‘The purges were very important to Stalin and helped him keep power.’’
15(a) Describe the attractions of the cinema for Americans in the 1920s. 4
e.g. ‘The cinema produced many films about sex and sex symbols.’
‘In 1927 the first ‘talkie’ movie was made.’
‘People had more leisure time for things like the cinema.’
‘There were many daring adventure films.’
‘It was cheap to attend.’
‘Stars like Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks attracted people.’
‘The films became more polished and realistic.’
‘Enormous luxurious movie palaces were built to make it a special experience.’
PUBLISHED
15(b) Why were there changes to the roles of women in the 1920s? 6
e.g. ‘This was mainly due to the effect of new technology that was mass produced. Mass production meant that middle-class
women could afford new products. These were products and appliances like the car, vacuum cleaners and washing
machines. Inventions like washing machines gave women more free time, and the car meant they were no longer tied to the
home. If they had free time and some money they could get out.’
e.g. ‘The development of labour-saving devices in the home.’

‘The car gave them freedom away from the home.’
‘Some women had worked during the war and after the war they wanted to continue to have jobs.’
‘New industries provided more jobs for women.’
‘Advertising persuaded them they needed new things and a new way of life.’
‘Films, magazines and novels showed women a different kind of life.’
e.g. ‘This was because women wanted a more exciting life.’
PUBLISHED
15(c) ‘Immigrants suffered most from the intolerance of US society in the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this 10
e.g. ‘Immigrants did suffer from intolerance. In the 1920s people in the US became much more worried about immigration.
They blamed immigrants for the rising violence and problems in the large cities. Americans were worried that they were
bringing in communist ideas. This intolerance can be seen when two Italian immigrants Sacco and Vanzetti were executed for
a crime they did not commit. A number of new laws were passed restricting immigration, and in 1929 only 150 000 immigrants
were allowed in and immigration from Asia and southern and eastern Europe was almost stopped.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree as black Americans suffered far more from intolerance. Most states had segregation laws for schools,
hospitals and other public places. Discrimination and worse in the South was so bad that many black families moved north to
live in cities like New York. The worst intolerance came from the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) which terrorised black Americans. Black
people were lynched and beaten, and driven from their homes. This was worse than the treatment of immigrants.
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Immigrants were blamed for rising crime and communist ideas.’
‘Harsh new immigration laws were passed.’
‘Immigration was virtually stopped from Asia and southern and eastern Europe.’
‘Sacco and Vanzetti did not get a fair trial because they were immigrants.’
‘Immigrants became associated with un-American ideas such as socialism and trade unionism’
‘The Red Scare was often aimed at immigrants.’
‘Black people suffered from the Jim Crow laws in the South.’
‘Black people were discriminated against in jobs, housing and schooling.’
‘States in the South segregated black people in public places like restaurants and buses.’
‘The KKK lynched and beat up black Americans.’
16(a) What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)? 4
e.g. ‘It was part of the Second New Deal.’

‘It gave work to two million people.’
‘It put people to work on building roads, schools, sewers and other public buildings.’
‘It created projects for artists, writers and musicians.’
‘It brought together all the organisations that were creating new jobs.’
PUBLISHED
16(b) Why was the Supreme Court important to the New Deal? 6
e.g. ‘The Supreme Court was important to the New Deal because it could block any laws that it thought were going against
the American constitution. In the 1930s most of the judges on the Supreme Court were Republicans. The judges thought that
the New Deal was undermining the American constitution and values like individual freedom from government control. In 1935
they decided that some of the measures in the New Deal were unconstitutional.’
e.g. ‘The Supreme Court could block any measures by the President or Congress that it thought was unconstitutional.’
‘It was dominated by Republicans who were against the New Deal.’
‘In 1935–6 it decided that parts of the New Deal were unconstitutional.’
‘There was an enormous battle between Roosevelt and the Supreme Court in 1936.’
‘The struggle with the Supreme Court led to Roosevelt to slow down on the New Deal.’
e.g. ‘It was important because its decisions affected the New Deal.’
PUBLISHED
16(c) ‘The successes of the New Deal were more important than its failures.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
e.g. ‘I think its successes were more important. It was introduced to help industry and farming recover and to get people back
to work. Unemployment was reduced and businesses were revived. Many people’s lives were improved by the building of
schools, hospitals and sewage plants and by being given jobs. In many ways its most important achievement was to restore
hope to millions of people. This was why Roosevelt was re-elected in 1936.’
OR
e.g. ‘Its failures were more important. This is because it failed to end the depression. As soon as the government spent a bit
less money in 1937 there was another wave of depression. It was clear than even enormous amounts of public works were
not a permanent solution to the depression which was not ended until the Second World War started and the demand for
American goods increased.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The New Deal stopped the depression from getting worse.’
‘It helped farmers and homeowners keep their property.’
‘It gave many people jobs and unemployment was reduced.’
‘It provided schools, roads, dams.’
‘It introduced better social security for people.’
‘It gave the American people hope for the future.’
‘It did not end the depression.’
‘It did not solve unemployment. In 1941 there were still six million unemployed.’
‘Many of the poorest such as tenant farmers, sharecroppers and migrant workers were not helped much.’
‘Black Americans were not helped much.’
17(a) Describe the threat to the Communists from Chiang Kai-shek in the period 1927–34. 4
e.g. ‘In 1927 Chiang Kai-shek suddenly turned on the Communists.’

‘In 1931 he started a full-scale military campaign against them.’
‘He surrounded the Communists in Jianxi and they were in danger of being destroyed.’
‘In 1927 he declared membership of the Chinese Communist Party illegal.’
‘In 1927 he had communists in Shanghai slaughtered.’
‘He launched five campaigns against them.’
PUBLISHED
17(b) Why were the years spent at Yenan important for the Communists? 6
e.g. ‘In these years Mao really made his position as leader of the Communists completely safe. He started the Rectification
Movement which involved giving thousands of new members of the Communist Party a grounding in Marxist ideas. Party
members were, indoctrinated into being loyal to Mao. He also developed the volunteer corps meaning that Mao had tens of
thousands of loyal young supporters.’
e.g. ‘Yenan was an isolated area and gave the Communists some safety.’
During the time that the Communists spent in Yenan, Mao started the Rectification Movement.’
‘The time at Yenan was important because it gave Mao time to win the peasants over to communist ideas.’
‘In this time the Communists grew from 10 000 troops to 2.8 million members.’
‘It gave the Communists a chance to recover and grow in strength’
‘It gave Mao a chance to develop a set of ideas.’
e.g. ‘These were important for the Communists because they were able to prepare for the future.’
PUBLISHED
17(c) ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists, and not the strengths of the Communists, was the most important factor in the 10
outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
e.g. ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists were very important to the outcome of the Civil War. In the areas of China that The
Nationalists controlled their officials made little attempt to win over the peasants. The officials were corrupt, making as much
money as they could for themselves. Army officers were left to do as they wanted and often mistreated the peasants. The
Nationalists also made the peasants pay heavy taxes. All of this was a mistake and it is not surprising that many peasants
ended up hating the Nationalists. When the Nationalists and Communists fought, lack of support for the Nationalists among
the peasants was very important.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the strengths of the Communists were more important. An important strength was that the Communists won the
support of the peasants. The Red Army lived in the villages with the peasants. The Communists protected the peasants from
the Japanese. The peasants saw the Communists as the same as them. The Communists were not corrupt. The Communists
treated the peasants with respect and taught them communist beliefs. All this meant that the Communists had the support of
over 100 million Chinese peasants.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The incompetence of the Nationalist army leaders.’

‘Nationalist officials were often corrupt and therefore unpopular.’
‘Low morale in the Nationalist armies.’
‘Nationalist rule in areas they controlled was harsh.’
‘Chiang’s scorched earth policy against the Japanese brought misery to thousands of Chinese peasants.’
‘The Nationalists put little effort into fighting the Japanese, they were more interested in dealing with the Communists.’
‘The Communists won support because of their constant opposition to the Japanese.’
‘The Communists treated the peasants well and won their support.’
‘The Communists taught the peasants communist ideas and beliefs.’
‘Communists guerrilla tactics were very effective.’
‘Nationalist troops defected to the Communists.’
18(a) Describe the power struggle between Hua Guofeng and Deng Xiaoping after Mao’s death. 4
e.g. ‘Hua reinstated Deng to the politburo.’

‘Deng was in charge of the four modernisations and had important economic and political power.’
‘Hua followed the policy of supporting Mao’s policies. This became unpopular.’
‘Hua was implicated in the crimes of the Gang of Four and resigned.’
‘Deng installed his supporters as Premier and General Secretary of the Party.’
PUBLISHED
18(b) Why did the Cultural Revolution come to an end? 6
e.g. ‘The cultural revolution came to an end because Mao had created the Red Guards to purify China and take it back to
pure communism. However, the Red Guards got out of control. They turned on each other and fought street battles. They
fought with peasants and militia, and the country was close to civil war. In 1968 the army stepped in to disarm the Red Guards
and restore order.’
e.g. ‘The Red Guards were getting out of control.’

‘It was plunging the country into a deep crisis.’
‘It had achieved what Mao wanted.’
‘Zhou Enlai argued for a return to normality.’
‘Mao had consolidated his power and his possible rivals had been dealt with.’
e.g. ‘It came to an end because it had to be stopped.’
PUBLISHED
18(c) ‘China in 1990 was very different from China under Mao.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
e.g. ‘In many ways China in 1990 was very different from Mao’s China. This was partly because Zhou Enlai and Deng had
introduced the Four Modernisations of industry, agriculture, science and technology, and the army. These modernised China
in many ways. China was opened up to foreign trade and investment. Living standards improved for many Chinese people.
Consumer goods like televisions, washing machines and watches became popular. In the countryside, communes were
broken up and peasants were able to sell their surplus, thus making some very rich.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although there were many changes, the Chinese people did not enjoy much greater political freedom. China remained as
a one-party state, with the Communist Party in control. Many of the freedoms gained in the 1980s were lost. Firm control over
the press and mass media was re-established, with all official media publications being state owned or state controlled. These
changes took the country back to the time of Mao.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘China opened up to more foreign trade.’

‘Foreign investment was allowed in China.’
‘The Chinese began to buy consumer goods.’
‘The standard of living was much higher.’
‘Peasants were allowed to make a profit by selling their surplus produce.’
‘There was little more political freedom than there was under Mao.’
‘The Communist Party was still in control.’
‘There was still little democracy.’
19(a) Describe the consequences of the Native Urban Areas Act of 1923 for black South Africans. 4
e.g. ‘Separate residence locations for black South Africans were set up usually on the edge of towns.’
‘New black townships were built.’
‘Black South Africans did not have the right to own property.’
‘Black South Africans were only allowed into urban areas to serve the needs of the white population.’
‘It made it much harder for black South Africans to go into urban areas.’
PUBLISHED
19(b) Why did the 1948 election have important consequences for South Africa? 6
e.g. ‘The 1948 election had important consequences for South Africa because it changed South Africa in important ways. The
National Party won the election after promising to introduce apartheid. When they came to power The National Party fulfilled
their election promise and introduced apartheid. Within two years laws had been passed to ban marriages and sexual
relationships between people of different races. Changes like this dominated South African history for the next 40 years and
brought much violence and misery.’
e.g. ‘The 1948 election led to apartheid laws being introduced.’

‘Public services and spaces were divided according to race.’
‘Towns were divided into ‘White’, ‘Coloured’ and ‘Black’ areas.’
‘Many black South Africans were forcibly moved out of their homes, as in Sophiatown.’
‘The National Party dominated politics in South Africa for a long time.’
‘Black South Africans were forced to attend inferior schools and get poorer education than white people.’
‘Communism was banned.’
‘The election and apartheid led to the resistance struggle by the ANC.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it led to many changes in South Africa.’
PUBLISHED
19(c) ‘Economic development by 1945 benefited the people of South Africa.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10
e.g. ‘There was much economic growth after 1933. Mining companies did well because of the rise in the price of gold. This
gave good jobs to many white workers, whose living standards gradually improved. Even during the Depression, white
workers were helped by the government. There were job creation schemes and white farmers received a guaranteed price for
their products.’
OR
e.g. ‘Black South Africans did not benefit much. A whole range of jobs were restricted to white people only, such as some jobs
in the mines where black people were labourers. Every job on the railways was white only. Black South Africans suffered very
badly during the Depression. Black people were sacked from their jobs to provide employment for whites. Wages were held
down for black workers and by 1939 the average black South African was 10 percent worse off than in 1919.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘White people benefited from many good jobs being reserved for them.’
‘The mining industry prospered and this benefited white workers.’
‘Many white South Africans found good jobs on the railways.’
‘Many white farmers were unable to make a living in the 1920s and gave up farming.’
‘Black South Africans were only given the lowest jobs, like labouring.’
‘The standard of living of most black people went down.’
‘Black South Africans suffered badly during the Depression when many lost their jobs.’
e.g. ‘The economic development only benefited some of the people in South Africa.’
20(a) Describe the actions taken by the United Nations against South Africa in the period 1966 to 1973. 4
e.g. ‘In 1966 the UN tried to make South Africa hand back Namibia.’
‘The UN encouraged economic sanctions against South Africa.’
‘In 1971 the UN declared that South Africa’s mandate over Namibia was terminated.’
‘In 1968 the UN asked all states to suspend cultural and sporting links with South Africa.’
‘The UN asked all states to stop selling arms to South Africa.’
PUBLISHED
20(b) Why was Steve Biko important? 6
e.g. ‘Steve Biko was important because he encouraged the Black Consciousness movement. This encouraged black South
Africans to be proud of being black, refusing to accept help from white people and to be proud of their African heritage. These
ideas inspired the pupils in Soweto schools and led them to riot in 1976. These riots had international attention and meant that
the police never really controlled Soweto again.’
e.g. ‘Developed the ideas of Black Consciousness.’

‘Set up a students’ union for black students only.’
‘Encouraged black South Africans to be proud of being black.’
‘Worked for the Black Consciousness Convention.’
‘Travelled the country speaking and influenced a lot of people.’
‘Inspired the Soweto uprising of 1976.’
‘Died while in police custody. His death was condemned around the world.’
e.g. ‘He was important because a lot of people supported him.’
PUBLISHED
20(c) How far did South Africans benefit from improvements in the economy in the period 1966 to 1980? Explain your 10
answer.
e.g. ‘Black South Africans did not benefit at all. The quality of their education was dreadful. The government spent ten times
more on educating each white child. The teachers were badly trained and poorly paid. When the government announced that
some of the subjects would be taught in Afrikaans the students rioted in 1976. Black workers in Natal also went on strike in
1973 because their wages were being reduced and their hours of work made longer.’
OR
e.g. ‘The South African economy grew in the first part of this period and countries all round the world were investing in the
country. It also did well because of its reserves of gold and diamonds. The mines did provide work for black South Africans,
but it was white South Africans who had better jobs and owned the businesses who did best.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Soweto riots showed that black students were not benefiting.’
‘The quality of education for black students was dreadful.’
‘The South African economy began to suffer in the 1970s and black workers had their wages reduced and their hours
lengthened.’
‘White South Africans benefited from economic development in the late 1960s.’
‘At the end of the 1970s black South Africans did benefit from their Trade Unions being made legal.’
e.g. ‘I think that white South Africans benefited far more than black South Africans.’
21(a) What was the Arab League? 4
e.g. ‘The Arab League was an organisation of Arab states founded in 1945.’
‘It helped Arab countries have closer relations with each other and co-ordinate their policies over matters important to them.’
‘It deals with disputes between members.’
‘Its members include Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Palestine and Iraq.’
‘It develops economic and social programmes for member states.’
‘It has a joint army.’
PUBLISHED
21(b) Why did Jews want Britain to leave Palestine? 6
e.g. ‘Jews hoped that when the Labour government came to power in 1945 it would change the British immigration policy for
Jews. They hoped that Jewish immigration into Palestine would be welcomed. However, the government continued with the
policy of restricting immigration. The Jews were disappointed and thought that they would never improve the situation until the
British left. This led to Jewish groups like the Irgun to step up their terrorist campaign against the British.’
e.g. ‘They wanted to create a Jewish state in Palestine.’

‘Britain was limiting Jewish immigration into Palestine.’
‘When the new Labour government was elected in 1945 it announced it was continuing with the restrictions on Jewish
immigration.’
‘British policy was to divide Palestine between Jews and Arabs.’
‘Britain had the mandate for Palestine.’
e.g. ‘They wanted Britain to leave Palestine because they thought they would then be better off.’
PUBLISHED
21(c) ‘Israel won the war of 1948–49 because of support from Europe and the USA.’ How far do you agree with this 10
e.g. ‘Support of European countries and the US was very important to Israel in the 1948–49 war. Israel was able to buy three
B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the USA, one of which was used to bomb Cairo. Large amounts of arms were also
acquired from Europe, especially Czechoslovakia, which supplied fighter aircraft as well as other arms. Countries like France
allowed planes carrying arms to land on their way to Israel. All this meant Israel had a lot of modern equipment and was
better equipped than most of the Arab forces.
OR
‘e.g. ‘The Israeli military won the war because of its fighting style and tactics. It developed a very flexible style of command.
Junior officers were allowed to make their own decisions and react quickly to changing circumstances. This meant that they
were able to capitalise on the experience. Israeli forces had gained a lot of experience fighting during World War 2, and
against the British after the war, making them very effective.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Israelis had modern weapons from Europe and the USA.’
‘Israel received large amounts of armaments from Czechoslovakia.’
‘The Israelis were fighting for their survival.’
‘Many Jews had had experience of fighting in World War II.’
‘The Arab countries all had different plans and aims and often quarrelled.’
‘Jordan was the only Arab country that had an effective army.’
e.g. ‘The support of Europe and the USA was very important to Israel and was one of the main reasons why it won the war.’
22(a) Describe how the United Nations has helped Palestinian refugees. 4
e.g. ‘The UN set up refugee camps in Gaza in the 1950s and provided food, clinics and schools.’
‘In 1949 the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees was set up to help Palestinians who were forced to flee their
homes.’
‘The UN helped about 4.3 million Palestinian refugees.’
‘The UN made more than 100 000 loans to help refugees restart their lives.’
‘The UN made sure that no refugees are returned to a country where they might be persecuted.’
‘The UN ran refugee camps for Palestinians all over the Middle East including in Iraq, Egypt and Libya.’
PUBLISHED
22(b) Why did the events of 1947–48 create a refugee crisis? 6
e.g. ‘A refugee crisis was created because of the 1947–48 war. At the end of the war Israel controlled more than three-
quarters of Palestine including half of the Arab state proposed by the UN. Palestinian Arabs had fled out of fear to
neighbouring Arab states because of the Israeli advance. When the war was over, they were trapped because Israel refused
to let them return to their homes. This led to refugee camps being set up in Lebanon, Gaza and Jordan.’
e.g. ‘The war with Israel caused this.’

‘Arabs fled from their homes because of the Israeli advance.’
‘Some historians claim Arabs chose to leave their homes, but they planned to return after an Arab victory.’
‘The Arabs in places like Haifa and Acre were expelled by the Israelis.’
e.g. ‘These events were very bad and a lot of people suffered including those who became refugees.’
PUBLISHED
22(c) Did Yasser Arafat help or hinder the Palestinian cause? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘did Yasser Arafat help or hinder’ 10
e.g. ‘Arafat did help the Palestinian cause. In 1974 he decided that peaceful methods would be best, and he started to argue
for a Palestinian state that would include the West Bank and Gaza. The Arab states decided to recognise the PLO as the only
rightful representatives of the Palestinian people. Arafat made a speech at the UN that was well-received. Arafat’s main
achievement was the fact that the Palestinians could not be ignored in the future.’
OR
‘e.g. ‘ While he was leader of the PLO, Arafat at first supported terrorist actions to win the Palestinian cause publicity. This did
not work as he intended. This included hijackings and kidnappings in 1973 where innocent people were killed. This violence
did not win sympathy for the Palestinians. In fact, they lost support from Arab states like Saudi Arabia. By the end of 1973
Arafat realised his mistake and announced that terrorism would only be aimed at Israel.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘He led the PLO and made sure that the world and the UN had to take notice of the Palestinian cause.’
‘In 1988 Arafat rejected all forms of terrorism and won a lot of support for this.’
‘In the early 1990s he was involved in the talks leading to the Oslo Accords which supported Palestinian self-rule.’
‘He became head of the Palestinian National Authority.’
‘His policy of hijackings lost support for the Palestinian cause.’
‘He was accused of not being tough enough with the Israeli government.’
e.g. ‘Yasser Arafat tried to help but he did not always get everything right.’
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/11
Paper 1 October/November 2020
2 hours

* 7 7 5 2 9 2 3 7 4 4 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (KN) 204314
1 There were many forces at work in the unification of Italy.
(a) What were the aims of the Young Italy movement? [4]
(b) Why did Piedmont’s power grow during the 1850s? [6]
(c) ‘The Pope was the biggest obstacle to Italian unification in 1848–49.’ How far do you agree
2 War played a part in German unification.
(a) What did Germany gain from the Franco-Prussian War? [4]
(b) Why was the Ems telegram important? [6]
(c) ‘Bismarck achieved more by force than by diplomacy.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
3 The late nineteenth century saw a surge in European imperialism.
(a) What was agreed at the Berlin Conference, 1884–85? [4]
(b) Why did the British policy of indirect rule work well in Nigeria? [6]
(c) ‘European imperialism in Africa was mainly motivated by economic concerns.’ How far do you
4 Many countries contributed to the increase of tension in Europe before 1914.
(a) What happened in the Morocco Crisis of 1905–06? [4]
(b) Why was the Entente Cordiale agreed? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Austria was to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914? Explain your
answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/11/O/N/20
5 The Versailles settlement had a range of consequences.
(a) Describe the use of plebiscites in the peace settlement, 1919–1923. [4]
(b) Why were the French dissatisfied with the peace settlement? [6]
(c) ‘Political turmoil was the most serious consequence of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany
up to 1923.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
6 Many factors contributed to the outbreak of war in 1939.
(a) What was the Anti-Comintern Pact? [4]
(b) Why did British-French guarantees to Poland fail to prevent war in 1939? [6]
(c) ‘Britain and France had no choice but to allow Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ How
7 Relations grew increasingly tense between the Great Powers after 1945.
(a) What was Marshall Aid? [4]
(b) Why did Stalin want control over the governments of the states in Eastern Europe? [6]
(c) ‘Truman was the main cause of tension at Potsdam.’ How far do you agree with this
8 Tension between Iran and Iraq culminated in war in 1980.
(a) Describe the territorial disputes between Iran and Iraq. [4]
(b) Why did the Islamic revolution cause Saddam Hussein to attack Iran? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that neither side gained from the Iran-Iraq War? Explain your answer.
[10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/11/O/N/20 [Turn over
9 The First World War lasted longer than expected.
(a) What happened at Liège in August 1914? [4]
(b) Why did the Germans lose the First Battle of the Marne? [6]
(c) ‘The war did not end by Christmas 1914 because of the race to the sea.’ How far do you
10 1918 brought defeat for Germany.
(a) Describe the contribution of US forces to the Allied war effort. [4]
(b) Why did Germany agree to surrender? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that revolution broke out in Germany in October 1918 because the
German people were starving? Explain your answer. [10]
11 The Nazis used different tactics to gain support.
(a) Describe the development of the Nazi Party from 1924 to 1929. [4]
(b) Why did the Munich Putsch fail? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the main reason the Nazis gained support in the early 1930s was
that they promised to create jobs? Explain your answer. [10]
12 The Nazis controlled German society.
(a) Describe Nazi influence on German culture and the arts. [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis want to control the Churches? [6]
(c) ‘The reasons why the Nazis persecuted groups in German society were racial.’ How far do
© UCLES 2020 2147/11/O/N/20
13 The Bolsheviks faced challenges in the aftermath of the revolution.
(a) What was the Constituent Assembly? [4]
(b) Why was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk bad for Russia? [6]
(c) ‘The Red Army won the Civil War because of War Communism.’ How far do you agree with
14 Stalin’s rule had a strong impact on different groups.
(a) What was the Young Pioneer movement? [4]
(b) Why did life get worse for the national minorities under Stalin’s rule? [6]
(c) ‘Destroying the kulaks was the main purpose of Stalin’s agricultural policy.’ How far do you
15 The benefits of the 1920s’ boom were not evenly distributed.
(a) Describe the problems facing American farmers in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why did Republican policies produce economic growth? [6]
(c) ‘American manufacturing industries prospered during the boom of the 1920s.’ How far do you
16 The American economy faced great difficulties in 1929.
(a) Describe the weaknesses in the US economy in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why was there a stock market boom in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘The main impact of the Wall Street Crash was the collapse of the banks.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2020 2147/11/O/N/20
17 Mao made great changes to China’s economy and society.
(a) Describe the aims of Mao’s Five-Year Plans. [4]
(b) Why did the Great Leap Forward fail? [6]
(c) ‘Reforming education was the most important social change introduced by Mao.’ How far do
18 Mao created a lasting impact on China.
(a) What was Mao’s impact on art and culture in China? [4]
(b) Why was there a power struggle after Mao’s death? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Chinese society became more free after Mao’s death? Explain
your answer. [10]
19 The Second World War brought change to South Africa.
(a) Describe developments in manufacturing by 1945. [4]
(b) Why was there a wide gap in living standards between white and non-white South Africans by
1945? [6]
(c) How far did the Second World War produce opportunities for non-white South Africans?
20 By the 1980s it was clear that apartheid was under pressure.
(a) Describe Botha’s constitutional reforms. [4]
(b) Why did trade union reform lead to an increase in opposition to the government? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that de Klerk abandoned white minority rule because South Africa was
facing serious economic problems? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/11/O/N/20
10
21 The formation of Israel created great tension.
(a) Describe the reaction of the Jews in Palestine to the 1947 UN Partition Plan. [4]
(b) Why did the Arabs believe a Palestinian homeland would be created at the end of the Second
World War? [6]
(c) ‘The Arabs lost the 1948–49 war because of a lack of international support.’ How far do you
22 The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) has achieved mixed results.
(a) Describe the formation of the PLO. [4]
(b) Why were some Arab states reluctant to support the PLO? [6]
(c) ‘The actions of Israel were more significant than the work of the PLO in winning international
support for the Palestinians.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
[10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/11/O/N/20
2147/11 Cambridge O Level – Mark Scheme October/November 2020
PUBLISHED
1(a) What were the aims of the Young Italy movement? 4
e.g. ‘It wanted to unite Italy.’

‘It wanted to encourage exiled Italians to promote the idea of unification.’
‘It hoped to achieve its aim by risings in the Italian states.’
‘It wanted to remove Austrian control of Italian states.’
‘It wanted Italy to be democratic and not run by a monarchy.’
1(b) Why did Piedmont’s power grow during the 1850s? 6

e.g. ‘Piedmont gained status because of its involvement in the Crimean War. Piedmont’s troops fought well, and this
meant that Cavour was asked to attend the peace conference in Paris, in 1856. At the conference Piedmont was treated
as the equal of the other delegates, including Austria.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3

e.g. ‘Piedmont sent troops to aid Britain and France in the Crimean War.’
‘The troops fought well, and this meant that Cavour was able to attend the peace conference in Paris, in 1856.’
‘At the conference Piedmont attended as the equal of the other delegates, including Austria.’
e.g. ‘Piedmont gained influence.’
PUBLISHED
1(c) ‘The Pope was the biggest obstacle to Italian unification in 1848-49.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10

A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5-6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Most nationalists looked upon Pius as a possible leader of a new Italy. He had influence over Italian Catholics and
had sizeable military forces. He had been known as the reforming Pope and therefore ideal for new Italian state.
However, when he issued his Allocution all this changed. First, he favoured the Risorgimento and then he appeared to
be against it with the Allocution. Nationalists were shocked because Pius went from one extreme to another. Some
troops refused to fight with Charles Albert because of his change of mind.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other barriers to unification which were more significant. For instance, Austria defeated Charles Albert’s
forces in 1848-49 and so could be considered more important than the Pope. Not all the troops had deserted Charles
Albert because of the Allocution.’
Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3

(One mark for each point.)
e.g. ‘Pius IX was the reforming Pope.’

‘He was considered as a leader of a new Italy.’
‘He had considerable military forces.’
‘Most Catholics would obey his instructions.’
‘Pius would not fight another Catholic power.’
‘He saw Charles Albert as the aggressor.’
PUBLISHED
1(c) Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1
e.g. ‘The Pope was an influential figure in Italy.’
2(a) What did Germany gain from the Franco-Prussian War? 4
e.g. ‘Crushing defeat of France’

‘Annexation of Alsace and half of Lorraine including Metz.’
‘France had to pay an indemnity to Germany.’
‘German troops occupied northern parts of France until the money was paid.’
‘William I of Prussia was declared German Emperor at Versailles, January 1871.’
2(b) Why was the Ems telegram important? 6

e.g. ‘The Ems telegram was important because it was used by Bismarck to provoke France into being hostile and this
gave him an excuse for war. The telegram was a report of a meeting between King William I of Prussia and the French
ambassador which was sent to Bismarck. He published the telegram, missing out key details, to offend the French
government. In turn, this led to the Franco-Prussian War.’
PUBLISHED
2(b) Level 2 Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3

e.g. ‘The Ems telegram was a report of a meeting between King William I of Prussia and the French ambassador.’
‘The telegram was sent from Ems (in Prussia) on July 13, 1870, to Bismarck.’
‘It was published by Bismarck who altered it.’
‘This offended the French government.’
‘Ultimately, it led to the Franco-Prussian War.’
e.g. ‘It contained an important message.’
2(c) ‘Bismarck achieved more by force than diplomacy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.
PUBLISHED
2(c) Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Bismarck used diplomacy to achieve his aims. When Schleswig-Holstein was handed over to be ruled jointly by
Austria and Prussia, they could not agree, and the territories were split. Some think Bismarck deliberately agreed so that
it would be easier to pick a quarrel with Austria. Bismarck also managed to get a promise of French neutrality and relied
on British and Russian neutrality. With this control, he picked a war with Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘Bismarck used war to ensure he achieved his aims. As a follower of Clausewitz, he saw war as political tool to help
him achieve his goals, as can be seen in the Unification Wars of 1864–71. There had also been considerable
investment in the Prussian economy to produce the weapons of war. Moltke and his generals had produced a well-
equipped and trained army which was superior to Austria’s. This shows that Bismarck could use force when he wanted
to as he had a very strong army at his disposal.’

e.g. ‘Bismarck showed diplomatic skill over the Schleswig-Holstein question.’

‘He used Italy as an ally.’
‘He persuaded countries to remain neutral.’
‘The Prussian economy built a war machine.’
‘The Prussian army was superior to Austria’s.’
e.g. ‘Bismarck used both war and diplomacy.’
PUBLISHED
3(a) What was agreed at the Berlin Conference, 1884–85? 4
e.g. ‘Spheres of influence for European powers were agreed.’

‘The Niger and Congo rivers were opened for free trade.’
‘It was agreed to end slavery.’
‘Free trade between colonies was allowed through the Congo basin.’
‘The Congo territories were recognised as the private property of Leopold I.’
3(b) Why did the British policy of indirect rule work well in Nigeria? 6

e.g. ‘The policy worked well because it allowed the local rulers to continue to hold power. This meant they were less
likely to oppose British control. The British ruled using the indigenous chiefs who were encouraged to rule as they had
always done, administering justice. The Foreign Office only recommended interference if a chief abused his powers and
then he could be removed and replaced.’

e.g. ‘Day to day government was left to the traditional rulers.’

‘These rulers gained stability and were given protection by Britain.’
‘The rulers often had a small number of British advisors.’
‘Britain took control of external affairs, often taxation and communications.’
‘It was cheaper and easier than direct rule.’
‘It did not annoy the ‘locals’ as much as direct rule.’
PUBLISHED
3(b) Level 1 General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1
e.g. ‘It was a sensible policy.’
3(c) ‘European imperialism in Africa was mainly motivated by economic concerns.’ How far do you agree with this 10
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There were economic reasons for Britain to expand its influence in Africa. Africa could provide raw materials and
food products unobtainable in Britain, such as bananas and cocoa. Africa could also provide markets for British
manufactured goods, free of import tariff restrictions.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some countries were motivated by a desire to bring ‘civilisation’ to other peoples. Missionaries drew attention to
the opportunities presented by hitherto unexplored territories. They wanted to stamp out things such as sacrifices and
'heathen rites’. They genuinely believed they knew what was best and ‘right’ for other people. Many believed that
Western countries had a moral responsibility to bring civilisation and Christianity to the native peoples.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘There were great opportunities for trade.’

‘Raw materials and different food products would be available.’
‘There was a market for manufactured goods from Europe.’
‘Some Europeans believed it was their Christian duty to convert people. Missionaries showed them this was possible.’
‘European states wanted empires to increase their status and prestige.’
e.g. ‘Different countries had different motives.’
4(a) What happened in the Morocco Crisis of 1905–06? 4
e.g. ‘The Kaiser visited Morocco.’

‘Kaiser William visited Tangier.
‘He said he was there to support the Sultan.’
‘He called for an international conference to discuss the future of Morocco.’
‘His idea was to prevent France from occupying Morocco.’
‘He wanted to test the Entente Cordiale.’
‘A conference was held at Algeciras in 1906.’
‘It was agreed that France should recognise that Morocco was still an independent country.’
‘The Kaiser was humiliated.’
‘Only Austria-Hungary supported Germany.’
PUBLISHED
4(b) Why was the Entente Cordiale agreed? 6

e.g. ‘Britain joined the Entente Cordiale with France because it was concerned about German militarism. Britain was
concerned about the effect this would have on peace in Europe. Any political instability in Europe would also affect
British trade.’

e.g. ‘It was between Britain and France.’

‘Britain and France cooperated against an increasing threat from Germany.’
‘Britain was concerned about the growing strength of the German military.’
‘Britain wanted to protect trade.’
‘France wanted to regain Alsace and Lorraine.’
‘France hoped the Entente Cordiale would make Britain take a more active role in preserving European peace.’
‘It settled the colonial interests of France and Britain’
e.g. ‘It was to make an understanding/agreement between countries.’
PUBLISHED
4(c) How far do you agree that Austria was to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914? Explain your answer. 10


e.g. ‘Austria was to blame. When Franz Ferdinand was assassinated, Austria was angry and blamed the Serbs. Austria
was determined to make Serbia pay and issued an ultimatum. Even though they replied, Austria invaded Serbia having
been given a guarantee of German support. Because of this, Russia mobilised its forces and Germany declared war on
Russia.’
OR
e.g. ‘Germany was to blame for the outbreak of war because, in August 1914, Germany invaded Belgium using the
Schlieffen Plan which was their plan for war. With over one million men, Germany marched into Belgium violating the
neutrality of Belgium. This triggered Britain’s declaration of war as it promised to protect Belgium’s neutrality. Therefore,
the German invasion was to blame.’
OR
e.g. ‘Serbia was angry that Austria-Hungary had annexed Bosnia in 1908, but by 1913, after the Balkan Wars, Serbia
emerged as the strongest power in the Balkans. Serbia wanted to unite with the Serbs and Slavic people living in the
Austrian Empire, including Bosnia. This brought conflict with Austria.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Germany increased its navy.’

‘Germany invaded Belgium.’
‘The Kaiser seemed war-like.’
‘Germany had the Schlieffen Plan.’
‘Serbia wanted to join all Serbs into a Greater Serbia.’
‘Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated.’
‘Austria’s actions triggered the Alliance System.’
‘Russia mobilised its forces.’
e.g. ‘Many countries had a role to play in the outbreak of war.’
5(a) Describe the use of plebiscites in the peace settlement, 1919–1923. 4
e.g. ‘A plebiscite was a vote to determine which country people wanted to belong to.’
‘They were held after the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.’
‘They were held in territory which was taken away from Germany.’
‘In 1921 there was a plebiscite in Upper Silesia and this resulted in it being partitioned between Poland and Germany.’
‘A plebiscite in 1920 saw Schleswig divided between Germany and Denmark.’
PUBLISHED
5(b) Why were the French dissatisfied with the peace settlement? 6

e.g. ‘The French were worried that Germany would recover after the war and would threaten France again. To prevent
this, Clemenceau wanted a treaty which would guarantee British and American support should France be attacked
again. However, the British and USA refused and this meant that France still felt vulnerable, especially on its eastern
border.’

e.g. ‘Clemenceau wanted Germany to be harshly punished.’

‘The French did not want Germany to regain strength to attack France again.’
‘France had lost many soldiers in the war.’
‘Britain and the United States refused to promise to support France.’
‘Clemenceau’s demands were not fulfilled.’
‘Germany was still a threat.’
e.g. ‘France did not like the Treaty.’
PUBLISHED
5(c) ‘Political turmoil was the most serious consequence of the Treaty of Versailles for Germany up to 1923.’ How 10

e.g. ‘Political turmoil was a serious consequence of the Treaty of Versailles. Accepting the Treaty made the government
seem weak in the eyes of the people. Many believed that Germany had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by the government.
During the Kapp Putsch members of the right-wing Freikorps staged a coup and tried to take over the government.’
OR
e.g. ‘Economic problems were a worse consequence of the Treaty. When Germany was unable to pay reparations, the
French invaded the Ruhr. This led to a hyperinflation crisis. Money became worthless and people could no longer afford
food.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Germany was very unstable.’

‘Government politicians were known as the ‘November Criminals’.’
‘The Freikorps was a right-wing group.’
‘The Kapp Putsch happened in March 1920.’
‘Reparations were high.’
‘There was much unemployment.’
‘Hyperinflation meant money was worthless.’
‘The German people were starving.’
‘Germany lost 13% of its land, including some which was rich in resources.’
e.g. ‘Germany faced many problems as a result of the Treaty.’
PUBLISHED
6(a) What was the Anti-Comintern Pact? 4
e.g. ‘It was an agreement between Germany, Italy and Japan.’

‘They would work together to stop the spread of communism.’
‘It was aimed against the USSR.’
‘Germany and Japan signed in 1936.’
‘Italy joined a year later.’
‘It is also known as the Axis Alliance.’
6(b) Why did British-French guarantees to Poland fail to prevent war in 1939? 6

e.g. ‘Having signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact, Hitler did not think that Britain and France would do anything to stop him and
so he ignored their guarantee to help Poland. He knew they had appeased him in the past and believed that they would
do the same this time.’

e.g. ‘Hitler didn’t believe that Britain and France would fight.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact made Hitler more confident.’
‘Britain and France had appeased Hitler’s policy up until this point.’
‘Hitler thought he had a strong claim over Poland and would be unopposed.’
‘Hitler was always determined to conquer Poland.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Hitler invaded Poland.’
6(c) ‘Britain and France had no choice but to allow Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’ How far do you agree 10

e.g. ‘Britain and France had no choice but to let Hitler takeover the Rhineland. Both countries were economically weak
following the Depression and both wanted to take care of internal domestic issues. France was in the middle of an
economic crisis and was facing elections so they were in no position to fight.’
OR
e.g. ‘The British had a choice to stop Hitler but did not do so because they believed that Hitler was only marching into
land which was rightfully German. They thought the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on Germany.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Britain and France lacked the will to stop Hitler.’

‘France was facing an economic crisis.’
‘France was facing elections.’
‘The British believed that Hitler had a right to be in the Rhineland.’
‘Hitler knew many people in Britain thought it was ‘his own back yard.’
‘The British thought the Treaty of Versailles was too hard on Germany.’
‘Neither Britain nor France was prepared to risk a war.’
‘France would not act without British support.’
‘Britain and France were more concerned over Abyssinia.’
‘It was a clear violation of the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘France and Russia had made a Mutual Assistance Pact.’
e.g. ‘No one stopped Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland.’
PUBLISHED
7(a) What was Marshall Aid? 4
e.g. ‘Marshall Aid was part of the Marshall Plan.’

‘Marshall Aid was financial aid.’
‘It was introduced by Truman / General Marshall.’
‘It was also known as the European Recovery Programme.’
‘It was announced in 1947.’
‘The aim was to stabilise the economies of Europe to prevent them from falling to Communism.’
‘It lasted for four years.’
‘$13.3 billion was provided / USA provided money.’
‘It was part of the containment policy.’
‘It opened up the market for the USA.’
‘It was offered to communist states.’
‘Stalin did not allow eastern European states to accept the aid.’
7(b) Why did Stalin want control over the governments of the states in Eastern Europe? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to control the governments of the states in Eastern Europe in order to create a buffer zone between
the USSR and the West. Russia had been invaded from the west in both the First and Second World Wars and he
thought that if he controlled the governments in neighbouring states, he could prevent this happening in the future.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone between the USSR and the West.’
‘He wanted to avoid being invaded from the west.’
‘He could use the resources of the Eastern European states to rebuild the Soviet economy.’
‘He could expand the influence of the USSR / to spread communism.’
e.g. ‘The Eastern European states would be friendly to the USSR.’
7(c) ‘Truman was the main cause of tension at Potsdam.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your 10
answer.

PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Truman replaced Roosevelt at Potsdam and, being anti-communist, he was not willing to negotiate with Stalin. He
interpreted the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe as the start of spreading communism around the world.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin was the cause of tension because he had not carried out his promise, made at Yalta, to organise free
elections in Poland. He also disagreed over the future of Germany and demanded access to the industrial heartland of
the Ruhr. The United States and Britain wouldn’t agree to his demands.’

e.g. ‘The US had developed the atomic bomb.’

‘Roosevelt had been replaced by Truman who was not experienced in foreign policy or in handling Stalin.’
‘Churchill was replaced by Attlee. He was more interested in sorting out affairs in Britain.’
‘Stalin had left his troops in liberated countries in Eastern Europe.’
‘There was no longer a common enemy.’
‘Truman thought Stalin was preparing to take over all of Europe.’
‘Stalin wanted compensation from Germany.’
‘Stalin had set up a Communist government in Poland.’
‘Stalin and Truman had different ideologies.’
e.g. ‘Both sides were to blame for the tension.’
PUBLISHED
8(a) Describe the territorial disputes between Iran and Iraq. 4
e.g. ‘One disputed area was the Shatt al-Arab waterway.’

‘The waterway gave access to the Persian Gulf.’
‘It was important to both countries for their oil exports.’
‘It was Iraq’s only outlet to the sea.’
‘A treaty in 1937 gave Iraq a favourable agreement over the waterway but the Shah rejected this.’
‘There was a dispute over Khuzestan which was rich in oil.’
8(b) Why did the Islamic revolution cause Saddam Hussein to attack Iran? 6

e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein saw the Islamic Revolution as an opportunity to attack Iran because he thought it made Iran
weaker than before. When the Shah was overthrown, Iran’s alliance with the United States ended. This meant Iran no
longer had access to American supplies for tanks and armoured vehicles.’

(One mark for each identification/description)’
e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein thought it made Iran weaker.’

‘American support for Iran ended.’
‘Iran no longer had access to American supplies of spare parts for tanks and armoured vehicles.’
‘There was a purge of the Iranian army following the revolution.’
‘Iran was unstable.’
‘There was religious conflict: Khomeini was Shiite / Saddam was Sunni.’
‘Saddam was the target of assassination plots.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein thought he could win a war against Iran.’
8(c) How far do you agree that neither side gained from the Iran-Iraq War? Explain your answer. 10

e.g. ‘Iraq gained from the Iran-Iraq war because Western support of arms and money ensured that by the end of the war
Iraq was much stronger in terms of tanks and aircraft and Iran was glad to agree a ceasefire. In 1988, Iraq launched a
series of devastating attacks which seriously damaged Iranian morale and caused many casualties. Iran had failed to
topple Saddam from power and the Islamic revolution had not spread to Iraq.’
OR
e.g. ‘Both sides were severely damaged by the war. The death toll was high with around 2 percent of the populations of
both states losing their lives in the fighting. The war also had a devastating economic impact on both states and they
faced bankruptcy as a result.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Western support strengthened Iraq.’

‘Iran lost around 1 million people in the war.’
‘Both states faced bankruptcy because of the war.’
‘Iraq owed $80 billion in foreign debt.’
‘Income from Iraq’s oil industry was halved by the war.’
‘Living standards in Iran plummeted.’
‘Saddam Hussein claimed the war was a victory for Iraq.’
‘Khomeini remained in power.’
e.g. ‘The war caused severe damage to both sides.’
9(a) What happened at Liège in August 1914? 4
e.g. ‘The German army attacked on 5 August.’

‘They took 13 days to capture the town.’
‘The Belgians defended Liege even though they were outnumbered.’
‘The Belgians flooded land and blocked roads to slow down the German army.’
‘The last fort fell to the Germans on 16 August.’
‘The delay gave time for the BEF to arrive.’
PUBLISHED
9(b) Why did the Germans lose the First Battle of the Marne? 6

e.g. ‘The Germans lost the battle because 6000 French reserve troops arrived from Paris in a fleet of 600 taxis. This
added much needed reinforcements to the French 5th Army and BEF forces which were already fighting.’

e.g. ‘6000 French troops arrived.’

‘The BEF was fighting with the French and the combined force was much more effective.’
‘The French forces were 150 000 strong.’
‘The German forces were split.’
e.g. ‘The Germans were outnumbered.’
9(c) ‘The war did not end by Christmas 1914 because of the race to the sea.’ How far do you agree with this 10

PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The war did not end by Christmas 1914 because of the race to the sea. From September 1914 both sides moved
north. The Germans wanted to capture the Channel ports and cut off supplies from Britain. As the ‘race to the sea’ went
on the weather grew worse and both sides became exhausted. They began to dig defensive trenches. This meant the
war of movement was over and a war of attrition began.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Russian army mobilised much more quickly that the Germans expected. This meant they had to send two
army corps to the Eastern Front. This in turn meant the Germans found it difficult to defeat the French and the BEF as
the two sides were more evenly matched.’

e.g. ‘The halting and failure of the Schlieffen Plan.’

‘The Battle of the Marne ended open warfare.’
‘Neither side could encircle the other to entrap the other’s armies.’
‘Both sides were evenly matched.’
‘Russia mobilised more quickly than expected.’
‘The machine gun kept troops pinned down in their trenches.’
‘Trenches developed as a defensive tactic.’
e.g. ‘Neither side could get a clear advantage over the other.’
PUBLISHED
10(a) Describe the contribution of US forces to the Allied war effort. 4
e.g. ‘It was a morale booster for the Allies.’

‘By March 1918 there were 300 000 US troops in France.’
‘A further 800 000 arrived by July 1918.’
‘The US bolstered the anti-submarine capabilities of the Allies.’
‘They provided destroyers and merchant ships.’
‘The US provided a huge range of troops, war materials and supplies.’
‘US troops were fresh and not tired of fighting.’
‘It devastated German morale.’
10(b) Why did Germany agree to surrender? 6

e.g. ‘The Germans agreed to surrender because they couldn’t fight any longer. The Ludendorff Offensive made
progress in March and April 1918, but a counterattack by Allied forces drove the Germans back inflicting over 400,000
casualties. This left the German troops exhausted and low in morale. In August, another 400,000 were taken prisoner,
along with 400 field guns. Faced with such severe losses, the Germans could not fight on for much longer.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘The Germans had 1.75 million casualties in 1918.’

‘The breaking of the Hindenburg Line played into Allied hands.’
‘Influenza in the German Army created a lack of fighting soldiers.’
‘There was a feeling of war weariness among German citizens.’
‘The Germans could not resist the overwhelming number of guns, aircraft and tanks against them.’
‘Germany’s allies, Turkey and Austria, were talking about surrender.’
‘There were unstable conditions at home.’
‘There were serious food shortages.’
e.g. ‘There were problems for the Germans at home and at the front.’
PUBLISHED
10(c) How far do you agree that revolution broke out in Germany in October 1918 because the German people were 10
starving? Explain your answer.

e.g. ‘The main long-term cause of the German Revolution was war weariness. The blockade of the German ports meant
there were severe food shortages in Germany. This meant that there was declining support for the war effort from the
German people and riots and demonstrations broke out across the country.’
OR
e.g. ‘One of the main reasons for revolution was the mutinies which broke out at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven when Admiral
Scheer wanted a large naval assault on Britain’s High Seas Fleet. Most sailors refused to return from leave or refused to
sail.’

e.g. ‘The long-term cause was war weariness.’

‘Riots broke out across the country against the war and food shortages.’
‘The stubbornness of Ludendorff and Hindenburg.’
‘The October Reforms transferred power to the Reichstag.’
‘Awareness an armistice was close.’
‘Influence of communist ideas.’
‘There were mutinies at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven.’
‘There was political dissatisfaction with the Kaiser.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Many factors contributed to the outbreak of revolution.’
11(a) Describe the development of the Nazi Party from 1924 to 1929. 4
e.g. ‘These were lean years for the party/on the fringe of politics.’
‘Stresemann’s success meant the Nazis were considered a minor party.’
‘The Nazis had a history of violence.’
‘The Nazis were considered as an extreme party.’
‘The Party was banned until 1927.’
‘Hitler was in jailin 1924.’
‘Membership increased from 3000 to 100 000.’
‘Hitler was an excellent public speaker.’
‘Mein Kampf outlined the Party’s programme.’
‘The Nazis changed some of their policies to gain popularity.’
‘Many farmers began to support the party.’
‘Goebbels was put in charge of propaganda.’
‘The party put out a great deal of propaganda to gain support.’
‘The party became more professional and activists were trained in public speaking.’
‘The Party gained seats in Reichstag elections.’
‘The organisation of the party was strengthened and there were activists in many towns.’
‘The SA and SS were active.’
‘The Hitler Youth was formed.’
PUBLISHED
11(b) Why did the Munich Putsch fail? 6

e.g. ‘The Munich Putsch failed because Hitler overestimated the level of support he would have. He thought that
General Ludendorff would persuade the army to support the putsch, and that leading members of the Bavarian state
government would do the same. However, these things didn’t happen. The army remained loyal to the Weimar
government and the head of the Bavarian government called out armed police to break up Hitler’s march through the
streets of Munich.’

e.g. ‘The army remained loyal to the Weimar government.’

‘Hitler had miscalculated the mood of the German people.’
‘The German people did not rise to support the putsch.’
‘Kahr, the head of the Bavarian government, went back on his word to support Hitler.’
‘Hitler’s Nazi Party was still small.’
‘It failed because it was not well organised.’
e.g. ‘It failed because it was not successful.’
PUBLISHED
11(c) How far do you agree that the main reason the Nazis gained support in the early 1930s was that they promised 10
to create jobs? Explain your answer.

e.g. ‘Germany was badly affected by The Wall Street Crash of 1929. Businesses went bankrupt and unemployment
grew rapidly. Many Germans began to lose faith in democracy and turned to extremist parties. The Nazi Party offered
‘Work and Bread’. They promised to solve the problem by providing employment for workers in the army, in the factories
building Germany’s armaments and on new public works projects such as road building. This gained them much
support.’
OR
e.g. ‘The main reason the Nazis gained support was the modern and effective methods used by the Nazis in their
campaigning. They used posters and pamphlets to get across the Nazi message and they had mobile units to organise
speeches in different areas. The Nazi message was taken to all parts of Germany.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘The main reason was the Depression.’

‘The Nazis offered ‘Work and Bread’.’
‘Powerful industrialists were worried that communists would nationalise their industries.’
‘The Communist Red Fighting League fought street battles with the police.’
‘Farmers were worried communists would take over their land.’
‘The Nazis provided the German people with a scapegoat for their problems.’
‘Nazi propaganda was important.’
‘It was Hitler’s personality.’
‘It was Hitler’s aims.’
‘Hitler promised to overturn the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘Hitler promised to deal with the communist threat.’
‘The political scene was unstable in the early 1930s.’
e.g. ‘The promise was to create jobs, but there were many other reasons.’
PUBLISHED
12(a) Describe Nazi influence on German culture and the arts. 4
e.g. ‘Work by Jewish or communist writers or artists was banned.’

‘Books written by Jewish writers were burned.’
‘Writers had to show pro-Nazi attitudes for their work to be published.’
‘Paintings showed images of the ideal Aryan family.’
‘The Nazis could control what was written in the newspapers.’
‘Film and newsreels praised the Nazis.’
‘Culture had to praise Hitler and the Third Reich.’
‘School textbooks were changed.’
‘There was censorship.’
‘The importance of the family was stressed.’
‘Jazz music was banned.’
‘Many cultural figures left for the USA.’
12(b) Why did the Nazis want to control the Churches? 6

e.g. ‘The Nazis wanted to have the support of the churches as they saw that they could use them to strengthen their
support. Often the church was a centre for the local community and the Nazis realised that if they could get the support
of the church it would be easier to control the area. Some Nazi policies were already popular in the churches – such as
their emphasis on family life and the Nazis wanted to use this to strengthen their own position.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘The churches were a possible source of opposition.’

‘The Nazis wanted the support of church leaders.’
‘The Churches had a lot of power in society.’
‘Some church leaders spoke out against the Nazis.’
‘The Catholic Church signed a Concordat with Hitler in 1933.’
‘The churches supported some of Hitler’s policies on family life.’
‘Hitler knew that some people were more likely to listen to their local priest than Nazi officials.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis wanted control over every aspect of life in Germany.’
12(c) ‘The reasons why Nazis persecuted groups in German society were racial.’ How far do you agree with this 10

PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Jews did not fit in with the Nazi beliefs in the superiority of the Aryan race. The ideal Aryan was tall and athletic
with blond hair and blue eyes. They, therefore, persecuted any group which they thought challenged Nazi ideas about
Germans being a perfect master race.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazis persecuted groups in German society for other reasons. For instance, they thought German society
contained too many ‘undesirable’ people who were a drain on the resources of the state. This included people who were
drug addicts, tramps and some of the unemployed.’

e.g. ‘The Nazis persecuted any group that they thought challenged Nazi ideas.’
‘The Nazis believed in the superiority of the Aryan race.’
‘They persecuted groups they thought threatened the perfect master race.’
They persecuted the Jews as they were not Aryan.’
‘The Nazis thought German society would be healthier without ‘undesirable’ elements.’
‘They persecuted people who they thought were a burden on the Nazi state.’
‘The SA and SS enjoyed persecuting.’
‘The Nazis persecuted Communists to get a grip of power.’
‘They persecuted Jews to take away their jobs.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis persecuted people if they thought they didn’t fit in with Nazi ideals.’
PUBLISHED
13(a) What was the Constituent Assembly? 4
e.g. ‘It was the government which was to takeover from the Provisional Government.’
‘It was organised as a result of the Russian Revolution.’
‘It was to be elected democratically / parliament of elected members.’
‘703 candidates were elected from the Bolsheviks, SRs, Mensheviks and Constitutional Democrat parties.’
‘Elections were held in November 1917.’
‘It met on 18 January 1918.’
‘It was closed down by the Bolsheviks on 19 January 1918.’
13(b) Why was the Treaty of Brest Litovsk bad for Russia? 6

e.g. ‘The treaty was bad for Russia because it cost the country valuable resources. For instance, 90% of Russia’s
coalmines were lost and around 25% of its industrial capacity. This meant the country, already facing economic
problems because of the war, became even poorer.’

e.g. ‘Russia lost coal mines.’

‘Russia lost large areas of territory.’
‘Russia lost much of its population.’
‘Russia lost Ukraine and Finland.’
‘The land Russia had gained in the Russo-Turkish War was returned to the Ottoman Empire.’
‘It crippled its economy.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was bad for Russia because it took a lot away.’
13(c) ‘The Red Army won the Civil War because of War Communism.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10

e.g. ‘War Communism was an economy that met the needs of war and was the name given to harsh economic
measures the Bolsheviks adopted during the Civil War to help them win. They aimed to keep the Red Army and the
towns supplied with food and weapons. All large factories were taken over by the government and production was
planned and organised so that they could keep their armies well supplied with equipment and arms. They ensured that
the towns and armies were fed by forcing peasants to hand over surplus food to the government and rationing supplies.
This gave the Bolshevik armies the supplies they needed.’
OR
e.g. ‘The weakness of White forces was one of the reasons the Red Army won the Civil War. They were divided and
lacked clear leadership. They also failed to win the support of the people who were more interested in the Bolsheviks’
promise of land.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘War Communism allowed the Bolsheviks to control industrial output.’

‘It allowed the agriculture surplus of the peasants to go to the Red Army.’
‘Trotsky was an effective leader of the Red Army.’
‘People supported the Bolsheviks because they wanted land.’
‘The Bolsheviks were well organised.’
‘The Red Army had control of the railways.’
‘The Whites lacked clear aims.’
‘The Whites were disorganised.’
e.g. ‘The Red Army was more effective than the opposition.’
14(a) What was the Young Pioneer movement? 4
e.g. 'It was a youth organisation.’

‘It was for children between the ages of nine to fifteen.’
‘It was established in 1922.’
‘It ended in 1991’
‘By the mid1920s, it had 2 million members.’
‘Pioneers took part in sports events and learned crafts.’
‘They went on summer camps which were funded by the government and trade unions.’
‘Members were taught to love Russia.’
PUBLISHED
14(b) Why did life get worse for the national minorities under Stalin’s rule? 6

e.g. ‘Ethnic minority groups were encouraged to see themselves as Soviet citizens rather than as separate nationalities.
This made life worse for them because Russian became the official language. If the minority groups could not speak
Russian, they were discriminated against and it was hard for them to get work, for instance in the army.’

e.g. ‘Stalin discouraged differing national identities within the Soviet Union.’
‘Ethnic minority groups were encouraged to see themselves as Soviet citizens rather than separate nationalities.’
‘The Russian language was made a compulsory subject in the school curriculum.’
‘Russian was made the official language of state organisations like the army.’
‘Russians were encouraged to migrate into non-Russian areas.’
‘Thousands of Islamic schools, hospitals and mosques were forced to close.’
‘1.5 million ethnic minorities were deported back to Asia.’
‘It was due to the policy of Russification.’
e.g. ‘Stalin disliked minority groups.’
PUBLISHED
14(c) ‘Destroying the kulaks was the main purpose of Stalin’s agricultural policy.’ How far do you agree with this 10

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to destroy the kulaks. They were often farmers who had done well under the policies of NEP. Stalin
thought this was a capitalist policy and brought in collectivisation instead. The kulaks would not be able to make profits
under this system. He thought the kulaks were a possible source of opposition to his policies.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to collectivise agriculture because there were still food shortages in the USSR. Collectivisation would
mean that large units of land could be farmed more efficiently through mechanisation, with tractors and other machinery
supplied by the state. There would then be much higher food production.’

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to get rid of the kulaks who might oppose his policies.’
‘The kulaks were considered to be capitalists.’
‘The NEP was capitalist and Stalin wanted to change this.’
‘He wanted to make farms more efficient.’
‘He wanted to introduce new methods of production.’
‘There were food shortages.’
‘More food was needed for the industrial workers.’
‘More grain was needed for export.’
‘Exports of grain would earn foreign currency.’
‘It linked in with Stalin’s collectivisation policy.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to modernise farming.’
15(a) Describe the problems facing American farmers in the 1920s. 4
e.g. ‘The demand from Europe fell.’

‘Canada was more efficient at producing wheat.’
‘Over-production was a problem.’
‘US tariffs were responsible.’
‘The US population fell in number so demand fell.’
‘There were falling prices.’
‘Farmers were evicted from the land.’
15(b) Why did Republican policies produce economic growth? 6

e.g. ‘The Republicans believed in import tariffs, such as the Fordney-McCumber tariff, which made it expensive to
import foreign goods. This meant that American businesses were protected against foreign competition and could keep
their prices down. This encouraged people to buy products made in the US and allowed American companies to grow
rapidly.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘They had a policy of ‘laissez-faire.’

‘The Republicans believed in import tariffs.’
‘The Republicans kept taxes low.’
‘The Republicans allowed the development of trusts.’
‘Profits from the First World War were invested in industry.’
e.g. ‘The economy expanded under Republican government.’
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question. 0
15(c) ‘American manufacturing industries prospered during the boom of the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this 10

PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Manufacturing industries, such as the car industry, grew very quickly in the 1920s. There was high demand for
consumer products and new mass production methods meant large numbers of products could be produced quickly.
Because of the increase in demand for cars, other industries such as steel, glass and rubber also boomed.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some manufacturing industries did not prosper during the 1920s. For instance, cotton textiles did not increase their
sales despite the increased demand for clothing. New synthetic fabrics such as rayon were more desirable and new
clothing styles meant less material was needed.’

e.g. ‘Industries such as making cars boomed.’

‘There was a vast increase in the number of domestic appliances which were produced.’
‘Mass production techniques were responsible for this.’
‘There was a growth in new products such as rayon.’
‘Cotton textiles did not prosper.’
‘Some traditional manufacturing went into decline.’
‘There was considerable use of advertising.’
e.g. ‘There was a boom in industry in the United States in the 1920s.’
PUBLISHED
16(a) Describe the weaknesses in the US economy in the 1920s. 4
e.g. ‘Overproduction of consumer goods.’

‘Farmers saturated the market.’
‘As more and more people, who could afford consumer products, were buying them, demand started to drop.’
‘Wages did not rise and prices did not fall.’
‘People in Europe could not afford US goods.’
‘European countries imposed tariffs on American goods.’
‘There was an uneven distribution of income.’
16(b) Why was there a stock market boom in the 1920s? 6

e.g. ‘There was a stock market boom in the 1920s because companies were doing well and people were keen to buy
shares. If a company was growing, a speculator could buy shares and sell them only a few months later and make a
profit. Many people who did not usually invest in the stock market bought shares.’

e.g. ‘Speculators could make profits easily.’

‘Companies were growing and making profits.’
‘People bought shares ‘on the margin’.’
‘The banks were happy to lend money for people to buy shares.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘American business was doing well.’
16(c) ‘The main impact of the Wall Street Crash was the collapse of the banks.’ How far do you agree with this 10

e.g. ‘The collapse of the banks was the main impact of the Wall Street Crash. When the stock market collapsed the
banks, which had lent money to speculators to buy shares, lost a huge amount of money. Many went bankrupt. This
meant that anyone who had savings in the bank also lost their money.’
OR
e.g. ‘Unemployment was the main impact of the Wall Street Crash. As businesses crashed people lost their jobs. By
1933 almost 25% of the workforce was unemployed. There were no welfare benefits and people had no money for food
or rent.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘The banks went bankrupt.’

‘People lost their savings.’
‘Businesses failed.’
‘Factories shut down.’
‘Demand for goods fell even further.’
‘Unemployment rose sharply.’
‘People had no money for food or housing.’
e.g. ‘The Wall Street Crash had a bad impact on Americans.’
17(a) Describe the aims of Mao’s Five-Year Plans. 4
e.g. ‘Mao wanted to increase China’s industrial production.’

‘He wanted to use industry to increase military strength.’
‘He wanted to encourage workers to support the regime.’
‘He wanted to increase output in heavy industry such as coal and steel.’
PUBLISHED
17(b) Why did the Great Leap Forward fail? 6

e.g. ‘The Great Leap Forward failed because Mao insisted on following communist principles and getting rid of
bourgeois experts. He removed the middle class of experts running the factories, businesses, hospitals and universities.
He wanted another revolution to hand back control to the peasants and workers. This proved to be a disaster in the
Great Leap Forward because he lost the skilled people he needed.’

e.g. ‘Mao wanted to give control to the peasants.’

‘Mao insisted on the commune system.’
‘There was a lack of technical help.’
‘There was a lack of central planning.’
‘Targets were unrealistic.’
‘There was a shortage of skilled workers.’
‘Farmers went to work in factories and the crops failed.’
e.g. ‘It failed because it was badly planned.’
PUBLISHED
17(c) ‘Reforming education was the most important social change introduced by Mao.’ How far do you agree with 10

e.g. ‘Reforming education was important. Mao believed that everyone should be able to read and write. This would
benefit industry and agriculture. China needed professionals such as doctors. These needed to be educated. A
nationwide literacy drive was launched and by 1960 over 90% of the population could read.’
OR
e.g. ‘One important social change was the way women were treated. Mao questioned many traditional practices, such
as foot binding and forced marriage, and made these illegal. He believed women should be treated equally and not as
second-class citizens. He realised women were a great source of untapped labour and gave them equal opportunities in
education and work.’

e.g. ‘Mao wanted to remove traditional practices.’

‘He wanted a literate society.’
‘Mao wanted to improve his people’s well-being.’
‘He needed a healthy workforce.’
‘Mao introduced reforms so women were treated equally.’
‘He introduced policies to combat disease and improve hygiene.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Mao introduced many changes to improve China.’
18(a) What was Mao’s impact on art and culture in China? 4
e.g. ‘Artists and writers had to produce works which supported the revolution.’
‘Western music was banned.’
‘Traditional Chinese opera was replaced by specially written modern works.’
‘There was strict censorship.’
‘Traditional art forms and literature were banned.’
18(b) Why was there a power struggle after Mao’s death? 6

e.g. ‘In 1969, Mao had nominated his successor as Lin Piao. He was not willing to wait to take power and tried to seize
power in 1971. He disappeared with several military leaders. This meant there was no clear successor from this point
and so rivals competed for power.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Mao’s appointed successor attempted an early take over.’

‘Zhou Enlai died in the same year as Mao.’
‘Mao’s widow tried to seize power.’
‘Deng was a veteran of the Long March.’
‘Hua was tainted by the Cultural Revolution.’
e.g. ‘There was no clear successor to Mao.’
18(c) How far do you agree that Chinese society became more free after Mao’s death? Explain your answer. 10

PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘In some ways China became more liberal. Thousands of political prisoners were released and it was no longer
illegal to make comments which criticised the regime. The role of the secret police was reduced. Students could travel
abroad.’
OR
e.g. ‘In many ways China did not become more liberal. Democratic reforms were denied and Deng was unwilling for
there to be greater participation by the people in politics.’

e.g. ‘Political prisoners were released.’

‘China was more open to trade with other countries.’
‘Some students could travel abroad.’
‘Democratic reforms were denied.’
‘Deng did not believe there was a role in politics for the people.’
e.g. ‘China became more liberal in some ways but not in others.’
PUBLISHED
19(a) Describe developments in manufacturing by 1945. 4
e.g. ‘South African industry was helped by the Second World War.’
‘Non-white workers were employed in industry.’
‘Manufacturing had become more important than mining for the economy.’
‘Factories were mechanised so unskilled workers could be employed.’
‘The war meant there was no supply of consumer goods from overseas.’
19(b) Why was there a wide gap in living standards between white and non-white South Africans by 1945? 6

e.g. ‘There was a gap because the benefits of economic development were not shared equally. Employers benefited
from the extremely low wages they paid non-white employees. White people became as prosperous as the professional
and business classes of Europe and North America, enjoying one of the highest standards of living in the world at the
expense of their non-white workers.’

e.g. ‘Low wages could be paid to non-white employees.’

‘The non-white population received a basic education.’
‘Most white people had a high standard of living.’
‘It meant white people had excellent public services.’
‘The average non-white person earned a tenth of the average white person.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘There was a wide gap in living standards between white and non-white South Africans because non-whites were
paid less.’
19(c) How far did the Second World War produce opportunities for non-white South Africans? Explain your answer. 10

e.g. ‘The war produced opportunities because more non-white males worked in industry. More non-white South Africans
moved to the towns where their jobs were and began to outnumber the whites. Wages were much better in the towns
than in the countryside and the Pass Laws were relaxed. Things seemed to be changing for the better when the
Declaration for the United Nations was drawn up.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were some opportunities but these did not last. Non-white workers were paid much less than white people
and their earnings were still hardly enough to live on. A miner’s strike which involved 73 000 mine workers were dealt
with very harshly by the government and this showed that attitudes towards non-white workers had not changed.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘Non-white people were in demand for labour.’

‘Workers argued for better pay and conditions.’
‘The number of unions representing non-white workers increased.’
‘Some of the segregation laws had been relaxed.’
‘Jan Smuts supported the ideas in the United Nations Charter.’
e.g. ‘There was more work for non-white South Africans.’
20(a) Describe Botha’s constitutional reforms. 4
e.g. ‘A new South African Parliament was established.’

‘It consisted of three chambers.’
‘The House of Assembly had white members and was voted for by white South Africans’.
‘Asian and non-white groups were represented.’
‘A State President was elected.’
‘Black South African were only allowed to vote in local elections.’
PUBLISHED
20(b) Why did trade union reform lead to an increase in opposition to the government? 6

e.g. ‘Trade unions were reformed during the 1970s. This led to increased opposition because black trade unions were
recognised and were given the right to strike. The number of days lost to strikes increased dramatically.’

e.g. ‘Trade unions were reformed’

‘Black trade unions were legalised.’
‘Workers had the right to strike.’
‘Workers had the right to industrial tribunals.’
‘The unions became increasingly militant.’
e.g. ‘The trade unions encouraged opposition.’
20(c) How far do you agree that de Klerk abandoned white minority rule because South Africa was facing serious 10
economic problems? Explain your answer.

PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The poor state of the economy was influential in bringing white minority rule to an end. In 1986 the American
Congress voted to ban imports of iron, steel, coal, textiles and uranium from South Africa, while the European
Community banned imports of South African iron, steel, gold and coins. These sanctions led to a large increase in white
unemployment in South Africa and economic growth suffered. This could not continue without South Africa suffering
disastrous effects.’
OR
e.g. ‘De Klerk abandoned white minority rule because of the problem of internal unrest. The government had lost control
of the townships and the violent behaviour of the police in trying to control the violence only made the situation more
volatile.’

e.g. ‘Sanctions damaged South Africa’s economy.’

‘In 1986 the American Congress voted to stop American loans to South Africa.’
‘There was increased violence in the townships.’
‘The end of the Cold War meant the South African government became even more isolated.’
e.g. ‘A combination of factors encouraged de Klerk to abandon apartheid.’
PUBLISHED
21(a) Describe the reaction of the Jews in Palestine to the 1947 UN Partition Plan. 4
e.g. ‘The Jewish Agency liked the fact that the Jews would have a homeland.’
‘They were angry that they would not have control of Jerusalem.’
‘They were pleased that British influence would be removed.’
‘They were unhappy that the land to be given to them was in three separate sections.’
‘Jews were unhappy that they would be in a minority in one of the areas.’
21(b) Why did the Arabs believe a Palestinian homeland would be created at the end of the Second World War? 6

e.g. ‘The Arabs believed that a Palestinian homeland would be formed because they knew that the British Foreign
Secretary was against the idea of forming a Jewish state in the region. At the same time, they understood that Britain
could no longer afford to maintain an empire but would want to keep their access to the oil in the region. They thought
these factors would encourage the British to work hard to keep Arab support in the region.’

e.g. ‘The British needed access to the oil in the region.’

‘The Arab League was formed in 1945.’
‘The British Foreign Secretary did not want partition or a Jewish state.'
‘The white paper of 1939 suggested the Palestinians would have sole control over the region.’
‘Many Arab states supported the idea of a Palestinian homeland.’
e.g. ‘The Arabs thought this was their land.’
PUBLISHED
21(b) Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
21(c) ‘The Arabs lost the 1948-49 war because of a lack of international support.’ How far do you agree with this 10

e.g. ‘The Arabs lost the war because they were badly organised. They had some international support, but their leaders
were not united in their aims and each tended to fight for their own interests. Their efforts in the war were not co-
ordinated and both the Egyptian and Syrian governments were very suspicious of King Abdullah of Transjordan’s aims.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Arabs lost the war because they underestimated their opponents. Since the First World War there had been
strong Jewish groups demanding a separate state for Jews. In the war of 1948–49 the Jews were fighting to keep this
dream alive. They were determined to win.’
PUBLISHED

e.g. ‘The Arabs were badly organised.’

‘The Israelis were supported by the US and Soviet governments.’
‘The Arab countries were too confident to co-ordinate their efforts.’
‘The Israeli defence force had no planes.’
‘The Jews could not afford to lose.’
‘Israeli morale was boosted by support from the United States.’
‘The Israelis were well organised and well led.’
e.g. ‘The Arabs did not fight well.’
22(a) Describe the formation of the PLO. 4
e.g. ‘The PLO was formed in 1964.’

‘It was formed from Al-Fatah and other Palestinian groups.’
‘Al-Fatah was the Palestine National Liberation Movement which formed in 1959 and became the basis of the PLO.’
‘It was formed by people who lived in the refugee camps.’
‘It was a resistance group which aimed to return to the Palestinian homeland.’
PUBLISHED
22(b) Why were some Arab states reluctant to support the PLO? 6

e.g. ‘Some Arab states did not want to support the PLO because they were concerned about their violent methods. In
Jordan, King Hussein feared the Israeli reprisals which followed Palestinian attacks that were launched from his country.
Members of the PLO were acting as if they ruled much of Jordan. When the PLO blew up a hijacked British plane in
Jordan, Hussein expelled the PLO.’

e.g. ‘The PLO was ejected from Jordan and Lebanon.’

‘Refugees were a problem for Arab States.’
‘Supporting the PLO brought reprisal raids from Israel.’
‘The PLO fell out with Egypt.’
‘Arab States did not like the violent PLO methods.’
e.g. ‘They did not agree with their methods.’
PUBLISHED
22(c) ‘The actions of Israel were more significant than the work of the PLO in winning international support for the 10
Palestinians.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.

e.g. ‘To start with, the PLO found it difficult to win international support. Partly this was due to their tactics of using
violence to achieve their aims. However, they were recognised as the voice of the Palestinian people by the Arab
League in 1974 and attended meetings at the UN. They gained considerable support from the Asian and African states
in the UN.’
OR
e.g. ‘Israeli actions increased international support for the Palestinian people. When Israel invaded Lebanon, against the
orders of the UN, states such as Jordan and the United States began to reconsider their position towards the PLO and
began to discuss the possibility of a resolution of the refugee issue.’

e.g. ‘The PLO used violent methods.’

‘They were recognised by the Arab League.’
‘The UN listened to the PLO’s needs.’
‘Israeli treatment of the refugees and people in the camps was internationally condemned.’
‘The Israeli invasion of Lebanon helped the PLO to gain international support.’
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
2 hours

* 2 5 7 0 5 9 7 8 9 2 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (KN) 204313
1 1848 was a year of great upheaval in Europe.
(a) Describe events in Sicily in January 1848. [4]
(b) Why did violence erupt in Paris in June 1848? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the 1848 revolutions were a failure? Explain your answer. [10]
2 The path to Italian unification was not smooth.
(a) Describe the role of Pope Pius IX in the 1848–49 revolutions. [4]
(b) Why was Italy not unified by 1861? [6]
(c) ‘France played a more important role than Austria in events leading to the unification of Italy.’
3 Britain expanded its empire in the nineteenth century.
(a) Describe Lugard’s ideas about how Britain should govern its African colonies. [4]
(b) Why was Britain interested in China? [6]
(c) ‘Natural disasters were the main reason for the Boxer Rising.’ How far do you agree with this
4 The years before 1914 were characterised by tension in Europe.
(a) Describe Germany’s war preparations by 1914. [4]
(b) Why did the Alliance System fail to prevent war? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Morocco was the most important cause of tension before 1914?
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/O/N/20
5 The Versailles settlement had different consequences for different countries.
(a) What was the purpose of the ‘war guilt’ clause? [4]
(b) Why were plebiscites included in the peace settlement? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Clemenceau achieved his aims at Versailles? Explain your answer.
[10]
6 Hitler’s foreign policy involved Germany in developments in Europe.
(a) Describe Germany’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War. [4]
(b) Why was taking control of Czechoslovakia important to Hitler? [6]
(c) How surprising was it that Britain and France pursued a policy of appeasement? Explain your
answer. [10]
7 The USA and USSR contributed to increased tensions in Europe after 1945.
(a) Describe the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948. [4]
(b) Why was the Berlin Blockade lifted in May 1949? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Truman was to blame for the Cold War? Explain your answer. [10]
8 Iraq’s involvement in war had many consequences.
(a) What was the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on Iraqi civilians? [4]
(b) Why did Saddam Hussein’s regime survive the First Gulf War? [6]
(c) ‘Oil was the most important cause of the dispute between Iraq and Kuwait.’ How far do you
9 The stalemate on the Western Front was hard to break.
(a) Describe events on the Western Front on 1 July 1916. [4]
(b) Why were conditions in the trenches unhealthy for soldiers? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that new technology was used effectively in the First World War?
10 Germany’s fortunes changed in 1918.
(a) Describe the situation facing German forces at the start of 1918. [4]
(b) Why were the mutinies at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven important? [6]
(c) ‘The British naval blockade was the main reason for the defeat of Germany.’ How far do you
11 Many factors contributed to Hitler’s rise to power.
(a) What was the 25 Point Programme? [4]
(b) Why was Goebbels important to Hitler? [6]
(c) ‘Electoral success was the most important factor in Hitler becoming Chancellor.’ How far do
12 The Nazi regime aimed to change society and the economy.
(a) What were the Nazis’ views on the role of women in society? [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis aim to achieve autarky? [6]
(c) ‘The policy of Total War had a greater impact on German civilians than any other aspect of
the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/O/N/20
13 The Tsar ruled by autocratic means.
(a) What was life like for Russian peasants by 1905? [4]
(b) Why was the October Manifesto introduced? [6]
(c) How far would you agree that the Tsar was firmly in control of Russia at the start of 1914?
14 Stalin was determined to gain and keep control over the USSR.
(a) What did Lenin say about Stalin and Trotsky in his Political Testament? [4]
(b) Why was Lenin’s funeral important in the power struggle? [6]
(c) ‘Stalin’s personality cult was his most effective means of control.’ How far do you agree with
15 The 1920s brought changes in American society.
(a) What was a ‘flapper’? [4]
(b) Why did the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age? [6]
(c) ‘Prohibition failed because it encouraged violence.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
16 The Wall Street Crash had political and social consequences.
(a) What was the Bonus March? [4]
(b) Why did ‘buying on the margin’ contribute to the Wall Street Crash? [6]
(c) How surprised are you that Hoover was known as the ‘do nothing’ President? Explain your
answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/O/N/20
17 Mao changed the economy and society in China.
(a) Describe Communist treatment of the landlords. [4]
(b) Why did Mao embark on the Great Leap Forward? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Mao’s attempts at social reform were a success? Explain your
answer. [10]
18 China’s relationships with other countries have fluctuated over the years.
(a) What did China gain from its relationship with the USSR in the 1950s? [4]
(b) Why was there tension between China and India in the 1960s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that trade was the main reason for China’s improved foreign relations
in the 1980s? Explain your answer. [10]
19 In the 1950s and 1960s the apartheid system was strengthened.
(a) In what ways did Afrikaners benefit from apartheid? [4]
(b) Why was the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) formed? [6]
(c) ‘The Bantu Education Act (1953) did more to reinforce apartheid than any other legislation.’
20 The 1990s brought the end of apartheid in South Africa.
(a) Describe Mandela’s aims for South Africa on becoming President. [4]
(b) Why did Botha’s constitutional reforms fail to improve relations between non-whites and the
government? [6]
(c) How far did de Klerk’s policies to end apartheid have the backing of white South Africans?
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/O/N/20
10
21 External involvement in the Middle East has had important consequences.
(a) Describe Moshe Dayan’s role in the Six-Day War. [4]
(b) Why did the Soviet Union become involved in the Middle East? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Egypt gained the most from the Suez crisis of 1956? Explain your
answer. [10]
22 The United Nations (UN) faced many challenges in its role in the Middle East.
(a) Describe the role of the UN in Lebanon. [4]
(b) Why did some groups working for Palestinian liberation become more militant from the
1980s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the UN achieved little in its involvement in the Middle East? Explain
your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2020 2147/12/O/N/20
PUBLISHED 2020
SECTION A
1(a) Describe events in Sicily in January 1848. 4
Level 1 One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for supporting
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘A revolution began.’

‘Sicilians rebelled against their French rulers.’
‘The revolution was centred around Palermo.’
‘There was a popular uprising as Bourbon rule was widely hated.’
‘Sicilian nobles introduced a constitution based on democracy.’
‘A Parliament was established.’
‘Vincenzo Fardella was elected President.’
‘Messina remained loyal to France.’
Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the

question 0
1(b) Why did violence erupt in Paris in June 1848? 6

e.g. ‘Violence broke out because the workers in Paris were angry that the
National Workshops had been closed. These provided work for over 100 000
people but were unpopular with some elements of French society as they
resented paying taxes to support the unemployed. Therefore, the Party of
Order closed the workshops on 21 June.’

e.g. ‘The National Workshops were closed.’

‘Those who used the workshops were told to join the army or go home.’
‘There was anger that support for the workers had been removed.’
‘Almost 200 000 citizens of Paris came out into the streets to erect
barricades.’
‘People objected to the change of policy by the government.’
e.g. ‘People were unhappy.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
1(c) How far do you agree that the 1848 revolutions were a failure? Explain 10
your answer.
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1 on

the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
An answer which only has one explanation on one side of the argument
cannot be awarded more than 8.
Level 3 One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6

marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some areas of Europe, the revolutions were a failure. For instance, in
Prussia, Liberals and Nationalists met to draft a new constitution but failed
because they could not agree. Prussian attempts to become a leader of a
united Germany failed because they were quashed by Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some of the revolutions had lasting success. The brief period of Magyar
rule in Hungary was not in vain. By 1867, Magyar was the official language of
Hungary, the Diet had regained much of its old importance and the March
Laws had been accepted. Hungary was now an equal partner with Austria.’

(One mark for each point)
e.g. ‘Although some demands were initially granted, they were taken away
later.’
‘The revolution led by Kossuth was brutally suppressed.’
‘Prussian attempts to become leader of a united Germany were quashed by
Austria.’
‘Frederick refused the crown and sent in troops.’
‘In France revolutionaries overthrew the monarch.’
‘Frederick William IV of Prussia introduced some liberal reforms.’
‘Charles Albert granted a constitution to the people of Piedmont-Sardinia.’
e.g. ‘The revolutions failed because they did not achieve their aims.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
2(a) Describe the role of Pope Pius IX in the 1848–49 revolutions. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Nationalists saw him as a potential leader of a new Italy.’

‘His troops fought alongside Charles Albert’s army.’
‘In April 1848, Pius issued the Allocution.’
‘Pope Pius IX stated that he did not support war against Austria and saw
Charles Albert as an aggressor.’
‘Pius was branded a traitor.’
‘Pius fled to Gaeta in November 1848.’
‘Pius appealed to France, Austria, Spain and Naples to crush the Roman
Republic and return him to Rome.’
‘Pope Pius IX is a reason for the failure of the revolution.’

question 0
2(b) Why was Italy not unified by 1861? 6

e.g. ‘In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy. His kingdom
consisted of all Italian states including Piedmont, Naples and Sicily. However,
it did not include Venetia (which was controlled by Austria) and Rome (which
was controlled by Napoleon III). The fact that foreign powers still controlled
Italian territory meant it was not united.’

e.g. ‘Venetia and Rome were not part of the kingdom of Italy.’
‘Austria ruled Venetia.’
‘At Villafranca it was agreed that Venetia should remain Austrian.’
‘Napoleon III controlled Rome.’
‘The French Catholics had a powerful influence.’
‘Napoleon III had kept a garrison in Rome.’
e.g. ‘Some parts of Italy were separate.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
2(c) ‘France played a more important role than Austria in events leading to 10
the unification of Italy.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘France was very important in the unification of Italy. Napoleon III was
interested in liberating Italy and in 1858 he held a meeting with Cavour at
Plombières. Napoleon made it clear he would get involved if Austria started a
war. He was willing to sacrifice French soldiers to help achieve unification. At
the battles of Magenta and Solferino, French troops suffered heavy losses
fighting for Italian unification.’
OR
e.g. ‘Austria was key in events leading to the unification of Italy. Austria
controlled much of the Italian peninsula and if it could be driven out with help
from France, as engineered by Cavour, this would be an important step on the
road to eventual unification. This meant that Austria made a mistake issuing
an ultimatum to Piedmont-Sardinia threatening war if they failed to disarm.’

e.g. ‘Napoleon III was keen to humiliate Austria.’

‘The French defeat of Austria inspired the Italian provinces.’
‘Napoleon III made a secret agreement in 1858 with Cavour.’
‘Napoleon fought two major battles.’
‘Napoleon committed French blood to unification.’
‘The defeat of Austria helped pave the way to liberation and eventual
unification.’
e.g. ‘Both countries were important to Italian unification.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
3(a) Describe Lugard’s ideas about how Britain should govern its African 4
colonies.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Lugard believed in a system called indirect rule.’

‘Day to day government was left to the traditional rulers.’
‘Rulers were given protection by Britain.’
‘British advisors helped the rulers to govern.’
‘Britain took control of external affairs, taxation and communications.’
‘It was a cheaper system than direct rule.’
‘It did not annoy the ‘locals’ as much as direct rule.’

question 0
3(b) Why was Britain interested in China? 6

e.g. ‘Britain was interested in China because China produced goods which
were in high demand in Europe. Silk, porcelain and tea were expensive, and
traders knew if they could trade in these goods, they would become rich.’

e.g. ‘Britain wanted trade with China.’

‘The Chinese would buy opium from British traders.’
‘There was a demand for Chinese goods in Europe.’
‘These goods were expensive.’
‘China produced rare products such as porcelain, silk and tea.’
‘British merchants knew they could become rich trading in these goods.’
e.g. ‘They wanted to make money.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
3(c) ‘Natural disasters were the main reason for the Boxer Rising.’ How far 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Natural disasters played an important part in the outbreak of the Boxer
Rising. These included the flooding of the Yellow River in 1898 followed by
the drought of 1900. Many of the Boxers were peasants from Shandong
province, which had been struck by flooding and then famine. In the 1890s,
China had given territorial and commercial concessions in this area to several
European nations, and the Boxers blamed their poor standard of living on
foreigners.’
OR
e.g. ‘One reason for the outbreak of the Boxer Rising was the attitude of the
Western powers towards China. Following the Opium War (1839–1842) China
was forced to grant commercial concessions to Britain, opening China to
foreign trade. Industries and commerce in China were destroyed by the inflow
of cheap foreign goods and many Chinese became addicted to opium.’

e.g. ‘Natural disasters fuelled anti-foreign feelings.’

‘They included the Yellow River flood in 1898 followed by the drought of
1900.’
‘After the Opium War (1839–1842) China was made to grant commercial
concessions to Britain, opening China to foreign trade.’
‘Industries and commerce in China were destroyed by the inflow of cheap
foreign goods.’
‘The Western powers adopted a ‘gunboat’ policy against China, using force to
get what they wanted.’
‘The Chinese viewed foreigners as barbarians and rebelled against them.’
‘The ruling Qing dynasty was weak and was exploited by the West.’
‘The rulers of China increased taxes.’
e.g. ‘There were many causes of the rebellion.’
PUBLISHED 2020
3(c) Level 0 No evidence submitted or response does not address the

question 0
4(a) Describe Germany’s war preparations by 1914. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Germany had a plan of attack called the Schlieffen Plan.’

‘The Army Act of 1913 allowed Germany to expand their army.’
‘The German army numbered almost 1 million men by 1914.’
‘Germany had built a High Seas Fleet under Admiral Tirpitz.’
‘Von Moltke was Chief of Staff for the German army.’
‘The Germans planned to knock out France first and then fight Russia.’
‘Germany increased the army.’
‘Germany Increased the navy.’
‘They planned to avoid a war on two fronts.’

question 0
4(b) Why did the Alliance System fail to prevent war? 6

e.g. ‘The Alliance System failed to prevent war as it created two armed
camps, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. A dispute between one of
the members of each camp could well involve other members. This could
escalate into war.’

e.g. ‘Europe was divided into two armed camps.’

‘If one country was attacked, the crisis would escalate quickly.’
‘When the assassination took place, Austria acted against Serbia, backed up
by Germany.’
‘Russia retaliated to support Serbia. This was likely to bring Russia’s allies
(France and Britain) into the war.’
‘Small disputes were more likely to lead to wider confrontations.’
e.g. ‘They failed to stop it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
4(c) How far do you agree that Morocco was the most important cause of 10
tension before 1914? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There was a threat of war over the 1911 Moroccan crisis. Germany
thought France was about to seize power in Morocco and so sent a gunboat
to the Port of Agadir. Britain thought Germany was trying to gain a naval base
at Agadir. Tension rose as Britain supported its ally and threatened war if
Germany did not withdraw.’
OR
e.g. ‘The launch of the super-battleship ‘Dreadnought’ in 1906 was important

in raising tension in Europe because it led to the naval race between Britain
and Germany. A race developed between the two countries to see who could
build the most Dreadnoughts and this led to increased tension between the
two countries. Previously Britain had considered itself the strongest sea power
and the growth of the German navy was a threat to Britain.’

e.g. ‘The Moroccan crisis raised tension between Germany and Britain.’
‘The naval rivalry between Germany and Britain increased tension.’
‘The situation in the Balkans caused tension between Austria and Serbia.’
‘The Kaiser had an aggressive foreign policy and this caused tension.’
e.g. ‘Relationships between European powers deteriorated.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
5(a) What was the purpose of the ‘war guilt’ clause? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was designed to make Germany take responsibility for starting the
war.’
‘It allowed the Allies to charge Germany reparations of £6600 million for the
damage caused in the war.’
‘To punish Germany.’
‘It was added to get the French and Belgians to agree to reduce reparations.’
‘It removed blame for the outbreak of war from the Allies.’

question 0
5(b) Why were plebiscites included in the peace settlement? 6

e.g. ‘Plebiscites were held because boundaries changed after empires were
broken up and changes were confirmed by the peace settlement, such as
those for the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The votes were held to establish
which countries the population wanted to be governed by. For instance, the
population of Eastern Upper Silesia voted to leave Germany and become part
of Poland instead.’

e.g. ‘Plebiscites were held after 1918 in areas of uncertain nationality.’

‘To deal with lands which had been taken away from Germany and her Allies.’
‘They were to give the population an opportunity to decide which country the
populations wished to be governed by.’
‘Plebiscites could be held to resolve disputed territory.’
‘A plebiscite would decide whether the Saar should go to Germany, France or
remain under League control.’
e.g. ‘They were a good thing to include.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
5(c) How far do you agree that Clemenceau achieved his aims at Versailles? 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Clemenceau achieved some of his aims because he wanted to ensure

that France was not attacked by Germany again. The terms of the treaty
made Germany economically and militarily weak and this meant Germany
would not be able to attack France. The Rhineland was demilitarised which
also pleased Clemenceau as this land was on the border of France and it had
to stay free of troops and fortifications.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, Clemenceau was still concerned that Germany would

eventually recover its strength. To address this possibility, he wanted a Treaty
of Guarantee with the US and Britain so that they would promise to come to
France’s aid should Germany ever attack again. He did not get agreement for
this treaty and still felt that some of France’s borders, especially in the east,
were vulnerable.’

e.g. ‘Clemenceau wanted security for France in the future.’

‘Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany’s armed forces.’
‘Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany’s economy.’
‘The Treaty weakened Germany.’
‘France’s eastern borders were still vulnerable.’
‘The Allies would not guarantee to support France if Germany recovered and
attacked again.’
‘He wanted more reparations.’
e.g. ‘Clemenceau achieved some of his aims at Versailles.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
6(a) Describe Germany’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Hitler supported the Nationalists from late July 1936.’

‘Germany sent transport planes so Franco could move his troops and
equipment from Morocco to Spain.’
‘At the end of 1936, Hitler set up the Condor Legion, which was to assist
Franco in Spain.’
‘Hitler’s troops tried out new tactics.’
‘The Germans used carpet bombing such as at Guernica.’
‘Blitzkrieg tactics were used at the offensive on Bilbao.’
‘Hitler sent naval supplies.’

question 0
6(b) Why was taking control of Czechoslovakia important to Hitler? 6

e.g. ‘Taking control of Czechoslovakia was important to Hitler because he

wanted to unite all German-speaking people into the Reich. There were three
and a half million Germans living in the Sudetenland which was on the border
with Germany. Therefore, Hitler wanted to take control of this area and make
it part of the German Empire.’

e.g. ‘There were three and a half million Germans living in the Sudetenland.’
‘Hitler hated the Treaty of Versailles and wanted to destroy it.’
‘Czechoslovakia was allied with France and Russia.’
‘The Sudeten Germans had been complaining of discrimination by the Czech
government.’
‘Czechoslovakia had valuable resources such as coal.’
‘Hitler wanted to expand his empire.’
e.g. ‘It was a good country to take over.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
6(c) How surprising was it that Britain and France pursued a policy of 10
appeasement? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how surprising’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It was surprising that Britain and France followed a policy of
appeasement. They were leading members of the League of Nations, and you
would expect them to uphold the Treaty of Versailles, yet they did nothing to
stop him. They allowed Hitler to break the Treaty of Versailles by remilitarising
the Rhineland and achieving Anschluss with Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Britain followed a policy of appeasement. Many
British politicians thought the Treaty of Versailles had been too harsh on
Germany. Britain was happy that Hitler was only rightfully getting back what
belonged to Germany. This is one reason why Britain did nothing to stop the
remilitarisation of the Rhineland. Hitler resented the naval restrictions. In 1935
the Anglo-German Naval Treaty had shown Britain was prepared to negotiate
with Germany, so it was no surprise they did the same with appeasement.’

e.g. ‘Britain and France were leading members of the League of Nations.’
‘Through appeasement they missed opportunities to stop Hitler.’
‘Britain and France allowed Hitler to break the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘Britain and France lacked armed forces because their economies were
weak.’
‘France was trying to avoid war.’
‘Britain thought the Treaty of Versailles had been harsh.’
‘The British government thought Hitler was a reasonable man.’
‘Britain did not have support for war from the Empire.’
‘France was concerned about antagonising Hitler.’
‘Germany was a defence against communism from Russia.’
‘Britain and France were not ready for war.’

e.g. ‘Some people might have been surprised by this.’
PUBLISHED 2020

question 0
7(a) Describe the Communist takeover of Czechoslovakia in 1948. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Communists took over key government positions.’

‘Political opponents were arrested.’
‘Non-communist members of the government resigned in February.’
‘Communists took over their positions.’
‘President Benes cooperated with Stalin.’
‘Benes handed his cabinet over to the Communist party.’
‘Rigged elections were held in May to validate the Communist takeover.’
‘Benes resigned.’

question 0
7(b) Why was the Berlin Blockade lifted in May 1949? 6

e.g. ‘The Blockade was lifted because Stalin failed to cut off West Berlin from
the rest of Western Germany. In response to the Blockade the Allies began to
airlift supplies into West Berlin. By April 1949 this had reached 8000 tons a
day and it became clear that the Blockade had failed.’

e.g. ‘It was not working as the Allies airlifted supplies to West Berlin.’
‘Stalin had failed to cut off West Berlin.’
‘Stalin realised the Blockade would fail.’
‘The Western allies would not give up Berlin.’
‘West Berliners supported the Allies.’
e.g. ‘They did not want to continue with it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
7(c) How far do you agree that Truman was to blame for the Cold War? 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Truman could be to blame for the Cold War. He interpreted the Soviet
takeover of Eastern Europe as the start of spreading communism around the
world and responded with the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid. This was
designed to help the vulnerable European economy suffering from the effects
of the war. However, the USSR saw this as a threat, and this led to an
increase in tensions.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin could be to blame. He wanted to create a buffer zone between the
USSR and the West and so made sure the governments in countries such as
Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary were communist. He failed to hold
democratic elections in Poland as was agreed at Yalta. Although Stalin saw
his actions as defensive, they appeared aggressive to the West and a
deliberate attempt to spread communism throughout Europe.’

e.g. ‘Truman used the atom bomb to gain the upper hand at Potsdam.’
‘Truman was strongly against communism.’
‘Truman introduced the Truman Doctrine.’
‘The USA introduced the Marshall Plan.’
‘Stalin wanted to spread communism.’
‘The Berlin Blockade created considerable tension.’
‘Stalin did not keep to the promises made in the wartime conferences.’
e.g. ‘Truman was not the only reason for the Cold War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
8(a) What was the impact of the Iran-Iraq war on Iraqi civilians? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Thousands were killed in air raids.’

‘The Kurds were attacked with chemical weapons.’
‘The infrastructure in the cities was severely damaged.’
‘There were food shortages.’
‘There was a lack of medical care.’
‘Sanctions had a damaging impact on civilians.’

question 0
8(b) Why did Saddam Hussein’s regime survive the First Gulf War? 6

e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein’s regime survived the First Gulf War because the
Americans thought that allowing him to stay in power was less dangerous for
their own interests in the Middle East than removing him. They were
concerned that if he was overthrown, then an Islamic Revolution might take
place. If this happened the whole region could become very unstable.’

e.g. ‘The Americans thought he was a strong leader.’

‘The Americans were concerned there would be an Islamic Revolution if he
were overthrown.’
‘Saddam Hussein strengthened his hold on Iraq in the face of defeat.’
‘He put down resistance from the Shi’ites and the Kurds.’
e.g. ‘He was a strong ruler.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
8(c) ‘Oil was the most important cause of the dispute between Iraq and 10
Kuwait.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Oil was an important cause of the dispute between Iraq and Kuwait.
Saddam Hussein was angry that Kuwait had increased its oil production as
this meant the international price of oil had fallen. This meant Iraq was making
less money from the sale of its own oil. Saddam also claimed that Kuwait was
stealing oil from Iraq by ‘slant drilling’ oil from the Rumaila oil field which was
close to the border with Iraq. He claimed the value of this oil was over $2
billion. Therefore, oil was a major cause of the dispute.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other causes of the dispute. Iraq claimed that Kuwait was
historically part of Iraq and should never have been given independence. Until
the end of the First World War, Kuwait was part of the province of Basra. After
the war, Basra became part of Iraq while Kuwait was established as an
independent country. Iraqi rulers, such as President Qassem in the 1960s,
claimed Kuwait was part of Iraq. Saddam Hussein revived these claims.’

e.g. ‘Iraq owed huge debts to Kuwait from the Iran-Iraq War.’
‘Kuwait’s oil production increased.’
‘Saddam accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq’s oil.’
‘Iraq had a historical claim to Kuwait.’
‘Saddam’s position in Iraq was insecure following the Iran-Iraq War.’
‘Saddam wanted to increase the power of Iraq by gaining access to the coast
and Kuwait’s oil fields.’
e.g. ‘Oil was only one cause of the war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
SECTION B
9(a) Describe events on the Western Front on 1 July 1916. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Battle of the Somme was launched.’

‘The offensive began at 7.30 am.’
‘The infantry advanced across no man's land; most were met with machine-
gun fire from the German trenches.’
‘Some soldiers were caught in the barbed wire.’
‘The British had some success in the south and achieved their objectives
around Montauban and Mametz.’
‘There was heavy fighting at Thiepval.’
‘The French forces operating to the south of the River Somme also achieved
some success.’
‘There were limited gains.’
‘There were almost 60 000 British casualties and almost 20 000 deaths.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
9(b) Why were conditions in the trenches unhealthy for soldiers? 6

e.g. ‘Conditions were unhealthy for soldiers because there was a lack of clean
water and effective sanitation. There were rotting corpses, sewage and
unwashed soldiers. It was not possible to wash very often or get clean
clothes. Toilet facilities were limited. These conditions encouraged rats which
carried disease and soldiers were often infested with lice.’

e.g. ‘There were rotting corpses, sewage and unwashed soldiers.’

‘Conditions encouraged rats.’
‘The soldiers could be infested with lice.’
‘In wet weather soldiers spent much of their time up to their ankles or knees in
water.’
‘Many soldiers suffered from ‘trench foot’, caused by standing in water for
days.’
‘In winter, the trenches offered little protection from the cold. Many soldiers
got frostbite.’
‘Many suffered psychological problems such as shellshock.’
e.g. ‘The trenches were bad.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
9(c) How far do you agree that new technology was used effectively in the 10
First World War? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Some new technology was used effectively. For instance, the machine
gun was used to deadly effect by both sides and resulted in 90% of deaths.
Larger machine guns required a crew of three to six men and the Germans
had added protection by building concrete blockhouses for the machine gun
posts. This meant they were able to fire at the enemy during an attack,
making it very difficult for the enemy to advance.’
OR
e.g. ‘New technology was not always used effectively. The early tanks were
very unreliable often breaking down in no-man’s land before they reached the
enemy trenches. When they were first used on the Somme, over half of the
tanks failed to reach the German front lines.’

e.g. ‘The machine gun was most effective, accounting for over 90% of
deaths.’
‘Aircraft were useful for reconnaissance.’
‘Mustard gas caused panic among the troops.’
‘The tanks were slow.’
‘Tanks got stuck in the mud and were an easy target.’
‘Poison gas only accounted for a small number of deaths.’
‘The flame thrower with its petrol was often as dangerous to the user as it was
to the enemy.’
e.g. ‘New technology had a big impact on the fighting.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
10(a) Describe the situation facing German forces at the start of 1918. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Germany was still fighting on the Eastern Front.’

‘All the reservists in Germany had been called up.’
‘The submarine campaign against Britain had failed.’
‘The US was expected to send large numbers of men to reinforce the Allied
forces.’
‘The British blockade of German ports meant that the army was running short
of food and armaments.’
‘News of shortages on the home front was affecting troop morale.’

question 0
10(b) Why were the mutinies at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven important? 6

e.g. ‘The mutinies were important because the sailors refused to take part in a
large naval assault on Britain’s High Seas Fleet. The sailors were aware that
armistice talks were on-going and most of them either refused to return from
leave or refused to set sail on 30 October. This showed that Germany was
losing control over its armed forces and that they could not continue to fight.’

e.g. ‘The sailors refused to follow orders.’

‘The commanders had lost control of their men.’
‘Soldiers’ Councils were established.’
‘Industrial workers from Kiel joined with the Councils.’
‘Rioting spread across Germany.’
‘Naval commanders had to drop their plans to dispatch the fleet.’
e.g. ‘The mutinies showed that Germans would not follow orders.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
10(c) ‘The British naval blockade was the main reason for the defeat of 10
Germany.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The British blockade was a major reason for the defeat of Germany. It
meant that Germany struggled to feed her population and keep the
armaments industry going. Imports fell by 60% during the war. By 1917, the
daily ration in Germany had been reduced to 1 000 calories and there were
food riots across the country. It was clear the population would grow tired of
war under this pressure.’
OR
e.g. ‘Another important reason for the defeat of Germany was the Battle of
Amiens in August 1918. The Ludendorff Offensive in Spring 1918 had already
turned the war into a war of movement. A combined attack by allied infantry,
air and artillery forces drove the German line back by eight miles. The
Hindenburg line was broken at the end of September and this made the
defeat of Germany inevitable.’

e.g. ‘The British blockade caused even greater food shortages and discontent
for the German civilians.’
‘The Germans could not service their armaments industry.’
‘German imports were reduced by 60%.’
‘The US army brought large numbers of troops.’
‘The U-boat campaign had been defeated by the convoy system.’
‘General Foch co-ordinated Allied defences and forces.’
‘Germany’s allies, Turkey and Austria, were talking about surrender.’
‘The long-term cause was war weariness.’
‘Riots broke out across the country against the war and food shortages.’
e.g. ‘The reason was that Germany was on the verge of defeat.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
11(a) What was the 25 Point Programme? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘This was the political programme of the Nazi Party.’

‘It was written in 1920, partly by Hitler.’
‘It opposed the Versailles Treaty.’
‘It stated that only pure Germans should be German citizens.’
‘It said that Jews would not be allowed to be German citizens.’
‘It contained some socialist ideas.’
‘Nazi goals.’

question 0
11(b) Why was Goebbels important to Hitler? 6

e.g. ‘Goebbels was important to Hitler because he was Minister for

Propaganda and Enlightenment. This meant he controlled the way people
saw Hitler and encouraged loyalty and support for the Nazi regime. One way
he did this was by organising mass rallies such as those at Nuremberg. The
marches, military and athletic displays and speeches all gave the impression
of a very strong and united Germany and reinforced the image of Hitler as an
almost God-like leader.’

e.g. ‘He was Minister for Propaganda and Enlightenment.’

‘He controlled the radio so that only Nazi messages were heard.’
‘He bombarded the public with posters which contained positive images of the
Nazis.’
‘He organised the mass rallies.’
‘His job was to persuade the German people of the benefits of Nazi rule.’
‘Goebbels developed the Nazi propaganda machine.’
‘He recognised Hitler’s oratorical ability.’
e.g. ‘Goebbels was important because he helped Hitler.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
11(c) ‘Electoral success was the most important factor in Hitler becoming 10
Chancellor.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Electoral success was important in Hitler becoming Chancellor. In the

election in July 1932, the Nazis became the largest party in the Reichstag.
Even though the Nazis lost votes and 34 seats in the election in November
1932, they were still the largest party. It was impossible to form a stable
government without Nazi support and so Hitler was offered the post of
Chancellor in January 1933.’
OR
e.g. ‘The economic depression also helped Hitler into power. The Communist
party was also growing in strength. Leading industrialists were concerned that
they would suffer if the Communists came to power and began to give
financial support to the Nazis. This was important as it gave the Nazis much
needed funds to fight the 1932 elections. The powerful industrialists were also
very influential in the decision to make Hitler Chancellor.’

e.g. ‘The Nazis were the largest party.’

‘Wealthy industrialists supported the Nazis.’
‘There was fear of communism.’
‘Von Papen was unable to form a government.’
‘Hindenburg was persuaded to appoint Hitler as Chancellor.’
e.g. ‘Hitler became Chancellor because the Nazis had the most support.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
12(a) What were the Nazis’ views on the role of women in society? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Nazis held traditional views.’

‘Women were expected to bring up children as Nazi supporters.’
‘Women were expected to have many children.’
‘Women were expected not to go to work.’
‘Female doctors and civil servants were removed from their posts.’
‘Women were not supposed to smoke.’
‘Women were supposed to dress in a traditional way and not wear makeup.’

question 0
12(b) Why did the Nazis aim to achieve autarky? 6

e.g. ‘The Nazis aimed to achieve autarky because they didn’t want to be
dependent on imports of food and raw materials. Therefore, they encouraged
farmers to grow more food and introduced ersatz products, such as rubber
and coffee, to replace materials which Germany couldn’t supply itself.’

e.g. ‘Hitler wanted to stop Germany being dependent on imports.’

‘He wanted to import less food and raw materials.’
‘Hitler wanted Germany to be self-sufficient in case of war.’
‘He wanted to encourage German farmers to produce more.’
e.g. ‘It would be good for the country.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
12(c) ‘The policy of Total War had a greater impact on German civilians than 10
any other aspect of the Second World War.’ How far do you agree with


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The policy of Total War had a huge impact on German civilians. The
policy was a series of emergency laws which were introduced to direct
everything towards the war effort. Transport services were reduced and the
age limit for female compulsory labour was raised to 50. All workers were
made to go to the armament factories and young boys and old men joined the
Volkssturm.’
OR
e.g. ‘Bombing had a greater impact on civilians. Many cities were badly
damaged, including Berlin and Dresden. The two-day air raid on Dresden
alone killed around 150 000 people. Across Germany over 3.5 million German
homes were destroyed and roughly the same number of civilians were killed.
Many were made homeless.’

e.g. ‘Total War involved everyone in the war effort.’

‘The age limit for women in compulsory labour was raised to 50.’
‘Young and old joined the Volkssturm.’
‘Transport and postal services were reduced.’
‘3.5 million German homes were destroyed in bombing raids.’
‘Major cities such as Berlin and Cologne were badly damaged by bombing.’
‘There were serious food shortages and civilians often had to scavenge for
food.’
e.g. ‘By 1945 German civilians were in a bad way.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
13(a) What was life like for Russian peasants by 1905? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Famine and starvation were common.’

‘Russian peasants were still using ancient farming techniques.’
‘Land was divided into large fields and each family was allocated strips of land
in the fields.’
‘It was often not possible to grow enough food.’
‘The movement of the peasants was restricted.’
‘The peasants could not leave the village to find work elsewhere without
permission from the Commune.’

question 0
13(b) Why was the October Manifesto introduced? 6

e.g. ‘In the weeks before the Manifesto was issued, there was serious
disorder which could have led to a revolution. Striking workers put up
barricades in the streets, revolutionaries like Lenin and Trotsky returned from
exile to organise workers’ councils, while in the countryside peasants
murdered their landlords. The Tsar needed to respond in order to calm the
situation and did this by issuing the October Manifesto to give in to some of
the demands for reform.’

e.g. ‘There was a demand for reform.’

‘There was a need for reform.’
‘The Tsar needed to react to the events of Bloody Sunday.’
‘He feared that Russia was close to a revolution.’
‘A need to react to the defeat in the war against Japan.’
‘There was mutiny on the Potemkin.’
‘There was a general strike which paralysed industry.’
‘The Tsar’s uncle and some landlords were assassinated.’
e.g. ‘It was to make things better.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
13(c) How far would you agree that the Tsar was firmly in control of Russia at 10
the start of 1914? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways, the Tsar was firmly in control of Russia at the start of
1914. He had maintained his own power through the Fundamental Laws
which meant the Duma had little power. The Okhrana imprisoned and
monitored those who were thought to be opponents of the Tsar’s regime.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although it appeared as though the Tsar was in control, there were
serious problems facing Russia. Although life for some of the peasants had
improved, there was discontent in industrial regions. There was a great deal
of industrial unrest. A strike in the Lena goldfields was broken up by troops in
1912 and a wave of industrial unrest followed.’

e.g. ‘Life improved for some peasants.’

‘The Tsar retained his power.’
‘The Duma had little real power.’
‘The Fundamental Laws helped the Tsar keep control.’
‘The opposition was divided.’
‘The Okhrana dealt with opponents harshly.’
‘The economy was developing.’
‘There was industrial unrest.’
‘There was unrest from some nationalities.’
e.g. ‘The Tsar was fully in control in 1914.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
14(a) What did Lenin say about Stalin and Trotsky in his Political Testament? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Stalin had become too powerful.’

‘Lenin was not sure that Stalin would use his authority wisely.’
‘Lenin said that Stalin was ‘too rude’.’
‘Lenin said Stalin should be removed from his position as Secretary-General.’
‘Trotsky was a man of outstanding ability.’
‘Lenin said that Trotsky was the most capable man in the Central Committee.’
‘Trotsky displayed excessive self-assurance.’
‘Trotsky focused too much on administration.’

question 0
14(b) Why was Lenin’s funeral important in the power struggle? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral. At the funeral Stalin
was able to demonstrate that he had been close to Lenin, by appearing as the
chief mourner. This meant that Stalin seemed to have had a close relationship
with Lenin and was therefore the best candidate to succeed him.’

e.g. ‘Stalin tricked Trotsky into missing Lenin’s funeral; this meant that Trotsky
appeared to be uncaring.’
‘Stalin was chief mourner.’
‘Stalin showed he had been closer to Lenin than Trotsky.’
‘People saw Stalin as Lenin’s successor.’
e.g. ‘It was a very big occasion.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
14(c) ‘Stalin’s personality cult was his most effective means of control.’ How 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The personality cult was an effective means of control. Government

propaganda created the ‘cult of Stalin’ in which Stalin was worshipped as a
god-like leader. Paintings, sculpture and literature all glorified Stalin’s role as
leader. The Soviet people were controlled by being brainwashed to believe
that the USSR’s success was completely dependent on Stalin. This meant
they supported him without question.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin also had other ways of controlling the people, the most powerful
being the use of fear. The NKVD was the secret police and they enforced
Stalin’s rule across the USSR. They arrested anyone who was suspected of
disloyalty. Hundreds of thousands of people were imprisoned without trial and
some were then killed. People were too scared to say anything against Stalin
in case they should suffer the same fate.’

e.g. ‘Government propaganda showed Stalin as a god-like figure.’

‘Government propaganda showed Stalin as a great hero.’
‘Government propaganda meant people believed Stalin would help them
through troubled times.’
‘The NKVD enforced Stalin’s rule.’
‘The Soviet people were frightened by the purges.’
‘Russification controlled the Soviet people.’
‘Many people were put in labour camps.’
e.g. ‘The cult of personality was important but there were other methods too.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
15(a) What was a ‘flapper’? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘They were young women.’

‘They were from the wealthier classes.’
‘Mostly they came from urban areas.’
‘They cut their hair short.’
‘They wore shorter, more revealing clothes.’
‘They defied traditional ideas about female behaviour and took up smoking
and going out without a chaperone.’

question 0
15(b) Why did the 1920s become known as the Jazz Age? 6

e.g. ‘The 1920s became known as the Jazz Age because jazz music became
very popular, especially with young, white Americans. They found it exciting
and a way of rebelling against traditional entertainment. They went to
nightclubs such as the Cotton Club in Harlem, New York.’

e.g. ‘Jazz music became very popular.’

‘Nightclubs such as the Cotton Club of Harlem were opened.’
‘There was a craze for new dances such as the Charleston and the Black
Bottom.’
‘Radios helped to produce the age of the great dance bands, such as the
band led by Joe Candullo.’
‘Young people liked this music as it was daring and different.’
e.g. ‘There was a growth in listening to music.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
15(c) ‘Prohibition failed because it encouraged violence.’ How far do you 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘One reason prohibition failed was that it encouraged violence. Gang
wars broke out between rival groups who were supplying illegal liquor in cities
such as Chicago. Murder, corruption and bribery became common and there
were over 100 gangland murders in Chicago between 1926 and 1927.’
OR
e.g. ‘Prohibition failed because it was impossible to enforce. Americans

continued to drink behind closed doors in illegal bars called ‘speakeasies’.
Rum was smuggled into the US from the West Indies and some made their
own illegal alcohol at home. It was too difficult to stop this as there were too
few agents and they were poorly paid.’

e.g. ‘There was violence between rival gangs.’

‘Al Capone was a famous gangster and was responsible for the St Valentine’s
Day massacre in Chicago.’
‘Many officials were bribed.’
‘Whisky and rum were smuggled into the United States.’
‘Prohibition caused unemployment in the brewing trade.’
‘There were illegal bars called speakeasies.’
e.g. ‘Prohibition failed because of violence but there were other reasons.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
16(a) What was the Bonus March? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was a march by 25 000 war veterans.’

‘It took place in summer 1932.’
‘The veterans were to be paid a bonus in 1945.’
‘They asked for it early to help them through the depression.’
‘The marchers began a peaceful protest outside the White House.’
‘Their camp was destroyed by the army.’

question 0
16(b) Why did ‘buying on the margin’ contribute to the Wall Street Crash? 6

e.g. ‘Buying on the margin contributed to the Wall Street Crash because the
banks had loaned money to speculators to buy shares. They only needed
10% of the money and borrowed the rest from the banks. This meant the
banks invested heavily in the stock market. When the value of shares started
to fall, the speculators were unable to pay back their loans, and this in turn led
to the banks losing even more money, causing them to become bankrupt.’

e.g. ‘Speculators bought shares, assuming the value would go up.’

‘They borrowed money to buy shares and then hoped to sell them at a profit.’
‘If the value of the shares dropped the speculator lost money.’
‘Buying on the margin meant they only put down 10% of the cash needed to
buy the shares.’
‘American banks made large loans so people could ‘buy on the margin’.’
‘Many Americans bought shares in the Stock Market.’
‘As people started to sell their shares, this panicked others to also sell, and
the value of the shares started to drop rapidly.’
e.g. ‘It was not a good idea.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
16(c) How surprised are you that Hoover was known as the ‘do nothing’ 10
President? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how surprised’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways I am surprised because Hoover did not deserve his
reputation. He made some changes to try and support American business.
For instance, he cut taxes in 1930 to try and encourage consumers to keep
spending. He also asked Congress for changes to tariffs on goods and signed
the Hawley-Smoot Act in 1930 to raise tariffs on foreign goods and protect
American goods. He set up the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in 1932
to provide loans to businesses which were in difficulty.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Hoover was known as the ‘do nothing’ President.
Hoover created an image of being heartless and uncaring by believing that
government should stay out of business matters. He believed in ‘rugged
individualism’, the idea that people should work hard for themselves and not
expect the government to help them. This meant that he took little action.’

e.g. ‘He reformed tariffs with the Hawley-Smoot Act.’

‘He started a construction programme which built the Hoover Dam.’
‘The Emergency Relief and Reconstruction Act gave money to the
unemployed.’
‘Hoover believed the government shouldn’t interfere in business.’
‘Hoover did not support welfare provision.’
‘His tax cuts were too little too late.’
‘He thought it was up to the individual to get work.’
‘He did not believe in state handouts.’
‘Hoover treated the Bonus Army poorly.’
e.g. ‘Hoover did not do much as President.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
17(a) Describe Communist treatment of the landlords. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘They were persecuted.’

‘The land was taken from the landlords and shared out amongst the
peasants.’
‘Peasants were invited to ‘speak bitterness meetings’ where they showed their
anger at the way they were treated by landlords in the past.’
‘Landlords as a class were wiped out. They were often executed on the orders
of a People’s Court.’
‘As many as 1 million ex-landlords were executed.’
‘Some ex-landlords were sent to prison camps to be re-educated.’

question 0
17(b) Why did Mao embark on the Great Leap Forward? 6

e.g. ‘Mao launched the Great Leap Forward because he wanted to create a
modern economy. He stated that this would enable China to overtake other
developed nations and become the richest, most powerful and most advanced
nation.’

e.g. ‘Mao wanted to create a modern economy.’

‘Increase agricultural production.’
‘It followed the success of the 5 year plans.’
‘He wanted to use the peasants to develop industry.’
‘He wanted to increase steel production.’
‘He wanted to become more powerful than other developed nations.’
‘He wanted the workers to live in communes.’
‘He wanted the workers to become more productive.’
‘Communes would make controlling the people easier.’
e.g. ‘He thought it would be a good thing to do.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
17(c) How far do you agree that Mao’s attempts at social reform were a 10
success? Explain your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Mao made reforms in healthcare and education which benefitted

everyone in China. Healthcare was free and the number of doctors in rural
areas was increased. Education was improved and by the 1960s, over 90% of
the population were literate. This meant the workforce was capable of more
skilled labour.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although there were some reforms which benefitted women, it was hard
to change traditional attitudes. Few women became involved in politics and
only 13% of the party membership were women. Changes to the marriage
laws were not welcomed in rural society and the process of collectivisation
undermined family life. Many women were unhappy that their traditional roles
as wives and mothers were taken away. When famine struck in 1958, they
were unable to provide for their children and the divorce rate soared as many
women left home to try and find work elsewhere.’

e.g. ‘Healthcare improved.’

‘Literacy rates went up in China.’
‘Women had greater freedom and more opportunities.’
‘Forced marriage was banned.’
‘Collectivisation damaged family life.’
‘Rural society disliked changes to marriage laws.’
‘Traditional attitudes took a long time to change.’
‘The move to collectivisation and communes was a disaster and there was
famine by 1958.’
e.g. ‘Some of Mao’s social policies were a success.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
18(a) What did China gain from its relationship with the USSR in the 1950s? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The USSR and China signed a Treaty of Friendship in 1950.’

‘The USSR gave China a $300 million loan.’
‘They signed a military alliance for 30 years.’
‘The Soviet Union sent technical advisers to China to support industrial
development in the first Five-Year Plan.’
‘The USSR helped China with industrial planning.’
‘Agricultural experts were sent to China.’

question 0
18(b) Why was there tension between China and India in the 1960s? 6

e.g. ‘Relations between China and India worsened when the Dalai Lama
sought sanctuary in India after the Tibetan rising in 1959. The Dalai Lama led
a government in exile. In the early 1960s, the CIA funded him with $1.7 million
a year to launch guerrilla operations against the Chinese. This naturally upset
Sino-Indian relations.’

e.g. ‘The border between India and Tibet was not well defined.’
‘The Chinese wanted to build a road into Tibet.’
‘The Chinese built border posts in areas considered to be Indian by India.’
‘Nehru had given the Dalai Lama sanctuary in India.’
‘There were numerous border incidents between opposing border guards.’
‘The CIA funded the Dalai Lama to attack the Chinese.’
e.g. ‘They fell out.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
18(c) How far do you agree that trade was the main reason for China’s 10
improved foreign relations in the 1980s? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Trade was important in the improvement of foreign relations. In the early
1980s, Deng Xiao-ping adopted an ‘open door’ policy towards the West. A
trade agreement between the US and China was signed in the 1970s and this
led to greater cooperation in the 1980s. Many American and Western
companies set up businesses in China and China started to purchase military
and industrial equipment from abroad.’
OR
e.g. ‘Other factors contributed to improved foreign relations in the 1980s. For
instance, the United States was keen to establish more friendly relations with
China, especially as relations between the USSR and China had cooled.
Relations improved when the US government stopped recognising the
government of Taiwan as the legitimate rulers of China.’

e.g. ‘The ‘open door’ policy encouraged trade with the West.’
‘China steadily increased contact with the rest of the world.’
‘It became easier to visit China.’
‘In 1984 the British agreed to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.’
‘Relations had deteriorated with the USSR which encouraged better relations
with the United States.’
‘The United States stopped recognising the government of Taiwan as the
legitimate government of China.’
‘Deng Xiao-ping’s attitude encouraged better relations.’
e.g. ‘China’s relationship with the rest of the world improved in the 1980s.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
19(a) In what ways did Afrikaners benefit from apartheid? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It reinforced their sense of superiority.’

‘It made them more equal with English speaking white South Africans.’
‘It allowed them to gain a foothold in English speaking industries such as
mining.’
‘It allowed them to live in the most desirable areas.’
‘The National Party promoted Afrikaners to key positions.’
‘They gained control of much of the civil service and local government.’
‘Many joined the police force, which was a strong source of support for white
supremacy.’
‘The Broederbond were promoted to important positions such as the Ministry
of Native Affairs.’

question 0
19(b) Why was the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) formed? 6

e.g. ‘The Pan Africanist Congress was formed because its leader, Robert
Sobukwe, thought that the African National Congress was too cautious in its
approach. He was disappointed by their lack of success and wanted more
dramatic action. Whereas the ANC wanted single-day marches against the
Pass Laws, Sobukwe wanted mass disobedience. He wanted demonstrators
to be arrested to draw attention to the plight of Africans.’

e.g. ‘Sobukwe thought the African National Congress was too cautious in their
approach.’
‘The PAC was formed to represent the interests of Africans.’
‘Sobukwe thought the ANC was too heavily influenced by communism.’
‘The PAC wanted to fight purely for the rights of Africans rather than other
groups.’
‘The group was formed because some activists were disappointed with the
lack of success of the ANC.’
e.g. ‘The PAC was formed as it was needed.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
19(c) ‘The Bantu Education Act (1953) did more to reinforce apartheid than 10
any other legislation.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Bantu Education Act made black children pay for their education in
schools which were sub-standard. 30% had no electricity and 25% no running
water. They had few textbooks and only one third of teachers were trained. In
comparison, white education was well funded with high quality facilities,
materials and teachers. Education was free for white children and the
difference between the two systems underlined the fact that black children
were considered inferior under apartheid.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Pass system was more important in enforcing apartheid. The Pass
was a book which had to be shown on demand and applied to all non-white
men over 16 years. It was resented because white South Africans did not
have to carry one. The Pass contained information about when a non-white
person could work in a white area and how long they could be there. It helped
the government enforce apartheid because it helped them control where non-
white people lived and worked.’

e.g. ‘The Bantu Education Act meant that black children went to very poor
schools.’
‘The Pass Laws restricted where non-white people could work and this limited
their opportunities.’
‘The Separate Amenities Act meant that races were separated in public areas
and transport.’
‘The Group Areas Act divided South Africa into racial areas.’
e.g. ‘There were many laws to enforce apartheid.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
20(a) Describe Mandela’s aims for South Africa on becoming President. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He wanted reconciliation.’

‘He wanted South Africa to become a ‘rainbow’ nation by bringing together the
previously hostile races.’
‘He wanted to end the tension between the ANC and Inkatha.’
‘He wanted black majority rule.’
‘He wanted a fair government for all South Africans.’

question 0
20(b) Why did Botha’s constitutional reforms fail to improve relations between 6
non-whites and the government?

e.g. ‘Non-white South Africans were disappointed by the changes made.

Although black and Asian South Africans were given some limited
representation, the white South Africans remained in the majority. Black South
Africans, around 75% of the population, were not represented. They were
given the right to vote in local elections but no say in national politics. This did
not improve the relationship with the government.’

e.g. ‘A new South African Parliament was established but races were not
represented equally.’
‘The changes were viewed as an attempt to look like power sharing without
really changing anything meaningful.’
‘The House of Assembly had white members and was voted for by white
South Africans.’
‘Although Asians and black South Africans were represented, they did not
register to vote.’
‘Black South Africans were only allowed to vote in local elections.’
e.g. ‘The reforms did not give people what they wanted.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
20(c) How far did de Klerk’s policies to end apartheid have the backing of 10
white South Africans? Explain your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Many white South Africans were in favour of de Klerk’s policies. They
were worried about their economic future and could see that sanctions would
ruin South Africa. Foreign companies refused to invest in South Africa and the
value of the currency fell dramatically. This meant wages were falling and
unemployment was rising. It became clear to many people that the current
situation could not be allowed to continue.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Conservative Party did not support de Klerk and wanted a return to
full apartheid. There were extreme individuals such as Eugene Terre Blanche,
who was the leader of the Afrikaner Resistance Movement, who wanted to
break away from the existing South Africa and form an independent Boer-
Afrikaner republic. Members could not accept that, in the eyes of the law,
white and black would be equal.’

e.g. ‘There was increasing white opposition to apartheid.’

‘Many officials were attacked and often murdered.’
‘Economic sanctions were biting.’
‘There was disinvestment.’
‘There was no international sport.’
‘Church groups were speaking out against apartheid.’
‘Pope John Paul II became involved.’
‘Afrikaner nationalists still believed in their superiority.’
‘They had a desire for an independent Boer-Afrikaner republic.’
‘The Conservative Party wanted full apartheid.’
e.g. ‘They preferred the policies of other leaders.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
21(a) Describe Moshe Dayan’s role in the Six-Day War. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He was an Israeli military leader.’

‘He drew up a plan for a pre-emptive strike against the Arab States.’
‘The Israeli government approved this plan.’
‘He was brought into the Israeli Cabinet in the build-up to the war.’
‘He planned to destroy the opponents’ air forces on the ground.’
‘He was important in ordering an attack on the Golan Heights.’
‘He realised that speed was the most important factor in the attack.’

question 0
21(b) Why did the Soviet Union become involved in the Middle East? 6

e.g. ‘One of the reasons the Soviet Union became involved in the Middle East
was to support Nasser. The Americans refused to supply arms to Egypt and in
1955, Nasser bought arms from Czechoslovakia, which was an ally of the
Soviet Union. In July 1956, the United States and Britain decided to cancel
their loans to Egypt for building the Aswan Dam. The Soviets exploited this
opportunity for closer ties with Egypt and loaned the money for the dam.’

e.g. ‘Egypt became anti-Western because of the Suez Crisis.’

‘The United States refused to supply weapons to Egypt.’
‘The Soviet Union loaned Egypt the money to build the Aswan Dam.’
‘Egypt bought arms from Czechoslovakia, a Soviet ally.’
‘The Soviet Union gave Egypt support during the Suez Crisis.’
‘The Soviet Union was keen to deflect international attention from the
Hungarian uprising.’
e.g. ‘The Soviet Union wanted to help.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
21(c) How far do you agree that Egypt gained the most from the Suez crisis of 10
1956? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Egypt gained status from the Suez Crisis. The Egyptian leader, Nasser,
was treated as a great hero by the Arab world for standing up to the British
and French, who had dominated the Middle East for so long. He now had
complete control over the Canal and even had US aid to clear it so the Canal
reopened in April 1957.’
OR
e.g. ‘Israel made some gains from the Suez Crisis. The speed of their victory
over Egyptian forces in Gaza and Sinai proved that the Israeli Defence Forces
were still the strongest in the Middle East. The crisis also strengthened their
relationship with the United States.’

e.g. ‘Nasser became the hero of the Arab world.’

‘Egypt had complete control of the Suez Canal.’
‘Egypt had a large quantity of British military stores.’
‘Nasser could claim that Egypt was only defeated by Israel with British and
French help.’
‘The Israeli forces proved to be the strongest in the Middle East.’
‘Relations between the US and Israel were strengthened.’
e.g. ‘Egypt gained a lot.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
22(a) Describe the role of the UN in Lebanon. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The UN tried to keep the peace between Lebanon and Israel.’
‘UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) was established in 1978.’
‘It was created to supervise the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon.’
‘It gave humanitarian aid to the population in Lebanon.’
‘The UN was unable to prevent the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982.’
‘The UN stayed in Lebanon after the invasion in 1982 to protect the people.’

question 0
22(b) Why did some groups working for Palestinian liberation become more 6
militant from the 1980s?

e.g. ‘There was an increase in tension between the Israelis and Palestinians
and this led to more militant behaviour. For instance, in December 1987, an
Israeli army vehicle in Gaza crashed into a lorry killing four Palestinians. It
was rumoured that it was deliberate because an Israeli had been killed two
days before. At the funerals, a youth was shot by an Israeli soldier. Barricades
went up and Palestinians stoned Israeli army patrols.’

e.g. ‘There were reprisals between Israelis and Palestinians.’

‘In December 1987, an Israeli army vehicle in Gaza crashed into a lorry killing
four Palestinians.’
‘It was rumoured that four Palestinians had been deliberately killed because
an Israeli had been killed two days before.’
‘Palestinians stoned Israeli army patrols.’
‘Israelis dealt with demonstrations harshly. They rounded up suspects and
jailed them without trial.’
‘The Israeli army confiscated land and declared it to be Jewish property. This
land was often allocated for building Jewish settlements.’
‘By 1987, there were over 80 000 Israelis living in settlements around
Jerusalem and another 20 000 living in parts of the West Bank and Gaza.’
e.g. ‘The people were upset.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2020
22(c) How far do you agree that the UN achieved little in its involvement in the 10
Middle East? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree that the role of the UN was reduced as time went on. By the early
1990s there was increasing American intervention in the Middle East. For
instance, the invasion of Iraq in 1991 showed the United States intervening
directly in Middle Eastern affairs. Individual US statesmen relying on their own
lines of communication, such as Kissinger, Carter or Clinton, had eliminated
the UN’s peace-making role.’
OR
e.g. ‘The UN had some success in limiting tension and fighting in the Middle
East. For instance, UNEF kept the peace between the Israelis and Egypt from
1956 until 1967. UNIFIL could not stop Israel invading Lebanon in 1982, but
they provided important protection and humanitarian aid for the Lebanese
people.’

e.g. ‘Neither Syria nor Israel wanted to keep the peace despite the UN buffer
zone.’
‘UNEF kept the peace between Israel and Egypt for almost 10 years.’
‘Egypt ordered UN forces to leave Egypt in the run up to the Six Day War.’
‘Israel ignored the UN’s declaration of Israel’s occupation of eastern
Jerusalem to be illegal.’
‘Israel had not followed UN Resolution 242 to leave the Occupied Territories.’
‘The intervention of the United States in the Middle East limited the influence
of the UN.’
e.g. ‘The UN had some success in the early days.’

question 0
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
2 hours

* 4 7 5 0 7 1 4 0 0 6 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
This document has 12 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
DC (LO) 215806
1 In 1848 there was unrest across much of Europe.
(a) Describe how Frederick William IV reacted to unrest in Berlin in 1848. [4]
(b) Why were there challenges to the existing regimes in Italy in 1848? [6]
(c) How important were the revolutions of 1848? Explain your answer. [10]
2 The USA faced problems both before and after the Civil War.
(a) Describe what happened at Harpers Ferry in 1859. [4]
(b) Why was Reconstruction not successful? [6]
(c) How important was slavery as a cause of the Civil War? Explain your answer. [10]
3 In the nineteenth century European countries were active in Africa, China and India.
(a) What were the beliefs of the Boxers? [4]
(b) Why was the Congo important to Leopold II? [6]
(c) ‘The Indian Mutiny achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
4 Tensions in Europe grew worse in the years before 1914.
(a) Describe German colonial policy in the period 1890 to 1914. [4]
(b) Why were events in the Balkans in 1912–13 important? [6]
(c) ‘Germany was reluctant to go to war in 1914.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/M/J/21
5 The League of Nations failed to live up to expectations.
(a) Describe how the Assembly and the Council of the League were meant to work. [4]
(b) Why was the League’s failure over Corfu important? [6]
(c) ‘The League’s lack of an army explains its failure in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with this
6 Germany grew in strength during the 1930s.
(a) Describe what happened in the Saar in 1935. [4]
(b) Why was Anschluss important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Britain and France declared war on Germany in September 1939?
7 The USA had an interventionist foreign policy in the 1950s and 1960s.
(a) Describe the tactics used by the Vietcong. [4]
(b) Why was the Tet Offensive important for the USA? [6]
(c) Which was more important for the USA, its involvement in Korea or the Cuban Missile Crisis?
8 After decades of problems in parts of Eastern Europe, Soviet control finally collapsed.
(a) Describe how the Soviet Union responded to the uprising in Hungary in 1956. [4]
(b) Why was it important for the Soviet Union to stop Dubček’s reform programme in
Czechoslovakia? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Gorbachev made little effort to defend Soviet power in Eastern Europe?

9 There were important developments in the first year of the war.
(a) Describe events in Belgium in 1914. [4]
(b) Why did trench warfare present both sides with difficulties? [6]
(c) ‘The Battle of Mons was more important than the first Battle of the Marne.’ How far do you
10 Events in 1917–18 determined the outcome of the war.
(a) Describe the events that led to the USA entering the war. [4]
(b) Why did mutiny break out at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven in 1918? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that the Germans launched the Ludendorff Offensive in 1918? Explain your
answer. [10]
11 Hitler’s rise to power was caused by several factors.
(a) Describe how Hitler took advantage of the Reichstag Fire. [4]
(b) Why was the Depression important to the Nazis? [6]
(c) ‘The Munich Putsch was a disaster for the Nazis.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
12 The Nazis did as much as they could to try and ensure they faced little opposition.
(a) Describe how the Nazis used the mass media. [4]
(b) Why was Kristallnacht important? [6]
(c) ‘There was no effective opposition to the Nazi regime.’ How far do you agree with this
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/M/J/21
13 Nicholas II survived as Tsar in 1905, but not in 1917.
(a) What problems faced the Tsar’s government at the beginning of the twentieth century? [4]
(b) Why did the Tsar abdicate in March 1917? [6]
(c) ‘The Tsar survived the 1905 Revolution because of his repressive policies.’ How far do you
14 Stalin was determined to modernise Russia.
(a) Describe the experiences of ethnic minorities under Stalin. [4]
(b) Why was developing heavy industry important for Stalin’s plans? [6]
(c) ‘The kulaks suffered the most from Stalin’s economic policies.’ How far do you agree with this
15 Not everyone prospered in the USA during the 1920s.
(a) Describe the experiences of American farmers during the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why did traditional industries struggle in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘Republican governments were responsible for the boom in America in the 1920s.’ How far do
16 The USA went through some very difficult times in the 1920s and 1930s.
(a) Describe the campaign run by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. [4]
(b) Why did many people blame Hoover for the hardship caused by the Depression? [6]
(c) ‘It was long-term weaknesses in the American economy that led to the Wall Street Crash.’
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/M/J/21
17 The 1950s and 1960s were periods of great change for China.
(a) Describe how the Communists tried to destroy the traditional culture of China. [4]
(b) Why were communes introduced by the Communists? [6]
(c) ‘Mao’s social reforms were more important to the people of China than his industrial reforms.’
18 China’s external relations were unpredictable.
(a) Describe relations between China and India during the period 1950 to 1970. [4]
(b) Why did China not recognise Taiwan as an independent state? [6]
(c) ‘China’s relations with the USA were better than those with the USSR during the period 1950
to 1976.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
19 Both the enforcement of apartheid and resistance to it increased in the years up to 1966.
(a) What happened in the 1948 election? [4]
(b) Why was the Bantu Education Act of 1953 passed? [6]
(c) ‘The African National Congress (ANC) was effective as a resistance organisation up to 1966.’
20 It took a long time for South African politicians of different parties to work together.
(a) Describe the activities of the Inkatha Freedom Party in the early 1990s. [4]
(b) Why were the policies of P W Botha not successful? [6]
(c) ‘After his release from prison Mandela was successful in getting white South Africans to work
with him.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/M/J/21
10
21 Wars and their consequences dominated the Middle East.
(a) What happened in the Suez Crisis of 1956? [4]
(b) Why were the consequences of the war of 1967 important? [6]
(c) Who gained most from the Yom Kippur War of 1973? Explain your answer. [10]
22 Attempts to find a permanent peace in the Middle East have always failed.
(a) Describe Likud’s attitude towards the creation of a Palestinian state. [4]
(b) Why did Hamas grow in importance after 1987? [6]
(c) ‘The Camp David meetings of 1978 achieved more than the Oslo Accords of 1993 and 1995.’
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/M/J/21
PUBLISHED
1(a) Describe how Frederick William IV reacted to unrest in Berlin in 1848. 4
Level 1 – One mark for each relevant point; additional mark for
supporting detail 1–4
e.g. ‘First planned to repress the unrest with the army.’

‘Recalled the troops.’
‘Supported German unification.’
‘Formed a liberal government.’
‘Called a national assembly.’
‘Began on a new constitution’.
‘Ordered the army to reoccupy Berlin.’
‘Dissolved the assembly.’
Level 0 – No evidence submitted or response does not address the

question 0
PUBLISHED
1(b) Why were there challenges to the existing regimes in Italy in 1848? 6
Level 4 – Explains TWO reasons 6
Level 3 – Explains ONE reason 4–5

e.g. ‘One of the main reasons was Austrian rule. The Austrians controlled
much of northern Italy and this foreign rule was very unpopular. There was
a permanent Austrian army that was hated and people had to pay the
Austrians unpopular taxes and the Austrians even increased these taxes
which were then used to finance other parts of the Austrian Empire. This
led the people to rise up against the Austrians. This is what happened in
Milan.’
Level 2 – Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3

e.g. ‘Some Italians wanted a liberal government.’

‘Italians wanted to get rid of Austrian rule.’
‘This was because of the reforms introduced by the Pope in Rome.’
‘The Austrians increased taxes.’
‘People in Sicily wanted a provisional government that was separate from
the government of the mainland.’
‘There had been crop failure in 1846 and 1847.’
‘Food prices were high leading to starvation.’
‘The ‘Statuto’ issued by Charles Albert in 1847 encouraged people to hope
for reform.’
Level 1 – General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1
e.g. ‘There were challenges because people were unhappy with the
existing rulers.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
1(c) How important were the revolutions of 1848? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘how important’ 10
Level 4 – Explanation of both sides 7–9
A L4 answer will have a minimum of three explanations (2 on one side; 1

on the other). This will be worth a mark of 7.
Level 3 – One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–

6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The revolutions were not important because they all failed. In France
military repression was used to put down the revolutions in Paris and
Prague. The Austrians were also able to restore their control in Italy and
those fighting for Italian unification got nowhere. Everywhere liberal and
national demands were lost. Absolute monarchy was re-established in
Germany, Austria and Italy, while in France the revolution ended up with a
hereditary emperor being established. This was the opposite to the aims
of the revolutionaries. The revolutions were not important because their
aims were not achieved and everywhere old systems of government were
restored.’
OR
e.g. ‘The revolutions were very important in terms of the ideas they
supported. These ideas are what made the revolutions important. Ideas
such as nationalism grew much stronger. In places like Italy they did not
go away and an independent and unified Italy was achieved in the
following decades. Liberalism and ideas such as freedom of the press and
a liberal constitution had emerged and were not killed off for good. Many
of the aims of the revolutionaries were achieved by the 1870s. In the long
term, the revolutions were important.’
PUBLISHED
1(c) Level 2 – Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3

e.g. ‘The revolutions were important because they brought nationalism to

the fore and it would not go away.’
‘In Italy it was seen that Austrian power could be questioned and even
defeated.’
‘In Italy the revolutions stimulated demands for independence and
unification.’
‘In France the monarchy was toppled and the country became a Republic.’
‘They were important because there were achievements such as all men
getting the vote in France.’
‘In Sardinia the Constitution of March 1848 was kept.’
‘In Austria feudalism was abolished.’
‘In France the Republic was defeated and Napoleon became emperor.’
‘In Hungary the revolution was crushed and Hungary was put under brutal
martial law.’
‘Austria regained its power in Italy.’
e.g. ‘The revolutions were not important because they did not change
much.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(a) Describe what happened at Harpers Ferry in 1859. 4
e.g. ‘John Brown tried to start a slave revolt.’

‘John Brown led a group of armed men into the town and took hostages.’
‘It was a raid on a US arsenal.’
‘The raiders cut the telegraph to stop help from coming.’
‘Some of the local slaves joined Brown.’
‘Brown captured the armoury.’
‘The local militia surrounded the armoury.’
‘A militia company arrived and forced Brown and his men back and freed
some of the prisoners.’
‘US marines attacked the engine house and killed or captured all the
raiders.’
‘John Brown was captured.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(b) Why was Reconstruction not successful? 6
e.g. ‘President Andrew Johnson was the reason why Reconstruction

failed. He was a weak president and failed to support Reconstruction
properly. He pardoned former Confederate officers and took Union troops
out of the South before the rights of black Americans had been secured.
This allowed the Black Codes to be introduced and implemented and this
reduced the impact of the abolition of slavery. Johnson’s idea of
Reconstruction did not include involving black Americans or former slaves
in government and he did nothing when the Black Codes began to be
introduced.’
e.g. ‘It failed because neither President Johnson nor President Grant were
really behind it.’
‘The states of the Confederacy would not cooperate.’
‘Black Americans were still dependent on the white planters and were
unable to develop economically.’
‘The Freedman’s Bureau was understaffed and could not be effective
enough.’
‘The activities of organisations, such as the KKK, undermined efforts at
reconstruction.’
‘White dominated legislatures tried to establish white supremacy by
disenfranchising black Americans.’
‘It failed because the North tried to take power away from Southern white
people and they reacted to this.’
‘It failed for economic reasons – land was not given to freed men so that
they had an economic base to help them prosper.’
e.g. ‘It failed because not many people supported it and so it had no
chance of succeeding.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(c) How important was slavery as a cause of the Civil War? Explain your 10
answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not think that slavery was all that important. The fundamental
issue was that of states’ rights and arguments over slavery were just a
symptom of this. The population of the North was growing more quickly
than that of the South, which was worried that this would lead to the North
permanently controlling the government of the USA. One way that the
South could protect itself from Northern power was to argue that the
power of the federal government should be limited and that individual
states should have the power to decide issues such as slavery.’
OR
‘I think that slavery was the most important cause of the Civil War. It was
the crucial issue that divided the North and the South. In the years before
the war, you can see tensions over slavery rising and the divisions
growing greater. The Compromise of 1850 was to prevent a war over
slavery, but it was only a temporary solution and the issue came back in
the Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was the issue of slavery that led to the
violence of ‘Bleeding Kansas’ in 1855–56, and in 1857 the Dred Scott
decision made divisions over slavery even greater. It is clear that all the
problems that faced the USA were caused by the issue of slavery and this
led to the Civil War.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘States’ rights was a more important issue than slavery.’

‘The election of Lincoln as president was more important than slavery.’
‘The main cause of the Civil War was the secession of Southern states.’
‘Slavery was the main cause. It was crucial to the economy of the South
but not to that of the North.’
‘Slavery was the main issue. There was a fundamental moral
disagreement about whether it was evil or not.’
‘The main cause was the expansion of the United States. Every time a
new state was added, it became a battle ground between North and
South.’
e.g. ‘Slavery was an important cause of the Civil War because a lot of
people felt very strongly about it.’

question 0
3(a) What were the beliefs of the Boxers? 4
e.g. ‘They believed that Western encroachment in China should be

stopped.’
‘They thought that they were not vulnerable against their enemies.’
‘They thought that millions of soldiers would come down from heaven to
help them in their struggle against foreigners.’
‘They thought the work of Christian missionaries was wrong.’
‘The Boxers believed problems facing China like famine and low
standards of living were caused by foreigners.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(b) Why was the Congo important to Leopold II? 6
e.g. ‘The Congo was important because it gave Leopold an enormous

personal fortune. The Congo had ivory and rubber that he could make
money from. There was a great global demand for rubber and so it fetched
high prices. Leopold exploited the local people for their labour to obtain
the rubber. They were beaten and mutilated and millions were killed. He
made his fortune from all this. As he personally owned the Congo, all the
wealth belonged to him and not to Belgium.’
e.g. ‘It was important to him because it was to make him rich.’
‘He thought that colonies could make a country great.’
‘It was important to him because of its ivory and rubber.’
e.g. ‘It was important to him because it gave him everything he wanted.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(c) ‘The Indian Mutiny achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this 10
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘As far as Indians were concerned the mutiny achieved little. The
mutineers were defeated and the British carried out terrible revenge with
many being killed. The harsh punishments were generally welcomed in
Britain where stories of the excesses of the mutineers had scandalised the
public. Britain also tightened its hold on India. The percentage of soldiers
that were British went up and many of the Indian regiments were
disbanded. The aims of the mutineers were completely forgotten and the
Mughal dynasty was ended.’
OR
‘There were some reforms. Control of India was taken away from the East
India Company and put under the British government. A new government
office was set up – the India Office. Moves away from the policies of the
EIC were made. Attempts at Westernisation were stopped and there was
more religious toleration. More Indians were allowed into the Indian Civil
Service creating a new Indian middle class. There was also more respect
paid to local traditions and the wishes of local Indian leaders with local
government given more powers.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The mutineers were harshly punished.’

‘Any nationalist hopes were killed by the ending of the Mughal dynasty.’
‘India was placed under the British government and so there was even
less chance of an independent India.’
‘The mutiny was thoroughly defeated.’
‘The East India Company lost control of India.’
‘More Indians were appointed to the Indian Civil Service.’
‘There were fewer attempts at westernisation.’
‘Local traditions and religions were given more respect.’
e.g. ‘The Indian Mutiny achieved little because it was badly organised.’

question 0
4(a) Describe German colonial policy in the period 1890 to 1914. 4
e.g. ‘Germany wanted colonies.’

‘Germany was trying to catch up with other European countries, which had
colonies.’
‘The Kaiser followed a policy of Weltpolitik.’
‘Germany thought that to become a great power it had to have colonies.’
‘Germany acquired the Pacific Ocean colonies.’
‘In 1904 Germany brutally put down a rebellion by Herero tribes in South
West Africa.’
‘The Herero were put in concentration camps.’
‘The Herero were used as slave labour.’
‘Germany put a lot of work into developing Togoland.’
‘Germany tried to undermine French influence in the First Moroccan Crisis
of 1905-06.’
‘After the Second Moroccan Crisis, Germany was given the colony of
Middle Congo.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(b) Why were events in the Balkans in 1912–13 important? 6
e.g. ‘Events in the Balkans were important because of their impact on the
Ottoman Empire. The Balkan League attacked the Ottoman Empire
because its members wanted independence from the Empire. The
Ottoman Empire was defeated and lost much of its European territory. It
also ended Ottoman rule in much of the Balkan peninsula. All of this was
important because it led to the sharp decline of the Ottoman Empire. As it
was isolated and in trouble, it allied with Germany in the First World War.’
e.g. ‘They were a disaster for the Ottoman Empire which lost lots of its
territory in Europe.’
‘They were important because a stronger Serbia emerged.’
‘Serbia had ambitions to create a Greater Serbia.’
‘These events were important because they led to tension between Serbia
and Austria.’
‘These events were important because Russia was left with just Serbia as
an ally against Austria.’
‘This meant Russia had to support Serbia against Austria in 1914.’
‘These events were important because they led to Bulgaria looking to
Austria for support.’
‘These events created a very unstable situation in the Balkans.’
‘These events contributed to the start of World War 1.’
e.g. ‘These events were important because they had an enormous impact
on the next few years.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(c) ‘Germany was reluctant to go to war in 1914.’ How far do you agree 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not agree that Germany was reluctant to go to war. I think it

wanted to become a superpower and knew that it would have to defeat
Russia and France to achieve this. This can be seen by its Schlieffen Plan
which it hoped would allow it to knock out France quickly before Russia
could mobilise. When the Archduke’s assassination took place, Germany
encouraged Austria to provoke Serbia into war. This gave Germany the
excuse to launch the war.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Germany was reluctant to go to war. This can be seen by the
fact that the decisive event was Russia mobilising. At this stage Germany
was not preparing for war. Russia was determined to use the crisis over
the assassination to attack Austria. Germany was even trying to mediate
between Austria and Serbia. Russian mobilisation changed everything and
Germany had to mobilise because of the threat from Russia. In this way,
Germany was dragged into war.’
Level 2 – Identifies AND/OR describes 2–3
e.g. ‘The Schlieffen Plan shows that Germany was keen on war.’
‘Germany gave Austria the ‘blank cheque’ and this shows it was keen on
war.’
‘Germany wanted to be a world power and was determined to defeat
Russia and France.’
‘Germany was forced into war by the Russian mobilisation.’
‘Germany was keen to go to war as is shown by the fact that it declared
war on Belgium.’
‘Germany was dragged into war by Austria’s actions.’
‘Germany was not keen on a war because it was not sure what position
Britain would take.’
PUBLISHED
5(a) Describe how the Assembly and the Council of the League were 4
meant to work.
e.g. ‘The Assembly contained representatives of all members.’

‘The Assembly met in Geneva.’
‘The Assembly met once a year.’
‘The Assembly’s job was to set the budget admit new members and elect
members of the Council.’
‘The Assembly was the League’s Parliament.’
‘The Assembly could make recommendations to the Council.’
‘Assembly decisions had to be unanimous.’
‘The Council consisted of permanent members and temporary members
who were elected by the Assembly for three years.’
‘The Council met three to five times a year.’
‘The Council’s job was to settle international disputes.’
‘The Council met during emergencies/crises.’
‘Council members had a veto.’
‘The Council could issue sanctions.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(b) Why was the League's failure over Corfu important? 6
e.g. ‘The League’s failure was important because it showed the League’s
weakness when it came up against major powers such as Italy. When an
Italian general was murdered, Mussolini sent forces to bombard and
occupy Corfu. Greece appealed to the League of Nations, but Mussolini
refused to let the League have any say on the matter and demanded it go
to the Conference of Ambassadors. This is what happened and Italy got
its demands. This was important because it showed that powerful
countries could just ignore the League of Nations. This would be a lesson
for other powerful countries in the future.’
e.g. ‘Its failure was important because this was its first real test.’
‘Its failure was important because it showed the League was weak.’
‘This was important because it showed that powerful countries could
ignore the League.’
‘It was a lesson for powerful countries that if they ignored the League, they
could get away with it.’
‘It was important because it showed how Fascist countries would act in
their foreign policies.’
‘It showed GB and France were more interested in their own interests.’
e.g. ‘It was important because what happened affected a number of

countries.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(c) ‘The League’s lack of an army explains its failure in the 1930s.’ How 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The fact it did not have an army was a major
weakness of the League. This can be seen when Italy invaded Abyssinia.
The League decided against Italy and voted for economic sanctions.
However, without an army to back up such a threat, the League could do
nothing when Mussolini simply ignored the sanctions. If the League had
had an army, Mussolini might have been persuaded to back down. The
truth was that without an army, the League simply could not stand up to
major powers.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The main reason why the League failed in the
1930s was the slow and uncertain way it acted when there was a crisis.
This can be seen when Japan invaded Manchuria. It took the League over
a year to decide what to do and by that time it was too late - Japan was in
control of Manchuria and there was nothing the League could do. Having
an army would have made no difference. Manchuria was so far away that
the problems of getting an army out there would also have been great.
The League needed to be determined to stand up to aggression. This was
not the case. If the League had had an army, it probably wouldn’t have
been able to agree to use it.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The League failed because the USA was not a member.’
‘The League failed because Britain and France used it to pursue their own
interests.’
‘It failed because several major powers such as Germany and the USSR
were not members for long periods of time.’
‘The League failed because its decision-making was so slow.’
‘The lack of an army meant that the League could not enforce its
decisions.’
‘Countries were unwilling to provide soldiers for the army.’
‘It failed because of the structure of the League such as requiring
unanimous decisions.’
‘It could not enforce disarmament.’
‘It failed because of the effects of the Depression.’
Level 1 – General answer lacking specific contextual knowledge 1 1
e.g. ‘I agree. The League did not have an army and this made it weak.’

question 0
6(a) Describe what happened in the Saar in 1935. 4
e.g. ‘A plebiscite took place in January.’

‘People in the Saar voted whether to stay under the League of Nations,
join Germany, or become part of France.’
‘Goebbels went to the Saar to whip up enthusiasm.’
‘During the period of the referendum, the Nazis stopped their violence and
intimidation.’
‘The people of the Saar voted for being part of Germany.’
‘Over 90% voted for joining Germany.’
‘The Saar became part of Germany in March 1935.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(b) Why was Anschluss important to Hitler? 6

e.g. ‘This was because one of Hitler’s main aims was to incorporate into
Germany as many Germans living outside Germany as possible. Hitler
believed that the Aryan race (which included Germans) was superior to all
others and so he wanted to collect all proper Germans into Germany. The
people living in Austria were German speakers and so Hitler regarded
them as German. Anschluss was the union between Germany and Austria
and allowed Hitler to achieve his aim of uniting all Germans.’

e.g. ‘The people in Austria were German speakers.’

‘Hitler wanted all German speakers to be part of Germany.’
‘It was the first step in uniting all German speakers.’
‘It was one of his aims in Mein Kampf.’
‘Austria was where he was born.’
‘It was the first step to achieving a ‘Greater Germany’.’
‘Part of the plan was to break up the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘Hitler could threaten Czechoslovakia more easily from Austria.’
‘Austria was rich in mineral deposits.’
e.g. ‘It was important to him because he thought that it was the right thing
to do and would help Germany.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(c) Are you surprised that Britain and France declared war on Germany 10
in September 1939? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘are you surprised’ 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I am very surprised because up until then Britain and France had
been following a policy of appeasement and letting Hitler do what he
wanted. They had let Hitler break the Treaty of Versailles by rearming
Germany and remilitarising the Rhineland, and then agreeing for part of
Czechoslovakia to be taken over by Germany. When Hitler took the rest,
they did nothing. It is difficult to see how Hitler’s invasion of Poland was
any different, and so it is a surprise that they should have declared war on
Germany.’
OR
e.g. ‘No, I am not surprised. They could not let Hitler keep on invading
countries. They had followed a policy of appeasement for long enough.
After each step in his foreign policy Hitler had said he had no more
ambitions, but this was always false. This was clear when he broke the
Munich Agreement over Czechoslovakia. It was clear he would not stop
until he had power over all Europe. When he invaded Poland, it was clear
that Hitler’s plan to dominate all Europe had to be stopped.’

e.g. ‘Yes, they had always appeased Hitler.’

‘Yes, they had let him take Czechoslovakia.’
‘Yes, they were not ready for a major war and were too weak to fight
Hitler’s Germany.’
‘No, appeasement had not worked.’
‘No, they had given Poland a guarantee that they would support Poland if
it was attacked.’
‘No, Germany taking over all of Czechoslovakia had no justification at all
and showed that Hitler was out to dominate Europe.’
‘No, Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939.’
PUBLISHED
7(a) Describe the tactics used by the Vietcong. 4
e.g. ‘They used guerrilla warfare.’

‘They won the support of the Vietnamese peasants.’
‘The peasants gave them food and hid them.’
‘They hid in villages and often pretended to be peasants.’
‘They used booby traps and ambushes.’
‘They retreated when the Americans attacked so that the Americans could
not fight a proper battle.’
‘They kept on the move.’
‘They used networks of tunnels for escape and surprise attacks.’
‘They worked in small cells.’
‘They did not wear uniforms.’
‘They raided enemy camps.’
‘They used hit and run tactics.’
‘They used the Ho Chi Minh Trail for supplies.’
‘They had no known base.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(b) Why was the Tet Offensive important for the USA? 6
e.g. ‘This was important for the USA because of the impact it had in the
USA. Tet was a massive attack by North Vietnamese forces across South
Vietnam in 1968. Although it was a military defeat for North Vietnam, it
caused a big shock. The Americans had been told that North Vietnam was
weak and not capable of launching large attacks. Tet showed this was
wrong and support for the war in the US declined and opposition to it
grew.’
e.g. ‘This was because lots of cities and US bases in South Vietnam were
attacked.’
‘It helped towards the US seeking negotiations with North Vietnam.’
‘It increased opposition to the war in the USA.’
‘The US government was not able to persuade the American people that it
was a major defeat for North Vietnam.’
‘It showed the American people that North Vietnam was far from being
defeated and that the war was not nearly over.’
‘The US had high casualties during the Offensive.’
‘Extensive coverage on TV convinced US that the war was unwinnable.’
‘There were questions in the US over the cost of the war.’
‘There were questions in the US over the tactics used.’
‘It was questioned in the US how the V.C. were able to launch a major
attack and take the US by surprise.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it could be seen as a turning point in the
Vietnam War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(c) Which was more important for the USA, its involvement in Korea or 10
the Cuban Missile Crisis? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘which was the more important’

10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the USA’s involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis was far
more important. This is because Cuba was a communist country off the
coast of the USA and so the missiles there were a real threat to America.
The missiles could reach major cities all over the country. It was the USSR
that had put the missiles there and the USSR was America’s biggest rival
at the time. The USA could not afford to be the loser in this crisis.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Korean War was more important for the USA. It was a major
effort to stop the spread of communism. Troops from the communist North
Korea invaded South Korea and were supported by both China and the
USSR. There was a real danger that South Korea would fall to the
communists. This would have been an important step in spreading
communism to other countries in South East Asia. The Americans
believed in the domino theory – that if one country fell to communism, then
neighbouring countries would fall. It was also the first military action of the
Cold War and so the USA could not afford to lose it. The USA managed to
protect South Korea in the Korean War and this stopped the spread of
communism in the region.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Korean War stopped the spread of communism into South Korea
and other parts of South East Asia.’
‘The Korean War was the first big conflict of the Cold War and so the USA
could not afford to lose it.’
‘Korea showed that the US and the UN could work together.’
‘Korea remained separated.’
‘The Korean War had high casualty figures.’
‘The missiles in Cuba threatened every major city in the USA.’
‘If Soviet missiles had stayed in Cuba, the USA would never have been
safe.’
‘The USA could not afford to back down to the USSR, its biggest rival.’
‘The Cuban Crisis enhanced the reputation of Kennedy.’
‘Cuba was important because it was solved without direct warfare.’
‘Cuba led to improved relations with the Hotline.’
‘Cuba was still communist.’
‘The USA had to remove missiles from Turkey.’
e.g. ‘Both had a major impact on the USA.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(a) Describe how the Soviet Union responded to the uprising in Hungary 4
in 1956.
e.g. ‘Soviet tanks guarded the Parliament building and soldiers guarded
bridges and crossroads.’
‘At the end of October, Khrushchev withdrew Russian troops.’
‘Khrushchev declined Nagy’s plan to leave the Warsaw Pact.’
‘In November, Soviet tanks and soldiers moved into Budapest.’
‘In fierce fighting the Soviet troops defeated the protestors and the
Hungarian army.’
‘It killed many Hungarian civilians.’
‘It suppressed all public opposition.’
‘It arrested and executed the Hungarian leader.’
‘It appointed a new communist leader to head the Hungarian government
to strictly follow the communist regime of the USSR.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(b) Why was it important for the Soviet Union to stop Dubček’s reform 6
programme in Czechoslovakia?
e.g. ‘It was important for the Soviets to stop Dubček because they were
afraid that his ideas would spread to other communist countries in Eastern
Europe. His reforms included a free press, freedom of speech and
reducing government control over industry. If these reforms were allowed
in Czechoslovakia, there was a worry that people in other communist
countries would demand the same freedoms. This would put at danger the
Soviet Union’s control over the whole of Eastern Europe. The Soviet
Union introduced the Brezhnev Doctrine which stated that the USSR
would use troops to establish control in countries that wandered from
communism.’
e.g. ‘It was worried that these ideas would spread to other Eastern
European countries.’
‘It saw his reforms as an attack on communism.’
‘It was worried that this would weaken the Communist Bloc in the Cold
War against the USA.’
‘Leaders of other communist countries were worried for their own positions
and wanted the Soviet Union to take decisive action.’
‘The Soviets were worried that unless they took decisive action, countries
in Eastern Europe would think they were weak.’
‘Czechoslovakia was one of the most important countries behind the Iron
Curtain with a strong industrial base.’
e.g. ‘It was important because the reforms were very dangerous.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(c) Are you surprised that Gorbachev made little effort to defend Soviet 10
power in Eastern Europe? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I am not surprised Gorbachev did not defend Soviet power in Eastern
Europe because he realised that the Soviet Union was in dire economic
trouble. He introduced perestroika to reform Soviet industry and its
economy. Because of its economic problems, he knew that the Soviet
Union could no longer afford to keep troops in Eastern Europe and keep
on putting down protests. This is the reason he did little when Communism
began to disintegrate in Eastern European countries.’
OR
e.g. ‘I am very surprised. The Soviet Union saw the Eastern European
countries as a protective barrier for itself against the West. It had been
invaded by Germany twice in the twentieth century and Stalin had been
determined this would not happen again. This had been the basis of
Soviet policy for decades and explains why the Soviet Union had put down
risings in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. It is surprising that when
communist regimes began to collapse and the Berlin Wall fell, Gorbachev
did nothing.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I am surprised because the Soviets had put down lots of risings in
Eastern European countries.’
‘I am surprised. If Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe, then the
Soviet Union might be under threat.’
‘I am surprised. The Brezhnev Doctrine said that the Soviet Union would
intervene.’
‘I am not surprised. The Soviet Union could not afford to send troops to
Eastern Europe.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev was a new kind of leader in the Soviet
Union and he realised that reforms were needed.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev believed in different policies such as
Glasnost and Perestroika.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev thought the USSR spent too much on
defence.’
‘I am not surprised. He thought too much money had been spent on
Afghanistan.’
‘I am not surprised. He saw a higher standard of living in the West.’
‘I am not surprised. He saw citizens resenting their lives being totally
controlled.’
‘I am not surprised. Gorbachev was interested in saving the Soviet Union,
so he was less interested in Eastern Europe than other Soviet leaders had
been.’
e.g. ‘I am very surprised. I would have thought that Gorbachev would have
wanted to defend Soviet power.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
Depth Study A: The First World War, 1914–18
9(a) Describe events in Belgium in 1914. 4
e.g. ‘Belgium announced its neutrality in any future war.’

‘Germany demanded passage through Belgium.’
‘Belgium refused.’
‘Britain promised military support for Belgium.’
‘On 4 August, German troops invaded Belgium.’
‘The Battle of Liege – the Belgians surrendered after eleven days.’
‘On 17 August, the Belgians abandoned the capital, Brussels.’
‘At the battle of Mons, the BEF was forced back.’
‘Belgian resistance delayed the German troops in Belgium.’
‘Germany conducted a policy of terror against Belgian civilians.’
‘This included the burning of towns and massacres.’
‘In September, Antwerp was abandoned.’
‘In October, the First Battle of Ypres started.’
‘By November, most of Belgium was under German occupation.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(b) Why did trench warfare present both sides with difficulties? 6
e.g. ‘It created difficulties for both sides because both sides built trenches.
These spread from the North Sea to Switzerland and so dominated the
fighting. The great problem for both sides was that the trenches were
fortified so heavily that it was almost impossible to launch a successful
attack. When an attack was launched, the soldiers were mowed down by
machine guns as they tried to wade through the mud and barbed wire.
The casualties were high. No side could advance, and so they were stuck
there for years.’
e.g. ‘Both sides found it impossible to attack across No Man’s Land.’

‘Trench warfare meant that both sides were bogged down along the trench
system for years.’
‘Both sides suffered from dreadful conditions in the trenches, especially
rats and infection.’
‘Both sides suffered from epidemics of typhus, cholera and dysentery.’
‘Soldiers on both sides suffered the same conditions such as ‘trench foot’
when the feet swelled and went numb.’
‘Soldiers on both sides suffered from shellshock.’
‘New methods of warfare were introduced.’
‘There were many casualties.’
e.g. ‘Both sides used the trench system and so they experienced the
difficulties it brought about.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(c) ‘The Battle of Mons was more important than the first Battle of the 10
Marne.' How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Battle of Mons was more important. It was fought by the British
Expeditionary Force and was their first battle. No one knew how the BEF
would fight, and despite being outnumbered, it got the better of the fighting
and this gave the soldiers great confidence. They had delayed the
Germans and prevented the French Army from being outflanked.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Battle of the Marne was clearly more important because it was a
turning point in the war. It led to trench warfare which was to dominate the
war for years. It was also important because it stopped the retreat of the
Allies. Until then, the Germans had advanced into France and seemed to
be on the way to Paris. The Allied victory at this battle meant there was a
stalemate and trench warfare started. Without the Battle of the Marne the
Germans might have got to Paris and been definitely on top.’
e.g. ‘The British were able to hold the Germans up at the Battle of Mons.’
‘The British were outnumbered at Mons.’
‘It was important because Mons did not stop the Germans and they
continued their progress into France.’
‘The Battle of the Marne led to trench warfare.’
‘The Battle of the Marne was more important because it stopped the
German advance to Paris.’
‘The Battle of the Marne was the start of a war of attrition rather than
movement.’
‘The Battle of the Marne failed to drive the Germans totally out of France.’
PUBLISHED
10(a) Describe the events that led to the USA entering the war. 4
e.g. ‘Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.’

‘Americans were being killed by German submarines.’
‘U-boats sank the Lusitania and some of the passengers were American.’
‘The Zimmerman telegram threatened an alliance between Germany and
Mexico, promising Mexico lands lost to the USA. This outraged the
Americans.’
‘Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany.’
‘The USA entered the war in April 1917.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(b) Why did mutiny break out at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven in 1918? 6
e.g. ‘Apart from the U-boat campaign, the German navy had not had a
glorious war. It had been stuck in port for most of the time. However, with
the situation in the war desperate, the German navy ordered its ships into
the North Sea for one glorious last battle. It was a suicide mission for the
German navy and many of the ordinary sailors knew this and refused to
take part.’
e.g. ‘Morale in the High Seas Fleet was very low.’

‘Germany’s fleet had been restricted to harbour since Jutland and the
mood and discipline of the sailors stuck in harbour was poor.’
‘By September 1918, Germany’s military situation in the war was
hopeless.’
‘They did not want to die in one pointless last battle.’
e.g. ‘There were mutinies because the sailors did not like what they were
being told to do.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(c) Are you surprised that the Germans launched the Ludendorff 10
Offensive in 1918? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I am not at all surprised by this. By the beginning of 1918 Germany

was not doing well in the war and needed something to turn the situation
around. The submarine campaign had not knocked Britain out of the war
and Germany was running out of soldiers. Even worse, the entry of the
USA into the war meant that lots of fresh troops would soon be arriving in
Europe. It was clear that if things continued as they were, then Germany
was heading for defeat. The Offensive was one last desperate attempt to
change the course of events and was Germany’s last chance of success,
so I am not surprised it was launched.’
OR
e.g. ‘I am surprised. While they stayed behind the Hindenburg Line, the
German troops were safe and could remain undefeated. But the Offensive
played to the enemy’s strengths. It turned the war into one of movement.
The problem was that this needed troops, tanks and aircraft, and the
Allies, especially with the arrival of the Americans, had more of all of
these. Germany was better off staying with a war of attrition.’
e.g. ‘Germany was losing the war, something new was needed.’
‘The German population was short of food and materials.’
‘The Allied blockade of the ports was having a big impact.’
‘Germany needed to win the war before the Americans arrived.’
‘It was an attempt at a decisive victory.’
‘Germany was short of troops and was in a desperate economic situation.’
‘Germany was not strong enough to mount and sustain an offensive.’
‘Germany did not have the troops or tanks for a war of movement.’
‘Germany did not have the resources to defend captured territory.’
‘The Allies had more troops and tanks for a mobile war.’
PUBLISHED
Depth Study B: Germany, 1918–45
11(a) Describe how Hitler took advantage of the Reichstag Fire. 4
e.g. ‘Hitler used it to consolidate/gain his power.’

‘Hitler used it to discredit communists.’
‘Hindenburg was told that communists were plotting to overthrow the
government.’
‘He used it as an excuse for issuing an emergency decree/Article 48.’
‘Communists were arrested.’
‘Hitler used it to win support in the election in March and he won more
seats.’

question 0
11(b) Why was the Depression important to the Nazis? 6
e.g. ‘It was important to the Nazis because it meant that Germany was in a
terrible state. There was widespread unemployment – it went up to six
million. This gave the Nazis a great opportunity to do well in the elections.
They criticised the government for not dealing with unemployment and
promised to create full employment. This gave them a lot of votes and
they became the largest party in the Reichstag, which meant that they
would have to be given a part in government.’
PUBLISHED
11(b) Level 2 – Identifies AND/OR describes reasons 2–3
e.g. ‘It meant that many people were unemployed and living in poverty.’
‘It meant that Nazis could criticise the established parties.’
‘The Nazis could exploit the situation using propaganda.’
‘It led to the Nazis doing well in elections.’
‘It led to the Nazis becoming the largest party in the Reichstag.’
‘It was important because it led to Hitler becoming Chancellor.’
‘The Nazis were able to win support by promising full employment.’
‘People lost faith in democracy.’
‘Before the Depression, the Nazis were not doing well in elections.’
e.g. ‘It was important to the Nazis because it helped them a lot. Without it,
they would not have done so well.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(c) ‘The Munich Putsch was a disaster for the Nazis.’ How far do you 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this, it was a disaster for the Nazis. This is because it all
went wrong and the Nazis did not come out of it well. Neither the army nor
the Bavarian government supported the Putsch. When the Nazis marched
through Munich, they only had a few hundred supporters and failed to win
popular support.’
e.g. ‘The police defeated them quickly. Sixteen Nazis were killed and
Hitler did not cover himself in glory by running away. He was later arrested
and imprisoned and the Nazi party was banned. All this shows that the
Putsch was a disaster.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Putsch might look like a disaster for Nazis, but if you look at its
long-term impact, then you get a different picture. First, the Putsch made
Hitler realise that he could not get power by uprisings and that he needed
to win support and win elections. This made him reorganise the party and
start to use democratic methods. This was a turning point for the Nazis
and they later had success in elections.’
e.g. ‘Secondly, his time in prison gave Hitler the chance to set out his
ideas in ‘Mein Kampf’ such as the need to destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
This was read by many Germans and gradually won him support.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Through most of the rest of the 1920s, the Nazis had little popular
support or electoral success.’
‘They were banned as a political party.’
‘They were easily defeated in Munich and failed to win popular support.’
‘It made clear that they did not have the support of the army, other
politicians or the people.’
‘The failure of the Putsch showed them as a disorganised minority.’
‘Hitler was captured, tried and imprisoned.’
‘Hitler’s prison sentence gave him a chance to set out his ideas in ‘Mein
Kampf’.’
‘It led to Hitler realising that different tactics were needed.’
‘Hitler gained a lot of publicity in his trial.’
e.g. ‘It was a disaster for them because it all went badly wrong and it did
not help them to get to power.’

question 0
12(a) Describe how the Nazis used the mass media. 4
e.g. ‘Radio stations were used for Nazi propaganda.’

‘Radios were in public places and work places so that everyone could
hear Hitler’s speeches.’
‘Spectacular rallies were held to make the Nazis look great and to
celebrate dates like Hitler’s birthday.’
‘Mass media was used to create the personality cult of Hitler.’
‘Goebbels had posters put up everywhere supporting Nazi values.’
‘Newspapers were used to spread support for the Nazi government and
anti-Nazi papers were shut down.’
‘Theatre, cinema and music were used to support Nazi values.’
‘Books were censored or burnt.’
‘The ‘Aryan family’ was promoted by using mass media.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(b) Why was Kristallnacht important? 6
e.g. ‘Kristallnacht was important because it was a turning point in the

nature of Nazi persecution of the Jews. There was a change from
economic and social persecution to physical persecutions with Jews being
murdered and beaten. It can be seen as an important step towards the
Holocaust. The Nazis were no longer just trying to eject Jews from
Germany but were now thinking of destroying them.’
e.g. ‘It was a prelude to the Final Solution.’

‘It was a big step up in the persecution of German Jews.’
‘Hundreds of Jews were killed.’
‘Large numbers were sent to concentration camps.’
‘It was an attempt by Goebbels to improve his standing with Hitler.’
‘Jewish homes and businesses were ransacked and destroyed throughout
Germany.’
‘It led to an increase in the number of Jews leaving Germany.’
‘It was a turning point in relations between Germany and many countries
around the world.’
e.g. ‘It was important because many people were affected by it and it
changed their lives.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(c) ‘There was no effective opposition to the Nazi regime.’ How far do 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. There was some opposition and it did have an
effect. There were the youth groups like the Edelweiss Pirates who during
the war carried out acts of sabotage, helped army deserters and even
assassinated a Gestapo chief. The Nazis were worried about them
because they executed many of their leaders in 1944.’
OR
e.g. ‘The opposition was not effective and there were no uprisings against
Nazi rule. This was partly because the opposition was weak and partly
because the Nazis used force and terror to deal with any signs of
opposition. The Gestapo spied on people and arrested any possible
trouble-makers, and the SS put any opponents into concentration camps.
Trade Unions were banned, so they could do nothing and Communists
and Social Democrats had to work underground and achieved little.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Opposition was led by churchmen over euthanasia.’

‘As a result, the Nazis stopped their programme of euthanasia.’
‘The Edelweiss Pirates were so effective during the war that the Nazis
executed their leaders.’
‘Trade Unions did manage to organise strikes and demonstrations.’
‘Communists and Social Democrats did manage to circulate newspapers
and pamphlets.’
‘Opposition was more effective when the war started to go badly for the
Nazis.’
‘White Rose denounced Nazi policies in their leaflets.’
‘The army bomb plot of 1944 failed.’
‘The Gestapo spied on everyone and stopped any serious trouble.’
‘The Kreisau Circle achieved little and they were all arrested.’
‘The youth groups were an irritant but never posed a real threat.’
‘The SS and the Gestapo put many opponents to the regime into
concentration camps.’
‘Many opposition groups like White Rose were rounded up by the Gestapo
and executed.’
‘Many people silently opposed the Nazis.’
e.g. ‘The opposition did not achieve much because it was too divided and
weak.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
Depth Study C: Russia, 1905–41
13(a) What problems faced the Tsar’s government at the beginning of the 4
twentieth century?
e.g. ‘Russia was a vast empire.’

‘It was difficult to rule with 20 different nationalities.’
‘80% of the population were peasants.’
‘The peasants lived and worked in poor conditions.’
‘There were regular famines, and starvation was common.’
‘Russian peasants still used ancient farming techniques.’
‘There was resentment that the aristocracy, the Church and the Tsar
owned most of the land.’
‘Industrial workers suffered wretched living conditions and atrocious
working conditions.’
‘There were no government regulations on child labour, hours, safety or
education.’
‘Opposition groups were growing.’
‘The opposition groups were a threat to the Tsar and the aristocracy.’
‘The rising middle classes wanted greater democracy in Russia.’
‘The Social Revolutionaries believed a revolution was an answer to the
peoples’ troubles.’
‘Opposition groups wanted the end of the tsardom.’
‘They wanted the nobles’ estates handed over to the people.’
‘The Social Democratic Party regularly discussed the possibility of a
revolution.’
‘There were increasing waves of strikes, demonstrations and protests
causing unrest.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(b) Why did the Tsar abdicate in March 1917? 6
e.g. ‘The Tsar abdicated because the war was going so badly for Russia.
This was made worse by the fact that in 1915 the Tsar had taken personal
control of the army on the Eastern Front. This meant that when the
Russian army suffered defeats and enormous numbers of casualties
(millions), the Tsar was blamed because he was in charge. He had no
ability as a general, and morale and desertions in the army got worse,
leading to demonstrations and strikes in Russia.’
e.g. ‘His handling of the war was disastrous.’

‘There were food shortages and high prices in Russian cities.’
‘Thousands of workers were out on strike and the army fired on them.’
‘Some soldiers began to join the demonstrators.’
‘When he went to lead the army, the Tsar left his wife and Rasputin in
charge. They were very unpopular and disastrous.’
‘The Russian army high command suggested that he abdicate because
the situation was so bad.’
e.g. ‘He abdicated because everything was going so badly and he did not
have a clue what to do.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(c) ‘The Tsar survived the 1905 Revolution because of his repressive 10
policies.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I disagree with this statement. The reason why the Tsar survived was
because he calmed everybody down by passing reforms. He issued the
October Manifesto. This set up an elected Parliament called a Duma and
gave the Russian people freedom of speech, freedom of religion and the
right to vote for all men. This satisfied the liberals and moderates and
ended the strikes and the violence. It enabled the Tsar to survive for the
time being.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree. The October Manifesto did not convince many groups,
including the Marxists and revolutionaries. Soon after the Manifesto,
strikes and violence began again. The real way the Tsar survived was by
returning to repression. He used the Black Hundreds to attack those
protesting. Opponents were arrested and executed in their hundreds and
political parties were supressed. Martial law was also introduced.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘He survived by introducing martial law.’

‘The Tsar survived by supressing political parties.’
‘Many considered the October Manifesto to be a trick.’
‘He used the Black Hundreds to attack his opponents.’
‘Stolypin sent the army to execute thousands of peasants.’
‘Troops arrested the St Petersburg Soviet and crushed a Bolshevik
uprising.’
‘The Okhrana was used for killing revolutionary leaders.’
‘He survived by issuing reforms in the October Manifesto.’
‘He won the peasants over by cutting their redemption payments in half.’
‘He survived the revolution by ending the war with Japan.’
‘The October Manifesto set up an elected Duma.’
‘He promised freedom of assembly and speech.’
e.g. ‘He survived because he was stronger than his opponents.’

question 0
14(a) Describe the experiences of ethnic minorities under Stalin. 4
e.g. ‘They experienced Stalin’s policy of Russification where everybody

had to become Russian.’
‘Russian was taught in all schools.’
‘Many people from ethnic minorities, such as the Chechens and the
Ingush, were deported to Siberia where they became second-class
citizens. Millions died.’
‘The Holodomor famine was a terror-famine campaign organised by the
Soviet authorities against the Ukrainian population.’
‘Many minorities who were in the Soviet elite suffered during the purges
when they were targeted.’
‘There was a policy of decossackisation to try and finish off the Cossacks
.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(b) Why was developing heavy industry important for Stalin’s plans? 6
e.g. ‘Stalin regarded Russia as being surrounded by capitalist enemies.

He was always worried about its security. Developing heavy industry was
important so that Russia could produce defences and weapons to make it
a major power. Then it would be able to defend itself against foreign
threats – as it was able to do against Germany.’
e.g. ‘This was important to make Russia a modern state.’

‘To make Russia strong militarily.’
‘He wanted to make Russia self-sufficient in these materials and products
so that Russia did not depend on other countries.’
‘Developing heavy industry was an essential base for the further
development and modernisation of Russia.’
e.g. ‘This was important to Stalin because all the other parts of his plans
depended on it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(c) ‘The kulaks suffered the most from Stalin’s economic policies.’ How 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The kulaks suffered very badly. They were regarded
as enemies of the communist state by Stalin and he dealt with them very
harshly. He wanted to eliminate them completely. Many were murdered or
sent to labour camps and many lost their land. Millions of them died
because of Stalin’s hatred of them. Many of them slaughtered their
livestock rather than give them up to collective farms.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was not just kulaks that suffered. The policy of collectivisation led to
the famine of 1932–33. Not enough food was being produced and millions
of peasants died in the famine. Industrial workers also suffered from
Stalin’s economic policies. His policies led to the rapid growth of industrial
towns. These grew so quickly that they became overcrowded with
insufficient housing and facilities and the workers living in dreadful
conditions.’

e.g. ‘Many kulaks were shot.’

‘Many kulaks were sent to labour camps.’
‘Many kulaks were deported to other, more barren parts of the USSR.’
‘They all had their land taken away from them so it could be collectivised.’
‘Many peasants died in the 1932 famine, not just kulaks.’
‘Industrial workers lived in terrible and over-crowded conditions.’
‘The pressure to increase production quickly led to safety being ignored at
work with many workers suffering as a result.’
e.g. ‘The kulaks suffered more because they had the most to lose.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
Depth Study D: The United States, 1919–41
15(a) Describe the experiences of American farmers during the 1920s. 4
e.g. ‘There was overproduction.’

‘Farmers could use improved fertilisers and machinery.’
‘There was a decrease in demand for agricultural products.’
‘Prices for their products decreased.’
‘They faced competition from Canada.’
‘Europe no longer needed so much American agricultural produce.’
‘They could not repay the loans they had taken out to buy more land and
modern machinery.’
‘Many farmers became bankrupt/unemployed.’
‘Many farmers had to sell their farms and give up farming.’
‘Tenant farmers were evicted because they could not pay their rents.’
‘Demand for the barley they grew fell because of Prohibition.’
‘Sharecroppers experienced hard times.’
‘The boll-weevil decimated cotton crops in the South.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(b) Why did traditional industries struggle in the 1920s? 6

e.g. ‘The main reason traditional industries struggled was because of

changes happening in American society and the failure of these industries
to adapt to the changes. For example, the coal industry found that it was
producing too much coal because demand was going down. This was
because electricity could be supplied to more and more homes and
factories and so they were changing to this for their energy. Factories and
homes were also changing to new sources of energy such as gas and oil.’

e.g. ‘Coal suffered because of the change to other sources of energy like
oil, gas and electricity.’
‘Coal was being used more efficiently and so less was needed.’
‘The coal industry suffered from cuts in wages, pits being closed and
strikes.’
‘The textile industry was producing too much.’
‘Synthetic products were replacing textiles.’
‘As more people owned cars, fewer travelled by the railways.’
‘Traditional industries could not compete with mass production.’
‘There was foreign competition in leather and textiles.’
e.g. ‘They struggled because they could not keep up with all the changes
happening in America.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(c) ‘Republican governments were responsible for the boom in America 10

in the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Republican policies were important. For example,
they cut taxes. This gave people more money to spend on all the new
consumer goods that were appearing at this time. This boosted the
industries making goods like fridges, radios and cars, and this led to more
jobs and better wages.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think other factors were more important. The introduction of hire
purchase was important. This allowed people to buy goods that they could
not afford in one go. They were able to pay for the goods by instalments
over a period of time. There was no longer any shame attached to this
form of buying and millions of Americans used it to buy consumer goods
like cars. This created more demand for these industries which then
expanded.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Republican tax cuts stimulated the economy.’

‘Less regulation for businesses allowed them to prosper.’
‘The government followed laissez-faire.’
‘High tariffs introduced by the government protected American industries.’
‘There were positive effects from entering World War 1.’
‘Mass production led to a fall in the prices of many goods.’
‘There was an increased use of the assembly line.’
‘The car industry stimulated other industries.’
‘Hire purchase helped people buy more things.’
‘Advertising created more demand for goods.’
‘People wanted more consumer goods like fridges.’
‘The spread of electricity made the use of equipment like vacuum cleaners
and washing machines possible in homes.’
e.g. ‘I think that there were many other much more important factors and
that Republican policies were not that important.’

question 0
16(a) Describe the campaign run by Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential 4

election.
e.g. ‘It was an optimistic campaign that gave people hope for the future.’
‘It promised people hope and a ‘new deal’.’
‘He travelled around the country so that people felt they knew him.’
‘He gave people the impression that he wanted to help the poor and the
elderly.’
‘He travelled the country criticising Hoover.’
‘His campaign song was ‘Happy Days Are Here Again’.’
‘He promised to get rid of Prohibition.’
‘He planned to get people back to work.’
‘He wanted to protect their savings and property.’
‘He wanted to reinvigorate agriculture.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(b) Why did many people blame Hoover for the hardship caused by the 6
Depression?

e.g. ‘The main reason why Hoover got blamed for the hardship was
because he did not do enough to help people who were struggling from
the Depression. He did do some things but it was too little too late. One of
the things he did that made people blame him was to get the army to clear
the camp of the Bonus Army near the White House. This was made up of
veterans who wanted help. Hoover had the camp destroyed using tanks,
machine guns and tear gas. This showed people that he did not care for
the people who were suffering.’

e.g. ‘He had the camp of the Bonus Army violently destroyed.’
‘He was against giving people welfare because he thought they should
stand on their own feet.’
‘He gave the appearance of being unsympathetic to people’s sufferings.’
‘He seemed to have no new ideas about how to tackle the problems.’
‘At the beginning of the Depression, he did not understand how bad it was
and for a time did nothing.’
‘Hoover thought ‘prosperity was just around the corner’.’
‘Hoover was blamed for the conditions in the Hoovervilles.’
e.g. ‘He was the President and so it was his job to sort it all out.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(c) ‘It was long-term weaknesses in the American economy that led to 10
the Wall Street Crash.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Problems had been building up for a long time.
American industry was producing more consumer goods than were
needed because people had bought their cars and fridges and did not
want any more. This led to people losing their jobs as demand fell.’
e.g. ‘Another problem was that American businesses could not export
goods. Europe was too poor to buy them and was starting to set up tariffs
against American goods in return for American tariffs. All this made people
start to sell their shares. The Wall Street Crash was not simply caused by
speculators.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Wall Street Crash was caused by speculators who thought they
could make some quick money. They borrowed money from banks to buy
shares and then sold them for a profit. This was fine while prices of shares
went up. But this could not go on forever, and in 1929 there was a crash
when people started to sell their shares.’
e.g. ‘Long term factors like overproduction by industry caused it.’

‘The economy had been slowing down for some time and people were
keen to sell their shares at the first sign of trouble.’
‘The US banks were unregulated and willingly gave out loans.’
‘Long term problems made people nervous about holding shares.’
‘Speculators were to blame.’
‘Buying shares ‘on the margin’ was to blame.’
‘The increase in share prices was built on shaky foundations.’
PUBLISHED
Depth Study E: China, c.1930–c.1990
17(a) Describe how the Communists tried to destroy the traditional culture 4
of China.
e.g. ‘The Communists stopped foot binding for women.’

‘Women were encouraged to work.’
‘Divorce was made easier.’
‘Education was improved with everybody learning to read and write.’
‘Serfdom was abolished.’
‘In the Cultural Revolution, temples and churches were attacked and
theatre was censored with many traditional plays not allowed.’

question 0
17(b) Why were communes introduced by the Communists? 6
e.g. ‘They introduced communes because they gave the government

control over the peasants. The communes were huge and contained lots
of peasants and this let the government use them in large numbers for big
projects like building tunnels, roads and bridges. Communist propaganda
was also used in the communes to get people to work hard and support
Mao.’
e.g. ‘They were introduced to control the peasants.’

‘They were introduced so that more agricultural produce was produced.’
‘This was done to help industrial production through ‘backyard’
production.’
‘The success of collective farms led to the Communists thinking they could
go one step further with communes.’
e.g. ‘The Communists thought they would be successful.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
17(c) ‘Mao’s social reforms were more important to the people of China 10
than his industrial reforms.’ How far do you agree with this


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. His social reforms changed the lives of the people,
especially the peasants, completely. Before, they lived backward and poor
lives. Proper health care was now provided with many more doctors and it
was free. This reduced rates of illness which was very important to people.
The lives of women were also changed. They were given educational
opportunities and encouraged to go out to work. Forced marriages were
stopped and husbands had to treat their wives better. Women had more
opportunities and freer lives with old fashioned practices like foot binding
being stopped.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. The First Five-Year Plan was important to the people of
China. Peasants moved to find jobs in large cities and in large industrial
plants. If they worked hard, they were rewarded by being given more food,
better accommodation and better schools for their children. This gave
them a higher standard of living than they had had as peasants. They
were also able to move around more easily with the massive development
of railways.’
e.g. ‘They benefited from the free health care.’

‘Education was improved and literacy rates went up.’
‘Women benefited from having more freedom.’
‘The industrial reforms provided jobs for peasants.’
‘Workers in the factories often had a higher standard of living than out in
the countryside.’
PUBLISHED
18(a) Describe relations between China and India during the period 1950 to 4
1970.
e.g. ‘Mao wanted to make Tibet part of China and remove India’s
influence.’
‘Negotiations were held with India and an agreement signed in 1951
recognising China’s rule of Tibet.’
‘In 1954 India and China signed the Panchsheel Treaty (Five Principles of
Peaceful Coexistence) agreeing non-interference in each other’s affairs.’
‘There were border skirmishes from 1959 when India gave asylum to the
Dalai Lama.’
‘India started a Forward Policy to hinder Chinese patrols.’
‘In 1962 there was war between China and India over the Himalayan
border when Chinese troops advanced.’
‘The war ended in 1962 when China withdrew its troops.’
‘Relations between the two countries were poor for the rest of the 1960s,
with more clashes in 1967.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
18(b) Why did China not recognise Taiwan as an independent state? 6
e.g. ‘The main reason is that China sees Taiwan as a threat while it exists
as an independent state. It was where the Nationalists fled to after the
Civil War. It called itself the Republic of China, so it sees itself as the
proper and legal China. This is something that the Communists in China
cannot accept. They believe that it should be part of their China.’
e.g. ‘Taiwan has powerful armed forces. The USA sold them arms.’
‘The USA could use Taiwan as a base if it wanted to invade China.’
‘China saw Taiwan as a threat.’
‘At first, many countries continued to recognise the Nationalists in Taiwan
as the rightful rulers of China.’
e.g. ‘It thought that this would be a big mistake.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
18(c) ‘China’s relations with the USA were better than those with the USSR 10
during the period 1950 to 1976.’ How far do you agree with this


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think this is generally right. Relations with the USA were not very
good to begin with, but they improved after 1970. Nixon wanted to split
China and Russia and thought that better relations with China would be a
good way of doing it. At the same time, China’s relations with the USSR
had been getting worse. The Cultural Revolution made relations even
worse and there were border clashes. China did not want to be isolated
and so began to improve its relations with the USA. It also wanted to trade
with the USA. In 1971, Henry Kissinger visited China and in 1972, a trade
agreement was reached. Relations continued to be good through the
1970s.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. In the 1950s and 1960s, relations with the USA
were poor. They supported different sides in the Korean War and then in
the Vietnam War. At the same time, relations with the USSR were good.
The USSR made a massive loan to China and it helped with China
expanding its heavy industry. Soviet experts were sent to help China’s first
Five-Year Plan. However, soon after Khrushchev became leader of the
USSR, things did not go so well.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The USA and China supported different sides in the Korean and
Vietnam Wars.’
‘The USA at first recognised and supported Taiwan.’
‘In 1950, the USSR and China signed a treaty of friendship and alliance.’
‘The USSR sent experts to China with its Five-Year Plan.’
‘Relations between the USSR and China grew worse when Khrushchev
and Mao started to disagree over their ideas.’
‘When the USSR had problems in Afghanistan, China supported the
Afghan rebels.’
‘In the 1970s, China and the USA reached an agreement over trade.’
‘Relations between China and the USA were much better in the 1970s.’
e.g. ‘I think they got on with both countries rather badly at different times.’

question 0
Depth Study F: South Africa, c.1940–c.1994
19(a) What happened in the 1948 election? 4
e.g. ‘The National Party won more votes than any other party.’
‘The National Party only won 39% of the vote.’
‘The National Party promised to introduce apartheid.’
‘The National Party won the support of most of the Afrikaner vote.’
‘Smuts was very unpopular with Afrikaners.’
‘The United Party under Smuts came second.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
19(b) Why was the Bantu Education Act of 1953 passed? 6
e.g. ‘It was passed to support the government policy of apartheid. It did
this by giving black children a different type of education. They were just
taught basic skills so they could get a menial job in the homelands. They
were also indoctrinated into the idea that white people were superior and
that black South Africans belonged with their own ethnic group.’
e.g. ‘It was passed as part of the government’s apartheid policy.’

‘It was passed so that black children could be given a cheaper and inferior
education.’
‘This was to let the education system be used to prevent black children
from progressing.’
‘It was passed to give the government control of the education system.’
e.g. ‘It was passed because the government thought it was the right thing
to do for South Africa.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
19(c) ‘The African National Congress (ANC) was effective as a resistance 10

organisation up to 1966.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I disagree with this statement. The ANC did not really achieve much
up to 1966. Apartheid and minority rule still existed and some of the most
important opposition to them was carried out by other groups such as
Black Consciousness. The ANC suffered very badly from the repression
of the government. Laws like the Suppression of Communism Act meant
that leaders of the ANC were either under arrest or on the run. The ANC
was so ineffective that in the 1960s it turned to violence. But after the
Rivonia Trial, the organisation was smashed with Mandela and others
imprisoned while others fled the country.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree that the ANC was effective in this period. It organised
important protests such as the Freedom Charter. This gave black South
Africans a number of ideas to rally around. It also organised the bus
boycotts and got bus fares reduced. Without the ANC, the opposition
against apartheid would not have been organised. It also talked to other
countries and got some of them to oppose the apartheid regime.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘It was smashed after the Rivonia Trial.’

‘By 1966 apartheid was as strong as ever.’
‘It was being replaced by movements like Black Consciousness.’
‘The PAC was formed in 1959 because some people thought the ANC
needed to be more effective.’
‘It rallied and organised anti-apartheid opinion in South Africa.’
‘It was responsible for the Freedom Charter.’
‘It managed to turn other parts of the world against the government.’
‘It set up bases in places like Tanzania.’
e.g. ‘It was very effective and did a lot of good in South Africa.’

question 0
20(a) Describe the activities of the Inkatha Freedom Party in the early 4
1990s.
e.g. ‘It was involved in massacres like the Boipatong massacre of 1992.’
‘It worked with the South African Defence Force which trained its
followers.’
‘It opposed the talks going on between the ANC and the government.’
‘It signed a pact with the AWB.’
‘It opposed the new constitution.’
‘It refused to take part in the 1994 election.’
‘It fought running battles with the ANC.’
‘At the last minute it did take part in the elections.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(b) Why were the policies of P W Botha not successful? 6
e.g. ‘P W Botha tried to defend South Africa and apartheid through his
policy of ‘total strategy.’ One reason was that his constitutional reforms
completely backfired and caused enormous riots from 1984. The reforms
gave black South Africans little but showed that the government had no
intention of sharing power. They made black South Africans even more
determined to get rid of white domination.’

e.g. ‘His constitutional reforms were too little, too late.’

‘His constitutional reforms led to rioting in the townships.’
‘The relaxation of the pass laws led to more angry unemployed black
South Africans crowding into townships.’
‘The violence in South Africa led overseas governments and banks to turn
against the South African government.’
‘Giving Trade Unions more freedom led to more strikes.’
‘Attempts to wipe out ANC guerrilla bases in neighbouring countries did
not work in the long run.’
‘Botha’s failure to announce more reforms led to a financial crisis.’
‘The constitutional reforms did nothing for the majority of black South
Africans.’
e.g. ‘He failed because he did not do enough to help South Africa.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(c) ‘After his release from prison Mandela was successful in getting 10
white South Africans to work with him.’ How far do you agree with


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Mandela was very successful in this. His lack of bitterness about his
long years in prison and his promise that white South Africans had a place
in a new South Africa won a lot of them over. He also got on well with de
Klerk who decided he could trust, and work with, Mandela. The fact that
Mandela was trusted by many white South Africans was shown by the
referendum in 1992 when most white South Africans supported change
and reform. This led to the two sides agreeing a new constitution and
elections taking place in 1994.’
OR
e.g. ‘He was not all that successful in this. There were some white groups,
especially Afrikaner ones, which did not accept him. One of these was the
AWB, led by Eugene Terre’Blanche, which wanted to keep white
domination. In 1994, its members tried to support the leader of
Bophuthatswana who did not want his people to vote in the election.
However, they were defeated.’
e.g. ‘He got on well with de Klerk.’

‘The majority of white South Africans supported reform in the referendum.’
‘He was able to agree a new constitution with the South African
government.’
‘Some white South Africans like those in the AWB did not support him.’
‘There was some violence by extreme white right-wing groups.’
PUBLISHED
Depth Study G: Israelis and Palestinians Since 1945
21(a) What happened in the Suez Crisis of 1956? 4
e.g. ‘Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal.’

‘Britain met with France and Israel and agreed to invade Suez.’
‘Israel invaded Egypt.’
‘The whole of Sinai ended up in Israeli hands.’
‘Britain and France issued an ultimatum threatening to intervene if the
Egyptians and Israelis did not agree to a ceasefire.’
‘British and French aircraft bombed Egyptian airfields.’
‘British and French troops invaded Suez.’
‘Russia threatened to attack Israeli, British and French forces.’
‘Under US pressure, Britain and France agreed to a ceasefire in
November.’
‘British and French forces withdrew and their forces were replaced by a
UN Emergency Force.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(b) Why were the consequences of the war of 1967 important? 6
e.g. ‘The consequences were important because the war increased

Israel’s problems. The military victory would not ensure Israel’s safety
forever. Only a diplomatic settlement would do that. Its conquests of Gaza,
the West Bank, East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights meant that many
Palestinian Arabs were now living under Israeli control. This would cause
Israel problems in the future as would Arab claims that Israel had no right
to the conquered territory. The consequences were to build up more
problems for Israel.’
e.g. ‘The Arab countries were seriously weakened militarily.’

‘The Golan Heights helped Israel to protect itself against Syria.’
‘Israel gained much more defensible borders.’
‘The Arab states were even more determined not to recognise Israel.’
‘The land conquered by Israel caused future problems with the Arab states
who wanted it back.’
‘Israel now faced an enormous problem over the million Palestinians now
under its control.’
‘The war made clear that a diplomatic solution was needed to make Israel
safe, not military victories.’
e.g. ‘The consequences were very important because they affected many
different countries.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(c) Who gained most from the Yom Kippur War of 1973? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘who gained most’ 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the Arab states gained a lot. This was because the war
showed how powerful a weapon the Arab states had over the US and the
West. During the war, the Arab states had announced an embargo on oil
supplies to the US and the West. This led to the price of oil shooting up.
Although the war ended shortly afterwards, this threat showed everyone
what a powerful weapon the oil states had over the West. The Arab states
produced over a third of the world’s oil and they could cripple the West’s
economies by reducing supply.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Israelis gained the most. They again proved their military
superiority over the Arab countries. They had been taken by surprise and
had started by having some setbacks, but they soon recovered and
recaptured all their territory. They inflicted enormous casualties on their
enemy. Egypt and Syria had 16 000 men dead.’
e.g. ‘The Arab states had shown they could harm the West by stopping
the supply of oil.’
‘The Arab states worked together much more effectively.’
‘The Arab armed forces and people regained a lot of self-confidence.’
‘Israel realised that it would not have security until a diplomatic solution
was found.’
‘The Arab countries had shown they could act together.’
‘Israel had enjoyed a massive military victory.’
‘Israel had again shown its military superiority.’
‘The Arab countries had shown they could have military successes against
Israel.’
PUBLISHED
22(a) Describe Likud’s attitude towards the creation of a Palestinian state. 4
e.g. ‘Likud has been against the creation of a Palestinian state.’

‘Likud rejects any claim by Palestinians over the West Bank, and in 1977
were only ready to offer them the right to run their own lives within the
occupied territories.’
‘It will not give up Israel’s sovereignty over the West Bank and Gaza.’
‘Likud wants a ‘Greater Israel’ which makes a Palestinian state
impossible.’
‘Shamir’s rejection of the idea of a Palestinian state caused the failure of
the Madrid Conference in 1991.’
‘Likud has supported new Jewish settlements, which has made a
Palestinian state difficult to achieve.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(b) Why did Hamas grow in importance after 1987? 6
e.g. ‘Hamas was formed in 1987 and emerged from the first Intifada. The
main reason why it has become important is because it has won much
support among Palestinians because it has led the struggle against Israel.
It led the opposition to the Oslo Agreement between Israel and the PLO. It
has led the armed struggle against Israel by using suicide and rocket
attacks in Israel and has won support because, despite all of Israel’s
efforts against it, it has survived.’
e.g. ‘It has become important because its social welfare programmes
(including schools and clinics) have won it support.’
‘This is because it is an Islamic organisation in contrast with the secular
PLO.’
‘It has become important because in 2006 it won the elections for the
Palestinian Parliament.’
‘It grew in importance because it set itself up as a rival to Fatah and took
control of Gaza.’
‘It has won support because it has stood against the corruption of Fatah
and the Palestinian Authority.’
‘It has become important because it has led the Palestinian armed
struggle against Israel.’
e.g. ‘It has grown in importance because it has been very active and has
achieved a lot for the people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(c) ‘The Camp David meetings of 1978 achieved more than the Oslo 10
Accords of 1993 and 1995.’ How far do you agree with this


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this statement. The Camp David Agreement was
between Egypt and Israel and organised by the US president, Jimmy
Carter. It was important because it made a fundamental change in Arab-
Israeli relations, showing that Arabs and Israelis could make agreements,
and opened the way for further agreements later. Egypt agreed to sell oil
to Israel and in return, Israel returned Sinai and removed their settlements
from there. The Agreement achieved a lot at the time and much later.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Oslo Accords were signed by Israel and the PLO and I think they
achieved more than the Camp David meetings. The two sides agreed that
the PLO were the rightful representatives of the Palestinian people and
that Palestinians would govern most of Gaza and the West Bank through
a Palestinian Authority. In 1994, a Palestinian Authority was set up,
although not all parts of the agreement were carried out and Israel has
since re-entered many areas and continued with its settlements. However,
the Accords still went a long way towards the self-determination of the
Palestinians. They now govern the Gaza Strip and parts of the West Bank,
and in 2012 the UN recognised the Palestinian State. These are important
agreements and much more than anything the Camp David Agreement
achieved.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Camp David Agreement showed that Arabs and Israelis could
reach important agreements.’
‘The Camp David Agreement returned Sinai to Egypt.’
‘The Camp David Agreement opened the way for further agreements
later.’
‘The Oslo Accords went a long way towards creating a Palestinian state.’
‘The Oslo Accords set up a Palestinian Authority.’
‘The Oslo Accords led to Palestinians controlling Gaza and much of the
West Bank.’
e.g. ‘I think both of these were very important because they both achieved
a lot for peace in the Middle East.’

question 0
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/13
2 hours

* 2 8 7 3 5 7 7 8 6 5 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (SLM) 215995
1 Europe witnessed several struggles for power in 1848–49.
(a) Describe the part played by Garibaldi in Italy in the years 1848–49. [4]
(b) Why was there much support for liberalism in Europe in 1848? [6]
(c) Who were the stronger in France in 1848, conservatives or radicals? Explain your answer.
[10]
2 German unification was finally achieved in 1871.
(a) What was the Zollverein? [4]
(b) Why was the Frankfurt Parliament set up in 1848? [6]
(c) How far was German unification brought about by the policies of Bismarck? Explain your
answer. [10]
3 There was much hatred and fear in the USA in the period 1850 to 1877.
(a) Describe the events between 1854 and 1861 known as ‘Bleeding Kansas’. [4]
(b) Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded soon after the Civil War ended? [6]
(c) How far was Lincoln to blame for the fact that he was hated and feared in the South? Explain
your answer. [10]
4 Little more than a month after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, most of Europe was at war.
(a) What was the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia in July 1914? [4]
(b) Why did Britain go to war in August 1914? [6]
(c) Who was more to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914, Germany or Russia? Explain your
answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/13/M/J/21
5 The League of Nations often struggled to carry out its peacekeeping duties effectively.
(a) Describe how the League dealt with the dispute over the Aaland (Aland) Islands. [4]
(b) Why were some major powers not members of the League? [6]
(c) ‘Britain was responsible for the failure of the League in the 1930s.’ How far do you agree with
6 Hitler’s foreign policy involved taking risks.
(a) Describe the reactions of Britain and France to the remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936.
[4]
(b) Why were the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that Germany invaded Poland in September 1939? Explain your answer.
[10]
7 The USA and the USSR both wanted to influence developments in Europe after the Second
World War.
(a) What was the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? [4]
(b) Why did the USSR and the West disagree about what to do with Germany after the end of the
Second World War? [6]
(c) ‘The USA offered the Marshall Plan to European countries to help its own economy.’ How far
do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
8 Iran and Iraq were rivals in the Gulf region.
(a) Describe Saddam Hussein’s rise to power in the 1970s. [4]
(b) Why was the Iran-Iraq War important to the West? [6]
(c) How surprising was the establishment of an Islamic republic in Iran by April 1979? Explain
your answer. [10]
9 For most of the First World War there was little movement.
(a) Describe conditions in the trenches. [4]
(b) Why were tanks important in the First World War? [6]
(c) ‘The Battle of Verdun was more important than the Battle of the Somme.’ How far do you
10 There were several important fronts in the First World War.
(a) Describe what happened at the Battle of Jutland. [4]
(b) Why were the Home Fronts in Britain and Germany important in the First World War? [6]
(c) How important was the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in the First World War? Explain your
answer. [10]
11 After a long struggle to get into power, Hitler was quick to consolidate his position.
(a) Describe the events of 1932–33 that led to Hitler becoming Chancellor. [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis fail to win much support between 1924 and 1929? [6]
(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was more important to Hitler than the Night of the Long Knives.’ How far
12 Many, but not all, Germans supported the Nazis.
(a) Describe what happened at the Nuremberg rallies. [4]
(b) Why did some young people rebel against the Hitler Youth? [6]
(c) ‘The Nazis managed to stay in power because they had popular support.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2021 2147/13/M/J/21
13 Tsar Nicholas II faced many problems.
(a) What were the consequences for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War? [4]
(b) Why was Bloody Sunday important? [6]
(c) Are you surprised that the Tsar managed to remain in power until 1917? Explain your answer.
[10]
14 Stalin attempted to change the Soviet Union in many ways.
(a) Describe the impact of Stalin’s rule on ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union. [4]
(b) Why did Stalin think it was necessary to reform Soviet industry? [6]
(c) ‘Collectivisation did more harm than good.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [10]
15 Many people benefited from the economic boom of the 1920s.
(a) What new products did advertising promote during the 1920s? [4]
(b) Why did Prohibition fail? [6]
(c) ‘The lives led by rural and urban Americans in the 1920s were more similar than they were
different.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
16 The New Deal promised much to the American people.
(a) What were the Supreme Court’s objections to the New Deal? [4]
(b) Why did the promises Roosevelt made in the 1932 presidential election appeal to the
American people? [6]
(c) ‘The fact that Roosevelt introduced the Second New Deal in 1935–36 shows that the First
New Deal had failed.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/13/M/J/21
17 The struggle between the Nationalists and the Communists went on for a long time.
(a) What happened during the Shanghai Massacre of 1927? [4]
(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek think that the five extermination campaigns were necessary? [6]
(c) ‘Leadership was the main factor that determined the outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do
18 China experienced many changes.
(a) What was the policy adopted by China from 1979 in relation to population growth? [4]
(b) Why was China able to achieve economic growth from the late 1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Economic development in China in the period 1980 to 1990 produced much change.’ How
19 Support for segregationist policies gradually increased amongst white South Africans.
(a) What was the migrant labour system? [4]
(b) Why was the Natives Land Act of 1913 unpopular with black South Africans? [6]
(c) How far was the victory of the National Party in the 1948 election caused by the failings of the
United Party? Explain your answer. [10]
20 Opposition to apartheid grew in the 1960s and 1970s.
(a) Describe what it was like living in a Bantustan (Homeland). [4]
(b) Why was there opposition to apartheid from outside South Africa? [6]
(c) ‘The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was a turning point in the opposition to the apartheid state.’
© UCLES 2021 2147/13/M/J/21
10
21 Wars have done little to improve the situation in the Middle East.
(a) Describe the role of Britain in the Suez Crisis of 1956. [4]
(b) Why were the consequences of the Yom Kippur War of 1973 important? [6]
(c) ‘The Six-Day War of 1967 solved Israel’s problems.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
22 There have been many obstacles to peace in the Middle East.
(a) What is the Gaza Strip? [4]
(b) Why has Hezbollah been a problem for Israel? [6]
(c) ‘Jewish settlements have been a more important obstacle to peace than demands for a
Palestinian state.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

PUBLISHED
1(a) Describe the part played by Garibaldi in Italy in the years 1848–49. 4
e.g. ‘Garibaldi returned to Italy to join in the struggle against Austria.’

‘He offered his services to Charles Albert but was rejected.’
‘He led his followers into Lombardy to help the new government in Milan.’
‘He had two victories at Luino and Morazzone.’
‘He moved to Rome to support the Roman Republic.’
‘He was in control of the defence of Rome against the French siege.’
‘Garibaldi withdrew from Rome and fled north to San Marino.’

question 0
© UCLES 2021 2147/13/M/J/21
PUBLISHED
1(b) Why was there much support for liberalism in Europe in 1848? 6
e.g. ‘There was a lot of support for liberalism because of poor government at
the time and industrialisation. Industrialisation had strengthened the middle
classes who believed that there needed to be improvements. The middle
classes had become more important but they lacked political power which
was still in the hands of the old traditional rulers. They wanted republican
governments elected by some of the people and more economic and
political freedoms such as freedom of the press and free speech.’
e.g. ‘The poor quality of government at the time.’

‘The rising middle classes wanted more influence and power.’
‘The traditional rulers and aristocracy were still clinging on to power.’
‘Liberal ideas were inspired by the Enlightenment.’
e.g. ‘There was much support for it because people thought that big
changes were necessary and so they turned to liberalism.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
1(c) Who were the stronger in France in 1848, conservatives or radicals? 10

Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘who were stronger’ 10

Level 3 – One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5–6

marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the conservatives were stronger because they defeated the
revolution. After the establishment of a republic, the conservatives gradually
regained control and were strong enough to put down the June Days
uprising. After that there was a conservative reaction leading to the election
of Louis Napoleon and then the ending of the Republic and Napoleon
becoming Emperor. This shows that the old system had been restored and
the conservatives victorious.’
OR
e.g. ‘The radicals were stronger because they had a lot of success. In
February they were able to get rid of the hated Prime Minister Guizot,
overthrow Louis Phillipe and set up a republic. In Paris people flooded onto
the streets demanding reforms. National Workshops were set up to provide
work for the unemployed. These achievements show how powerful the
radicals were.’
e.g. ‘The radicals were strong in Paris but had little support in the French
countryside.’
‘The conservatives defeated the June Day risings.’
‘When Napoleon became emperor it showed that the conservatives were
stronger.’
‘The radicals were able to get rid of Louis Phillipe and the monarchy.’
‘The radicals set up the National Workshops.’
‘The election results of April showed that the radicals did not have a lot of
support.’
‘Napoleon’s victory in the December elections showed how weak the
radicals were throughout France.’
PUBLISHED
2(a) What was the Zollverein? 4
e.g. ‘A German Customs Union.’

‘A collection of German states to produce economic union.’
‘It did not include Austria.’
‘It was a customs union led by Prussia.’
‘It managed tariffs and economic policies between a number of German
states.’
‘It simplified tariffs between many German states and encouraged them to
work together economically.’
‘By 1866 it included most German states.’

question 0
2(b) Why was the Frankfurt Parliament set up in 1848? 6
e.g. ‘Risings across Germany led to demands for an all-German assembly.

Representatives from across Germany met and agreed to form a pre-
parliament which would prepare elections for a national constitutional
assembly. Elections were then held in German states for a national
Assembly which met in Frankfurt.’
e.g. ‘The deposing of Louis Philippe in France encouraged demands for a

German popular assembly.’
‘Revolutionary risings across Germany led to demands for an all-German
assembly.’
‘It was set up to create a constitution for Germany.’
‘It was set up to help create a united Germany.’
‘It was set up because at that time the liberals had gained the upper hand.’
e.g. ‘It was set up because of events that were happening at the time in
Germany.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(c) How far was German unification brought about by the policies of 10
Bismarck? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. There were more important long-term causes such
as German nationalism and liberalism, the long-term decline of Austria, and
the economic and military strength of Prussia. Without these, unification
would not have happened. Bismarck operated in a context created by these
factors. For example, Prussia was economically strong before Bismarck. It
led the Zollverein and its industrial production was growing much faster than
Austria’s. This gave Bismarck the strength that was needed for Prussia to
become the dominant state in Germany.’
OR
‘I think Bismarck’s policies were crucial in bringing about German

unification. He planned it from the beginning. This can be seen by the way in
which he isolated and then defeated Austria. This meant Austria was
excluded from German affairs, leaving Prussia all-powerful. Bismarck then
set up the North German Confederation under the control of Prussia. He
then created a war with France which was the other big obstacle to unifying
Germany. This led to many southern states supporting Prussia which made
Germany more unified. France was then defeated and Germany was
unified.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Austria was in long-term decline.’

‘Prussia was the strongest state in Germany.’
‘Prussia was already the leading state in Germany as can be seen by its
leadership of the Zollverein.’
‘German liberals had been campaigning for a united Germany for years.’
‘German nationalism had been growing for years across Germany.’
‘The 1848 revolutions showed that there was a lot of support for a united
Germany.’
‘Bismarck engineered the isolation and defeat of Austria.’
‘Bismarck caused the war with France to make the southern states support
him and create a unified Germany.’
‘Bismarck engineered war with France to weaken France and get it out of
the way. Germany could then be unified.’
e.g. ‘I think Bismarck was very important to the unification of Germany.

Without his drive, it would not have happened.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(a) Describe the events between 1854 and 1861 known as ‘Bleeding 4
Kansas’.
e.g. ‘A period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory.’

‘In 1854 the Kansas-Nebraska Act created the new territories of Kansas and
Nebraska.’
‘Immigrants (‘border ruffians’) from Missouri flocked into Kansas to support
pro-slavery factions in elections.’
‘Immigrants from the North flocked into Kansas to support ‘Free-Soilers’ in
elections.’
‘Fighting broke out between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers.’
‘John Brown and his followers murdered pro-slavers and attempted to start
a slave rebellion.’
‘By 1855 two rival governments were set up in Kansas.’
‘In 1856 President Pierce sent US troops to Topeka.’
‘Pitch battles were fought in 1856 between the two sides.’
‘The new territorial governor, John W Geary, brought some peace to the
situation after 1856.’
‘Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1861.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(b) Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded soon after the Civil War ended? 6
e.g. ‘The Ku Klux Klan was founded to restore white supremacy in the
South. This had been weakened by emancipation, the defeat of the South in
the Civil War and Reconstruction. Its aim was to use intimidation and
murder to drive black Americans out of politics and to stop people
supporting the Republicans. It aimed at destroying Republican
administrations that had been set up in the South and to restore the rights of
white Americans, their control of the black labour force and to restore racial
subordination in all aspects of Southern life.’
e.g. ‘It was formed to oppose Reconstruction.’

‘It was founded to restore white supremacy.’
‘It was founded to restore law and order.’
‘It was formed to intimidate black Americans to stop them from voting.’
‘It was formed to stop black Americans becoming politically active.’
‘It aimed at overthrowing Republican state governments in the South.’
‘It tried to stop people voting Republican.’
‘It was founded to support the Democratic party.’
‘It was founded to reverse the changes that Reconstruction was introducing.’
‘It was founded to restore the control of white Americans and destroy the
advances made by black Americans in the South.’
e.g. ‘It was founded because of the situation in America after the end of the
Civil War. Some people thought that the situation made the KKK necessary.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(c) How far was Lincoln to blame for the fact that he was hated and feared 10
in the South? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think this was Lincoln’s fault. The main reason that he was hated and
feared in the South was his opposition to slavery which he made quite clear.
For example, he opposed the creation of new slave states. It is not
surprising that the South regarded him as an abolitionist and feared him.
Slavery was crucial to the economy and way of life of the South, and people
in the South resented any hint that the North would interfere with it. This can
be seen by the fact that in the presidential elections Lincoln did not win a
single state in the South, and soon after his victory southern states began to
secede from the Union.’
OR
‘This was not Lincoln’s fault and there was not much he could have done
about it. He did his best not to upset the South over slavery, for example, he
often promised to enforce fugitive slave laws as president. In his speech
when he became president, he promised not to interfere with slavery and he
did not think that the federal government could abolish slavery in states
where it already existed. In fact, with Lincoln as president, slavery in the
South would have probably been secure, so it was not his fault that the
South feared him.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘He opposed new slave states.’

‘He thought that slavery was wrong.’
‘He had ended slavery in Columbia in 1862.’
‘He opposed the Dred Scott judgement.’
‘He made his opposition to slavery clear in the debates with Douglas.’
‘His determination to save the Union meant that he was willing to fight the
South in a bloody civil war.’
‘Before the Civil War, he was not an abolitionist.’
‘He opposed the federal government abolishing slavery in states where it
already existed.’
‘He issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863.’
‘The Union army liberated slaves as it advanced.’
‘The importance of slavery to white Americans in the South meant that any
hint that he disliked slavery would put the South against him.’
e.g. ‘I think it was Lincoln’s fault. His views were not liked in the South and
so they were bound to hate him.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(a) What was the Austrian ultimatum to Serbia in July 1914? 4
e.g. ‘This was a series of demands made to Serbia because of Serbia’s

involvement in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.’
‘It was used by Austria to cause a war with Serbia.’
‘It demanded that Serbia condemn propaganda against Austria.’
‘It gave Serbia just 48 hours to agree to a series of demands.’
‘It demanded that Serbia allow Austrian officials into its country to suppress
anti-Austrian organisations or individuals.’
‘Serbia should arrest and put on trial those involved in the assassination.’
‘It was a series of demands that Serbia could not really agree to without
being humiliated.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(b) Why did Britain go to war in August 1914? 6
e.g. ‘I think the main reason was Britain was afraid that Germany was going
to invade France. The Entente Cordiale had brought Britain and France
closer and in 1911, during the Agadir Crisis, Britain had promised to help
France if it was invaded by Germany. Britain was very worried by the idea of
Germany quickly overrunning France as it had done in 1870. Germany
controlling France and the English Channel would be a great threat to
Britain. So Britain went to war to defend France.’
e.g. ‘This was because Germany refused to remove its troops from
Belgium.’
‘This was because Germany had invaded Belgium.’
‘Germany was clearly threatening France and so Britain had to go to war.’
‘Tensions between Germany and Britain had been growing for years and
German aggressiveness in Belgium was the crucial trigger for Britain to
declare war on Germany.’
‘Many people in Britain felt that they could not leave Belgium fighting
Germany alone.’
‘The Treaty of London said that Britain had to safeguard Belgium’s
neutrality.’
‘Britain did not want Germany to grow any more powerful.’
e.g. ‘Britain went to war because it had no choice. If it did not, then the
situation would get worse.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(c) Who was more to blame for the outbreak of war in 1914, Germany or 10
Russia? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘who was more to blame’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think Germany was more to blame. It had made the situation in
Europe very tense by its massive increase in armaments and its rivalry with
Britain. Giving a ‘blank cheque’ to Austria was disastrous because it
encouraged Austria to force a war with Serbia which started the events
leading to a major European war. Without Germany’s support, Austria would
not have gone so far as the ultimatum to Serbia. Germany’s support for
Austria also alarmed Russia which then mobilised.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Russia was to blame. Its support for Serbia encouraged the
Serbs to cause trouble for Austria. It is also important to remember that
Russia mobilised first. This is what turned a conflict between Austria and
Serbia into a major European war. Once Russia had mobilised, Germany
had to act fast before it was surrounded from the East and the West.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Germany encouraged Austria to invade Serbia through its blank

cheque.’
‘Russia did not want a war. It was not strong enough or ready for a war.’
‘Germany’s invasion of Belgium dragged Britain in and turned it into a major
conflict.’
‘Russia was to blame. It mobilised very quickly and before a war was
inevitable.’
‘Germany’s support for Austria alarmed Russia and made it mobilise.’
‘Russia mobilised very early and this frightened Germany into declaring war
on Russia and France.’
‘Germany was to blame because the Kaiser was determined that Germany
would become the major power in Europe.’
‘The Schlieffen Plan shows that Germany had planned a major European
war.’
‘Germany knew Russia would support Serbia if it was attacked by Austria,
but it still took the risk.’
‘Russia turned the squabble between Austria and Serbia into a European
war by encouraging Serbia and by mobilising.’
e.g. ‘I think they were both to blame. They both did things that made the war
more likely.’

question 0
5(a) Describe how the League dealt with the dispute over the Aaland 4
(Aland) Islands.
e.g. ‘The League rejected Finland’s claim that the issue of the Aaland
Islands was outside the League’s area of responsibility.’
‘The League investigated the claims of Finland and Sweden.’
‘The League supported the claims of Finland to the islands.’
‘The League also built in some safeguards, e.g. Finland could not fortify the
islands in any way.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(b) Why were some major powers not members of the League? 6
e.g. ‘One reason for this was because they did not want to become a
member. The USA decided not to join. It was worried that it would take away
some of the country’s independence and its right to make its own decisions
in foreign policy. It was also worried that the League would drag it into
European wars and disputes just as it had been in the First World War.
Hitler did not want Germany’s actions to be restricted by the League,
especially since he wanted to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, and so he
took Germany out of the League.’
e.g. ‘Some countries like the USA and Nazi Germany did not want to be
members.’
‘Some countries such as Germany were not allowed to join at the start of the
League of Nations.’
‘Japan left the League when it criticised its actions in Manchuria.’
‘The Soviet Union was not allowed to join at first for ideological reasons – it
was communist.’
‘The Soviet Union did not want to join at first because members such as
Britain and France had supported the counter-revolutionaries in Russia
during the Civil War.’
‘Italy left when the League imposed sanctions on it because of its invasion
of Abyssinia.’
e.g. ‘This was because they did not want to join because they disagreed
with it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(c) ‘Britain was responsible for the failure of the League in the 1930s.’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think the League had an impossible job to do,
especially because of the Depression. This led to extremists like Hitler
coming to power around the world. These leaders were nationalists and had
aggressive foreign policies such as Italy in Abyssinia, Japan in Manchuria
and Germany across Europe. The Depression also made the members of
the League more reluctant to use economic sanctions because they wanted
to keep all the trade they could. So at the moment when the League’s action
was needed most, the power of the League declined.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this statement. Britain was a leading member of the
League and yet it really provided no proper leadership for the League. In
fact, in many areas such as dealing with Germany’s aggression, Britain
ignored the League and dealt with Germany directly. It appeased Germany
and let it get away with taking over country after country. It also went behind
the League’s back and came up with a secret deal with France, the Hoare-
Laval Pact, to appease Italy. Britain did not want to upset Mussolini and was
worried about driving him into the arms of Hitler. This is why Britain let the
League down badly.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Depression made the job of the League much harder.’
‘Aggressive foreign policies of countries like Japan made the task of the
League much harder.’
‘Many members of the League were to blame. This can be seen with the
failure of the Disarmament Conference.’
‘France was just as much to blame. For example, it was reluctant to stand
up to Italy.’
‘Without a permanent army, the League never had a chance of success.’
‘The USA was not a member of the League and this seriously weakened it
in the 1930s.’
‘Britain was one of the two leading countries in the League and so must
have a lot of the responsibility.’
‘Britain often worked outside the League. This damaged its international
standing.’
‘Britain deceived the League through the Hoare-Laval Pact.’
‘Britain was reluctant to act against Japan because it had colonies in the Far
East.’
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think lots of countries were to blame for the
failure of the League.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(a) Describe the reactions of Britain and France to the remilitarisation of 4

the Rhineland in 1936.
e.g. ‘Many in Britain thought that Germany had a right to do what it wanted
in the Rhineland.’
‘Britain and France did not want to risk a war over territory that already
belonged to Germany.’
‘Hitler promised a non-aggression pact and so Britain and France did
nothing.’
‘France had great economic problems at the time and could not afford to do
anything.’
‘Public opinion in France was strongly against the French government doing
anything.’
‘At first, France hinted at taking military action but then did nothing.’
‘Britain did not have the military resources to do anything and so did
nothing.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(b) Why were the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s important 6
to Hitler?
e.g. ‘They were important to Hitler because they showed him that the
League would not stand up to countries who had aggressive foreign
policies. This was clear when Japan got away with invading Manchuria. This
became even clearer with Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia which was much
closer to Europe. The League showed it was incapable of taking effective
action with each country more concerned about its own national interests
than what was best internationally. Hitler decided that if he went on to
destroy the Treaty of Versailles, the League would not take any action
against him.’
e.g. ‘The League had shown that it could not take any meaningful action
against aggressors.’
‘Both Japan and Italy had got away with invading other countries. This was
an important lesson for Hitler.’
‘The League showed that individual members put themselves first and so
the League could not agree on any strong action.’
e.g. ‘They showed that the League was a failure and he did not have to
worry about it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(c) Are you surprised that Germany invaded Poland in September 1939? 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I am very surprised. By this time both Britain and France realised that
Hitler wanted to conquer the whole of eastern Europe and was not going to
stop at Czechoslovakia. In March, they gave Poland a guarantee that if it
was attacked they would come to its aid. Hitler should have realised from
this that Britain and France were not going to let him get away with any
more aggression. Hitler did not want a war with Britain and so I am surprised
he took the risk of invading Poland.’
OR
e.g. ‘I am not surprised at all because of the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Germany and
Russia agreed to divide Poland between them. This meant that Hitler knew
that if he invaded Poland he would not be attacked by Russia. If Britain went
to war against him, he would not have to fight a war on two fronts. Anyway,
the actions of Britain and France so far taught Hitler that they were unlikely
to do anything if he invaded Poland.’
e.g. ‘Britain and France promised to come to Poland’s aid if it was attacked.’
‘By this time, Britain and France were determined not to let Germany get
away with any more aggression and conquest.’
‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact made invading Poland a lot less risky.’
‘Hitler wanted to reverse the Treaty of Versailles which had created Poland.’
‘Poland included land that had belonged to Germany before 1919.’
PUBLISHED
7(a) What was the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4
(NATO)?
e.g. ‘It was designed so that the member states agreed to defend each other
if one of them was attacked.’
‘Its purpose was for the West to stand up to the Soviet Union.’
‘It was to protect the West against Soviet invasion.’
‘It was to protect countries in Western Europe, after the Soviet Union had
taken over countries in Eastern Europe.’
‘It allowed the USA to have missile sites close to the Soviet border.’
‘Its purpose was to stand up to communism.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(b) Why did the USSR and the West disagree about what to do with 6
Germany after the end of the Second World War?
e.g. ‘They disagreed because the USSR was worried about being attacked
again by a revived and strong Germany. Russia had been attacked by
Germany and an enormous amount of damage had been done there. Stalin
thought that the Soviet Union was under threat from the West and this is
why he developed a series of communist states in Eastern Europe as a
barrier against the West. If Germany became industrially and militarily
strong again, it could threaten the Soviet Union. This is why he wanted to
strip Germany of its industry so that it could not recover.’
e.g. ‘The USSR thought Germany should pay huge reparations for invading
Russia.’
‘The USSR wanted more reparations from Germany to help it rebuild after
the war.’
‘The West regarded the USSR as a hostile power and wanted a strong
Germany to stop communist expansion.’
‘The USSR did not want to be threatened by a strong Germany again.’
‘Truman took a tougher line over Germany than Roosevelt.’
e.g. ‘They disagreed because they had completely different ideas about
Germany. They both thought Germany was crucial to their idea of what a
future Europe should look like.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(c) ‘The USA offered the Marshall Plan to European countries to help its 10
own economy.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The Marshall Plan was really to help the USA. The
idea behind lending European countries enormous sums of money was that
as their economies recovered, they would buy goods from the USA. This
would help US industry and create jobs in the USA because there would be
a great demand for US exports. If Western Europe remained poor, it would
not be able to trade with the US much.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. I think the Marshall Plan was all about protecting
Western Europe from the spread of communism. Truman was worried that if
Western Europe remained poor, there might be uprisings and support for
communism. He was worried that communism might spread across Western
Europe. The way to stop this was to help Western Europe recover
economically. If people there had jobs and were gradually feeling richer,
they would have no reason to support communism.’
e.g. ‘I agree. The US needed markets for its exports.’

‘The Marshall Plan would let Europe buy American goods.’
‘I disagree. The US wanted to stop communism spreading across the rest of
Europe.’
‘I disagree. The US wanted to help Europe recover after the war.’
‘I disagree. The real reason was that the US wanted to control Western
Europe.’
PUBLISHED
8(a) Describe Saddam Hussein’s rise to power in the 1970s. 4
e.g. ‘In 1957 Saddam Hussein joined the Baath Party.’

‘In 1959 he was involved in an attempt to assassinate Iraq’s ruler.’
‘In 1964 he became a member of the Regional Command.’
‘He played a leading role in the July Revolution of 1968.’
‘He made important allies in the Iraqi army.’
‘After the revolution, he became President Bakr’s deputy.’
‘In 1979 he forced Bakr to step down and he became President.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(b) Why was the Iran-Iraq War important to the West? 6
e.g. ‘The Iran-Iraq War was important to the West because it did not want
Iran or Iraq to become dominant in the Middle East. Neither of these two
countries was particularly friendly with the West and so they did not want
either of them to be all-powerful. For example, if Iran had won it could have
put an Islamic revolutionary government into Baghdad. This would have
been disastrous for the West and would have threatened the West’s allies in
the region such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. This would have made the
whole area unstable and could have left the West without any allies there.
This is why the West did give Iraq arms and money – to stop Iran winning
the war.’
e.g. ‘It did not want instability in this region.’

‘It needed oil supplies from the region.’
‘It did not want a victory for the anti-West Islamic regime in Iran.’
‘It wanted to keep a balance of power in the region.’
‘It did not want its allies such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia threatened by a
victory for Iran.’
e.g. ‘It was very important to the West because it had a great deal of interest
in what went on there.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(c) How surprising was the establishment of an Islamic republic in Iran by 10

April 1979? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘how surprising’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not think this was very surprising. The Shah had become very
unpopular because of his repressive rule. He used secret police and
informers and his opponents were tortured and executed. The leading
enemy of the Shah was Ayatollah Khomeini, a Muslim cleric, who was in
exile. At this stage, Khomeini focused on the grievances of the people such
as the repressive rule and the great inequalities of wealth, but he really
aimed at setting up an Islamic republic. When he returned to the country, a
popular revolution overthrew the Shah and in 1979 a referendum was held
to turn the country into an Islamic republic. This is not surprising because it
is what Khomeini had been planning all the time.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think this was surprising. Most of the opposition to the rule of the Shah
had built up over his repressive policies that had little to do with religion. His
rich life style was compared with the poverty of many Iranians and he spent
a lot of the country’s wealth on weapons. This all led to massive
demonstrations in Iran. Although Khomeini was an important figurehead, he
was in exile and did not return to Iran until after the Shah and his family had
fled. Many of the protests were about issues that had little to do with religion
and most people were not demonstrating for an Islamic republic. So it was
surprising when Khomeini set one up in 1979.’
PUBLISHED
9(a) Describe conditions in the trenches. 4
e.g. ‘There were limited washing facilities and there was much disease.’
‘Many soldiers suffered from trench foot caused by the mud, and wet and
damp conditions.’
‘There were many rats in the trenches because of the dead bodies.’
‘In winter, soldiers suffered from frostbite.’
‘The constant shelling led to shell shock.’
‘In between the major battles it was often very boring in the trenches.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(b) Why were tanks important in the First World War? 6
e.g. ‘Tanks were important in the war because they were an answer to the
most difficult problem in fighting trench warfare. Millions of men in the
infantry were killed trying to attack across No Man’s Land. Because of the
barbed wire and the machine gun-posts, they were easy to mow down. The
tanks, however, could cross No Man’s Land and smash through the barbed
wire. This opened up things for infantry who could then attack the enemy.’
e.g. ‘They could smash through barbed wire.’

‘They could cross No Man’s Land.’
‘When they were first used the Germans were scared by the sight of them.’
‘They made a breakthrough in the Battle of Cambrai in 1917.’
‘They were crucial in the Allied counter-attacks in 1918.’
e.g. ‘They were very important because they helped Britain win the war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(c) ‘The Battle of Verdun was more important than the Battle of the 10
Somme.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree. The Battle of Verdun was crucial. Verdun was an important
part of the French defences and a German breakthrough would have been
devastating. The Germans also hoped that a German offensive on Verdun
would force the French and the British to send troops there to help defend it
and that this would weaken them in other areas of the fighting on the
Western Front. However, the French fought bravely and defended Verdun
successfully. This was an enormous help to French morale. It also showed
how difficult it was to attack heavily fortified places and the Germans did not
launch another major attack until 1918.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. The Battle of the Somme was more important. It involved a
huge offensive by the British at the River Somme and was meant to defeat
the Germans and end the war. It did not do this but it did take pressure off
Verdun. The Germans had to take some of their troops away from the attack
on Verdun to send them to the Somme front. This helped the French at
Verdun hold out. The Somme was also important because it showed that
the war would not be over quickly.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The defence of Verdun improved French morale.’

‘Verdun prevented a German victory in the war.’
‘Verdun was a crucial part of the French defences.’
‘The Somme forced the Germans to take troops away from Verdun.’
‘The Somme was more important because there were over a million
casualties.’
‘The Somme showed that neither side was going to make a quick
breakthrough.’
‘The Somme meant that both sides moved behind strong defensive
positions and were prepared for a long war.’
‘The Somme showed that tanks were not very effective.’
e.g. ‘I think they were both important because they affected the course of
the war.’

question 0
10(a) Describe what happened at the Battle of Jutland. 4
e.g. ‘The Germans had a plan to destroy the British fleet.’

‘Jellicoe’s fleet sailed out of port earlier than the Germans expected.’
‘The Germans sank two major British ships in the first hours of the battle.’
‘More British than German ships were sunk.’
‘The German fleet sailed back to port.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(b) Why were the Home Fronts in Britain and Germany important in the 6
First World War?
e.g. ‘The Home Fronts were crucial because this is where the war could
have been won or lost. One example of this is the production of armaments
for the armies to keep fighting. Rifles, machine guns, aeroplanes, artillery,
munitions and tanks all had to be produced for the armies. Without the
civilian workers producing all of this, the armies would have been powerless.
Many of the people working in the factories producing all of this were
women. One of the main reasons why Germany lost the war was because
its factories were struggling to produce all the weapons and equipment its
army needed, whereas in Britain production was increasing.’
e.g. ‘The Home Front produced all the weapons, munitions and equipment
that the armies needed.’
‘Both countries had to increase food production to keep their people fed.’
‘A collapse of morale on the Home Front would have been disastrous.’
‘Germany decided the best way to win the war was to starve Britain into
defeat by a blockade.’
‘Germany lost the war because of starvation and riots on the Home Front.’
e.g. ‘The Home Fronts were important because without them both countries
could not have fought the war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(c) How important was the failure of the Gallipoli campaign in the First 10
World War? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not think that the failure of the Gallipoli campaign was all that
important. This is because its purpose was to help Russia in the war by
defeating Turkey. This would mean Russia had one less country to fight on
the Eastern Front. Not enough troops were sent for the attack and they
ended up being stuck on the beaches under heavy fire. In the end, they
were withdrawn in 1916.The reason this did not matter that much was that in
the next year Russia signed an armistice and then withdrew from the war.
This was because of the revolution in Russia and so the Gallipoli campaign
would not have made much difference.’
OR
e.g. ‘The failure of the Gallipoli campaign was important. By 1915 the
fighting on the Western Front was at a stalemate and it was clear that
neither side was going to make a breakthrough. The idea behind the
invasion of Gallipoli was to win the war on the Eastern Front where Russia
was fighting Turkey. However, it was a disaster. Tens of thousands of men
were killed and the rest had to withdraw. This failure was important because
it meant there would be no breakthrough and the war would last for years.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Russia signed an armistice in the next year and then left the war.’
‘In the end, the war had to be won on the Western Front so the Gallipoli
campaign was irrelevant.’
‘Russia was not helped and so struggled badly in the war.’
‘The war would go on for several more years.’
‘It meant the war had to be won on the Western Front.’
‘It led to hundreds of thousands of casualties.’
‘It led to Winston Churchill resigning from the government because it was
his idea.’
‘It led to the British Prime Minister resigning.’
e.g. ‘The failure was very bad and was a disaster. This was why it was
important.’

question 0
11(a) Describe the events of 1932–33 that led to Hitler becoming Chancellor. 4
e.g. ‘Nazi propaganda exploited the economic difficulties of the country.’

‘In the July 1932 election the Nazis were the most successful party.’
‘Leaders of other parties like von Papen found it impossible to form a stable
government.’
‘Schleicher found it impossible to get a majority in the Reichstag.’
‘In 1933 von Papen persuaded Hindenburg to let Hitler become Chancellor.
He hoped he could control and use Hitler.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(b) Why did the Nazis fail to win much support between 1924 and 1929? 6
e.g. ‘The Nazis failed to win much support in this period because the
Weimar Republic was doing well. Stresemann had got rid of inflation by
introducing a new currency. He had also negotiated the Dawes Plan which
involved the USA lending Germany money to get its economy going. This
happened and with the economic recovery came jobs. These successes
meant that people had no reason to turn to a small extremist party like the
Nazi Party.’
e.g. ‘The Weimar Republic had recovered and its economy was doing well.’
‘Stresemann managed to end inflation.’
‘The Dawes Plan helped Germany recover.’
‘The failure of the Munich Putsch was a setback for the Nazis.’
‘The Nazis had extreme policies and there was no reason for voters to
switch their support to them.’
e.g. ‘They did not have much support because they struggled to be popular
with the German people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was more important to Hitler than the Night of the 10
Long Knives.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the Reichstag Fire was more important. This is because it
happened just before an election. The Nazis blamed the fire on communists
and used it to persuade Hindenburg to pass an emergency decree that gave
the government more powers and cut individual rights. This let Hitler arrest
many of his opponents. He also used the fire to whip up hatred of the
communists and this helped him do well in the election where he nearly got
50% of the total vote. Overall, the fire was important because it let him
strengthen his position and make the communists weaker.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The Night of the Long Knives was much more
important because it was when Hitler dealt with the biggest threat he faced –
from Rohm and the SA. Rohm had built up the SA and had over 2 million
members, making him very powerful. He thought that Hitler was making too
many compromises and wanted him to be more radical. He was openly
criticising Hitler. In June 1933, Hitler moved against him and had the leaders
of the SA, including Rohm, executed. This meant the SA was under Hitler’s
control and he was much more secure.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Reichstag Fire allowed Hitler to discredit the communists.’

‘The Reichstag Fire meant Hitler could persuade Hindenburg to pass an
emergency decree.’
‘The Reichstag Fire helped Hitler do well in the elections.’
‘The Reichstag Fire gave Hitler enough confidence to pass the Enabling
Act.’
‘The Night of the Long Knives reassured the army and meant it would
support Hitler.’
‘The Night of the Long Knives got rid of Rohm and the threat from the SA.’
‘The Night of the Long Knives put the SA firmly under Hitler’s control.’
‘The Night of the Long Knives meant that Hitler could carry on trying to win
over business leaders.’
e.g. ‘I think the Reichstag Fire was very important because the Reichstag
building was burned down.’

question 0
12(a) Describe what happened at the Nuremberg rallies. 4
e.g. ‘This was the annual rally of the Nazi Party.’

‘They were used to celebrate Nazi victories and announce new policies like
compulsory military service.’
‘Over half a million supporters would take part.’
‘They were used to show the solidarity between the German people and the
Nazi Party.’
‘There would be torchlight processions.’
‘Hitler and other leading Nazis would make speeches.’
‘There would be marches by soldiers with flags and drums.’
‘They were used to create a personality cult around Hitler.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(b) Why did some young people rebel against the Hitler Youth? 6
e.g. ‘One important reason for this was the strict discipline of the Hitler
Youth, especially after membership became compulsory in 1936. The
Edelweiss Pirates were young people who wanted more freedom and did
not like the way in which the Nazis were trying to control every aspect of
their lives. They refused to join the Hitler Youth and ambushed their patrols
and beat them up. They wanted the freedom to go hiking and camping and
not have all their activities organised by the Hitler Youth.’
e.g. ‘They did not like the strict discipline of the Hitler Youth.’
‘They did not like the indoctrination that took place in the Hitler Youth.’
‘They were against the separation of sexes into the Hitler Youth and the
League of German Maidens.’
‘The Swing Movement opposed the fact that young people had to join the
Hitler Youth.’
‘Members of the Swing Movement wanted to grow their hair and wear
fashionable clothes and go against the image of the Hitler Youth.’
‘Members of the Swing Movement disliked the ideology of the Hitler Youth
and wanted to enjoy American music and life style.’
‘The Swing Movement was against the military nature of the Hitler Youth
and supported a counterculture by their clothing and music.’
e.g. ‘They rebelled against the Hitler Youth because they did not like all the
activities that went on there.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(c) ‘The Nazis managed to stay in power because they had popular 10
support.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Nazis did not stay in power because they had popular support.
They stayed in power by the use of force and by oppressing people. Any
opponents of the Nazis like communists were put in concentration camps
where they often died. The Gestapo spied on everyone by tapping their
phones and using informers. They encouraged everyone to spy on everyone
else, even people spying on their own family. Anyone that was suspected
was arrested and could be sent to a concentration camp without trial.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this because the Nazis won popular support through the
use of propaganda. They indoctrinated people into Nazi ideas. This was
done by controlling everything that went on in newspapers and on the radio.
This meant that the news was controlled by the Nazis and that Hitler’s
speeches and praise for Hitler were the only things people read and heard.
Radios were set up in cafes and factories. Books, art and film were also
controlled. Being bombarded with constant Nazi propaganda meant that
people naturally thought the Nazi regime was wonderful.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The SS arrested anyone they suspected of being an opponent.’

‘Opponents were put in concentration camps.’
‘They stayed in power by using everyone to spy and inform on everyone
else.’
‘The Gestapo spied on people by intercepting their post and using
informers.’
‘People put up with the Nazi regime because they were too afraid to oppose
it.’
‘People were won over by propaganda in newspapers and on the radio.’
‘People heard of nothing else but Nazi propaganda telling them of the
benefits of Nazi rule.’
‘The thinking of German people was controlled by censorship and
propaganda.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis did have the support of many people in Germany who
supported their ideas.’

question 0
13(a) What were the consequences for Russia of the Russo-Japanese War? 4
e.g. ‘This war led to Bloody Sunday where an end to the war was one of the
demands.’
‘It was one of the causes of the 1905 revolution.’
‘It increased criticism of the Tsar’s rule of Russia.’
‘Soldiers returning from the war protested.’
‘There were naval mutinies at Sevastopol and aboard the battleship
Potemkin.’
‘It led to reforms of the Russian army.’
‘It led to the rise of Japan as a great power.’
‘It was a great blow to Russian pride and prestige.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(b) Why was Bloody Sunday important? 6
e.g. ‘In January 1905, Father Gapon led protestors in a march to present a
petition for reforms to the Tsar. But before they could get to the Winter
Palace they were fired on by soldiers. Hundreds of people were killed and
many more injured. This sent shocks through Russia. People had believed
that the Tsar was their ‘father’ and would look after them. These killings
destroyed this belief and from then on things were never the same. Although
the Tsar survived in 1905, he never really recovered and Bloody Sunday
can be seen as the first important event that led to his downfall in 1917.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it started the 1905 revolution.’

‘Hundreds of people were killed by the Tsar’s soldiers and many more
wounded.’
‘It led to the mutiny on the battleship Potemkin.’
‘It led to people no longer trusting the Tsar.’
‘It was the first step to the eventual downfall of the Tsar.’
e.g. ‘Bloody Sunday was important because it led to further unrest and
revolution.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(c) Are you surprised that the Tsar managed to remain in power until 10
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation ‘are you surprised’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘No, I am not surprised by this. He stayed in power by a mixture of

reform and repression. The Tsar issued the October Manifesto which
promised some reforms such as a Duma. This satisfied quite a lot of people.
Stolypin also helped the Tsar survive by passing reforms. The peasants
were allowed to leave communes and many bought their own farms. This
helped to keep them quiet. He also helped the Tsar survive by dealing
ruthlessly with any trouble. He introduced martial law to deal with disorder
and terrorism. This kept the Tsar firmly in control of the country.’
OR
e.g. ‘Yes, I am very surprised. Many of the reforms the Tsar passed, he
soon went back on. The Duma was not the introduction of democracy. It
was packed with Tsarists and the Tsar simply dissolved it whenever he
wanted to. The Fundamental Laws gave him back a lot of his power and the
Okhrana (the secret police) were brutal and were hated. All of this made the
Tsar unpopular and it is surprising that he stayed in power until 1917. This is
especially because he was weakened by Russia’s disastrous entry into the
First World War. This soon led to food shortages. So I am surprised he
survived until 1917.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Stolypin kept the Tsar in power by using repression.’

‘Reforms like those in the October Manifesto helped to satisfy many people.’
‘The peasants were won over by reforms letting them buy their own land.’
‘He managed to stay in power by using his secret police to deal with any
opposition.’
‘The Fundamental Laws of 1906 helped the Tsar regain control.’
‘The Tsar went back on many of his reforms.’
‘The Tsar’s use of the Okhrana was very unpopular.’
‘Russian defeats in the First World War made the Tsar very unpopular.’
e.g. ‘No. He was the Tsar and so many people would obey him. It is not
surprising that he stayed in power.’

question 0
14(a) Describe the impact of Stalin’s rule on ethnic minorities in the Soviet 4
Union.
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted them to think of themselves as Russians and not as

individual nationalities.’
‘Russian was taught in all schools and using their own languages was
discouraged.’
‘Many people from ethnic minorities such as the Chechens and the Ingush
were deported to Siberia where they became second-class citizens. Millions
died.’
‘Many who were in the Soviet elite were targeted during the purges.’
‘There was a policy of Decossackisation to try and finish off the Cossacks.’
‘The Holodomor famine was a terror-famine campaign organised by the
Soviet authorities against the Ukrainian population.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(b) Why did Stalin think it was necessary to reform Soviet industry? 6
e.g. ‘He wanted to reform industry because he wanted Russia to be able to

defend itself. It was faced with hostile countries in the West which did not
like communism and he was afraid Russia might be invaded. He thought
that modernising Russia’s industry would give it the materials and
equipment needed to improve Russia’s armed forces and defences. All of
this needed to be brought up to date.’
e.g. ‘To make Russia more secure.’

‘To turn Russia into a leading country.’
‘To make the Soviet Union strong militarily.’
‘To make the Soviet Union self-sufficient.’
‘To put industry more under the control of the Soviet government.’
‘This would help create a Marxist state.’
‘The NEP went against socialist ideas.’
‘To improve people’s standard of living.’
e.g. ‘He did this because he wanted to make it better. Soviet industry
needed reforming and Stalin was ready to do it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(c) ‘Collectivisation did more harm than good.’ How far do you agree with 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Collectivisation was a disaster. It caused a lot of disruption with

Kulaks opposing the policy. They killed livestock and destroyed their crops.
This led to the amount of grain being produced going down. Stalin thought
that Kulaks were hiding grain; he would not accept that less was being
produced. The result was famine that killed millions of people, especially in
Ukraine.’
OR
e.g. ‘Russian agriculture was backward, was not producing the amount of
food needed and had to be reformed. Collectivisation was needed to
increase production. The fact that it did not work well at the beginning was
not the fault of collectivisation but the fault of Kulaks who opposed the
policy. They burned crops, killed millions of their animals and damaged
machinery. This caused less food to be produced and the result was famine.
By the late 1930s, most farms were collectivised, new machinery was being
used and the production of food did go up. Overall, it did more good than
harm.’
e.g. ‘Collectivisation was opposed by Kulaks and this led to disruption with
much livestock being killed.’
‘It did a lot of harm because it caused famine.’
‘In the long run it did increase the production of food.’
‘Collectivisation did harm to the Kulaks who lost their farms and some were
executed or sent to Siberia.’
PUBLISHED
15(a) What new products did advertising promote during the 1920s? 4
e.g. ‘Many people wanted to buy things that made life at home easier like
fridges.’
‘Advertising promoted the sale of cars.’
‘Advertising tried to sell domestic appliances like washing machines and
vacuum cleaners.’
‘Advertising sold radios.’

question 0
15(b) Why did Prohibition fail? 6
e.g. ‘Prohibition failed because the majority of people did not support it. This
was especially true in large cities. Many people still wanted alcohol and so
‘speakeasies’ sprang up. These were illegal drinking bars. Rich people had
alcohol delivered to their homes while poorer people made their own using
illegal stills. With many of the public against it, prohibition was never going
to work.’
e.g. ‘Enforcement agents were corrupt.’

‘The police were corrupt.’
‘The general public were not in support of it.’
‘People used speakeasies and illegal stills.’
‘It led to gangs and much violence.’
‘Gangs supplied alcohol to anyone who wanted it.’
‘Gangs bribed and threatened the police and judges.’
e.g. ‘It failed because it never worked properly. They could not make it
work.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(c) ‘The lives led by rural and urban Americans in the 1920s were more 10
similar than they were different.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. This is because there were many differences.
Flappers in the cities kept up with the latest fashions and had more freedom.
They smoked, drove cars and had more independence. Many women in
cities also had the new labour-saving devices. However, women in rural
areas still had hard traditional lives. They did not have labour-saving devices
and had to bring up children and work hard on the farm. They did not have
much money and lived hard lives just as in the past. Small farmers and
labourers in rural areas did not benefit from the boom in the 1920s and lived
much poorer lives than workers in the cities where there were plenty of well-
paid jobs.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this. If you were poor then it did not make much difference
where you lived. The majority of American workers lived below the poverty
line and they could be found in rural and urban areas. Many workers in cities
such as female cotton operatives were paid low wages and were no better
off than small farmers or labourers in rural areas. Black Americans suffered
from discrimination in rural and urban areas. The persecution in southern
rural areas was worse with the Ku Klux Klan operating but in northern cities
they suffered from low wages and discrimination in housing.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Black Americans faced discrimination in rural and urban areas.’

‘Black Americans fled away from persecution in rural areas to find jobs in
northern cities.’
‘Many American workers suffered from low wages in both rural and urban
areas.’
‘People in urban areas had more chance to afford labour saving devices
such as vacuum cleaners.’
e.g. ‘I think their lives were very different because they were living in
different types of places.’

question 0
16(a) What were the Supreme Court’s objections to the New Deal? 4
e.g. ‘They said that parts of it like the AAA were against the constitution.’
‘It wanted welfare help to be given through the states and not by the federal
government.’
‘Most of the judges were Republican and did not believe in the federal
government intervening in people’s lives.’
‘Many of the judges thought that people should stand on their own two feet.’
‘The judges said that the National Industrial Recovery Act was
unconstitutional.’
‘The Supreme Court did not like the move from individualism to collectivism.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(b) Why did the promises Roosevelt made in the 1932 presidential election 6
appeal to the American people?
e.g. ‘His promises appealed to people because of the dreadful situation that
America was in at the time. Banks and businesses were failing and people
were losing their jobs in their millions. There were no welfare benefits and
people lost their homes and had to live in shanty towns. Many people were
completely without any hope. Roosevelt promised ‘a new deal for the
American people’. His confidence that American society could be reformed
and be made fair for everyone raised people’s hopes. They believed that he
would rescue them from the Depression.’
e.g. ‘They appealed to them because the American people were in such a
desperate situation in the Depression.’
‘Roosevelt had a reputation for helping the elderly and the poor in New York
State.’
‘Compared to Hoover he seemed full of hope for the future.’
‘Roosevelt had a warm friendly personality and filled people with hope.’
e.g. ‘His promises were just what the American people needed at that time.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(c) ‘The fact that Roosevelt introduced the Second New Deal in 1935–36 10
shows that the First New Deal had failed.’ How far do you agree with


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think this is right. The Second New Deal was introduced to deal with
the areas that the First New Deal was weak on. The First New Deal did not
do much about workers’ rights and welfare. Some critics like Huey Long said
that it did not help those who were unemployed and poor. Parts of the
Second New Deal showed how Roosevelt was trying to put this right. The
right of workers to join trade unions was defended and pensions for elderly
were introduced as well as insurance against unemployment.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this at all. The First New Deal did an awful lot and
was a success. It helped farmers by paying them to cut production. This
increased their income. Banks were saved and reopened again.
Employment was provided by job creation schemes and building projects
such as dams and roads. Industry was helped to recover by using the ‘Blue
Eagle’ scheme which businesses joined. The First New Deal did not solve
every problem but it stopped businesses going bankrupt and helped those in
desperate need.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. Disagree:
‘The banking system was saved.’
‘The homeless and those starving were helped.’
‘Jobs were created.’
‘Businesses were prevented from going bankrupt.’
‘The regeneration of the Tennessee Valley was a great success.’
e.g. Agree:
‘There was still a lot of unemployment.’
‘Wealth was not re-distributed to the poor.’
‘Not enough was done to get rid of poverty.’
e.g. ‘The First New Deal was a not a failure. It helped a lot of people.’

question 0
17(a) What happened during the Shanghai Massacre of 1927? 4
e.g. ‘Chiang had leaders of the city’s Communist Party arrested.’

‘When there were protests Chiang ordered the army to take control. They
killed lots of Communist supporters.’
‘Hundreds of thousands of Communists were killed.’
‘There were public executions of Communists.’
‘Chiang took control of the city.’
‘Communist members of the city government were thrown out.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
17(b) Why did Chiang Kai-shek think that the five extermination campaigns 6
were necessary?
e.g. ‘Chiang Kai-shek thought that the extermination campaigns were

necessary to get rid of the Communists. Chiang became leader of the
Kuomintang in 1925. His party and the Communists had been working
together but he decided that if he wanted to reform China, he had to defeat
the Communists. The extermination campaigns were designed to isolate
and destroy the Communists.’
e.g. ‘He wanted to completely destroy the power of the Communists.’

‘The Communists controlled much of the countryside of China.’
‘He wanted to unify China.’
‘The Communists were operating a rival government from their strongholds.’
e.g. ‘He thought this because he had decided that it was the only solution for
his problems in China.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
17(c) ‘Leadership was the main factor that determined the outcome of the 10
Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. When they first got to Yenan, Mao laid down basic
principles. One was to win over the support of the peasants. This became a
crucial factor in the Civil War. The peasants supported Mao and the
Communists because they treated the peasants much better than the
Nationalists. Mao insisted that the Communists lived with the peasants and
helped them. He also promised the peasants their own land. This was very
important because the peasants were the largest group in China and so this
gave the Communists mass support. Mao dominated the Communists and
gave them clear leadership.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think that other factors were important. The corruption of the
Nationalists was very unpopular with the Chinese people. It was so bad that
it made the Americans stop sending support to them. The Nationalists lost
support and even their own soldiers began to desert and join the
Communists who were seen as defenders of the country. The tactics of the
Communists also helped. They avoided big battles and launched smaller
attacks.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Nationalists were weakened by the war against the Japanese.’
‘Chiang’s desire for a powerful centralised government meant he upset too
many different groups in China.’
‘Mao made sure the Communists won over the peasants.’
‘The Communists were given help by the USSR.’
‘The corruption of the Nationalists lost them much support.’
‘The charismatic leadership of Mao gave the Communists a unity of
command.’
‘The Communists were seen as standing up to the Japanese more.’
‘The Communists used better tactics such as small attacks rather than large
battles.’
‘Chiang failed to give the Nationalists clear and popular leadership.’
‘The Nationalists were seen by the Chinese people as corrupt.’
e.g. ‘Leadership was very important but there were other factors like the
popularity of the Communists.’

question 0
18(a) What was the policy adopted by China from 1979 in relation to 4
population growth?
e.g. ‘It was an attempt to reduce the population to 700 million.’

‘Families were permitted only one child.’
‘In some cases a couple could have a second child, such as when both
parents were single children.’
‘It is referred to as the ‘One Child Policy’.
‘Women were required to have an IUD fitted after the birth of their first child.’
‘It was extremely unpopular, especially in the countryside.’
‘Some women were forced to have sterilisations.’
‘It resulted in more boys than girls being born in China.’
‘Couples received fines for having more than one child.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
18(b) Why was China able to achieve economic growth from the late 1970s? 6
e.g. ‘China was able to achieve economic growth after a new ten-year plan
for rapid growth was devised in 1978. This allowed China to follow a new
direction, closer to a Western-style economy. Foreign trade resumed, along
with borrowing from foreign investors in an effort to generate capital.
Agriculture also benefited economically from the introduction of greater
resources following on from a sharp increase in the prices paid for farm
goods and products from 1979. There was a change from collective to
family farming and greater choice for peasants in what was grown, with
impressive harvests in the early 1980s after excellent weather. Many small
industries, transport companies and other services were set up by the many
who decided to leave farming.’
e.g. ‘China achieved growth after it introduced a plan for the economy.’
‘China adopted different policies on trade and investment.’
‘China modernised its industry and agriculture with a more Western-style
approach.’
e.g. ‘China achieved economic growth because it needed to improve the

economy.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
18(c) ‘Economic development in China in the period 1980 to 1990 produced 10

much change.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Deng’s economic reforms did lead to high economic
growth which led to an increase in the standard of living of millions of
Chinese people. Other improvements included allowing peasants to earn
extra income by selling produce from their plots of land. Deng also opened
China up to the rest of the world and outside cultural influences began to
impact on the lives of the Chinese. Many of them moved to the cities for jobs
and bought consumer goods.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree with this statement. Despite the economic development

through the Four Modernisations and the opening up of the economy, the
Chinese Communist Party kept firm control within China. For example, the
policy of one child only was enforced and forced abortions were even used.
In the early 1980s Deng launched his ‘strike hard’ campaign. His critics said
that he had missed out the ‘Fifth Modernisation’ which was more democracy
and by the end of the 1980s there was a lot of dissatisfaction with the
authoritarian regime. Criticism was dealt with sternly.’
e.g. ‘There were important social changes such as many people moving to
the cities.’
‘The standard of living of many Chinese was improved.’
‘Many Chinese bought more consumer goods.’
‘The Communist Party kept control and did not allow dissent.’
‘The policy of one child per family was continued and strictly enforced.’
‘Many Chinese were happy not to have political freedoms if they had
economic freedom.’
PUBLISHED
19(a) What was the migrant labour system? 4
e.g. ‘Agents recruited young men from their villages to work in mines.’
‘Black South Africans migrated from their villages to work in diamond and
gold mines.’
‘Migrant workers were on short contracts.’
‘While at work, the workers lived in male-only compounds.’
‘The mining companies fed and housed the workers.’
‘The mining companies kept the wages low.’
‘The workers took their wages back to their home villages.’
‘The workers were treated harshly by their overseers.’

question 0
19(b) Why was the Natives Land Act of 1913 unpopular with black South 6
Africans?
e.g. ‘It was very unpopular with black South Africans because it banned
share-cropping. This was how they could farm for themselves. They gave
half their crop to the white landowner in return for the land they used, but at
least they could produce food to feed their families. The banning of share-
cropping meant they could not farm for themselves and they had to either
work for the farmer as a labourer or work in the mines.’
e.g. ‘It stopped them owning or renting land except in the black reserves.’
‘It led to black share-croppers being evicted and ending up homeless.’
‘It meant black South Africans could no longer be farmers except in the
reserves.’
‘It forced black South Africans to become labourers for white farmers.’
e.g. ‘It was unpopular because it did a great deal of harm to them and made
their lives difficult.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
19(c) How far was the victory of the National Party in the 1948 election 10
caused by the failings of the United Party? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think the National Party won because of its
own policies and ideas. It promised a white South Africa under Afrikaner
rule. This would involve moving black South Africans to the reserves. This
pleased Afrikaners, who made up the majority of white South Africans and
who believed in white supremacy and were worried about their culture being
overwhelmed by black South Africans. They also promised white
industrialists lots of cheap black labour which would be allowed to leave the
reserves to work in the cities. All of this appealed to the Afrikaners.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The United Party which was the party in power was
very unpopular, especially with Afrikaners. This was because after the war
the South African economy was in a mess and white workers found that
when they returned from the war, their jobs had been taken by black South
Africans. They were also worried by all the black protests and strikes and
feared black South Africans taking over. They blamed this on Smuts and his
government which they thought did not seem able to keep black South
Africans under control.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The policies of the National Party were very popular with Afrikaners.’
‘The National Party promised to move black South Africans to the reserves.’
‘The National party promised to keep South Africa under Afrikaner rule.’
‘The National Party promised to provide factory and mine owners with lots of
cheap labour.’
‘The National Party promised to provide white farmers with lots of cheap
labour.’
‘The United Party government was not sorting out South Africa’s economic
problems.’
‘The United Party government was not dealing with protests and strikes by
black South Africans.’
‘Afrikaners did not like the flood of black workers to the cities which the
United Party seemed to be allowing.’
‘The United Party government had kept food prices low which was not good
for white farmers.’
e.g. ‘I think the United Party lost the election because it had some very bad
ideas and policies.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(a) Describe what it was like living in a Bantustan (Homeland). 4
e.g. ‘It was awful because the Bantustans were so overcrowded.’

‘It was very difficult to farm successfully because the land was so infertile.’
‘It was bad because the chiefs ruled as dictators.’
‘There were few jobs and most people were very poor.’
‘Many people lived in squalor with little in the way of sanitation.’
‘Medical provision was very poor.’
‘The elites did well by setting up casinos in the Bantustans.’

question 0
20(b) Why was there opposition to apartheid from outside South Africa? 6
e.g. ‘This happened because more and more nations in Africa were winning
their independence from the colonial rule of whites. As black Africans took
over in countries near South Africa like Angola, Mozambique and
Zimbabwe, they were hostile to South Africa and apartheid. South Africa
had been able to depend on these ‘buffer states’ but not after the 1970s and
1980s. These countries let organisations like the ANC, liberation fighters
from Namibia and even soldiers from Cuba set up camps from which they
could attack South Africa.’
e.g. ‘This was because more African countries were being ruled by black
governments who were against apartheid.’
‘The United Nations had many countries with black governments and they
were against apartheid, turning the UN against it.’
‘Many ordinary people in countries like Britain were horrified by the
injustices of apartheid.’
‘Events like Sharpeville turned more people outside South Africa against
apartheid.’
e.g. ‘There was lots of opposition because people did not like the way
apartheid was working in South Africa.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(c) ‘The Soweto Uprising in 1976 was a turning point in the opposition to 10
the apartheid state.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Yes, I think it was a turning point. When other events like Sharpeville
had happened in the past, the police had quickly regained control but after
Soweto there was almost never-ending unrest and violence and the police
never really got the townships under control again. From this moment,
opposition to apartheid grew and exploded in the 1980s. The townships
became hotbeds of opposition and hid ANC guerrillas. The Soweto Uprising
started all this.’
OR
e.g. ‘No, I do not think it was a turning point. There had been riots and
demonstrations long before this and this was just one of many. It is
important to remember that it was still a long time before apartheid and
minority rule would be ended at the end of the 1980s and in the early 1990s.
What was happening in South Africa was a gradual declining of apartheid
that had been going on for a long time. Soweto was just a step in that
process.’
e.g. ‘The government never gained control of the townships again.’

‘After Soweto, opposition just grew and grew.’
‘Soweto led to even more opposition to apartheid around the world.’
‘A lot still needed to happen after Soweto before apartheid was ended.’
‘Soweto was just one of many demonstrations and periods of unrest.’
‘The important protests were those in the second half of the 1980s, not
those in the 1970s.’
PUBLISHED
21(a) Describe the role of Britain in the Suez Crisis of 1956. 4
e.g. ‘Britain met with France and Israel and agreed to invade Suez.’
‘Britain and France issued an ultimatum threatening to intervene if the
Egyptians and Israelis did not agree to a ceasefire.’
‘British and French aircraft bombed Egyptian airfields.’
‘British and French troops invaded Suez.’
‘Under US pressure Britain agreed to a ceasefire in November.’
‘British and French forces withdrew.’

question 0
21(b) Why were the consequences of the Yom Kippur War of 1973 6
important?
e.g. ‘The consequences were important because the war showed how
powerful a weapon the Arab states had over the US and the West. During
the war, the Arab states had announced an embargo on oil supplies to the
US and the West. Although the war ended shortly afterwards, this threat
showed everyone what a powerful weapon the oil states had over the West.
The Arab states produced over a third of the world’s oil and they could
cripple the West’s economies by reducing supply.’
e.g. ‘It showed the Arab states could harm the West by stopping the supply
of oil.’
‘The Arab states worked together much more effectively.’
‘The Arab armed forces and people regained a lot of self-confidence.’
‘Israel realised that it would not have security until a diplomatic solution was
found.’
‘The oil threat made the US keener to find a settlement.’
e.g. ‘The consequences were very important to the whole world and
changed the situation quite a lot.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(c) ‘The Six-Day War of 1967 solved Israel’s problems.’ How far do you 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Six-Day War was a great success for Israel and solved its
problems by strengthening the country and weakening Arab countries. Israel
had been worried about possible attacks by the Arab countries and so
struck first. By destroying so much of the Arab armed forces and winning
more land, Israel was much more secure. Winning the Golan Heights
improved Israel’s defences against Syria and its defences in other areas
were improved by driving Egypt back across the Sinai. At the end of the war,
the Arab states were in no position to threaten Israel.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Six-Day War actually increased Israel’s problems. The military
victory would not ensure Israel’s safety forever. Only a diplomatic settlement
would do that. Its conquests of Gaza, the West Bank, East Jerusalem and
the Golan Heights meant that many Palestinian Arabs were now living under
Israeli control. This would cause Israel problems in the future as would Arab
claims that Israel had no right to the conquered territory.’
e.g. ‘The Arab countries were seriously weakened militarily.’

‘Israel conquered much land around Israel.’
‘The Golan Heights made it easier for Israel to protect itself against Syria.’
‘Israel gained much more defensible borders.’
‘The Arab states still refused to recognise Israel.’
‘The land conquered by Israel caused future problems with the Arab states
who wanted it back.’
‘Israel now faced an enormous problem over the million Palestinians now
under its control.’
‘A diplomatic solution was needed to make Israel safe, not military victories.’
PUBLISHED
22(a) What is the Gaza Strip? 4
e.g. ‘The Gaza strip is on the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and
Israel.’
‘It is a self-governing Palestinian territory.’
‘It is claimed by the state of Palestine.’
‘It is governed by Hamas.’
‘It is under a US boycott.’
‘Because of an Israeli blockade its people cannot leave or enter.’

question 0
22(b) Why has Hezbollah been a problem for Israel? 6
e.g. ‘Hezbollah is an Islamist political party based in Lebanon. Its relations

with Israel have been very bad and it has caused problems on the border
with Israel. In 2006 Israel claimed it abducted and killed three Israeli
soldiers. Later in the year a full-scale war broke out when Hezbollah invaded
and kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers. Israel invaded southern Lebanon
while Hezbollah fired rockets at Israel.’
e.g. ‘Hezbollah has attacked Israel’s border and killed Israeli soldiers.’
‘Hezbollah has claimed gas fields in Israel.’
‘It has thousands of rockets stationed on the Israeli border.’
‘Hezbollah does not recognise Israel and has called for its destruction.’
‘It has been a problem for Israel because of its activities and threats.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(c) ‘Jewish settlements have been a more important obstacle to peace 10

than demands for a Palestinian state.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Israel has built Jewish settlements on land it occupied
after the Six-Day War. This includes the West Bank and East Jerusalem as
well as the Golan Heights. This has caused enormous problems because
Israel regards them as legal while most countries as well as the UN and
Palestinians regard them as illegal. They have been an obstacle to peace
because even the US has sometimes stated that withdrawal from most
settlements is necessary for a peace agreement. Israel refuses to accept
that.’
OR
e.g. ‘The PLO campaigned and fought for a Palestinian state for many
years. Its use of guerrilla, and even terrorist, tactics lost the cause support
and made peace more difficult. Some Israelis have claimed that the creation
of a Palestinian state has created a breeding ground for organisations like
Hamas and so this has made peace more difficult. However, many people,
even at times the USA, argued that there would no peace without the
question of a Palestinian state being settled.’
HISTORY
Paper 2147/12
Paper 12
Key messages
Successful responses are dependent upon candidates reading the questions carefully before they begin, in
order to understand exactly what is being asked, and to give themselves the opportunity to write focused and
balanced responses. Any given dates in the question should be carefully noted to help ensure that
responses only include relevant details.
In essay-type responses it is a good idea for candidates to practice writing evaluative, rather than purely
summative, conclusions in which they make a judgement and justify this by reference to the balance of
evidence cited in their essay.
Successful responses were characterised by the inclusion of relevant, contextual examples.
General comments
Successful responses were able to demonstrate good factual knowledge and understanding of both the Core
and Depth Study questions. These responses included clear and accurate communication of ideas, whether
explaining the reasons for past events and historical features or building an argument to reach a balanced
historical judgement. Less successful responses, whilst often demonstrating sound factual knowledge, found
it difficult to apply the knowledge to the question set. These responses tended to be characterised by a
descriptive list of facts with no explanation.
It was pleasing to see that there were very few rubric errors and most candidates had used the time
allocated effectively and completed the paper.
Candidates need to be aware of the specific demands of each type of question:
Part (a) responses should focus on description and only include relevant details. Explanation is not required.
Most candidates now realise that answers to (a) questions can be short and concise and that there is no
need to include background information.
Part (b) responses require facts and explanation. Candidates must be selective of the factual knowledge
needed to explain events and write in continuous prose rather than using a ‘listing’ approach. Most (b)
questions ask ‘Why’ a particular event happened, so it is important that candidates direct their response to
address the reasons, rather than provide a description of what happened. Successful responses were
carefully organised, usually using separate paragraphs for the different reasons that are being explained.
Narrative or long introductions which ‘set the scene’ are not required.
Part (c) requires facts, explanation and analysis. The most effective responses argue both for and against
the focus of the question and reach a balanced judgement. When a question asks, ‘Are you surprised a
particular event happened?’ it is important to include explanations on both sides of the argument. A valid
conclusion should go beyond being a summary of what has already been stated by addressing, ‘how far’ or
‘how successful’. Weaker responses often focused only on one side of the argument. These could be
improved by including more contextual examples on both sides of the argument to produce a balanced
response.
Comments on specific questions
Section A: Core Content
Questions 1, 2, 3 and 4
There were too few responses to these questions for meaningful comments to be made.
Questions 5 and 6
These were the two most popular questions in this section.
Question 5
(a) This question was very well answered. The best responses demonstrated a detailed knowledge of
how the Assembly and the Council of the League were meant to work and included a number of
relevant, concisely expressed points. Points made included: ‘the Assembly met once a year’, ‘one
of the Assembly’s roles was to set the budget’, ‘the Council consisted of four permanent members’,
‘the Council could issue sanctions’. Other responses did not include details on both the Assembly
and the Council. Less successful responses did not distinguish between the Assembly and the
Council and described the activities together. Some responses strayed away from the question
and wrote at length generally on the setting up of the League of Nations, which lacked relevance to
this question.
(b) There were mixed responses to this question. The most effective were familiar with the events
leading up to Mussolini’s bombing of Corfu and the subsequent response of the League, and
provided two explanations as to why the League’s failure was important. They explained that the
League appeared weak because Mussolini ignored the League’s instructions and insisted that the
demands for Greek compensation should be dealt with by the Conference of Ambassadors, which
found in favour of Mussolini’s demands. A second reason often explained was that the Corfu crisis
showed that powerful countries, such as Italy, could just ignore the League of Nations. This would
be a lesson for other powerful countries, such as Germany and Japan, in the future when they
were attempting to acquire territory. Less successful responses identified reasons without any
explanation, or with minimal reference to the Corfu incident, such as, ‘its failure was important
because it showed the weakness of the League’ and ‘this was important as it showed that powerful
countries could ignore the League’. A small number of responses demonstrated no accurate
knowledge of the Corfu crisis, often confusing the events and the countries involved.
(c) This question was well answered. There were a number of well-developed and balanced
responses which discussed the extent to which the lack of an army explained the League’s failure
in the 1930s. Strong responses identified the problems caused by the lack of the League’s own
army, especially when moral and economic sanctions failed, and went on to explain where such an
army could have been used such as in Manchuria or Abyssinia. These responses then explained
other reasons for the failure of the League of Nations. The most common reason identified and
explained was the lack of major powers such as the USA. This had an impact on the imposition of
economic sanctions, candidates most often citing the Abyssinian crisis as an example whereby the
USA, not being in the League, continued trading with Abyssinia, rendering the economic sanctions
ineffective. Other reasons identified included British and French self-interest, and this was often
explained using aspects of the Manchurian or Abyssinian crises to demonstrate this. Weaker
responses included irrelevant details of why the USA did not join the League and/or wrote detailed
descriptions of the Manchurian and Abyssinian crises without highlighting how the response of the
League led to its failure. A few responses included events in the 1920s such as Corfu and Vilna
which were not relevant to this question.
Question 6
(a) This question worked well for most candidates who had a good understanding of what happened in
the Saar in 1935. Successful responses tended to include four precise and relevant pieces of
information, for example: a scheduled plebiscite was held, identifying two of the choices available
to those who voted (most were unaware of the option to remain as a League mandate) and
knowing the outcome. Some left out the options and simply gave the result. Weaker responses
were characterised by a lack of factual knowledge, often confusing the Saar with the Rhineland and
describing how German troops marched into the area.
(b) There were many strong responses which contained two explanations as to why the Anschluss
was important to Hitler. The most common reasons identified were Hitler’s own Austrian origins and
his determination to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Candidates then went on to develop and
explain these themes by linking them to Hitler’s determination to create a Greater Germany and to
strengthen German military resources, including manpower. Successful responses also included
how the Anschluss would improve Hitler’s more immediate ambitions regarding Czechoslovakia
and confirmed his improved relationship with Mussolini’s Italy. Weaker responses were often
confused. For example, there was confusion between Hitler’s aim for a Greater Germany and
Hitler’s quest for Lebensraum (which did not apply to Austrian territory). Some responses had no
understanding of the term, ‘Anschluss’.
(c) There were mixed responses to this question. Successful responses included contextual examples
to produce a well-balanced answer explaining surprise and alternatively, not surprised, that Britain
and France declared war on Germany in September 1939. Candidates were strongest on
appeasement as a reason to be surprised. The rationale behind appeasement was well explained,
with Anglo-French non action over the remilitarisation of the Rhineland and Anschluss, as well as
the 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement, frequently cited and explained. Appeasement was also
well used on the other side of the argument to indicate that that the patience of Britain and France
with Hitler ran out after the occupation of the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and in effect
that the warning to Hitler over Poland after that could not have been clearer. The lack of British and
French preparedness for war, though cited as a reason not to be surprised, was often identified,
but less well explained, with many candidates arguing that both these countries were still
recovering from the impact of the First World War (rather than the Great Depression), as was more
accurately the case in the 1930s. Weaker responses tended to be superficial on much of the detail.
They commonly identified appeasement as a reason why they were surprised but did not provide
any contextual examples to support their supposition. These responses needed to include
supporting examples such as: ‘they were following a policy of appeasement and had let Hitler
break the Treaty of Versailles by rearming Germany, remilitarising the Rhineland, achieving
Anschluss and agreeing at the Munich Conference for the Sudetenland to be taken over. They took
no action when he invaded Czechoslovakia in March 1939, therefore it is difficult to see how
Hitler’s invasion of Poland was any different, and so it is a surprise that they declared war on
Germany in September 1939.’ Weaker responses also tended to include a narrative of events
leading to the outbreak of war in 1939 with no expression of surprised/not surprised.
Question 7
(a) This question was very well answered and most candidates very high marks. They demonstrated a
detailed knowledge of the tactics used by the Vietcong. Points made included: they used guerrilla
warfare, which often involved a network of tunnels for escape and surprise attacks. They blended
in with the peasants and used booby traps. Other relevant tactics most commonly cited were the
use of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, they retreated when the Americans attacked so that the Americans
could not fight a conventional battle, and the use of ambushes.
(b) Strong responses demonstrated a good understanding of why the Tet Offensive was important for
the USA and explained two reasons. The two most common reasons identified were that it showed
the American people that North Vietnam was very far from being defeated and it led to the US
seeking negotiations to end the war with North Vietnam. The first identification was explained by
developing the idea that it was important for the USA because of the impact it had on the American
people. Tet was a massive attack by North Vietnamese forces across South Vietnam in 1968.
Despite being a military defeat for North Vietnam it caused a big shock in America. They even
attacked the American Embassy in Saigon. The Americans had been told that North Vietnam was
weak and incapable of launching large attacks. Tet showed that this was incorrect and support for
the war in America declined and the opposition increased. Prior to this media coverage had been
generally positive but, as a result of Tet, public opinion changed and there were several peace
marches to end the war. Weaker responses usually readily identified reasons, but these needed to
be fully developed into explanations. There was a minority of candidates who had no knowledge of
the Tet Offensive and offered no response.
(c) There were mixed responses to this question. To achieve high marks candidates needed to
produce a well- balanced answer to explain which was more important for the USA, its involvement
in Korea or in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Successful responses showed good understanding of the
events in Korea and identified that US involvement was important to stop the spread of
communism. This was explained by adding, as troops from North Korea invaded South Korea and
were supported by both China and the USSR, that there was a real danger that South Korea would
fall to the communists. This would have been an important step in spreading communism to other
countries in Southeast Asia. On the other side of the argument, candidates identified and explained
that US involvement in Cuba was vital to stop a potential nuclear war. This is because Cuba was a
communist country off the coast of the USA and the USSR missiles which were placed there were
a real threat to the USA. Some responses were one sided; candidates tended to be more familiar
with events in Cuba than with those in Korea. Weaker responses included much narrative on the
background to the Cuban Missile Crisis, including the overthrow of Batista and the Bay of Pigs
failure for the USA, which were not relevant to this question. These responses also often included
detailed description of the Cuban Missile Crisis without stressing why it was important for the USA.
Question 8
(a) This question worked well for most candidates who had a good understanding of the Soviet Union’s
response to the uprising in Hungary in 1956. They expressed a number of concise and relevant
points, including: Soviet tanks and troops moved into Budapest, fierce fighting followed and 3,000
Hungarian civilians were killed. Nagy and his supporters were executed. Other responses wrote
about why the Soviet Union responded in this way which was not the focus of the question.
(b) This question was well answered. Strong responses were characterised by the explanation of two
reasons why it was important for the Soviet Union to stop Dubcek’s reform programme in
Czechoslovakia. The most common reason explained was that the Soviets were afraid that
Dubcek’s ideas would spread to other Communist countries in Eastern Europe. His reforms
included a free press, freedom of speech and reducing government control over industry. If these
reforms were allowed in Czechoslovakia there was a worry that people in other communist
countries would demand the same freedoms. Other factors identified and explained included the
fact that the USSR would look weak if they did not take decisive action and they were worried this
would weaken the Communist Bloc in the Cold War against the USA. Weaker responses shifted
the focus of the question and described Dubcek’s reforms, rather than emphasising why it was
important for the Soviet Union to stop them.
(c) There were mixed responses to this question. Strong responses explained surprise that Gorbachev
made little effort to defend Soviet power in Eastern Europe. This was because previous Soviet
leaders had seen Eastern European countries as a protective barrier for the Soviet Union against
the West. The Soviet Union had been invaded by Germany twice in the twentieth century and
Stalin had been determined that this would not happen again. This had been the basis of foreign
policy for decades and explains why the Soviet Union had put down risings in Hungary and
Czechoslovakia. As a result of previous events, it is very surprising that when communist regimes
began to collapse and the Berlin Wall fell, that Gorbachev did nothing. These responses often also
expressed surprise, because The Brezhnev Doctrine had said that the Soviet Union would
intervene. Such responses produced a balanced answer by then explaining why they were not
surprised, most commonly expressing the fact that Gorbachev was a new type of leader in the
Soviet Union who realised that the Soviet Union was in economic trouble and spending too much
on arms in the unwinnable war in Afghanistan. He believed in different policies such as Glasnost
and Perestroika. Less successful responses were characterised by a narrative of Gorbachev’s
reforms, with no reference to surprised/not surprised. It is important that candidates link the points
that they make to the question.
Section B: Depth Studies
Questions 9 and 10
Question 11
This was the most popular question of the Depth Studies
(a) The majority of candidates knew that Hitler took advantage of the Reichstag Fire by blaming the
communists, which then gave him an excuse to arrest them. Successful responses had a good
understanding of other immediate consequences, including how he was able to convince President
Hindenburg that communists were plotting to overthrow the Government so that he would issue an
emergency decree, thus he took advantage of the Reichstag Fire to consolidate his power. A
common misconception was that after the Reichstag Fire he immediately passed The Enabling Act.
(b) There were mixed responses to this question. The majority of candidates could identify reasons
why the Depression was important to the Nazis, most commonly that the Nazis gained support
because the Weimar Republic did not deal well with the effects of the Depression and the Nazis
were able to win support by offering full employment. Successful responses developed such points
into an explanation. They explained that, as a result of the Depression, millions of Germans had
lost their jobs. This gave the Nazis the opportunity to do well in elections as they expressed
contempt for Weimar’s democratic system and said that it was unable to solve Germany’s
economic problems caused by the Depression. The Nazis organised soup kitchens and provided
shelter in hostels for the unemployed. They promised them work, freedom and bread. This gave
them lots of votes and they became the largest party in the Reichstag in the elections of July 1932.
Less successful responses included generalisations as to how the Depression was important to the
Nazis and how it enabled them to exploit the situation but did not say how, and also the points
made were often not linked to the Depression. A small number of responses discussed the
hyperinflation crisis of 1923 which was not relevant to this question.
(c) This question was well-answered. Candidates showed a very good understanding of the effects of
the Munich Putsch and produced some good responses, with detailed arguments on either side of
the debate. The majority of candidates began their responses agreeing with the hypothesis by
using the events of the Munich Putsch to explain that in the short term it was a failure. Most
commonly included were that it was not well planned, failed to win popular support, was defeated
quickly, Hitler was later arrested and imprisoned and the Nazi Party was banned. Successful
responses then examined the other side of the debate, including the long-term effects of the
Munich Putsch. A common explanation was that Hitler was imprisoned in Landsberg Castle and
whilst there he had time to re-think his tactics. He realised that he could not gain power by
uprisings and violence and that he needed to win support and win elections. This made him re-
organise the party and begin to use democratic methods. This was a turning point for the Nazis and
contributed to their later success in elections. Weaker responses tended to be more descriptive, an
example being that Hitler wrote Mein Kampf when he was in prison; the key themes were
described in these responses, but little attempt was made to link it to the long-term success of the
Nazis. Others were less selective in the details they included in their answers and wrote at length
how the Germans gained power in 1933, with no link to the effects of the Munich Putsch.
Question 12
(a) The majority of candidates were very familiar with how the Nazis used the mass media. Examples
included: cheap radios were made available so all Germans could buy one and hear Hitler’s
speeches. Goebbels controlled the newspapers closely and they were not allowed to print anti-Nazi
ideas. Posters were put up around Germany showing images of the ideal Aryan family. Successful
responses also highlighted that the Nazis used the media to promote Nazi propaganda and to
make the Nazis look great. Weaker responses mis-interpreted the focus of the question and whilst
being able to identify the different types of mass media, they did not focus on how the media was
used by the Nazis.
(b) Strong responses identified and explained two reasons why Kristallnacht was important. The most
common explanation was that it was a turning point in the nature of the Nazi persecution of the
Jews. It was a change from the previous economic and social persecution to physical persecution,
with Jews being beaten and murdered, and can be seen as a step towards the Holocaust. Other
reasons explained included the increasing number of Jews leaving Germany and how Goebbels
had used the event to try to improve his standing with Hitler. Less successful responses included
details on why Hitler hated the Jews, which was not the focus of the question. A small number of
candidates confused Kristallnacht with the Night of the Long Knives.
(c) There were some good responses to this question which were well organised and included
carefully selected and relevant details. In agreement with the hypothesis, responses explained that
there was no effective opposition to the Nazi regime. They explained this in terms of the terror and
force used to suppress any opposition. Control was exercised through the Gestapo, who had
unlimited powers to search houses, arrest people on suspicion and send them to concentration
camps without trial or explanation. Many Germans were frightened to speak out against the regime,
even if they wanted to. Strong responses also gave consideration to ways in which opposition to
the Nazi regime was effective. They explained how many young people believed in freedom of
expression and values which conflicted with those of the Nazis. They used the Edelweiss Pirates
as an example and showed how they shared a strong distaste of the strict regimentation and
sexual segregation of the Hitler Youth, so they often beat them up. During the war they carried out
acts of sabotage, helped army deserters and even assassinated a Gestapo chief. The activities of
the Swing Movement, the White Rose group and members of the Church were also often used as
examples of effective opposition. Some opposition could be used to demonstrate both sides of the
debate, for example, groups like the White Rose, despite scattering leaflets and conducting an anti-
Nazi graffiti campaign, were rounded up by the Gestapo and executed, thus reducing the
effectiveness of the opposition. Other responses would have benefited from adopting a much less
narrative approach on the effectiveness of the opposition.
Questions 13 and 14
Question 15
(a) This question was well answered and candidates had a good understanding of the experiences of
American farmers in the 1920s. Successful responses described the problems experienced by
farmers at this time and gained very high marks as a result of identifying four points. These
included: overproduction, competition from Canada, reduction in prices and the eviction of tenant
farmers because they could not pay their rents.
(b) Successful responses were characterised by explaining how a specific traditional industry struggled
in the 1920s. Two explanations were needed. The main industries identified and explained were
the coal and textile industry. For example: The coal industry struggled and found itself producing
too much coal because demand for it was going down. This was because electricity was
increasingly supplied to more homes and factories, so they were changing from coal to electricity
for their energy. They were also changing to other new forms of energy, such as gas and oil. Less
successful responses only provided generalised answers with no mention of specific industries, for
example, the main reason why traditional industries struggled was because of changes happening
in American society. This could have been improved by identifying an industry and including more
details as to why it was struggling in the 1920s.
(c) There were some very good responses to this question, which displayed an excellent knowledge
and understanding of the US economy in the 1920s. These responses produced well supported
arguments on both sides of the debate. Regarding the responsibility of the Republican Government
for the boom, successful responses identified and explained policies related to low taxation, import
tariffs, the formation of trusts and laissez-faire. The counter explanations most commonly focused
on technical advances such as the assembly line and mechanisation of new industries, such as the
car industry and its boost to other associate industries like rubber, oil and glass. Other examples
included explanations of credit, advertising and the positive impact of World War I on the US
economy. Less successful responses, whilst often demonstrating sound factual knowledge, were
less selective in the details they needed to use to answer the question relevantly and often
described the reasons for the boom, rather than explain their impact on the American economy.
Questions 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22
HISTORY
Paper 2147/13
Paper 13
Key messages
• Candidates need to read the questions very carefully to ensure that their responses are relevant. They
should note the particular focus of any given question, and structure their answer accordingly.
• Dates given in a question should be noted so that only relevant material is included in responses.
• Candidates need to be aware of the specific demands of each type of question. Part (a) questions
require recall and description. Part (b) questions require recall and explanation, and part (c) questions
require recall, explanation and analysis.
In part (c) questions the most effective responses argue both for and against the focus of the question and
they also reach a valid judgement. A valid judgement will go beyond restating what has already been written
in the response by addressing ‘how far’, ‘how important’, ‘how successful’ or ‘to what extent’, depending on
the question set.
General comments
Many answers reflected sound understanding and good knowledge, supported by a wealth of factual detail.
Candidates expressed themselves clearly and had a great deal of information to share and they were able to
put this to good use in the part (a) questions which reward recall and description. Many answered these
questions in the form of a short paragraph, which was an appropriate approach.
Strong answers to part (b) and (c) questions applied knowledge precisely to what the questions were
asking, rather than writing lengthy introductions which ‘set the scene’ or including information which was
lacking in relevance. Credit was given for the identification of relevant ‘why’ factors but the best responses
were those that went further and developed each factor fully, thereby meeting the exact demands of the
question.
Many responses to part (c) questions not only tried to argue both sides of the topic (both agreeing and
disagreeing with the given interpretation) but also attempted to arrive at a judgement in the conclusion.
Candidates should avoid repeating points already made in the essay and should try to explain and analyse
how far the argument both supports and disagrees with the focus of the question. Some conclusions just
asserted ‘how far’, rather than explaining which side of the argument was stronger than the other.
Section A: Core Content
Questions 1, 2, 3 and 4
Question 5
This was a popular question. In answer to part (a), answers included references to the League’s support for
Finland’s claims to the Islands and details about the safeguards which were included in the judgement. Part
(b) was answered well, as many candidates identified Soviet communism, the opposition from the US
Congress and Germany’s War Guilt as factors; explanation and development of these identified factors
featured in stronger responses, for example, why did the context of Soviet communism mean that its
membership would not be allowed? Many candidates showed good knowledge in part (c) of the crises the
League was meant to deal with in the 1930s; valid descriptions of the Manchurian and Abyssinian crises, for
example, gained credit. Better answers included explanations as to why Britain was responsible for not
dealing with these events more successfully, for example the motives behind the Hoare Laval Pact and why
Britain appeased Mussolini in order to avoid driving him into the arms of Hitler, were referenced in some
responses. Stronger responses were better balanced, with explanations on each side, in this case providing
alternative reasons for the League’s failure in the 1930s. These usually included explanations of the impact
of the Depression or the problems limited membership created when the imposition of sanctions was
considered. The very best responses went on to substantiate a judgement on the hypothesis given in the
question.
Question 6
Relevant points in part (a) included the lack of action by Britain and France plus additional points of detail,
such as Britain’s view that Germany had a right to do what it wanted in ‘its own backyard’. The opposition of
French public opinion and the economic and political crises faced by its government were also cited.
Candidates knew a great deal about the failures of the League of Nations in the 1930s in part (b) but needed
to apply this knowledge to why these failures were important to Hitler. In this case, the League’s failures
were important to Hitler because they showed him that the League would not stand up to countries which
had aggressive foreign policies. This was clear when Japan got away with invading Manchuria and the
incapacity to deal with Italy’s aggression in Abyssinia. When Hitler decided to destroy the terms of the Treaty
of Versailles, he was more confident that the League would not stop him. Many valid factors were identified
in answers to part (c) and candidates attempted arguments to both support and challenge the idea that they
may be surprised by Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939. Some explanations dealt precisely with the
Polish context. For example, some responses expressed surprise because both Britain and France realised
that Hitler wanted to conquer the whole of eastern Europe and he was not going to stop at Czechoslovakia.
This was explained by reference to Polish guarantees that if it was attacked they would come to its aid.
Answers explained that appeasement had therefore ended and as Hitler did not want a war with Britain, the
invasion of Poland was a significant risk. Candidates who went on to provide a balanced answer in which
other arguments were explained provided the best responses. These answers included a ‘lack of surprise’
because of the well-publicised aims of Hitler’s foreign policy (such as lebensraum), as they applied to
Poland. The terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact were also used as a signal of Hitler’s intent. Some then
progressed to an evaluative conclusion, rather than repeating points already made.
Question 7
There were some good answers to part (a); many responses included the military nature of the alliance, its
purpose to stand up to communism and how its members used it for mutual protection. The best answers to
part (b) kept precisely to the demands of the question which focused on why the fate of Germany at the end
of the Second World War led to disagreements, rather than general differences such as those based on
ideology. Identified factors referenced the issue of reparations, the West’s preference for a strong Germany
to counter Soviet influence and Truman’s hostile attitude to Stalin. Candidates who then explained each
factor fully achieved the strongest responses. The aim in part (c) was to write a balanced answer which
looked at the motives behind the Marshall Plan. Responses tended to emphasise and explain efforts by the
United States to combat the advance of communism in poverty stricken and war-torn European states. Some
responses offered more, explaining that the idea behind lending European countries enormous sums of
money was that, as their economies recovered, they would buy goods from the USA. This would help US
industry and create jobs in the USA because there would be a great demand for US exports.
Question 8
There were too few responses to this question for meaningful comments to be made.
Section B: Depth Studies
Question 9
It was rare to read a poor answer to part (a), as candidates gained marks by describing such features as
disease, trench foot, mud, wet and damp conditions, rats, shell shock and boredom. There were detailed
narratives of the use of tanks in part (b), although the best answers met the specific demands of the
question with explanations of importance. Weaker answers tended to make generalised observations about
tanks and trench warfare. Two explained points about importance or impact were provided in the best
responses, for instance, the impact of tanks at the Battle of Cambrai in 1917 and the co-ordinated
counterattacks of 1918. Answers to part (c) reflected many details about the battles of Verdun and the
Somme but were less clear about their comparative importance. An analysis of their relative impacts might
have included the argument that Verdun was crucial as the loss of the fortress would have been
catastrophic, while the Somme played its part in taking pressure off Verdun and it also enabled valuable
lessons to be learned about how to develop military strategies to fight attritional warfare.
Question 10
Question 11
Candidates in part (a) were able to describe numerous events in 1932 and 1933 which led to Hitler
becoming Chancellor. The best responses focused on elections and the roles of Hindenburg, Papen and
Schleicher. It is worth noting the importance of dates –some answers included events after January 1933.
Answers to part (b) contained detailed knowledge about the reasons why the Nazis failed to win support
during the so-called ‘Golden Age’ of the Weimar Republic, emphasising why economic ‘recovery’ lessened
the appeal of extremist parties. Part (c) saw candidates writing at length about the Reichstag Fire and Night
of the Long Knives and in better responses candidates were able to link their narratives to the demands of
the question. In other responses, these links could have been made more explicitly; in this case, the quality
of the answers relied on a discussion of ‘importance’. Some candidates would have benefited from greater
engagement with the idea of analysing impact, placing both events in the context of the development of a
one-party state, the destruction of the opposition to the Nazis and Hitler’s assumption of dictatorial powers.
Question 12
It was rare to see weak answers to this question. Candidates knew a great deal about the Nuremberg rallies
in part (a). Part (b) provided an opportunity to explain why some young people rebelled against the Hitler
Youth. Weaker responses relied on general criticisms of Nazi indoctrination, discipline and activities aimed at
preparation for either life in the military for boys or in the home for girls. Higher marks were achieved when
candidates explained the specific objections of groups such as the Edelweiss Pirates or those who might
consider themselves members of the Swing Movement. In part (c), many candidates went beyond
description to explanation and tried to create an argument; for example, they contrasted the fear engendered
by the Gestapo with the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda in considering why the Nazis managed to stay in
power. Developed attempts to interlink the two factors reflected a complex understanding of the topic.
Question 13
In part (a) some candidates took the opportunity to focus precisely on consequences of the Russo-Japanese
War and achieved good answers; for example, responses focused on Bloody Sunday, criticism of the Tsar’s
authority and the loss of military prestige. Responses to part (b) saw candidates take a short and long term
view of the significance of Bloody Sunday; there were explained references to the loss of trust in the Tsar,
leading initially to the 1905 Revolution and subsequently to the October Manifesto. Many answers to part (c)
reflected strong lines of argument expressing surprise that the Tsar survived as long as he did until 1917 on
the one hand, with lack of surprise at his maintenance in power because of his use of both reform and
repression after 1905. Explanations were supported by knowledge of the royal family’s unpopularity following
the failed Dumas, The Fundamental Laws and the disastrous entry into the First World War to support
‘surprise’; alternative factors such as Stolypin’s reforms and the Okhrana’s brutality evidenced lack of
surprise.
Question 14
Question 15
Candidates knew many of the products promoted by advertising in the USA in the 1920s in part (a). Better
answers focused on cars and examples of domestic appliances. Part (b) attracted many quality explanations
of the failure of Prohibition which often focused on a lack of public support, the problems of enforcement,
corruption and the widespread supply of illegal alcohol. Part (c) responses tended to be unbalanced and
descriptive; the elements of ‘similarity’ and ‘difference’ were not always made clear. The best answers drew
on knowledge of poverty and discrimination in both urban and rural areas (similarities), and evidence of the
‘boom’ enjoyed by urban Americans, rather than those in rural parts of the country (differences). Developed
arguments tended to be stronger when explaining the latter.
Questions 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 22
HISTORY
Paper 2147/22
Paper 22
Key messages
Candidates should ensure that they answer the question directly. If a question asks how useful a source is,
candidates should clearly refer to ‘usefulness’ in the answer; if a question asks why a speech was given or a
letter was written, then explaining a reason is vital. The best way to ensure that the question is being directly
addressed is to refer to it in the opening sentence of the answer, for example ‘This cartoon is very useful to a
historian because’.
Avoiding descriptions of pictorial sources and paraphrasing written sources is important. Candidates should
try to interpret sources. This means they need to work out the argument or point of view the artist/author was
trying to put across and their purpose in doing this. It can be a useful starting point for candidates to ask
themselves about each source, ‘What is the point of view of the artist or author?’
Question 6 carries a high number of marks. When answering it, candidates need to directly check each
source against the hypothesis given in the question and not against something that is similar to it. In the
twentieth century option, a number of candidates focused on ‘harsh’ rather than on ‘unfair’.
General comments
A large majority of candidates answered the questions on the twentieth-century option. There were many
competent scripts and a small number of outstandingly good ones.
Nearly all candidates were able to comprehend the sources and showed at least reasonable skills in
interpreting, comparing and evaluating. The better candidates made good use of their knowledge and
understanding of the historical content to help them understand and use the sources relevantly. Weaker
responses tended to focus on the historical context without relating it to the question or the sources.
Nearly all candidates completed all the questions, although there was a tendency to write very long answers
to Question 1. These answers often contained lengthy paraphrases of both sources and did not address the
question until right at the end. This sometimes appeared to lead to candidates not having enough time to
complete Question 6 properly.
Option A: Nineteenth century topic
Question 1
Most candidates managed to find several agreements such as the Papacy, Austria and local loyalties all
being an obstacle to unification. Many also explained that the sources disagree over what was the biggest
obstacle to unification, the Italians or Austria. Some candidates summarised both sources and then made
assertions about agreements or disagreements. The best way to answer this question was a point-by-point
comparison.
Question 2
The most common way of answering this question was to focus on the fact that Charles Albert promised his
immediate support in Source C, but in Source D he claimed that he was not ready and was very slow to act.
Candidates used this difference as proof that Charles Albert was lying in Source C. Some also compared his
show of enthusiasm for ‘Italian brotherhood’ in C with his rejection of popular support in D, and the
suggestion that he was more interested in expanding Piedmont’s power. Better answers evaluated one of
the sources to check whether these differences meant he was lying. The most popular way of doing this was
to consider Charles Albert’s purpose in making the proclamation in Source C. Relevant use of sound
contextual knowledge made this approach work well and produced some very strong responses. Other
answers tended not to compare the sources or identified lying by Charles Albert but did not explain the lying.
Question 3
The key to answering this question well was to consider Mazzini’s message in the context of November
1848. By this time it is not surprising to see Mazzini feeling frustrated because of the defeat of Charles Albert
and the change of mind by Pope Pius and King Ferdinand. Most candidates were able to explain Mazzini’s
message but tended to set this in the very general context of 1848, rather than specific events of that year. A
small number of candidates paraphrased the source, rather than interpreted its message.
Question 4
Most candidates were able to find similarities in the messages of the two cartoons. Similarities most
commonly explained were the fact that Italy is not free in either cartoon and the fact that Austria is portrayed
as an oppressor in both. A few candidates managed to find a difference such as Source F suggesting some
possible hope for Italy, but Source G suggesting no hope at all. The best answers were those that compared
the points of view of the cartoonists – they are both in favour of a free independent Italy.
Question 5
There are two crucial steps on the way to writing a good answer to this question. The first is to infer from
Source H the Pope’s attitude towards a unified Italy. The second is to clearly and explicitly address the issue
of ‘surprise’. Some candidates wrote good answers that could have led to being surprised or not surprised
but did not get as far as addressing the issue. Most candidates were surprised by what we are told about the
Pope’s attitude in Source H. This was based on Pius’s actions as a reformer shortly after being elected as
Pope in 1846. A few candidates were able to use their knowledge of the Pope’s actions and
pronouncements since 1848 to argue that there is no reason to be surprised by Pius’s attitude.
Question 6
This question was generally answered well. The sources provided candidates with plenty of material to work
with on both sides of the argument. They managed to focus on the hypothesis about Austria being the most
important obstacle to Italian unification and used the sources clearly and convincingly. The following is a
good example of how a source should be used in response to Question 6: ‘Source D shows that the most
important obstacle to Italian unification was the incompetence of Charles Albert. The source tells us that he
was very slow in attacking the Austrians and his army was not ready. It also suggests that he was interested
in increasing the power of Piedmont rather than helping Italian unification.’ A few candidates neglected the
sources and wrote general essays about the struggle for Italian unification.
Option B: Twentieth century topic
Question 1
Most candidates had little difficulty identifying and explaining agreements between the two sources, for
example they both state that the British thought the Treaty was too harsh, they both state that Germany did
not like the Treaty, and they both claim that Germany was made stronger by the Treaty. Candidates found it
harder to find disagreements but they are there, for example Source A claims Germany was made stronger
by the splintering of the Austrian and Russian empires, while Source B says that this was caused by the
creation of Poland. Candidates should avoid summarising each source and then asserting that they agree or
disagree. What worked best was a point-by-point comparison.
Question 2
The majority of candidates were split into four groups by this question. Some thought that the cartoonist
approved of the treatment of Germany, and this seems to be supported by the mocking way in which the
Kaiser and Germany are presented. The date of the cartoon would also support this view. In June 1919, a
large majority of people in Britain wanted Germany to be punished harshly. Those that were explicit about
the cartoonist’s approval provided the strongest responses. A second group of candidates understood that
Germany was being punished harshly but did not get as far as suggesting approval. A third group inferred
valid sub-messages from the cartoon, for example the Treaty was a diktat, Germany did not like the Treaty or
the Allies were in total control. A final group of candidates, probably influenced by Sources A and B,
understood the harsh treatment of Germany but argued that the cartoonist disapproved of what was
happening. These answers were the weakest ones to this question. A small number of candidates either
misinterpreted the cartoon (for example Germany was being punished lightly) or described the surface
features of the cartoon.
Question 3
There were few poor answers to this question. Most candidates addressed the issue of surprise and did so
by comparing the claims made by the two sources. This usually led them to conclude that Source D does
make Source E surprising because of the disagreements about the Treaty. However, some then turned their
answers around by pointing out that because D is British and E is German, the disagreements are not
surprising. The best answers developed this approach further by using either contextual knowledge or cross-
reference to other sources to explain why the views expressed in Sources D and E are to be expected. Less
successful answers either claimed that D does not make E surprising because one is British and the other is
German, without using the content of the sources, or did not address the issue of surprise.
Question 4
This question is about Lloyd George’s purpose in making the speech in Source F when he did. The best
answers therefore focused on what he said and how he wanted to affect the behaviour of others. This led
them to explain that Lloyd George was trying to win the support of Parliament or of the British people. Many
candidates put their answers in context by explaining, for example, that he may have been doing this
because of the demands in Britain for a tough treaty. A careful reading of Source F shows that Lloyd George
was trying to convince people that the Treaty was a good one because it was just, its punishment of
Germany was appropriate, and that it would help maintain peace in the future. Many candidates just focused
on the message of the speech and did not consider Lloyd George’s purpose in making such a speech, while
some explained the context as the reason for giving the speech but neglected to address what he was
actually saying. The best answers brought message and context together, to explain Lloyd George’s
purpose. It is very important, when answering a question such as this one, that candidates make clear that
what they are explaining about the message or the context, is a reason for the speech. A few candidates
explained message or content but would have improved their answers by stating why they were doing this.
Question 5
This question produced many good answers. Most candidates argued that the cartoon is useful evidence.
They did this on the basis of interpreting the messages of the cartoon, for example, Germany was punished
harshly. Better answers added that Germany’s allies were also going to be heavily punished. This is a central
feature of the cartoon. The cartoon also reveals the cartoonist’s glee that the punishment was going to be
harsh. The cartoon has a gloating tone and some candidates were able to use this as evidence of British
support for the treatment of Germany and its allies. Weaker answers dismissed the cartoon as not useful
because it is just a cartoon, it is British and therefore biased, or because of what it does not tell us. When
responding to questions about usefulness it is usually a good approach to try to find a way that the source is
useful. This cartoon is undoubtedly biased, but this is not a good reason for rejecting it because it provides
useful evidence about British attitudes. Some candidates argued that the cartoonist is criticising the peace
treaties, whereas the portrayal of the various figures in the cartoon clearly suggest a mocking of the fear and
discomfort of Germany and its allies.
Question 6
Many candidates answered this question well. They were able to explain how some sources support the
hypothesis that Germany was treated unfairly, and how some sources disagree with such a claim. The best
answers contained certain key features. First, it was made clear which source was being referred to and
whether it supports or disagrees with the hypothesis. This can be achieved very simply, for example ‘Source
E supports the idea that German was treated unfairly because…’. Second, the focus was on the hypothesis,
rather than on a variant of it. For example, it is not acceptable to replace ‘unfairly’ with ‘harshly’. They do not
have the same meaning. Something can be harsh without being unfair. Thirdly, if sources were divided into
two groups, each individual source was then used by itself. Attempts to make general claims about a group
of sources do not generally result in strong answers. Finally, source detail was used as the basis of an
explanation of how a source supports or disagrees with the hypothesis, for example ‘Source E supports the
idea that Germany was treated unfairly. It does this by calling the treaty ‘disgraceful’ and claiming that
German honour was being ‘dragged to the grave’, and ‘Source F does not support the claim that Germany
was treated unfairly. This is because Lloyd George argues that the treaty was right and fair. He does this by
arguing that Germany has to pay reparations because of the damage it caused in the war. It is being
punished because it tried to trample on national rights and freedoms.’
HISTORY
Paper 2147/23
Paper 23
Key messages
• Candidates should read through the background information and the sources before answering any of
the questions. This should give them an understanding of the main issue of the paper and of a range of
perspectives. This understanding will feed into all of their answers, as well as helping to identify
opportunities for cross-referencing.
• It is crucial that candidates respond to the specific question being asked. For example, answers on the
twentieth century topic that did not address a reason for publication in Question 2, the issue of surprise
in Question 3, or usefulness in Question 4 struggled to achieve high marks. A helpful strategy is for
candidates to directly address the question in the very first sentence of the answer, for example,
‘Source B was published at this time because’ or Source C does/does not make Source D surprising
because’.
• On Question 6 candidates must ensure that the specific hypothesis stated in the question is being
addressed and that sources are used as the basis of the answer. Candidates should engage with the
content of the sources and make it clear whether they are using a source to agree or disagree with the
given statement. It is crucial that candidates use the sources to both support and challenge the given
hypothesis.
• If quotations from the sources are used, and this can be particularly useful when answering Question 6,
candidates should not use an abbreviated form of quotation that misses out some of the words and
replaces them with ellipsis points. The words that are used must make sense and support the point the
candidate wants to make, so giving the quotation in full is crucial.
General comments
Most candidates responded well to the demands of the paper and the overall standard of answers was
broadly in line with previous series. An overwhelming majority of the scripts were on the twentieth-century
option, consequently there were too few responses on the nineteenth-century option for meaningful
comments to be made. Most candidates completed all 6 questions, however there were a few instances of
th th
rubric errors where candidates attempted both the 19 and 20 century options, such scripts did not tend to
score highly.
Option A: Nineteenth century topic
There were too few responses for any meaningful comments to be made.
Option B
Option B: Twentieth century topic
Question 1
This question asked candidates to explain the impression of Clemenceau presented in Source A. Many
candidates were able to identify an impression, such as Clemenceau was misunderstood, open-minded,
reasonable or rational, and then use information from the source to support this. In the vast majority of
instances, if a valid impression was identified, support was then given, often in the form of a direct quote
from the source. The strongest responses were from those who could support more than one valid
impression. In less successful responses, some candidates paraphrased the source and made no
inferences. One issue with the use of Source A is that the author comments on the views of others. It is
important that candidates distinguish between the presented opinions; for example, the source says that
‘Clemenceau was personally responsible for the damage the Treaty did to the ideals of Wilson’, however this
is not the author’s view, rather this was a popular idea that was, in the author’s view, wrong. Neglecting to
make this distinction hindered some attempts to present a valid impression.
Question 2
This question produced a wide range of responses, but most candidates were able to demonstrate at least
some understanding of the cartoon ‘The Reckoning’. The best answers focused on the purpose of
publication in the context of the time. The context being that the Treaty of Versailles had yet to be signed, but
negotiations were well underway and the purpose being to justify the reparations bill to the British or get the
British to support it. What was crucial was that candidates recognised that the cartoon is about reparations
specifically. Answers that referred in more general terms to the Treaty were rewarded as sub-messages.
Many candidates produced reasonable answers by focusing on sub-messages, for example, that the
Germans were unhappy about reparations or that they complained about the Treaty, but these fell short of
explaining the cartoonist’s overall message. Here there were a couple of routes that candidates could
pursue, one being that the reparations were fair and the other that Germany was being unreasonable in
complaining about the reparations. Less successful candidates wrote surface descriptions of the cartoon or
offered valid interpretations of it without considering reasons for its publication in 1919. Some responses
were based on a misinterpretation of the cartoon. These candidates had not made use of the provenance
given and wrongly concluded that the cartoonist’s message is that the reparations were too high or the
Treaty’s terms too harsh.
Question 3
In Question 3, candidates were asked to consider two written sources and conclude whether the content of
one makes the other surprising. Specifically, they were asked whether Count von Brockdorff-Rantzau’s
response to the proposed terms of the Treaty of Versailles in Source C makes Source D, Clemenceau’s
reply to the objections he raised, surprising. Many candidates were able to pick out agreements, or more
commonly, disagreements between the two sources and use these to explain their surprise or lack of
surprise. Agreements between the sources include that Germany must pay reparations, while the
disagreements focus on the nature of the Treaty and its impact on Germany. In Source C, the Treaty is not
just or it is unfair, while in Source D, it is fair or just. In Source C, the terms are more than Germany can bear
and economic life is made impossible, while in Source D, there is no intention to strangle Germany and it will
be treated fairly economically. The best responses were from candidates that could make a valid comparison
between the sources and then explain a reason for the agreement or disagreement based on an evaluation
of the sources. The surprise, or lack of surprise, expressed had to make sense in the light of the specific
explanation presented. The most commonly used contextual evaluation centred on Clemenceau’s aims and
the experiences of the French in the war. It is worth noting that there was a small but significant number of
responses in which the issue of surprise was not referred to at all; such responses were not addressing the
question. A helpful strategy with a question about surprise is for candidates to directly address the issue in
their opening sentence.
Question 4
This question, which focused on the usefulness of Source E to a historian studying the Treaty of Versailles,
produced a wide range of answers. In many responses, candidates dismissed this source as not useful
simply because ‘it is a British source and therefore biased’. Some candidates were able to identify a valid
sub-message from the source, for example, that the Treaty was not harsh enough or that Germany did not
receive the punishment it deserved, but then still concluded that the source has no use due to its bias. It is
worth remembering that most sources can be useful in some way and that the bias of a source is often
precisely what gives it its usefulness. The best answers demonstrated an understanding that the source tells
us a lot about British attitudes towards the Treaty of Versailles and that the source is useful as evidence that
British opinion wanted the Treaty to be harsher.
Question 5
This question produced many strong responses. When candidates are asked about the message of a source
they should always try to consider the author’s voice or opinion. Many recognised the need to address the
cartoonist’s view in this question and consequently produced strong responses by explaining that, in Source
F, the cartoonist is disapproving of the harsh treatment of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles. The support
from the source for this conclusion was wide ranging; many referred to sub-messages, such as the Treaty
was a diktat, the Treaty was harsh, the Germans will suffer as a result of the Treaty, or identified the overall
message, that being that Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany harshly. There was little misinterpretation
seen in responses to this question and, with very few exceptions, candidates were able to move beyond a
surface description of the source and explain one or more of the cartoon’s numerous sub-messages.
Question 6
There was a wide range of answers to this question. Some candidates achieved high marks by carefully
explaining how some of the sources (B, C, D and F) can be seen as providing convincing evidence that
Germany was punished as much as the French wanted, while others (A, B and E) argue that Germany’s
punishment was not sufficient to satisfy the French. The most successful answers examined the sources one
by one and explained how the content of each supports or disagrees with the given hypothesis. Other
candidates did not make it clear whether the source under discussion was being used to support or
challenge the given statement or used a slightly different hypothesis - for example, simply referring to the
Treaty of Versailles as being harsh or not harsh. A helpful strategy is to begin an answer to Question 6 by
stating which sources support and which reject the given statement; candidates should use the words from
the question to do this. They should then continue by writing about the sources in order, or by addressing
those that support the statement before moving on to deal with those that reject it. What is crucial is that
clear explanations about how the content of a source provides evidence to either support or dispute the
hypothesis are given. Many candidates used direct quotes from the sources to do this. For this to work well,
however, as mentioned above, a full quote must be used. Few genuine examples of the evaluation of the
sources were seen. Most candidates did not attempt evaluation, but those that did were successful when
they examined the purpose of the writer or cartoonist, as opposed to evaluation based on source type,
undeveloped provenance or evaluation unrelated to the hypothesis.
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/11
2 hours

* 2 2 8 5 1 4 9 5 3 5 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (SLM) 220831
1 1848 was a year of great upheaval in Europe.
(a) Describe Kossuth’s role in the revolution in Hungary in 1848–49. [4]
(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail? [6]
(c) ‘Liberal ideas were the main cause of the 1848 revolutions.’ How far do you agree with this
2 The path to Italian unification was not smooth.
(a) What happened at Plombières in 1858? [4]
(b) Why did Mazzini fail to unify Italy? [6]
(c) Is it surprising that it took until 1870–71 to unify Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
3 Tension increased between North and South before the American Civil War.
(a) What was the Dred Scott case? [4]
(b) Why did Lincoln win the 1860 election? [6]
(c) ‘The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
4 The growth of European empires was not trouble free.
(a) What was the Indian Mutiny? [4]
(b) Why was the opium trade damaging to China? [6]
(c) ‘European powers ruled harshly over their African colonies.’ How far do you agree with this
© UCLES 2021 2147/11/O/N/21
5 The Versailles Settlement had mixed consequences.
(a) What were Clemenceau’s aims at Versailles? [4]
(b) Why was Wilson’s belief in self-determination important? [6]
(c) ‘Loss of territory was the most serious consequence of the Versailles Settlement for Germany.’
6 The 1930s saw an increase in aggression from some states.
(a) What did Hitler do to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? [4]
(b) Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement? [6]
(c) ‘The increase in aggression from some states in the 1930s was caused by economic factors.’
7 US involvement in the Cold War was not always popular.
(a) What was the Gulf of Tonkin incident? [4]
(b) Why did US public opinion turn against the Vietnam War? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the US failed to contain the spread of communism? Explain your
answer. [10]
8 The USSR faced challenges to its control over Eastern Europe.
(a) Describe events in Hungary in 1956. [4]
(b) Why was Czechoslovakia invaded in 1968? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Gorbachev was to blame for the collapse of Soviet power in
Eastern Europe? Explain your answer. [10]
9 It was difficult to advance on the Western Front.
(a) Describe the use of tanks on the Western Front. [4]
(b) Why was the Battle of Verdun important for the Allies? [6]
(c) Who achieved more from the Battle of the Somme, the Allies or the Germans? Explain your
answer. [10]
10 The First World War was fought on many fronts.
(a) Describe German use of U-boats in the First World War. [4]
(b) Why did Germany experience food shortages? [6]
(c) ‘Poor leadership was more important than food shortages in Russia’s decision to leave the
war.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
11 Many factors contributed to the Nazi takeover of Germany.
(a) What happened on the Night of the Long Knives? [4]
(b) Why did the Nazi Party have little success before 1930? [6]
(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was the most important event in Hitler’s consolidation of power during
1933.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
12 The Nazis attempted to control German society in many ways.
(a) Describe actions taken by the Nazis against Jewish businesses in 1933. [4]
(b) Why were mass rallies important to the Nazis? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis had control over German society? Explain your answer.
[10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/11/O/N/21
13 The Tsar faced many challenges.
(a) Describe the work of Stolypin. [4]
(b) Why was there discontent with the Russian government by 1905? [6]
(c) How surprising is it that the Tsar fell from power in 1917? Explain your answer. [10]
14 Life in the Soviet Union changed under Stalin’s rule.
(a) How did life in the countryside change under Stalin? [4]
(b) Why was industry brought under government control? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that women benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain your answer. [10]
15 The 1920s brought changes to life in the USA.
(a) What was the Sacco and Vanzetti case? [4]
(b) Why were the 1920s known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Prohibition failed because it was unpopular? Explain your answer.
[10]
16 There were mixed reactions to the New Deal.
(a) What did Roosevelt mean by a ‘New Deal’? [4]
(b) Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) introduced? [6]
(c) ‘The most serious opposition to the New Deal came from business leaders.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2021 2147/11/O/N/21
17 Many changes occurred in China in the 1950s.
(a) Describe the changes made to education in China in the 1950s. [4]
(b) Why were the ‘barefoot doctors’ important? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for the introduction of communes in 1958 was to improve agricultural
production.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
18 China’s relationship with foreign powers changed over time.
(a) Describe China’s relationship with India up to 1965. [4]
(b) Why did China’s relationship with Vietnam change in the 1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Differences over ideology caused the change in relations between China and the USSR.’
19 Apartheid was established during the 1950s and 1960s.
(a) What was the Group Areas Act of 1950? [4]
(b) Why was the Bantu Self-Government Act introduced? [6]
(c) ‘The Sharpeville Massacre was more important than the Defiance Campaign in the resistance
to apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
20 The South African government introduced radical measures to maintain apartheid.
(a) What happened in Soweto in 1976? [4]
(b) Why did the introduction of the Homelands policy make life worse for black South Africans?
[6]
(c) ‘Increased security measures were more important than government censorship in
maintaining apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/11/O/N/21
10
21 After 1945 there was a struggle over the future of Palestine.
(a) What were the aims of the Zionists after 1945? [4]
(b) Why did Israel win the 1948–49 war? [6]
(c) ‘US pressure was the main reason for the change in British policy towards Palestine.’ How far
22 Bringing peace to the Middle East has proved challenging.
(a) Describe the differences in views between Labor and Likud towards the peace process. [4]
(b) Why did the Palestinian conflict become more intense after 1988? [6]
(c) How successful has the UN been in its efforts to deal with the Palestinian issue? Explain your
answer. [10]

PUBLISHED 2021
1(a) Describe Kossuth’s role in the revolution in Hungary in 1848–49. 4
e.g. ‘Kossuth was a leading figure in the revolution.’

‘In 1848, he addressed the Hungarian Diet.’
‘He demanded independence for Hungary.’
‘Kossuth was a brilliant speaker and inspired people into action.’
‘He demanded the immediate implementation of the 1847 reforms which had
already been agreed by the Diet.’
‘Kossuth declared Hungary an independent republic with himself as
president.’
‘The Croats invaded Magyar territory supported by the Austrians.’
‘The Austrians asked the Russians to help defeat Kossuth’s forces.’
‘Kossuth’s forces could not resist the troops of Tsar Nicholas l.’
‘After the Hungarian surrender to the Russians, Kossuth fled.’

question 0
© UCLES 2021 2147/11/O/N/21
PUBLISHED 2021
1(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail? 6

e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament failed because the rulers of the German states
did not support it wholeheartedly. When they were afraid that the revolution in
their lands would mean they would lose their power, then they were prepared
to support the Parliament. They thought that if they opposed the Parliament
this would cause even more opposition to their rule. However, once order was
restored, they were not prepared to continue supporting the Parliament as
they did not want their powers to be reduced by a constitution such as that
proposed by the Frankfurt Parliament.’

e.g. ‘It had no experience of a parliamentary system.’

‘It had a weak chairman.’
‘It lacked any party discipline.’
‘The day-to-day organisation was poor.’
‘It only represented the learned and professional classes.’
‘It failed to represent nobles, wage earners and the business sector.’
‘The delegates were split over whether Austria should be included.’
‘Frederick William of Prussia turned down the offer of the Crown of Germany.’
e.g. ‘It failed because it did not have enough support.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
1(c) ‘Liberal ideas were the main cause of the 1848 revolutions.’ How far do 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Liberal ideas were important in causing the 1848 revolutions. The fact
that the King held all the power was increasingly unpopular and people
wanted the freedom to vote and own land. They wanted freedom of speech
and freedom of the press. People wanted a say in how their country was
governed. These liberal ideas were very powerful in causing the revolutions in
1848.’
OR
e.g. ‘Nationalism was also an important cause of the revolutions. For instance,
in Hungary national groups sought independence from the Austro-Hungarian
empire. In Germany and Italy nationalist groups wished to unite with other
states to form a larger nation.’

e.g. ‘Liberal ideas were important.’

‘There was a demand for more say in how the country was governed.’
‘There was unrest with the existing methods of government.’
‘Royal absolutism seemed to be out of date.’
‘In Hungary, nationalism was a powerful cause and nationalist groups wanted
freedom from Austria.’
‘In Germany, nationalists wanted to be united into one state.’
e.g. ‘Many people wanted more freedom.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
2(a) What happened at Plombières in 1858? 4
e.g. ‘It was a meeting between Cavour and Napoleon III.’

‘They planned the possible unification of Italian states.’
‘They planned the removal of Austria from the Italian states.’
‘They agreed to a joint war against Austria.’
‘It was agreed that Piedmont would unite with Lombardy and Venetia.’
‘Piedmont would also unite with the Duchies of Parma and Modena.’
‘It was agreed that France would gain Savoy and Nice from Piedmont.’
‘It was agreed that Cavour would provoke Austria.’

question 0
2(b) Why did Mazzini fail to unify Italy? 6

e.g. ‘One of the reasons Mazzini failed was because the Austrian army was
powerful, and his supporters were no match for them. Charles Albert was not
convinced of Mazzini’s claims of large-scale support for revolution and
therefore refused to back him. Without his backing, there was no way Mazzini
could take on the Austrians and win.’

e.g. ‘Mazzini was rarely in Italy.’

‘Mazzini was not in touch with other people who shared revolutionary ideas.’
‘He had limited support.’
‘Austria was strong.’
‘Mazzini was inexperienced.’
‘He offended French Catholics who saw him as a threat to the Pope.’
e.g. ‘Mazzini failed because the Italian people were not ready for unification.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
2(c) Is it surprising that it took until 1870–71 to unify Italy? Explain your 10
answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘is it surprising’ 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It is surprising because Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of Italy
in 1861 and it might be expected that this meant Italy was unified. His
kingdom consisted of all Italian states including Piedmont, Naples and Sicily,
but not Rome and Venetia. Venetia was ceded to Italy after the Austro-
Prussian War as a reward for fighting against the Austrians.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Italy was not unified until 1870–71 because there
was still strong influence from the French within Italy, and they protected the
Pope who did not recognise Italy’s power over Rome. The French kept a
garrison in Rome until 1866 and then again between 1867 and 1870 to protect
the Pope. Italian Catholics were concerned and did not know whether they
should recognise their King’s wishes or their Pope’s wishes. Eventually
Napoleon III had to withdraw his garrison from Rome and Rome was annexed
to the Italian state.’

e.g. ‘There was a King of Italy from 1861.’

‘By 1861 only Venetia and Rome were not part of the kingdom.’
‘Garibaldi twice attempted to seize Rome.’
‘Victor Emmanuel stopped Garibaldi seizing Rome in 1862.’
‘The Austrians ceded Venetia in 1866.’
‘The French protected the Pope.’
‘The Pope did not recognise the kingdom.’
‘Italian Catholics had divided loyalties.’
e.g. ‘Most of the Italian states were united.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
3(a) What was the Dred Scott case? 4
e.g. ‘It was a court case involving a slave called Dred Scott.’
‘The Court decided that the Constitution of the United States was not meant to
include American citizenship for black people.’
‘Scott sued in court for his freedom, claiming that because he had been taken
into free US territory, he had automatically been freed and was legally no
longer a slave.’
‘Abolitionists thought they had a strong case to put to the Supreme Court.’
‘The Supreme Court decided that residency in a free state did not free a slave
from slavery in his home state.’
‘The Supreme Court declared that the Missouri Compromise was against the
Constitution. The Court ruled that by forbidding slavery, it deprived a slave
owner of his property.’

question 0
3(b) Why did Lincoln win the 1860 election? 6

e.g. ‘Lincoln won the 1860 election because he won the support of the North.
He won 54% of the Northern vote and carried all the free states except New
Jersey. This gave him the majority of votes in the electoral college.
Republicans voted for Lincoln in the Northern states because they did not
want slavery to expand.’

e.g. ‘The opposition was divided.’

‘Lincoln won the support of the North.’
‘Lincoln defeated Douglas in the key states of Illinois and Indiana.’
‘The North did not want to see an extension of slavery.’
‘Lincoln’s views on the economy were popular in the North.’
‘People had lost faith in the Democrats because of corruption.’
e.g. ‘More people voted for Lincoln.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
3(c) ‘The Civil War was fought over the issue of slavery.’ How far do you 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Slavery was an important cause of the Civil War. The South argued that
it needed to keep slavery so that it could run its plantations with a profit. The
South felt the North did not understand this and that slavery would be
abolished because of the political strength of the North. The election of
Abraham Lincoln as President provoked the South. Lincoln was known for his
anti-slavery views and the South feared he would act.’
OR
‘Another reason for the Civil War was that states in the South seceded and
set up the Confederacy. This threatened the Union. Lincoln saw the Union as
unbreakable and secession as illegal. He was afraid it would break the United
States apart. After the attack on Fort Sumter, he decided to put down the
‘rebellion’ in the South and issued a call to arms.’

e.g. ‘There were disagreements about slavery.’

‘The election of Lincoln provoked the South.’
‘The South threatened to leave the Union.’
‘The North did not understand the South’s need for slavery.’
‘Northern manufacturers wanted import tariffs to protect their industries.’
‘Southern plantation owners wanted free trade.’
‘Lincoln saw secession as illegal.’
e.g. ‘Slavery caused the Civil War as it caused the disagreements between
North and South.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
4(a) What was the Indian Mutiny? 4
e.g. ‘The Mutiny broke out among the ‘sepoys’ in the Bengal army of the East
India Company.’
‘It broke out in 1857.’
‘The mutiny began in Meerut but spread more widely.’
‘The soldiers were issued bullets greased with cow or pig fat which offended
those following the Hindu and Muslim religions.’
‘The concerns of the sepoys were ignored.’
‘Many Indians were discontented with British rule.’
‘The city of Lucknow was destroyed in the fighting and reprisals which
followed.’

question 0
4(b) Why was the opium trade damaging to China? 6

e.g. ‘The opium trade was damaging to China because opium addiction
increased during the Qing dynasty. It became such a problem that the
Emperor prohibited the sale and smoking of opium. However, the trade
continued and in 1796 the Jiaqing emperor outlawed opium importation and
cultivation to try to prevent this from happening.’

e.g. ‘Many Chinese people became addicted to opium.’

‘The trade continued because it was valuable to the British.’
‘The British wanted trade with China to buy valuable goods such as silk and
tea.’
‘The opium trade encouraged illegal activities such as smuggling.’
e.g. ‘The opium trade had negative consequences for China.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
4(c) ‘European powers ruled harshly over their African colonies.’ How far do 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Native peoples were not always treated harshly. The British built roads,
railways, schools and hospitals and this generally improved the standard of
living of native peoples by increasing their mobility, improving their health and
giving them an education. There were benefits to the native peoples from
trade. Raw materials such as bananas, palm oil, rubber, cocoa and tea were
exchanged for manufactured goods.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some colonies native peoples were treated harshly. For example, in
the Congo there were many human rights abuses against the native peoples
and almost 10 million died under Leopold’s rule. Native peoples, even
children, were forced to work as slaves in rubber plantations. They were
treated brutally if they did not meet their work targets.’

e.g. ‘Nearly 10 million native people died under Belgian rule in the Congo.’
‘Native peoples were often forced to work as slaves or in near slave
conditions.’
‘The health and education of native peoples was ignored.’
‘The British built hospitals and schools.’
‘Some local producers benefited from the development of trade.’
‘In French colonies the native peoples were assimilated and gained rights as
French citizens.’
e.g. ‘Native peoples were treated badly in many colonies.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
5(a) What were Clemenceau’s aims at Versailles? 4
e.g. ‘Clemenceau wanted security for France.’

‘He wanted to punish/cripple/weaken/be harsh on Germany.’
‘He wanted to take revenge on Germany.’
‘He wanted Germany to pay for the damage caused.’
‘He wanted Germany to be prevented from launching an attack on France.’
‘He wanted revenge for the suffering France had endured.’
‘He wanted to disarm/reduce Germany’s armed forces.’
‘He wanted to reduce Germany’s industrial strength.’
‘He wanted Germany to accept the blame for the war.’
‘He wanted Alsace-Lorraine from Germany.’
‘He wanted the Saar coalfield from Germany.’
‘He wanted the Rhineland to be an independent state.’
‘He wanted some of the German colonies.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
5(b) Why was Wilson’s belief in self-determination important? 6

e.g. ‘Wilson’s views on self-determination were important because they were

unpopular with the French and British. Self-determination meant that different
peoples should have the right to rule over themselves. Both France and
Britain ruled over large empires. If Wilson’s plans were adopted this would
threaten their control over their empires.’

e.g. ‘It was one of Wilson’s 14 Points.’

‘His aim was to bring peace.’
‘It would create new states.’
‘Wilson’s views were unpopular with the British and French.’
‘Wilson’s views threatened the existence of the British Empire/imperialism.’
‘Wilson’s views were not practical.’
‘Many Germans lived in Poland.’
‘The Saar basin was returned to Germany.’
‘Austria was excluded.’
‘It was difficult to apply to Germany.’
e.g. ‘Wilson’s view meant people should have their own state.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
5(c) ‘Loss of territory was the most serious consequence of the Versailles 10
Settlement for Germany.’ How far do you agree with this statement?



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Loss of territory was a serious consequence for Germany because much
of the land which it lost was rich in industrial resources and important for the
German economy. The Saar region was put under League of Nations control
and Alsace-Lorraine was given to France. Both regions contained coal mines
and the profits from these would have helped Germany pay reparations.’
OR
e.g. ‘The reduction in armaments brought a loss of pride and resentment. The
army was reduced to 100 000 men and the navy was restricted in size. This
contributed to a feeling of insecurity as the size of the army was thought to be
too small to defend against a possible French attack.’

e.g. ‘They thought it was wrong that some Germans were now living in foreign
countries.’
‘They lost revenue from industrial areas given to France and Poland.’
‘German overseas colonies were taken away.’
‘Access to raw materials was limited.’
‘There was a loss of agricultural land.’
‘There was a loss of coal mines/industrial areas.’
‘They thought the War Guilt Clause was unjust.’
‘They objected to the ‘Diktat’ or imposed peace.’
‘They thought the reparations were too severe.’
‘They felt their army was made too small.’
e.g. ‘Many Germans thought the Treaty of Versailles was unfair.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
6(a) What did Hitler do to break the terms of the Treaty of Versailles? 4
e.g. ‘Hitler refused to pay any more reparations.’

‘In 1933, Hitler began re-arming.’
‘Hitler attempted the Anschluss with Austria in 1934 and achieved the
Anschluss in 1938.’
‘Hitler introduced conscription in 1935.’
‘He announced that his army would be 500 000.’
‘He announced his intention of creating a military air force.’
‘Hitler signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which allowed him a fleet
that was 35% the size of Britain’s fleet. This Agreement also allowed
Germany’s submarine force to be 45% of Britain’s.’
‘Hitler re-militarised the Rhineland in 1936.’

question 0
6(b) Why did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement? 6

e.g. ‘The spread of communism was considered a great threat after the First
World War. British politicians feared the power of the Soviet Union in helping
to spread communism to Western Europe. Hitler was a known enemy of
communism and he was acting as a buffer against the spread of Soviet
communism. British politicians, therefore, decided to appease Hitler to help
strengthen his position against the USSR and reduce the risk of communism
spreading.’

e.g. ‘Appeasement bought time to build up the armed forces.’

‘Britain did not want to fight another war/wanted peace.’
‘Britain thought the Treaty of Versailles had been unjust.’
‘Appeasement helped to reduce the threat of communism.’
‘It gave time to get over the Depression.’
‘The USA and the British Empire were unlikely to support a war.’
e.g. ‘Appeasement was a popular policy with many British people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
6(c) ‘The increase in aggression from some states in the 1930s was caused 10
by economic factors.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Great Depression led to an increase in aggression from some states
and had political consequences. Many people lost their jobs and turned to
extreme political parties which promised solutions to the economic crisis. For
instance, in Japan, the government invaded Manchuria to gain raw materials
which were needed to strengthen the Japanese economy.’
OR
e.g. ‘The increased aggression during the 1930s came from the actions of
powerful leaders, such as Hitler and Mussolini. Hitler tested his military
capability in Spain as he was determined to build a ‘Greater Germany’, which
meant taking over territory, often by force, such as Austria, Czechoslovakia
and Poland.’

e.g. ‘Economic problems helped extremist political parties to come to power.’

‘Extremist leaders looked to foreign policy success to distract attention from
troubles at home.’
‘The Great Depression affected countries worldwide.’
‘Economic problems encouraged militarism in Japan/Italy/Germany.’
‘Countries needed to find new markets and sources of raw materials.’
‘Japan invaded Manchuria to gain resources.’
‘Italy wanted to gain an empire.’
‘Hitler wanted to merge all German-speaking people together.’
‘The ambitions of fascist leaders.’
‘There were different ideologies/political beliefs.’
‘The failure of the Disarmament Conference.’
‘Some believed the Treaty of Versailles was unjust and agreed that Hitler
should break it.’
‘The League of Nations was weak, and aggressors knew they would not be
stopped.’
PUBLISHED 2021
7(a) What was the Gulf of Tonkin incident? 4
e.g. ‘The Gulf of Tonkin incident took place in 1964.’

‘American warships were attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin.’
‘They were attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats.’
‘The United States claimed they were in international waters.’
‘The American Congress gave President Johnson authority to act.’
‘The American Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution.’
‘As a result of the attack, ground troops were sent to Vietnam in 1965.’
‘After this incident, Operation Rolling Thunder was initiated.’
‘The incident led to the USA fighting in Vietnam.’
‘Some claimed it was an excuse to attack North Vietnam.’

question 0
7(b) Why did US public opinion turn against the Vietnam War? 6

e.g. ‘One reason the US public turned against the Vietnam War was the My
Lai massacre. In revenge for the Tet Offensive in 1968, a small group of
American soldiers killed unarmed Vietnamese civilians in a village called My
Lai. The public was horrified when they found out what had happened.’

e.g. ‘American soldiers were being killed.’

‘The war was seen on TV and people saw the effects of using napalm.’
‘The My Lai massacre shocked the American people.’
‘The war was reported on TV which had not happened before.’
‘The US was not making progress in the war/the war was unwinnable.’
‘The soldiers who were conscripted were young.’
‘The war was considered a waste of money and resources.’
‘The Tet Offensive increased doubts about a possible success.’
‘The war highlighted racial inequality.’
‘Walter Kronkite’s reports on CBS had tremendous influence.’
e.g. ‘It was an unpopular war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
7(c) How far do you agree that the US failed to contain the spread of 10
communism? Explain your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The war in Vietnam was one example of the US failing to contain the
spread of communism. The US wanted to stop the domino effect whereby if
one country fell to communism then the surrounding ones would follow. The
USA failed to defeat the Vietcong in South Vietnam and, after the evacuation
of US troops, the South was overrun. As a result of Vietnam becoming
communist, so did Laos and Cambodia.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways the US succeeded in containing communism. In the

Korean War the USA used the UN to reinforce its foreign policy to contain the
spread of communism. The USA was determined to end the aggression of
North Korea in 1950. Although it did not unite Korea under Syngman Rhee, it
pushed back the communists to the 38th Parallel.’

e.g. ‘The USA failed because the whole of Vietnam became communist.’
‘In Vietnam, the US failed to stop the spread of communism from the north.’
‘As a result, neighbouring Laos and Cambodia became communist.’
‘US forces, under the UN, pushed North Korea back to its border.’
‘The USA had stopped the spread of communism in South Korea.’
‘Cuba remained communist after the Cuban missile crisis.’
‘Castro remained in power and was allied with the USSR.’
‘Kennedy’s critics did not want to see communism on the US’s doorstep.’
‘Kennedy was happy to isolate Cuba with no trade and no diplomatic contact.’
‘The US managed to contain communism in Cuba for the immediate future.’
‘The Marshall Plan prevented some states becoming communist in Europe.’
‘The Berlin Airlift saved West Berlin from becoming communist.’
PUBLISHED 2021
8(a) Describe events in Hungary in 1956. 4
e.g. ‘Rakosi was removed as Prime Minister.’

‘Gero replaced Rakosi.’
‘There were student demonstrations/revolts.’
‘A statue of Stalin was pulled down by protestors.’
‘On 24 October, Soviet tanks entered Budapest.’
‘Nagy was named as prime minister.’
‘Freedom fighters and most of the Hungarian army fought the Soviets.’
‘On 27 October, Nagy announced a new government.’
‘Nagy’s new government included members of non-Communist parties.’
‘In the last few days of October Soviet forces were withdrawn from Budapest.’
‘Nagy announced that one party rule would be ended.’
‘Nagy announced that Hungary was going to leave the Warsaw Pact.’
‘On 4 November, the Red Army invaded Budapest.’
‘There were large numbers of casualties.’
‘Thousands fled the country.’
‘Nagy resigned as Prime Minister.’
‘Janos Kadar became Prime Minister.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
8(b) Why was Czechoslovakia invaded in 1968? 6

e.g. ‘The USSR invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968 because it felt that Dubcek’s
reforms undermined their control over the country. He introduced freedoms
such as abolishing censorship and gave people the right to criticise the
government. Workers were given more rights in controlling how industry was
run and the trade unions were given more power. The USSR saw this as a
threat to their control as they were concerned these ideas would spread to
other parts of the Soviet bloc. Therefore, they invaded to bring down Dubcek’s
government.’

e.g. ‘Dubcek introduced political changes/the Prague Spring.’

‘Citizens were given the right to criticise the government.’
‘Dubcek’s reforms threatened to undermine Soviet control.’
‘The Soviet Union was suspicious of the suggested changes.’
‘The Soviet leadership claimed that West Germany was threatening to invade
Czechoslovakia.’
‘Czechoslovakia was the most important central European state.’
‘Soviet leaders were worried that the Czech ideas would spread.’
‘Soviet leaders did not like intellectuals attacking their leadership.’
‘The Soviet leaders feared a rival socialist party.’
‘Dubcek refused to allow Soviet troops into the country.’
e.g. ‘The Czech people were unhappy with Soviet control.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
8(c) How far do you agree that Gorbachev was to blame for the collapse of 10
Soviet power in Eastern Europe? Explain your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Gorbachev was responsible for the decline of Soviet influence. He made
it clear he would not oppose attempts at democracy in Warsaw Pact
countries, and he would not send Red Army troops into these countries to
support Communist regimes nor force countries to stay tied to the Soviet
Union. This made it easier for Eastern European countries to decide on their
own future, with many deciding to break away from Soviet influence.’
OR
e.g. ‘Solidarity was certainly responsible for the decline of Soviet influence.
The movement showed that if people united, they could resist a Communist
government. In the 1989 elections in Poland, anti-communist candidates won
a striking victory. This inspired people in other Eastern European countries,
and there were peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Hungary, East
Germany and Czechoslovakia. Soviet influence was declining.’

e.g. ‘Gorbachev realised reforms were needed.’

‘The policies of perestroika and glasnost caused the decline of Soviet
influence.’
‘Gorbachev was more interested in domestic policy and saving the Soviet
Union.’
‘Gorbachev was less interested in Eastern Europe than previous Soviet
leaders.’
‘The Soviet Union had financial problems and could not support Eastern
European communist states.’
‘The withdrawal of the Red Army support was to blame.’
‘The Soviet Union was already on the point of collapse when Gorbachev
came to power.’
‘Solidarity showed that a Communist government could be resisted.’
‘Solidarity inspired peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Eastern European
countries.’
‘Solidarity highlighted the failure of communism to provide good living
standards for all people.’
PUBLISHED 2021
9(a) Describe the use of tanks on the Western Front. 4
e.g. ‘Tanks scared/alarmed the Germans.’

‘They raised the morale of the British soldiers.’
‘Early tanks often broke down/were unreliable.’
‘Early tanks often could not get across No-Man’s Land.’
‘They were used at the Somme.’
‘Later tanks became more reliable and faster.’
‘They advanced ahead of the infantry.’
‘They sprayed machine gun fire.’
‘They crushed the barbed wire.’
‘At Amiens and Cambrai, large numbers of tanks were used, and the German
lines could be breached.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
9(b) Why was the Battle of Verdun important for the Allies? 6

e.g. ‘It was important because if the Germans won the battle, it would have
dealt a devastating blow to French morale. The Germans believed that if
France lost the battle they would surrender, and it may have led to Britain
withdrawing from the war.’

e.g. ‘It was the strongest part of the French defences.’

‘If Verdun fell, France might surrender.’
‘It was the longest battle of the war.’
‘Because of the pressure at Verdun, the Battle of the Somme was fought.’
‘Verdun was a symbol of French military pride/historically important.’
‘It showed how hard it was to achieve a breakthrough.’
‘Defeat would demoralise the troops.’
e.g. ‘It was one of many battles fought on the Western Front.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
9(c) Who achieved more from the Battle of the Somme, the Allies or the 10
Germans? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘who achieved more’ 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Germans did not suffer such severe losses at the Battle of the
Somme. On the first day of the battle, 1 July 1916, the British Army suffered
20 000 dead and 40 000 wounded. This was the worst day in the history of the
British Army. The week-long bombardment of enemy lines had left the
Germans in their deep bunkers largely undamaged. This proved that their
defences were strong.’
OR
e.g. ‘In spite of the losses suffered, the Battle of the Somme took pressure off
the French forces defending Verdun. It meant the Germans withdrew forces
from the Verdun area to fight on the Somme. This saved the French from
defeat and possible surrender, preventing Germany from winning the war.’

e.g. ‘The first day of the battle was the worst day in the history of the British
Army.’
‘There was criticism of the Allied leadership.’
‘German troops survived the heavy shelling.’
‘There was no breakthrough.’
‘It turned into a battle of attrition.’
‘Many PAL battalions were wiped out.’
‘At the end of the battle, British forces gained 7 miles.’
‘It took pressure off the French at Verdun.’
‘It saved the French army.’
‘Germans had to strengthen their forces with troops from Verdun.’
e.g. ‘Both sides suffered casualties and made little progress.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
10(a) Describe German use of U-boats in the First World War. 4
e.g. ‘At first the Germans used a policy of ‘sink on sight’ towards British and
Allied ships.’
‘Merchant and military ships leaving or heading to Great Britain and Ireland
were targeted.’
‘In February 1915, the Germans created ‘war zones’ around the British Isles.’
‘Any ship from any country found in the war zones would be sunk.’
‘From February 1915, the policy was to use unrestricted U-boat warfare.’
‘In May 1915, U-boats sank the Lusitania.’
‘There were nearly 1200 casualties.’
‘The Germans called off unrestricted warfare, but it resumed again in 1916.’
‘U-boat warfare prevented essential supplies getting to Britain.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
10(b) Why did Germany experience food shortages? 6

e.g. ‘One reason Germany suffered food shortages was that the potato
harvest failed in 1916 due to the spread of blight, a fungus which destroyed
the potatoes just as they were about to be harvested. Normally this could
have been prevented but a key ingredient in the treatment was copper which
had been set aside for the country’s war industry. Potatoes were an important
staple in the German diet and had to be replaced with turnips which were
usually reserved for feeding cattle.’

e.g. ‘Farm workers had been conscripted into the army.’

‘Germany could not import food.’
‘The potato harvest failed in 1916.’
‘The treatment for blight was not available due to the war.’
‘The blockade prevented Germany from importing food.’
‘The best supplies were reserved for the army.’
e.g. ‘There were lower supplies due to the war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
10(c) ‘Poor leadership was more important than food shortages in Russia’s 10
decision to leave the war.’ How far do you agree with this statement?



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There was chaos in the Russian command structure. The staff
headquarters resembled an officer’s club rather than a military headquarters.
The Tsar had appointed many of his loyal courtiers as senior army
commanders, who were more concerned with their dining arrangements than
military planning. They assumed the bravery of their men would win the war
even though this might cause mass casualties. In 1915, the Tsar took over the
role as Commander-in-Chief.’
OR
e.g. ‘Food shortages were very severe in Russia. Urban areas such as
Petrograd faced shortages and people had to queue for hours to buy bread.
Inflation was also high. In February 1917 there were demonstrations in
Petrograd to protest at the lack of food. These continued for several days and,
when the army went onto the side of the demonstrators, the Tsar abdicated.’

e.g. ‘There were not enough trained officers and NCOs.’

‘The home industries could not supply the soldiers with enough food, uniforms
and ammunition.’
‘The Russian soldiers could not compete with their well trained and well
equipped opponents.’
‘The decision of the Tsar to assume the role of Commander-in-Chief was a
disaster.’
‘There were severe food shortages and price rises.’
‘There were desertions and mutinies in the Russian Army.’
‘There were too many courtiers appointed as senior commanders and who
had no experience of army life.’
‘Demonstrations in Petrograd brought about the downfall of the Tsar.’
‘Bolsheviks criticised the poor leadership.’
PUBLISHED 2021
11(a) What happened on the Night of the Long Knives? 4
e.g. ‘Hitler gave the SA some leave.’

‘In June 1934, Hitler confronted Röhm.’
‘He arrived at a hotel in Bad Wiessee with armed SS men.’
‘He informed Röhm and other SA leaders they were under arrest.’
‘They were taken to Munich where Röhm and SA commanders were shot.’
‘Röhm had been offered the chance to commit suicide.’
‘The SS broke into the homes of SA figures.’
‘Over the next four days, other leaders were arrested by the SS and shot.’
‘It is estimated that between 200 and 400 were killed.’
‘Hitler had his predecessor as Chancellor, von Schleicher, murdered.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
11(b) Why did the Nazi Party have little success before 1930? 6

e.g. ‘One reason the Nazi Party had little success was that, for much of the
1920s, the Weimar government seemed to be doing well. Stresemann’s
policies were successful and the moderate parties, which made up the
Weimar coalitions, were the winners at the polls. The German electorate
could see little reason to switch their support to an untested, extreme right-
wing party whose leader had recently been convicted of high treason and
therefore the Nazi Party achieved limited results in elections.’

e.g. ‘The failed attempt to seize power in the Munich Putsch.’

‘Most industrial workers supported left wing parties.’
‘The successes of Stresemann in the economy and in foreign affairs.’
‘Germany seemed to be prospering without the Nazis.’
‘Nazi aims were irrelevant to most Germans.’
‘There was a lack of support from the police and army.’
‘Political opponents disrupted their meetings.’
e.g. ‘The Nazi Party’s ideas were not popular with most people in the 1920s.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
11(c) ‘The Reichstag Fire was the most important event in Hitler’s 10
consolidation of power during 1933.’ How far do you agree with this



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Reichstag Fire was important in Hitler’s consolidation of power

because it was used by Hitler to remove his main threat, the Communists.
Hitler blamed the Communists for the fire and persuaded the President to
pass an emergency decree.’
‘It gave the police powers to search houses, confiscate property and detain
people without trial. Hitler used these powers to intimidate voters and incite
public fear against the Communists.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Enabling Act was important because it effectively made Hitler a
dictator. It gave him the power to make laws without the Reichstag for four
years. This meant the existing constitution could be ignored. It meant the end
of parliamentary democracy.’
‘Hitler used the Enabling Act to ban trade unions, to ban all political parties
apart from the Nazi Party, to purge the Civil Service and take control of local
government.’
PUBLISHED 2021

e.g. ‘Hitler blamed the Communists for the fire.’

‘He used it to discredit the Communists.’
‘Hitler said that it was the beginning of a Communist uprising.’
‘After the Reichstag Fire, Hitler gained an emergency decree.’
‘The Communists were not allowed to take their seats after the March
elections.’
‘With no Communists in the Reichstag, the Nazis had a majority.’
‘The Enabling Act gave Hitler (almost) dictatorial powers.’
‘He could make laws without consulting the Reichstag.’
‘The Act enabled him to remove all opposition.’
‘Hitler banned the trade unions and all other political parties.’
‘The Nazis were given control over the State governments.’
‘He purged the Civil Service.’
‘Hitler made Goebbels Head of Propaganda.’
‘Hitler made a Concordat with the Catholic Church.’
‘He introduced an Employment Law for a public works programme.’
e.g. ‘The Reichstag Fire allowed the Nazis to win support.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
12(a) Describe actions taken by the Nazis against Jewish businesses in 1933. 4
e.g. ‘A boycott of Jewish businesses/shops was organised.’

‘It took place in April 1933.’
‘SA men stood outside Jewish shops.’
‘Adverts were placed in the newspapers to tell people not to shop in Jewish
stores.’
‘There were posters on the shop windows telling people to stay away.’
‘Jewish doctors’ practices were also targeted.’
‘The newspapers gave people a list of businesses to avoid.’
‘The Star of David sign identified Jewish businesses.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
12(b) Why were mass rallies important to the Nazis? 6

e.g. ‘The Nazis organised mass rallies as they were an excellent propaganda
opportunity to show the power and strength of the regime. People watched
military bands, marches, flying displays and listened to speeches by leading
Nazis. The rallies emphasised the order and dedication of the Nazis and how
good they were for Germany, and thus reinforced support for the Nazi
regime.’

e.g. ‘They were an opportunity to celebrate Nazi success.’

‘They reinforced the personality cult of Hitler.’
‘They encouraged loyalty and support for the Nazi regime.’
‘The people would listen to speeches from leading Nazis.’
‘They were a propaganda opportunity.’
‘They could demonstrate their organisational skills.’
‘They brought excitement to people’s lives.’
‘They provided a sense of belonging.’
‘They were a form of control.’
‘They showed the power of the state.’
e.g. ‘They thought they would be popular with the people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
12(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis had control over German society? 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Nazis did have control over German society because they used the
Gestapo to make people afraid of them and to keep them in line. The Gestapo
had powers to spy on ordinary citizens by tapping telephones, intercepting
mail and using information from informers. Most ordinary Germans were
frightened to speak out against Hitler and the Nazis and so this meant there
was little opposition to Nazi policies.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazis were not in control of all German people. There was still some
opposition, although numbers were very small. For instance, the Kreisau
Circle organised secret meetings to discuss how Germany would be governed
after Hitler’s removal. Their members included aristocrats and army officers.
They were prepared to risk their lives to hold opposition meetings.’

e.g. ‘Germans were controlled by the Gestapo.’

‘The SS carried out Hitler’s policies.’
‘The media was controlled.’
‘Judges took an oath of loyalty to Hitler.’
‘Propaganda ensured people were controlled.’
‘Women were controlled by his policies.’
‘A school’s syllabus was controlled by the Nazis.’
‘Hitler Youth groups controlled children.’
‘Employment opportunities helped to ensure there was little opposition.’
‘The Nazis were not in control of young people such as the Edelweiss
Pirates.’
‘The White Rose movement opposed Nazi ideas.’
‘Members of the Swing movement were anti-Hitler.’
‘Pastor Niemöller opposed Nazi policies.’
‘There was criticism from Church leaders.’
‘The Kreisau Circle organised secret meetings against the Nazis.’
PUBLISHED 2021
13(a) Describe the work of Stolypin. 4
e.g. ‘Stolypin attempted to reform agriculture.’

‘Stolypin allowed wealthier peasants, the kulaks, to buy more land.’
‘He allowed the kulaks to leave the mir.’
‘This meant they could own more land and develop more efficient farms.’
‘The Peasant Land Bank was established to give loans to help develop
farming.’
‘He came down hard on strikers, protesters and revolutionaries.’
‘20 000 were exiled and over 1000 hanged.’
‘The noose came to be known as ‘Stolypin’s necktie’.’
‘He used a ‘carrot and stick’ approach.’
‘He insured urban workers against illness, accident and death of family
members.’
‘He extended religious freedom to Jews.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
13(b) Why was there discontent with the Russian government by 1905? 6

e.g. ‘There was discontent with the Russian government because the new
industrial cities were breeding grounds for revolutionary ideas. The industrial
workers had been peasants but now they lived and worked in the cities. Living
and working conditions were appalling. There were few controls on child
labour, industrial injuries were common, and employers paid starvation
wages. People wanted change.’

e.g. ‘Russia was humiliated by losing to the Japanese.’

‘There was discontent in the armed forces.’
‘The Tsar faced a mass demonstration in St Petersburg.’
‘Revolutionary ideas were spreading in the new industrial cities.’
‘Many were experiencing poor living and working conditions.’
‘There were demands for political reform.’
‘The Tsar lost respect because of his methods.’
e.g. ‘The Russian government was unpopular with the people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
13(c) How surprising is it that the Tsar fell from power in 1917? Explain your 10
answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that the Tsar fell from power in 1917. In 1915 he had
assumed supreme command of the Russian Army fighting on the Eastern
Front. This meant that he was held responsible for the country’s military
failures and the country’s huge loss of life, which, by the end of 1916, was
estimated at nearly five million dead, missing or as prisoners. There was
discontent and mutiny.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways it is surprising that the Tsar fell from power in 1917. When
war broke out in 1914, the Tsar had been popular and there were
demonstrations in support of him. He could always rely on loyalty from his
government, armed forces and secret police. The events of February 1917
started due to a bread strike and not because of a demand for revolution. It
was surprising for the Tsar that the army refused to fire on the demonstrators.’

e.g. ‘The Tsar took personal command of the army.’

‘Russia suffered huge casualties.’
‘There was anger over food shortages and forced grain requisition.’
‘The Tsarina and Rasputin were not popular.’
‘The army and police were loyal to the Tsar.’
‘The Tsar was popular when war broke out.’
‘The secret police worked to stop opposition to the Tsar.’
‘The Tsar had not allowed political reform.’
‘Soldiers suffered food shortages and hunger.’
‘The army refused to fire on protesters.’
e.g. ‘The Tsar fell from power because Russia was in a bad state.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
14(a) How did life in the countryside change under Stalin? 4
e.g. ‘Farms were taken over by the state.’

‘Peasants had to put their lands together to form large joint farms.’
‘Animals and tools were pooled.’
‘Farms became much larger.’
‘There was some mechanisation such as tractors.’
‘The peasants no longer owned land.’
‘There was a famine.’
‘Kulaks were deported.’
‘Many people left to work in the new industries.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
14(b) Why was industry brought under government control? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin saw that the development of industry was vital to the USSR
becoming economically and militarily strong. If the Soviet Union was
threatened by a foreign power, it would need strong defences to survive. It
was essential to develop heavy industries such as coal and steel production
and chemicals so that armaments could be built.’

e.g. ‘To increase production in heavy industries.’

‘To develop the oil, coal, iron and steel and electricity industries.’
‘To set targets to make industry develop quickly.’
‘To create a foundation on which to build the next Five-Year Plans.’
‘To increase the USSR’s military strength.’
‘To rival the economies of the USA and the capitalist countries.’
‘To catch up with the West.’
‘It would put into action Stalin’s ‘Socialism in One Country’.’
e.g. ‘To make the USSR a stronger country.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
14(c) How far do you agree that women benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain 10
your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There were some benefits for women under Stalin’s regime. For
instance, Stalin insisted that men and women had equal status and therefore
women were encouraged to study to become engineers and doctors. By
1939, 79% of doctors were women and over 40% were involved in the
industrial workforce. These opportunities had not existed for them before.’
OR
e.g. ‘The position of women was supposed to be equal, but there were no
women in senior positions in the state and they often took lower positions in
the workplace. Also, women still had their traditional roles of mother and wife
to fulfil and were expected to work in the home as well as in the workplace.’

e.g. ‘Stalin increased the number of crèches for children of working mothers.’
‘Some factories were encouraged to establish ‘sitting’ services. This was for
mothers so that they could work even while caring for children.’
‘Stalin encouraged women into skilled jobs such as doctors and engineers.’
‘He promoted the idea that it was normal for women to work in industry.’
‘According to Soviet propaganda, women were equal partners in the struggle
to build a communist state.’
‘In the world of work, Soviet women were given equality with men.’
‘It was still considered women’s responsibility to do the domestic chores.’
‘Not a single woman held high office during Stalin’s years in power.’
‘Women were subjected to changing laws which took away freedoms, such as
easy divorce.’
e.g. ‘There were more opportunities for women in Stalin’s Russia.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
15(a) What was the Sacco and Vanzetti case? 4
supporting detail. 1–4
e.g. ‘Sacco and Vanzetti were two Italian Americans.’

‘In 1920 they were arrested.’
‘They were arrested on suspicion of armed robbery and murder.’
‘They were anarchists.’
‘The trial became less of a trial for murder, more a trial of their radical ideas.’
‘It was a highly publicised case.’
‘The case against them was weak.’
‘The prosecution relied on racist slurs about their origins and fear about their
radical politics.’
‘The two were found guilty and sentenced to death.’
‘There were six years of legal appeals.’
‘They were executed in 1927.’
‘Many people believed they were not given a fair trial.’
‘Many thought they were the victims of the trial judge’s prejudices against
foreigners and radical politics.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
15(b) Why were the 1920s known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’? 6

e.g. ‘They were known as the ‘Roaring Twenties’ because these years were
often associated with radical change in society and outrageous behaviour
from some sections of society. Some women broke free from traditions and
wore short dresses, short hairstyles, and took up smoking and drinking in
speakeasies. Many spent time in the new nightclubs where jazz quickly
became very popular.’

e.g. ‘The economic boom encouraged a change of lifestyle.’

‘Jazz became the new popular music.’
‘Women changed their look and became more independent.’
‘Traditions such as having a chaperone were abandoned.’
‘Many people bought cars and travelled for the first time.’
‘There was more leisure time for pastimes such as the cinema and music
clubs.’
‘Some drank illegally in speakeasies.’
‘Some said the 1920s started with a roar and ended with a crash.’
e.g. ‘People took up noisy hobbies.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
15(c) How far do you agree that Prohibition failed because it was unpopular? 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The main reason for the failure of Prohibition was that millions of
Americans, especially in urban areas, were simply not prepared to obey this
law. Some made their own liquor at home, known as moonshine, while rich
households imported wine and spirits illegally. By 1925, there were more
speakeasies in American cities than there had been saloons in 1919.’
OR
e.g. ‘One reason Prohibition failed was that it was not policed properly. The
government appointed several thousand enforcement agents, but this was not
enough and they were poorly paid. The networks which ran the illegal liquor
business were complex and there were not enough Prohibition agents to stop
them. The agents were often open to threats and bribes made by criminal
gangs. State officials, judges, senior police officers and jury members were
often bought off with bribes. Almost 10% of Prohibition agents were fired for
taking bribes.’

e.g. ‘Many urban Americans refused to obey the law on alcohol.’

‘Many made their own alcohol, called ‘moonshine’.’
‘The speakeasies were well supplied by bootleggers.’
‘Two thirds of the illegal whisky came from Canada.’
‘Rum was smuggled from the West Indies.’
‘The border between the USA and Canada was almost impossible to patrol.’
‘Organised gangs fought to control the manufacture and sale of alcohol.’
‘Organised gangs bribed policemen, enforcement agents, judges and juries.’
e.g. ‘Many people disliked Prohibition.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
16(a) What did Roosevelt mean by a ‘New Deal’? 4
e.g. ‘Roosevelt wanted measures to bring about the recovery and rebuilding
of the American economy.’
‘Roosevelt wanted the New Deal’s aims to be ‘relief, recovery and reform’.’
‘He wanted to give people hope.’
‘He intended to introduce measures to bring relief to the poverty-stricken.’
‘He wanted to create employment through new agencies.’
‘The New Deal included improving working conditions and pay for the
employed.’
‘He wanted to bring stability to the banking system.’
‘He wanted to re-build the economy, both in industry and agriculture.’
‘Roosevelt wanted the New Deal to create a fairer and more just society.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
16(b) Why was the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) introduced? 6

e.g. ‘The Agricultural Adjustment Act was introduced because farming was in
crisis and farmers could not live on what they earned. Prices had fallen
because US farms were overproducing and were not able to export their
surplus because of the tariff system. Many farmers could not afford to pay
back loans which they had taken out to buy new machinery. This resulted in
eviction and unemployment. The Agricultural Adjustment Act aimed to
address this by cutting production to raise prices.’

e.g. ‘Farmers were overproducing.’

‘The US could not export grain because of the tariff system.’
‘Agricultural prices had fallen.’
‘Farmers could not earn enough to live on.’
‘They could not pay their mortgages or loans for machinery.’
‘Many farmers were evicted and became homeless and unemployed.’
e.g. ‘There were many problems facing agriculture.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
16(c) ‘The most serious opposition to the New Deal came from business 10
leaders.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Business leaders were opposed to the New Deal. In 1934, they formed
the Liberty League to unite the opposition against FDR’s new policies. They
thought the welfare payments made by the New Deal were too generous and
undermined the American characteristics of self-reliance and ‘rugged
individualism’. They were opposed to trade unions and particularly disliked the
NIRA. They were a serious threat because they were influential in political
circles, both Democrat and Republican.’
OR
e.g. ‘Probably the most serious opposition to the New Deal came from the
Supreme Court. They were concerned that FDR was over-extending his
power and taking away rights which should have belonged to the states rather
than the federal government. By the end of 1936, the Supreme Court had
ruled against seven of the nine cases about the New Deal which had come
before it. As a result of these cases, the AAA and NIRA had both been
declared unconstitutional.’

e.g. ‘Business leaders in the Liberty League opposed the New Deal.’
‘Republicans believed in minimal government intervention and low taxation.’
‘Some Republicans thought Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.’
‘Some state governors argued that the New Deal laws conflicted with the
rights of state governments.’
‘Individuals like Huey Long, Francis Townsend and Father Coughlin thought
Roosevelt should do more than the New Deal.’
‘The Supreme Court had to uphold the Constitution.’

e.g. ‘Opposition came from the law, political parties and individuals.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
17(a) Describe the changes made to education in China in the 1950s. 4
e.g. ‘There was a campaign to teach Chinese people to read and write.’
‘In 1949, only 20% were literate. By the 1960s this had increased to 90%.’
‘Teachers were sent to the villages, teaching children by day and the adults in
the evening.’
‘Students received an education in communism. They read from the works of
Lenin, Marx and Mao.’
‘They were encouraged to be hard-working, cheerful, loyal to their leaders and
helpful to others.’
‘All those in education were reminded of the importance of manual work.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
17(b) Why were the ‘barefoot doctors’ important? 6

e.g. ‘The barefoot doctors were important because they brought free medical
care to the peasants and were able to help stem the spread of disease by
providing basic healthcare. They focused on prevention rather than cure and
ran public campaigns to encourage good hygiene. Their work led to a decline
in the death rate, particularly in infant mortality.’

e.g. ‘They brought free health care to the masses.’

‘They had short training so were able to get to work quickly.’
‘They ran public health campaigns to improve sanitation and prevent
epidemics.’
‘They focused on prevention rather than cure.’
‘The death rate decreased.’
e.g. ‘They helped people in rural China.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
17(c) ‘The main reason for the introduction of communes in 1958 was to 10
improve agricultural production.’ How far do you agree with this



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Communes were introduced to improve agriculture. They were made up

of collective farms: 750 000 collective farms were merged into 26 000
communes. The system was directed by central government so that farming
methods, pricing, sale and distribution could be centrally controlled. Private
farming was ended. It was thought this would make agriculture more efficient
and ensure an equal supply of food throughout China.’
OR
e.g. ‘Communes were designed not only to improve agriculture, but also
industry, education, local government and medicine. Communes established
‘backyard furnaces’ which produced an estimated 11 million tons of steel.
They also were a way to control the peasantry and increase productivity. They
were large and so could undertake large projects such as irrigation work.’

e.g. ‘Communes seemed to be the ideal way to organise China’s vast peasant
labour force.’
‘They were large enough to tackle large projects such as irrigation works.’
‘Communes had an industrial purpose – to mine coal and iron and to set up
their own blast furnaces.’
‘It was believed that communes would be more efficient for agriculture.’
‘Everyone had to live communally with childcare and schooling provided.’
‘Communes were designed to speed up the change to communism.’
e.g. ‘The introduction of Communes meant great changes for the Chinese
people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
18(a) Describe China’s relationship with India up to 1965. 4
e.g. ‘In 1954, India and China signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet called
‘Panch Shila’.’
‘There were cultural exchanges between India and China.’
‘In 1954, India published maps showing the border between India and China.’
‘In 1959, the Chinese stated that the borders were incorrect and much ‘Indian
land’ was in fact Chinese.’
‘In 1959, the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees fled to India.’
‘In 1962, there was a brief war on the border which China won.’
‘There were small communist risings in India, supported by China.’
‘China supported Pakistan in the war with India in 1965.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
18(b) Why did China’s relationship with Vietnam change in the 1970s? 6

e.g. ‘Relations between China and Vietnam became tense because Vietnam
invaded Cambodia in 1976. This was seen as a threat by China which was
afraid that Vietnam would become a threat on its southern border at a time
when it felt threatened also by the USSR in the North. To make matters
worse, Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship with the USSR. This was all at a
time when Sino-Soviet relations were deteriorating.’

e.g. ‘During the Vietnam War, China provided arms, military training and
supplies to the North.’
‘This support was dependent on the North Vietnamese refusing all Soviet aid.’
‘There was tension because the Vietnamese Communist Party wanted to
develop their own approach.’
‘China wanted Vietnam to follow a similar path to China.’
‘Tensions arose when Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1976.’
‘The relationship deteriorated when Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship with
the USSR.’
‘In 1979, fighting broke out when China attacked North Vietnam.’
‘Peace talks were held at the end of 1979, but these broke down.’
e.g. ‘China had supported Vietnam but relations broke down in the 1970s.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
18(c) ‘Differences over ideology caused the change in relations between 10

China and the USSR.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Differences in ideology were an important cause of the change in

relations between China and the USSR. The USSR saw itself as the leading
communist nation of the world and thought that China should follow the same
path towards communism. However, Mao had other ideas and announced
that other communist movements should follow the model of peasant
revolution like China. China began to challenge the USSR’s leadership of the
communist world.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were also differences in foreign policy between the two nations.
Khrushchev wanted peaceful coexistence between capitalist and communist
nations. Mao saw this as weak and had wanted to form a communist bloc
which was against the West. The USSR attempted to form better relations
with the USA and supported India in border disputes with China.’

e.g. ‘In February 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and Mao was angry
about this.’
‘The terms of the 1950 Treaty of Friendship meant China was exploited
economically.’
‘Mao and Khrushchev clashed.’
‘In July 1959, Khrushchev criticised the Great Leap Forward.’
‘There were armed clashes between Soviet and Chinese troops along the
Amur River.’
‘In 1960, the Soviet government withdrew all Russian technicians from China.’
‘Mao disagreed with Khrushchev as he thought ‘peaceful coexistence’ was a
weak policy.’
PUBLISHED 2021
19(a) What was the Group Areas Act of 1950? 4
e.g. ‘White people, black people and others were to live in separate racial
areas.’
‘The whole of South Africa was to be divided into racial areas.’
‘The impact of the law was to exclude black people from living in the most
developed areas.’
‘It caused many black people to have to commute large distances to work.’
‘The law led to many black people being forcibly removed for living in the
‘wrong’ areas.’
‘The white minority owned most of the country.’
‘Black people had to carry pass books to enter ‘white’ parts of the country.’

question 0
19(b) Why was the Bantu Self-Government Act introduced? 6

e.g. ‘The Act was introduced because Verwoerd wanted to create an all-white
South Africa. The creation of Bantustans provided a way for the government
to eject all black people from white areas who were not employed or needed
for the functioning of the economy. This meant that women, children, the old
and the unemployed were driven out to live on the black reserves or
homelands.’

e.g. ‘It was the centrepiece of Prime Minister Verwoerd’s vision.’

‘His vision was for an all-white dominated South Africa.’
‘It created eight Bantustans, based on the original African reserves.’
‘These Bantustans were intended to be the homelands for all black people.’
‘The newly established regions were eventually intended to become self-
governing.’
‘The Bantustans consisted of only 13% of the land area.’
e.g. ‘It was a means of separating white and black people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
19(c) ‘The Sharpeville Massacre was more important than the Defiance 10
Campaign in the resistance to apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Sharpeville was important in creating opposition to apartheid. In March

1960, peaceful demonstrations against the pass laws were organised by the
PAC. One of these took place outside a police station at Sharpeville. The
police fired on the crowd and 69 people were killed and almost 200 wounded.
Many had been shot while running away. This caused outrage and further
demonstrations followed. However, the reaction of the government was swift,
and both the ANC and PAC were banned.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Defiance Campaign in 1952 was probably more important in the
resistance to apartheid because it resulted in the membership of the ANC
increasing from 7000 to 100 000. The Campaign gave confidence to the
opponents of the government that further mass protest could bring political
changes. It was important because it was the largest non-violent resistance
ever seen in South Africa and the first campaign pursued jointly by all racial
groups under the leadership of the ANC and the South African Indian
Congress.’

e.g. ‘The Defiance Campaign increased the ANC membership.’

‘8000 people went to jail for defying apartheid laws.’
‘People demonstrated against the Pass Laws at Sharpeville.’
‘The demonstration was not violent, but the police shot and killed 69 people.’
‘There was an increase in demonstrations against the government in 1960.’
‘The Defiance Campaign led to black people becoming more confident to
protest.’

e.g. ‘Resistance to apartheid had little impact in the 1960s.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
20(a) What happened in Soweto in 1976? 4
e.g. ‘15 000 school students took part in a protest march.’

‘The march was protesting against the introduction of teaching in Afrikaans.’
‘Steve Biko was an important inspiration for the march.’
‘Many of the protesters were school children.’
‘Police blocked the way of the marchers.’
‘A thirteen-year-old boy was killed by police gun fire.’
‘The police used tear gas to try to disperse the marchers.’
‘Over 500 people were killed and over 130 of those were under the age of
eighteen.’

question 0
20(b) Why did the introduction of the Homelands policy make life worse for 6
black South Africans?

e.g. ‘One of the main ways it made life worse was that the South African
government did not have to provide schools, hospitals and homes. This meant
the people living in the Homelands had very few facilities, living conditions
were poor and the few schools were overcrowded and very poorly resourced.’

e.g. ‘The policy reinforced the Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959.’

‘Citizens of Homelands lost their South African citizenship.’
‘The government did not provide schools.’
‘The areas were overcrowded and there was little sanitation, so disease
spread easily.’
‘It was difficult for the occupants to get work.’
e.g. ‘Black people were forced to live in the Homelands.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
20(c) ‘Increased security measures were more important than government 10

censorship in maintaining apartheid.’ How far do you agree with this



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Increased security measures were key to maintaining apartheid in the

short term. In 1967, terrorism laws were strengthened. The definition of
terrorism was altered to cover some of the activities of the ANC, such as
giving military training, and these became capital offences. The government
also increased secret service operations against anti-apartheid groups. BOSS
(the Bureau of State Security) was established in 1969 and reported directly
to the Prime Minister, operating in secret. This made open opposition to
apartheid policies dangerous.’
OR
e.g. ‘Censorship also meant anti-apartheid activity became more difficult. In

1976, the SABC gained a monopoly over the radio and television in South
Africa and only broadcast official government propaganda. Any attempt to
report news about the ANC or other anti-apartheid organisations was banned
and over 1200 publications were banned in 1977 alone. This meant that white
South Africans and Afrikaners were given a false impression of South Africa
and how its people lived.’

e.g. ‘BOSS was established in 1969.’

‘Terrorism laws were tightened in 1967.’
‘There was strict censorship of literature about the anti-apartheid movement.’
‘TV and radio programmes published government propaganda.’
‘Suspects could be detained without charge for 12 months which was
renewable.’
‘The armed forces were expanded.’

e.g. ‘It was difficult to oppose the government because of the secret police.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
21(a) What were the aims of the Zionists after 1945? 4
e.g. ‘The Zionists wanted to win support for a Jewish homeland from the
British government.’
‘They thought the work of Haganah during the war would persuade the British
to help them.’
‘They aimed to win the support of the USA for a homeland for European Jews
in Palestine.’
‘They wanted the British to leave Palestine.’
‘They wanted to ensure that Jewish immigration to Palestine could not be
limited.’
‘They aimed to use their influence in the US to pressure Truman to support
their goals.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
21(b) Why did Israel win the 1948–49 war? 6

e.g. ‘The Arabs were too confident of achieving success. Five Arab states
were involved in the attack against an Israeli force that initially had no planes,
no heavy artillery and few armoured vehicles. The Arabs were confident they
could defeat this Israeli force quickly. They were surprised when Israel began
to fight back and were outnumbered by Israeli troops.’
OR
e.g. ‘Since the First World War there had been strong Jewish groups
demanding a separate state for Jews. In the war of 1948–49, the Jews were
fighting to keep this dream alive. They were determined to win and were
aware that if they lost, they could lose their chance of having a homeland.’

e.g. ‘The Jews could not afford to lose.’

‘Jewish morale was boosted by support from the US.’
‘The Jews were well organised and well led.’
‘The Arab countries were too confident to co-ordinate their efforts.’
‘Syria and Lebanon did little to support the Arab cause.’
‘Israeli troops outnumbered the Arab forces.’
e.g. ‘The Israelis won the war because they were better organised than the
Arab forces.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
21(c) ‘US pressure was the main reason for the change in British policy 10
towards Palestine.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There were millions of Jews living in the USA and they exerted pressure
on their government to encourage Britain to take more Jewish immigrants and
to accept the partition of Palestine. The Mayor of New York launched a
campaign to raise £2 million in 1947 for the purchase of guns to fight the
British. The British government had enough of this pressure and gave in.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, there were other factors which meant Britain was already keen
to leave the Middle East. The Second World War had left the British
exhausted with huge debts. The new Labour Government wanted to
concentrate on introducing expensive social reforms, such as the NHS, and
could not afford to keep thousands of troops in Palestine to keep peace in the
area.’

e.g. ‘President Truman pressured Britain to take more Jewish immigrants.’

‘Truman backed the UN’s partition plan rather than Britain’s plan.’
‘The attack on the King David Hotel caused a great loss of life.’
‘Two British soldiers were hanged by Irgun.’
‘The British were exhausted from the Second World War.’
‘Britain could not afford to keep 100 000 troops and police in Palestine.’
‘The Labour Government had different priorities than policing Palestine.’
PUBLISHED 2021
22(a) Describe the differences in views between Labor and Likud towards the 4
peace process.
e.g. ‘Likud have pursued the goal of creating a ‘Greater Israel’.’

‘Likud deny the claims of Jordan or the Palestinians to the West Bank.’
‘Labor believed that Israel’s security would be preserved with a resolution of
the Arab-Israeli conflict.’
‘Labor negotiated with Jordan over the West Bank in 1947 and 1967.’
‘Likud will not recognise the Palestinians’ rights to an independent state.’
‘Likud believe in expanding the settlements in the Occupied Territories.’
‘Labor recognised the PLO and its leader Yasser Arafat.’

question 0
22(b) Why did the Palestinian conflict become more intense after 1988? 6

e.g. ‘The Palestinian conflict became more intense after 1988 because the
Intifada had started at the beginning of December 1987. Palestinians began
general strikes, riots and civil disobedience campaigns across the West Bank
and Gaza Strip. This uprising of youths in Gaza and the West Bank provoked
a furious backlash from Israel. This provoked further resentment, and more
violence, in the occupied territories.’

e.g. ‘The Intifada started in December 1987.’

‘The Intifada lasted for three years.’
‘Palestine was declared independent in 1988.’
‘Hamas, Fatah and Hezbollah all have different aims.’
‘Israeli reprisals were severe.’
‘Sheikh Ahmed Yassin created Hamas from the Gaza wing of the Egyptian
Muslim Brotherhood.’
‘There had been uprisings across the Arab world and these inspired the
Palestinians.’
e.g. ‘Some groups decided that peaceful means were not working.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
22(c) How successful has the UN been in its efforts to deal with the 10
Palestinian issue? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘how successful’ 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways the UN has not been successful as the UN has been
divided over which approach to take. The UN General Assembly has passed
many resolutions which address the ‘Palestinian problem’ or the refugee
crisis, but the Security Council has been unable to bring lasting peace to the
area. Many of the peacekeeping missions, such as in Suez in 1967, ended in
failure. Many Lebanese and Palestinian civilians died in the war which
followed Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways the UN has been successful in its efforts. The UN has
provided humanitarian relief in the region. UNWRA has provided relief for the
refugees from the 1948 war and established camps to house, provide
education and offer healthcare to displaced Palestinians.’

e.g. ‘The UN has been accused of having an anti-Israeli bias.’

‘The UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council each have a different
focus.’
‘The UNEF withdrew from Egypt in 1967.’
‘UNWRA has looked after the refugees.’
‘The role of the UN decreased as American intervention in the Middle East
increased.’
‘In 1978, the UNIFL oversaw the withdrawal of Israel from Lebanon.’
e.g. ‘The UN has tried and failed to address the issue of Palestine.’

question 0
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
2 hours

* 6 0 6 7 4 5 2 6 4 0 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE) 222885
1 Individuals were important in the outcomes of the 1848 revolutions.
(a) Describe Frederick William IV’s response to the 1848 revolution in Prussia. [4]
(b) Why did Pope Pius IX turn against the 1848 revolutions in Italy? [6]
(c) How far did the 1848 revolution in France fail? Explain your answer. [10]
2 The Civil War brought changes to the United States.
(a) What were ‘scalawags’ and ‘carpetbaggers’? [4]
(b) Why were Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction opposed by Congress? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the position of black Americans improved as a result of
Reconstruction? Explain your answer. [10]
3 Imperialism had mixed results for the colonised peoples.
(a) Describe the impact of Faidherbe’s rule over Senegal. [4]
(b) Why did Leopold II’s control over the Congo cause hatred among the local population? [6]
(c) ‘The changes to British rule resulting from the Indian Mutiny were beneficial to Indians.’ How
4 Relationships between European powers were important in the build-up to the First World War.
(a) What was the Triple Alliance? [4]
(b) Why did the Balkan Wars (1912–13) lead to tension between Russia and Austria? [6]
(c) ‘Colonial rivalry was a greater cause of tension between Germany and Britain than the naval
race.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/O/N/21
5 Agreeing a peace settlement at the end of the First World War was challenging.
(a) Describe how Austria was treated in the peace settlement. [4]
(b) Why was Danzig important in the negotiations for a peace settlement? [6]
(c) Who had the harder task in achieving their aims for the peace settlement, Lloyd George or
Wilson? Explain your answer. [10]
6 Hitler’s foreign policy involved Germany in the affairs of many countries.
(a) What was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935? [4]
(b) Why did Hitler want to achieve Anschluss? [6]
(c) ‘German involvement in the Spanish Civil War was more important for Hitler than the takeover
of Czechoslovakia.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 The USA and USSR had different aims in Europe after 1945.
(a) Describe the Berlin Blockade. [4]
(b) Why did Stalin want control over the government of Poland? [6]
(c) ‘Marshall Aid did more to strengthen the Americans than benefit the Europeans.’ How far do
8 Tension between Iran and Iraq led to war in 1980.
(a) Describe Western involvement in the Iran–Iraq War. [4]
(b) Why was the Shatt al-Arab waterway a cause of tension between Iran and Iraq? [6]
(c) ‘Damage to the economies of Iran and Iraq was the most important consequence of the
Iran–Iraq War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
9 There was great loss of life on the Western Front.
(a) Describe the use of machine guns in trench warfare. [4]
(b) Why were tanks ineffective on the Western Front before 1918? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Haig deserved his reputation as ‘Butcher of the Somme’? Explain
your answer. [10]
10 The war had many impacts on civilians.
(a) Describe the methods used by the British government to recruit soldiers. [4]
(b) Why did Britain introduce food rationing? [6]
(c) ‘Food shortages were a more important factor than military failings in Russia’s decision to
leave the war.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
11 Germany faced challenges in the years following the First World War.
(a) Describe the Spartacist uprising. [4]
(b) Why was there a crisis in the Ruhr in 1923? [6]
(c) How far did Stresemann restore Germany’s strength between 1924 and 1929? Explain your
answer. [10]
12 The Nazis controlled many aspects of life in Germany.
(a) Describe how the Nazis used the radio. [4]
(b) Why was the Gestapo feared by Germans? [6]
(c) How far did Hitler’s policies towards the Jews between 1933 and 1938 have popular support?
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/O/N/21
13 1917 brought great changes to Russia.
(a) Describe the activities of the Petrograd Soviet in 1917. [4]
(b) Why was there a mutiny at Kronstadt in 1921? [6]
(c) ‘White weakness rather than Bolshevik strength determined the outcome of the Civil War.’
14 Stalin was determined to consolidate and maintain power.
(a) What was Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’? [4]
(b) Why was Trotsky a leading candidate to succeed Lenin? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Stalin carried out the Purges to remove Trotsky’s supporters?
15 The 1920s saw a boom in the US economy.
(a) Describe how mass production worked. [4]
(b) Why was the development of advertising important to the boom? [6]
(c) ‘Americans benefited from the boom.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
16 The Wall Street Crash had a great impact on the USA.
(a) What was a Hooverville? [4]
(b) Why did many people face unemployment after the Wall Street Crash? [6]
(c) How surprising was the Wall Street Crash? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/O/N/21
17 The Nationalists failed to secure their hold over China.
(a) Describe Chiang Kai-shek’s treatment of the Communists in the early 1930s. [4]
(b) Why did support for the Communists increase during the Second World War? [6]
(c) ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists determined the outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do
18 China’s relationships with other powers changed over time.
(a) Describe China’s relationship with Vietnam in the 1970s. [4]
(b) Why were there changes in the relationship between India and China in the 1960s? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for the improvement in China’s relations with the USA after 1970 was the
establishment of trade between the two of them.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
19 Segregation became established in the period up to 1948.
(a) What was the Sauer Commission? [4]
(b) Why did South African gold mining flourish in the period up to 1945? [6]
(c) ‘The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact on non-white South Africans than the
Native Urban Areas Act in the period to 1948.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
20 By the 1980s it was clear that apartheid was under pressure.
(a) Describe Botha’s reform of the Pass Laws. [4]
(b) Why was Oliver Tambo important in the struggle against apartheid? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that internal unrest was more important than economic problems in
encouraging de Klerk to end white minority rule? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/O/N/21
10
21 The late 1940s was a period of escalating violence.
(a) What was the Palestine Mandate? [4]
(b) Why did the UN draw up a partition plan? [6]
(c) How surprising was it that Israel won the 1948–49 war? Explain your answer. [10]
22 The Palestinians have faced many challenges.
(a) Describe the activities of Fatah in the 1960s. [4]
(b) Why did Jordan withdraw support for the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in the
1970s? [6]
(c) ‘The Palestinians were successful in winning international support by the 1990s.’ How far do
© UCLES 2021 2147/12/O/N/21
PUBLISHED 2021
1(a) Describe Frederick William IV’s response to the 1848 revolution in 4

Prussia.
e.g. ‘Frederick William IV quickly mobilised the army to suppress the

revolution.’
‘He issued a proclamation blaming foreigners for the uprising.’
‘He allowed an election to take place to elect a parliament.’
‘He dissolved the Assembly.’
‘He refused the Frankfurt Parliament’s offer of the German crown.’

question 0
1(b) Why did Pope Pius IX turn against the 1848 revolutions in Italy? 6

e.g. ‘Pope Pius IX turned against the revolutions in Italy because he did not
want to engage in aggression against another Catholic country, Austria. The
Pope was not as liberal as many wanted to believe. His Allocution infuriated
many nationalists who believed he would lead Italy. Pius IX feared that war
with Austria would lead to a religious divide between the Church in Austria
and that of Rome. He recalled his troops from the front, a decision which
caused the revolutionary movement to falter.’

e.g. ‘Pius IX was not a liberal.’

‘Pius IX did not consider himself as the leader of a new Italy.’
‘Pius would not fight another Catholic power.’
‘He saw Charles Albert as the aggressor.’
e.g. ‘The Pope changed his mind about the revolution.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
1(c) How far did the 1848 revolution in France fail? Explain your answer. 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The 1848 revolution in France was a success, as improvements were

made for ordinary people by the new socialist and republican provisional
government. All men aged 21 and over were given the vote and the
unemployed were helped by the setting up of National Workshops in Paris,
providing work for the unemployed. Life improved for some as a result of the
revolution.’
OR
e.g. ‘The 1848 revolution in France was not a success, as not everyone was
happy with the actions of the new provisional government. Small farmers and
peasants were unhappy that they had to pay taxes to fund the National
Workshops when they received no benefit at all from the scheme.’

e.g. ‘A new socialist and republican provisional government was formed.’

‘The vote was given to all men aged 21 and over.’
‘The number of voters increased to well over 8 million.’
‘National Workshops were created to give jobs to the unemployed.’
‘The Second French Republic only lasted till 1852.’
‘The National Workshops were only based in Paris.’
‘Some people objected to paying taxes to fund the National Workshops.’
‘There were new uprisings when the National Workshops closed down.’
PUBLISHED 2021
2(a) What were ‘scalawags’ and ‘carpetbaggers’? 4
e.g. ‘Carpetbaggers were unscrupulous politicians from the North who entered
the southern states.’
‘They had the backing of Union troops.’
‘They took control of the state governments.’
‘They set up state governments which were often corrupt.’
‘Scalawags were white Southerners who supported Reconstruction policies.’
‘They supported the Republicans.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
2(b) Why were Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction opposed by Congress? 6

e.g. ‘One reason Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction were opposed was that
he tried to prevent Congress from increasing the powers of the Freedmen’s
Bureau. The Bureau had been important in providing basic welfare provision
to ex-slaves. When Johnson vetoed the extension, Republicans were horrified
and joined forces to introduce a Civil Rights Act.’

e.g. ‘Johnson wanted to reduce the power of the Freedmen’s Bureau.’

‘Johnson did not support the Military Reconstruction Act.’
‘Johnson wanted it to be easy for the Southern States to return to the Union.’
‘Johnson issued thousands of pardons to ex-Confederate soldiers.’
‘He ordered lands should be restored which meant freedmen were evicted.’
e.g. ‘Johnson’s ideas were not popular.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
2(c) How far do you agree that the position of black Americans improved as 10
a result of Reconstruction? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The position of black Americans did not improve as attitudes towards
them did not change. Much of Southern white society still believed white
people were superior. The Ku Klux Klan was a continuation of this attitude;
they would not accept black Americans as equal citizens. The Klan
intimidated, beat and lynched black Americans.’
OR
e.g. ‘The lives of black Americans did improve because they now had their
freedom – the most important benefit of all. They were able to live with their
families and make decisions about their lives. In the South, after the war
ended, they were supported by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and
Abandoned Lands, which set up schools and supplied work, clothes and
food.’

e.g. ‘Many black Americans could only work as paid labourers or

sharecroppers.’
‘The Ku Klux Klan intimidated ex-slaves.’
‘The Black Codes were introduced which prevented improvements.’
‘Many fought in the Civil War and moved north where there were more
opportunities.’
‘Education for black Americans became a reality.’
‘Large numbers of black Americans were elected to the state legislature.’
PUBLISHED 2021
3(a) Describe the impact of Faidherbe’s rule over Senegal. 4
e.g. ‘Faidherbe built a series of inland forts up the Senegal River.’

‘He brought into subjection the country lying between the Senegal River and
Gambia.’
‘He improved the infrastructure such as roads, bridges, a railway line and a
telegraph.’
‘He provided fresh drinking water for the Senegalese.’
‘He created a base for further French expansion in West Africa.’

question 0
3(b) Why did Leopold II’s control over the Congo cause hatred among the 6
local population?

e.g. ‘The local people hated Leopold II’s control because he was very cruel
towards them and treated them in an inhumane way. Often villagers were
forced to work for him in the rubber plantations without pay and many people
died in the harsh conditions. People faced severe punishments, such as
mutilation, if they did not produce enough and this often meant they were
unable to work and care for their families.’

e.g. ‘Leopold exploited the territory’s resources, mainly rubber and ivory, as a
private entrepreneur.’
‘Leopold’s Force Publique decimated many native villages.’
‘Villagers were forced to gather rubber, often without pay.’
‘The forced labour system led to the deaths of 20% of the population.’
‘Many had hands amputated, meaning they found it difficult to work and look
after their families.’
e.g. ‘They did not like his control.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
3(c) ‘The changes to British rule resulting from the Indian Mutiny were 10
beneficial to Indians.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Indians did not benefit from the changes to British rule. To reassert
their authority, the British soldiers crushed the Mutiny and inflicted
unbelievable cruelty on the sepoys and their supporters. Authority was
tightened by passing control to the Crown from the East India Company.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, there were some benefits in the longer term. Considerable
investment and organisation went into the country from Britain. Improved
communications resulted in better roads and railways being built. An
education system was introduced, and hospitals and universities opened.’

e.g. ‘Poverty still existed.’

‘There was severe revenge inflicted by British soldiers.’
‘British rule was handed to the Crown.’
‘Infrastructure improved.’
‘There was more sensitivity towards religion.’
e.g. ‘British rule changed after the Mutiny.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
4(a) What was the Triple Alliance? 4
e.g. ‘The Triple Alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.’

‘It was a secret agreement.’
‘It was formed in May 1882.’
‘Germany and Austria-Hungary agreed to assist Italy if it were to be attacked
by France.’
‘Italy would assist Germany if Germany were to be attacked by France.’
‘If war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to
remain neutral.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
4(b) Why did the Balkan Wars (1912–13) lead to tension between Russia and 6
Austria?

e.g. ‘In the Balkan War of 1912, Serbia gained significant territory from the
defeated Turks. In 1913, the Bulgarians attacked fellow members of the
Balkan League, but lost. Again, Serbia gained even more land. It had doubled
in size in two years. A ‘big Serbia’ now presented a considerable threat to
Austria‐Hungary. Russia promised to support Serbia in its nationalist struggle
and supported the Balkan League.’

e.g. ‘Serbia became twice as large because of the wars, making Austria
relatively weaker.’
‘Serbia was a great threat to Austria as it was seen as a tool of Russia.’
‘Russia was keen to support Serbia in future conflicts.’
‘The Germans had restrained Austria, but realised that, if there was another
crisis, they would support Austrian action.’
‘It involved both powers in rival alliances.’
e.g. ‘Austria felt threatened by the conflict.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
4(c) ‘Colonial rivalry was a greater cause of tension between Germany and 10
Britain than the naval race.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The British were afraid that Germany wanted an empire and would use
its strength to acquire colonies. This had happened in Morocco where the
Kaiser had challenged French control. Britain was concerned that Germany’s
empire would be serviced by a rapidly increasing military fleet, which would be
based largely in the North Sea.’
OR
e.g. ‘Britain felt Germany was threatening its economic superiority and her
naval power by building up Germany’s naval strength. Britain, therefore,
started a programme of Dreadnought building to combat Germany’s High
Seas Fleet. This was a greater threat because the German Fleet was close to
Britain. Traditionally, Germany had a strong army and Britain had a strong
navy. Now that balance seemed to be under threat.’

e.g. ‘Events such as the Moroccan Crises fuelled suspicion.’

‘Wilhelm II wanted a ‘place in the sun’.’
‘Britain and Germany were building bigger and more powerful ships.’
‘Britain built Dreadnoughts.’
‘Europe was divided into two rival alliances.’
‘The Kaiser seemed war-like.’
PUBLISHED 2021
5(a) Describe how Austria was treated in the peace settlement. 4
e.g. ‘The Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up.’

‘Union between Austria and Germany was forbidden.’
‘Austria’s army was limited to 30 000.’
‘The Austrian navy was broken up and distributed amongst the Allied powers.’
‘Austria was not allowed an air force.’
‘Austria would have to pay reparations.’
‘Austria became a landlocked country.’
‘Austria lost Galicia to Poland ’.

question 0
5(b) Why was Danzig important in the negotiations for a peace settlement? 6

e.g. ‘Before the First World War, Danzig had been a thriving German seaport.
With the re-creation of Poland, Germany would lose Danzig to the new state
of Poland. This worried the peacemakers because Danzig’s population was
mainly German. Transferring authority to Poland could cause great
resentment and a politically unstable situation.’

e.g. ‘Danzig was an important seaport.’

‘Germany may lose Danzig to Poland.’
‘The population of Danzig was mainly German.’
‘Poland needed a seaport.’
‘Danzig was important for Poland’s external trade.’
‘The Allies could not agree what to do, so they placed Danzig under the
e.g. ‘It was important to make the right decision about it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
5(c) Who had the harder task in achieving their aims for the peace 10
settlement, Lloyd George or Wilson? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘who had the harder task’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Lloyd George had a hard task because he knew that the British people
wanted Germany to be punished for the damage caused in the war. Therefore
he had to try and secure a harsh treaty in order to maintain the support of the
British people. However, he also understood that Germany was an important
trading partner to Britain. If it was too harshly punished, then the German
economy might suffer, and the country would be unable to trade with Britain.’
OR
e.g. ‘Wilson had the harder task as he was trying to ensure that the peace
was just and Germany was punished, but not too harshly. This meant he
clashed with Clemenceau who wanted Germany to be weakened. Wilson also
had the idea of self-determination which Britain and France saw as a threat to
their empires, making them less likely to support the policy.’

e.g. ‘Lloyd George didn’t want to punish Germany too harshly.’

‘Wilson clashed with Clemenceau.’
‘Wilson’s idea of self-determination was difficult to achieve.’
‘The British public wanted to see Germany punished.’
‘Wilson wanted support for a League of Nations.’
‘The US public would not support some of Wilson’s ideas.’
PUBLISHED 2021
6(a) What was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935? 4
e.g. ‘The Agreement allowed Germany to increase its fleet.’

‘It allowed Germany to build submarines.’
‘It allowed Germany to have a fleet that was 35% the size of Britain’s.’
‘It allowed Germany to have submarines up to 45% of Britain’s numbers.’
‘It allowed the Germans to break the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘France was not consulted.’

question 0
6(b) Why did Hitler want to achieve Anschluss? 6

e.g. ‘Hitler stated in Mein Kampf that he wanted to create a Greater Germany
and to overthrow the Treaty of Versailles. Anschluss had been forbidden by
the Treaty and so a union would help him achieve both these aims.’

e.g. ‘Hitler believed Germany and Austria belonged together.’

‘Austria was where Hitler was born.’
‘He wanted to develop a Greater Germany.’
‘He wanted to unite German speakers.’
‘He wanted to break the Treaty of Versailles.’
‘Hitler wanted Austria’s mineral deposits.’
‘To increase the strength of his military.’
e.g. ‘He thought it would be a good thing.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
6(c) ‘German involvement in the Spanish Civil War was more important for 10
Hitler than the takeover of Czechoslovakia.’ How far do you agree with
Level 5 –Explains with evaluation of ‘how far’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Spanish Civil War was important for Hitler as it gave him the
opportunity to test the capability of his Luftwaffe in strategic bombing of
Spanish towns such as Guernica. It was testing carpet bombing which made
civilians a direct target. The attacks were designed in waves to maximise the
damage and casualties.’
OR
e.g. ‘The takeover of Czechoslovakia was important to Hitler. It was rich in

agriculture and industry and he wanted these resources to strengthen
Germany for the war effort. This made Germany more powerful. The takeover
also encouraged him to think that the British and French would not try to stop
him in his plans to dominate Europe.’

e.g. ‘Hitler could test his Luftwaffe.’

‘Hitler was fighting against communism.’
‘Mussolini and Hitler worked closely together in Spain, leading to the ‘Rome-
Berlin Axis’.’
‘Czechoslovakia was rich in resources.’
‘Czechoslovakia contained the Skoda armaments factories.’
‘Hitler was able to reunite German speakers.’
PUBLISHED 2021
7(a) Describe the Berlin Blockade. 4
e.g. ‘All supply lines to West Berlin were blocked by Stalin.’

‘The gas and electricity supplies were cut off.’
‘The Blockade began in June 1948 and ended in May 1949.’
‘West Berlin was cut off from the rest of Western Germany.’
‘Britain, the United States and France organised an airlift.’
‘Food and fuel were airlifted.’

question 0
7(b) Why did Stalin want control over the government of Poland? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to control the government of Poland as he wanted to

ensure the Soviet Union would not be attacked from the West again. In 1941,
Hitler had attacked the USSR through Poland and Stalin wanted to make sure
this could not happen again. Therefore, he was determined to make sure the
government of Poland would be loyal to the USSR.’

e.g. ‘Stalin thought the USSR would be more secure if Poland had a friendly
government.’
‘Stalin felt Poland was in the Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.’
‘Stalin wanted a barrier between the West and the USSR.’
‘Stalin wanted the border of the USSR to move westwards towards Germany
and into Poland.’
e.g. ‘Stalin thought it would benefit him.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
7(c) ‘Marshall Aid did more to strengthen the Americans than benefit the 10
Europeans.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Although Marshall Aid was an expensive policy for the USA, the
programme helped the Americans in several ways. Truman was keen to
contain communism, and strengthening Western Europe meant that the
spread of communism was contained.’
OR
e.g. ‘Marshall Aid brought great benefits to Western European nations. Many
nations, such as France and Italy, faced severe food shortages after the
Second World War. Marshall Aid gave financial support to 16 European
countries and this helped them to stabilise their economies and remain free
from communist control.’

e.g. ‘16 nations benefited from Marshall Aid.’

‘Western Europe was economically very weak at the end of the Second World
War.’
‘There was fear that communism would become stronger in these
circumstances.’
‘Truman wanted to strengthen Europe against the USSR.’
‘American businesses benefited from closer links with Europe.’
‘European countries bought American goods and allowed USA investment in
their industries.’
PUBLISHED 2021
8(a) Describe Western involvement in the Iran–Iraq War. 4
e.g. ‘The USA supported Iraq with intelligence and finance.’

‘The USA did not want an Iranian victory and the installation of an Islamic
revolutionary government in Baghdad.’
‘The USA sent warships to the Gulf to guarantee oil supplies.’
‘The USA warships attacked Iranian oil installations and Iranian gunboats.’
‘Western powers supplied military equipment to Iraq.’

question 0
8(b) Why was the Shatt al-Arab waterway a cause of tension between Iran 6
and Iraq?

e.g. ‘The Shatt al-Arab waterway caused tension between Iran and Iraq
because it was important for the oil industry in both countries. Both were
dependent on their income from oil and if one or the other of them gained
control of the waterway, it meant they could disrupt the oil industry of the other
and inflict economic harm.’

e.g. ‘It was important to their oil industries.’

‘It was Iraq’s only access to the sea.’
‘There were long running arguments about where the boundary between the
two countries lay.’
‘The Shah of Iran broke a longstanding treaty and refused to pay shipping
dues to Iraq.’
‘Saddam Hussein claimed the right to territory which lay on the Iranian side of
the waterway.’
e.g. ‘There was a disagreement over the waterway.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
8(c) ‘Damage to the economies of Iran and Iraq was the most important 10
consequence of the Iran–Iraq War.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Economic damage was very severe on both sides. Having been one of
the wealthiest countries in the region, Iraq was reduced to bankruptcy by eight
years of war. It owed over $80 billion in loans and its revenues from oil had
drastically reduced. Iran had less foreign debt, but its oil industry had also
plummeted. In both countries, the standard of living of the population was
dramatically reduced.’
OR
e.g. ‘Loss of life was the most severe impact of the war. Approximately 1
million Iranians were killed. In Iraq (which had a smaller population), up to half
a million people died. This represented around 2 per cent of each country’s
population. There was also psychological damage, and many soldiers and
civilians were seriously wounded on both sides.’

e.g. ‘There were many deaths on both sides.’

‘Iran lost around half of their oil revenue.’
‘Iraq owed $80 billion in loans.’
‘Standards of living fell dramatically in both countries.’
‘Iran and Iraq lost around 2% of their populations.’
‘Iraq’s oil industry suffered.'
PUBLISHED 2021
9(a) Describe the use of machine guns in trench warfare. 4
e.g. ‘The machine gun was the weapon which produced most casualties.’
‘It was effective against troops crossing no man’s land.’
‘It was effective for defending trenches.’
‘Machine guns fired between 400 and 600 bullets a minute.’
‘They had the effect of over 100 rifles.’
‘It produced most of the 60 000 British casualties on the first day of the Battle
of the Somme.’

question 0
9(b) Why were tanks ineffective on the Western Front before 1918? 6

e.g. ‘Early tanks were slow moving and often broke down in no man’s land
before they reached the enemy trenches. When they were first used on the
Somme, over half of the tanks failed to make the German front lines. Because
tanks were large and slow, they were an easy target to hit. This meant they
did not provide protection for the infantry as they were supposed to do.’

e.g. ‘They only moved at walking pace.’

‘They were not manoeuvrable.’
‘They often broke down.’
‘Of the first 59 tanks deployed in France, 17 broke down before engaging the
enemy.’
‘The crews suffered from the nauseating stench of engine fumes.’
‘Some got stuck because of their weight in shell holes and trenches.’
e.g. ‘They weren’t very good weapons.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
9(c) How far do you agree that Haig deserved his reputation as ‘Butcher of 10
the Somme’? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways Haig deserved to be remembered as the ‘Butcher of the
Somme’. The first day of the Battle of the Somme was the worst in the history
of the British Army with over 20 000 deaths and 40 000 wounded. Haig would
not change his tactics and insisted the full-frontal attacks must continue. He
was bitterly criticised for throwing men at massed defences.’
OR
e.g. ‘On the other hand, some argue that Haig was doing the best that he
could with the resources at his disposal. Haig had warned politicians that the
campaign would result in heavy losses. He believed that the objective of the
Somme had been achieved. It saved Verdun. Many of Germany’s best troops
were killed and injured and overall their losses were greater.’

e.g. ‘Haig was not capable of changing his tactics.’

‘His tactics cost thousands of lives.’
‘Haig’s artillery bombardment warned the Germans of the attack.’
‘Haig’s orders meant that they did not achieve a breakthrough.’
‘His tactics committed German troops, which saved Verdun.’
‘He did use tanks for the first time at the Somme.’
‘His war of attrition on the German Army paid off later in the war.’
e.g. ‘There were casualties.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
10(a) Describe the methods used by the British government to recruit 4

soldiers.
e.g. ‘There was a massive recruiting poster campaign.’

‘The most famous poster was of Lord Kitchener.’
‘There were conscience posters making men feel guilty if they did not
volunteer.’
‘Recruiting stations were opened in every town.’
‘Patriotism was whipped up by public speakers and army bands.’
‘Friends were encouraged to form ‘Pals’ Battalions.’

question 0
10(b) Why did Britain introduce food rationing? 6

e.g. ‘Britain was forced to introduce food rationing because of the effect of
unrestricted submarine warfare on British shipping by German U-boats. By
April 1917, Britain had lost 1500 merchant sailors and almost 3 million tons of
shipping. These ships had transported food supplies to Britain from abroad
and so rationing was introduced.’

e.g. ‘Food supplies were running low.’

‘German U-boats destroyed merchant ships.’
‘Much of Britain’s food was imported.’
‘Many farm workers joined the army.’
‘To ensure an even distribution of food across the country.’
e.g. ‘The government needed to ensure there was enough food to go round.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
10(c) ‘Food shortages were a more important factor than military failings in 10
Russia’s decision to leave the war.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Food shortages were an important factor because they led to the
outbreak of the February Revolution which caused the abdication of the Tsar.
There were severe shortages of grain, supplies were slow to reach the towns
and people had to queue for hours to buy bread. Demonstrations started in
Petrograd. At first these were about the lack of bread, but the demands of the
demonstrators soon became political, and the Tsar was forced to abdicate.
Although a Provisional Government took over, the Bolsheviks seized power.
They promised bread for the people and an end to the war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Military failings were important in Russia’s decision to leave the war.
Russia had faced heavy defeats since the start of the war and suffered huge
casualties. The few successful offensives, such as the Brusilov Offensive
could not be followed because of a lack of supplies and poor leadership.
When the Provisional Government took over it kept Russia in the war but an
unsuccessful attack on Austria in June of 1917 added to this government’s
unpopularity.’

e.g. ‘Food shortages made the war so unpopular that to be a successful

government it would need to withdraw Russia from the war.’
‘The shortage of food led to the overthrow of the Provisional Government.’
‘The Bolsheviks who promised Bread, Peace and Land took Russia out of the
war.’
‘Russia had suffered huge casualties and many defeats on the battlefield.’
‘The final offensive in June 1917 was a disaster.’
PUBLISHED 2021
11(a) Describe the Spartacist uprising. 4
e.g. ‘The Spartacists were led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg.’
‘In January 1919, the Spartacists launched their bid for power.’
‘It was a Communist rising against the Weimar Government.’
‘There were barricades in the street and armed street fighting.’
‘They wanted a Germany ruled by workers’ councils or soviets.’
‘The leaders were executed by the Freikorps.’

question 0
11(b) Why was there a crisis in the Ruhr in 1923? 6

e.g. ‘In January 1923, the French and Belgians occupied the Ruhr because
Germany had not paid the second instalment of their reparations. They
decided to seize coal to the value of the money which they should have been
paid. However, the German industrial workers refused to work. The German
government encouraged passive resistance by the German workers, but
violence broke out and the French drove 100 000 Germans out of the Ruhr
region.’

e.g. ‘The French and Belgians occupied the Ruhr.’

‘The German workers used ‘passive resistance’.’
‘Violence broke out and Germans were driven out of their homes.’
‘The German currency collapsed.’
‘There was hyperinflation.’
‘Savings were worthless.’
e.g. ‘Bad events were happening.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
11(c) How far did Stresemann restore Germany’s strength between 1924 and 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Stresemann did restore Germany’s strength because he ended

hyperinflation and confidence returned with the introduction of a new currency
which was stable because the USA was willing to give loans, such as through
the Dawes Plan, to support it. This meant that the German economy could
start to grow again. Germany was also allowed into the League of Nations in
1926 and this showed that Germany was recognised as a responsible
member of the international community again.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stresemann tried to restore Germany’s strength but the benefits he

brought were only temporary. There was an illusion that Germany’s economic
problems had been solved. However, economic prosperity depended largely
on American loans and if these were withdrawn, there would be more
difficulties. When the American economy collapsed in 1929, loans were called
in and Germany faced ruin.’

e.g. ‘A loan through the Dawes Plan kick-started the economy.’

‘Industry expanded, inflation fell, and exports increased.’
‘The Young Plan reduced reparations to a third.’
‘The German economy relied on American loans.’
‘Unemployment remained high.’
‘Shopkeepers, farmers, small businesses still struggled.’
PUBLISHED 2021
12(a) Describe how the Nazis used the radio. 4
e.g. ‘It was used to spread propaganda.’

‘Radio programmes were controlled by the Nazis.’
‘Cheap radios were made available and by 1939, 70% of households had
them.’
‘It was not possible to listen to foreign broadcasts on these radios.’
‘All cafes and factories had radios so that people could hear Nazi broadcasts
everywhere.’
‘Goebbels made sure loudspeakers were put up in the streets.’

question 0
12(b) Why was the Gestapo feared by Germans? 6

e.g. ‘The Gestapo was feared by German citizens because they could arrest
citizens and send them to concentration camps without trial or explanation.
They would find out if people had spoken out against Nazi policy by spying on
people through their telephones, mail and accessing information through a
network of informers, so no one knew who to trust.’

e.g. ‘They helped to control the German people.’

‘They provided information on Germans by tapping phones.’
‘They intercepted mail to find any enemies of the Nazi state.’
‘They made it unsafe to express anti-Nazi views.’
‘They had powers to arrest citizens and send them to concentration camps.’
‘No one knew who to trust because of the network of informers.’
e.g. ‘The Gestapo was everywhere.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
12(c) How far did Hitler’s policies towards the Jews between 1933 and 1938 10
have popular support? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘When the Jews were driven out of their professions it meant that other
people were able to take their jobs. Young people were indoctrinated to hate
the Jews, and some joined in the persecution. There was no outcry from the
German people about the events of Kristallnacht. However, maybe this was
because people were afraid of speaking out rather than because they
supported what the Nazis had done.’
OR
e.g. ‘The policy towards the Jews was not popular with all Germans. For
instance, when the boycott of Jewish shops was organised in April 1933,
many Germans took no notice of the SA men who were standing guard
outside the shops and carried on shopping as they usually did. The Nazis
claimed that ordinary Germans had carried out the attacks on the Jews on
Kristallnacht, but it was actually SA men.’

e.g. ‘Children and young people were indoctrinated to hate the Jews.’
‘Some benefited when the Jews lost their jobs.’
‘Some Germans tried to protect the Jews.’
‘Many ignored the boycott of Jewish shops in 1933.’
‘Some were horrified by the events of Kristallnacht.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis passed laws which discriminated against the Jews.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
13(a) Describe the activities of the Petrograd Soviet in 1917. 4
e.g. ‘It acted like a city council.’

‘It set up soldiers’ committees throughout the armed forces.’
‘It started to take control of food supplies into Petrograd.’
‘It acted as an alternative government to the Provisional Government.’
‘It co-ordinated the activities of the national soviet movement.’
‘It worked with the Provisional Government during the crisis months of the
spring of 1917.’
‘It became increasingly hostile to the Provisional Government as it fell under
the influence of the Bolsheviks.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
13(b) Why was there a mutiny at Kronstadt in 1921? 6

e.g. ‘The sailors had played vital roles in the November Revolution and the
Civil War. They thought they had fought against repression and dictatorship
which the Soviet government now seemed to be showing. They thought the
Soviet government had taken away the freedoms from the workers and
peasants which they had fought for in 1917.’

e.g. ‘They wanted the release of political prisoners.’

‘They wanted freedom of speech.’
‘They wanted the end of food requisitioning.’
‘They wanted peasants to be able to own land.’
‘They thought the Bolsheviks had betrayed the revolution.’
‘The sailors wanted an end to dictatorship.’
‘They wanted freedom for trade unions.’
e.g. ‘The sailors were angry with the government.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
13(c) ‘White weakness rather than Bolshevik strength determined the 10

outcome of the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Bolshevik strength was important. Trotsky’s leadership of the Red Army
was vital to Communist success. He enforced strict discipline, but he was also
able to inspire and rally his men. He was personally brave, taking his special
forces to places where the fighting was fiercest. The Bolsheviks were united
and fought for a common cause, unlike the White armies.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, the Whites had weaknesses and lost the war because they
lacked unity. White armies were geographically separated by large distances.
This made communications difficult, especially moving men and weapons and
co-ordinating the attacks of the different White armies. They could not agree
on co-ordinating a plan for attack, and this worked in favour of the Bolsheviks.'

e.g. ‘The Whites were corrupt and lacked popular support.’

‘The Bolsheviks had a clear aim to set up the first communist government in
the world.’
‘Trotsky’s leadership of the Red Army was crucial.’
‘The communists had a single unified command structure.’
‘The Whites were not united in their aims.’
‘There was great indiscipline and corruption in the White armies.’
‘The Communists held the central area, including Petrograd and Moscow.’
‘The Bolsheviks had control over the railways and industrial areas.’
e.g. ‘The Whites made many mistakes.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
14(a) What was Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’? 4
e.g. ‘Stalin was part of every aspect of the Soviet people’s daily lives.’
‘Portraits, photographs and statues were everywhere celebrating Stalin’s
image.’
‘There were 16 cities named after him.’
‘Stalin was made out to be a super-being.’
‘Children were taught that Stalin was the ‘wisest man of the age’.’
‘His birthday was celebrated by the nation every year.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
14(b) Why was Trotsky a leading candidate to succeed Lenin? 6

e.g. ‘Trotsky was a leading candidate to succeed Lenin because he was the
most prominent member of the Bolsheviks after Lenin. His leadership had
been important in the October Revolution and he had led the Red Army to
victory in the Civil War. He was well known and popular.’

e.g. ‘Trotsky was seen by many to be Lenin’s natural successor.’

‘Lenin described Trotsky as the most able of the Bolsheviks.’
‘Trotsky was well known for his role in the Revolution.’
‘Trotsky was popular with the Red Army.’
‘Trotsky had led the Bolsheviks to victory in the Civil War.’
e.g. ‘Trotsky was considered to be an important man.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
14(c) How far do you agree that Stalin carried out the Purges to remove 10
Trotsky’s supporters? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘One reason for the purges was that Stalin wanted to remove the old
Bolsheviks, such as Kamenev and Zinoviev, and he blamed them for the
murder of Kirov. Even though Trotsky had fled the country he continued to
denounce Stalin and members of the left-wing opposition were accused of
being agents of Trotsky. Stalin removed them so they could no longer be a
potential threat.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, the purges were much more far-reaching and did not stop at
removing the old Bolsheviks and this suggests there were other motives.
Stalin was afraid that the army leaders might be a threat and many of them
were executed in 1937–38. Stalin also used the purges to remove ‘enemies of
the people’ who were denounced or accused of being ‘anti-Soviet’ and either
sent to labour camps or executed. Many were subjected to show trials, with
false evidence against them.’

e.g. ‘Stalin blamed Zinoviev and Kamenev for the murder of Kirov.’
‘Those who had supported NEP (such as Bukharin) were killed.’
‘Senior members of the armed forces were purged because they had the
potential to be a threat.’
‘The purges gave Stalin an opportunity to increase his control over the USSR.’
‘People would be too frightened to criticise the regime.’
PUBLISHED 2021
15(a) Describe how mass production worked. 4
e.g. ‘Mass production was made possible by assembly line production.’

‘The assembly line brought the work to the worker.’
‘Each worker carried out one task and then the line moved the work on to the
next worker.’
‘The whole process depended on the assembly line being kept in motion.’
‘Because products were produced more quickly, they were cheaper to buy.’

question 0
15(b) Why was the development of advertising important to the boom? 6

e.g. ‘Advertising was important to the boom because consumer goods were
being produced on a vast scale and profits depended on increased sales.
Sophisticated marketing techniques were developed to encourage people to
buy goods. Many of the advertisers had learned their skills producing wartime
propaganda. Now they set up agencies to sell cars and other consumer goods
produced during the boom. If the advertising was successful more people
would buy products and demand would continue to rise, fuelling the boom.’

e.g. ‘American consumer industries needed to sell vast numbers of goods.’

‘Advertising convinced Americans that they needed a particular product.’
‘Advertising persuaded Americans to keep up with their neighbour in buying.’
‘Advertising encouraged sales which in turn encouraged demand.’
e.g. ‘There were many more consumer goods on the market to buy.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
15(c) ‘Americans benefited from the boom.’ How far do you agree with this 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Most Americans had the benefit of widespread availability of electricity,

which meant homes and industry now had a clean, cheap and efficient power
source. Domestic appliances powered by electricity, such as fridges, washing
machines and vacuum cleaners, became affordable to ordinary Americans,
changing their way of life.’
OR
e.g. ‘About 5% remained unemployed throughout the 1920s. These millions of

unemployed Americans did not share in the boom. These included many poor
white Americans but an even greater proportion of black Americans and
Hispanic people. Those who worked in traditional industries, such as cotton
textiles and mining, did not benefit from the industrial growth brought about by
the boom.’

e.g. ‘Many could afford new domestic electrical goods.’

‘Millions of Americans owned motor cars.’
‘Millions owned radios and went to the cinema.’
‘Customers could buy goods through hire purchase agreements.’
‘There was still much unemployment and low wages.’
‘Black Americans met discrimination in the jobs market.’
‘Native Americans did not benefit from the new prosperity.’
‘New immigrants only had low paid jobs.’
‘Farmers and agricultural labourers did not share in the prosperity.’
PUBLISHED 2021
16(a) What was a Hooverville? 4
e.g. ‘It was a shanty town.’

‘A Hooverville was a camp built on the edge of a town or city to house people
made homeless during the Depression.’
‘It was a makeshift town of homes built of materials that were easily salvaged.’
‘Hoovervilles had no running water or sewage systems.’
‘They were named after President Hoover.’

question 0
16(b) Why did many people face unemployment after the Wall Street Crash? 6

e.g. ‘After the first series of business and banking failures, the whole economy
had to adjust to a reduction in trade and demand for American goods.
Businesses had to reduce their operations by sacking workers and reducing
the wages of those who remained. It became a vicious cycle as these actions
took even more money out of the economy and further reduced the demand
for goods. This meant that unemployment increased even more.’

e.g. ‘Many Americans were forced into bankruptcy.’

‘There were many bank closures.’
‘There was a fall in demand for goods at home.’
‘Other countries cut back on buying American goods.’
‘Businesses cut back production and staff.’
e.g. ‘There were no jobs.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
16(c) How surprising was the Wall Street Crash? Explain your answer. 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Wall Street Crash was a great surprise for some investors. The
1920s had been boom years for the American economy. Consumer items
such as cars and radios had sold in huge numbers. Industries made huge
profits and some shareholders grew wealthy. Many investors did not notice
the fall in profits and production in 1928. Some had bought shares on credit
expecting to sell them and make a profit. These speculators were caught by
surprise in 1929 when some investors decided that the market was going to
fall and started to sell their shares. This caused a panic which resulted in a
dramatic decline in share values.’
OR
e.g. ‘On the other hand, it was not surprising that the Wall Street Crash
occurred. There were signs that the economy had reached saturation point.
Americans with money had already bought a car, fridge and other domestic
appliances and did not need to keep buying more. Also, as many as 60% of
Americans still lived in poverty and could not afford to buy new domestic
products in the first place. This all meant that demand was reducing, profits
would decline, and the value of shares would fall.’

e.g. ‘The economy had boomed during the 1920s.’

‘Many consumer items had sold well in the 1920s.’
‘Share prices kept rising throughout the 1920s.’
‘Speculators had made huge profits.’
‘Investors did not realise the economy was slowing down.’
‘The market was reaching saturation point.’
‘Many Americans could not afford to buy consumer products.’
‘There was overproduction.’
‘There were signs in 1927 that demand was decreasing and car sales were
declining.’
PUBLISHED 2021
17(a) Describe Chiang Kai-shek’s treatment of the Communists in the early 4

1930s.
e.g. ‘Chiang Kai-shek persecuted the Communists.’

‘Chiang Kai-shek launched the Five Extermination Campaigns against them.’
‘Chiang wanted to destroy the Jiangxi Soviet.’
‘The first four campaigns against them failed.’
‘Chiang blockaded the Communist settlement in the Fifth Campaign.’
‘The Communists managed to escape in October 1933 and started the Long
March.’

question 0
17(b) Why did support for the Communists increase during the Second World 6
War?

e.g. ‘The Communists were popular with the peasants because they took the
fight to the Japanese by using guerrilla tactics. They organised local Chinese
resistance forces in areas occupied by the Japanese in an attempt to
sabotage the enemy war effort. They destroyed railways, ambushed troops
and disrupted Japanese supply lines. This was in contrast to the defensive
approach by the Nationalists.’

e.g. ‘The Communists went on the attack against the Japanese.’

‘They appeared to be very patriotic.’
‘They helped the resistance forces plan their attacks.’
‘In areas of rural China which they controlled, they reduced rents and
increased taxes on the rich.’
‘As the Japanese were driven out, the peasants supported the Communists.’
e.g. ‘The Communists were liked by the people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
17(c) ‘The weaknesses of the Nationalists determined the outcome of the Civil 10
War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Mao’s leadership was more important than the Nationalists’ weaknesses
because he was seen by the peasants as a liberator because of his guerrilla
tactics against the Japanese. The peasants recognised that Mao was fighting
to defend China’s national interests. Mao made sure that his troops were
disciplined and treated the peasants fairly. This secured support for the
Communists and enhanced their chances of victory.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nationalists became unpopular, and this helped the Communists to
victory. Chiang’s regime was corrupt and inefficient. Local officials abused
their powers and made themselves rich by taking bribes and extorting money
from the local people.’

e.g. ‘Mao had the support of the peasants.’

‘Mao’s Red Army treated the peasants fairly.’
‘Mao made effective strategic decisions.’
‘Mao used guerrilla warfare early in the Civil War.’
‘The leadership of the Kuomintang forces was corrupt and inefficient.’
‘Chiang increasingly behaved like a dictator.’
‘The Nationalist government had failed to deliver on its promises.’
e.g. ‘The Nationalists were not very strong.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
18(a) Describe China’s relationship with Vietnam in the 1970s. 4
e.g. ‘China provided arms, military training and supplies to the North during
the Vietnam War.’
‘There was tension because the Vietnamese Communist Party wanted to
develop their own approach.’
‘China wanted Vietnam to follow a similar path to China.’
‘Tensions arose when Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1976.’
‘The relationship deteriorated) when Vietnam signed a treaty of friendship with
the USSR .’
‘China attacked northern Vietnam in 1979.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
18(b) Why were there changes in the relationship between India and China in 6
the 1960s?

e.g. ‘In 1962, a brief war broke out between China and India. In 1954, India
had published new maps that included the boundaries of India with China, but
in 1959, the Chinese stated in a letter to the Indian leader that their borders
were incorrect and that over 100 000 square kilometres of territory shown on
the Indian maps was in fact Chinese land. The Chinese won the war in 1962
but there was tension throughout the 1960s.’

e.g. ‘There were border disputes.’

‘China wanted to build a highway into Tibet on the border.’
‘The Dalai Lama was given refuge in India.’
‘In 1962 there was a brief war on the border.’
‘Small communist risings in India in 1967 were supported by China.’
‘China supported Pakistan in the 1965 war with India.’
‘Trade almost stopped because of the tension.’
‘China accused India of supporting rebels in Tibet.’
e.g. ‘The relationship changed because China felt differently about India.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
18(c) ‘The main reason for the improvement in China’s relations with the USA 10
after 1970 was the establishment of trade between the two of them.’ How


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Trade between China and the USA was an important part of the greatly
improved relations between the two countries after 1970. The failure of the
Great Leap Forward meant that China was in need of help and saw American
trade and business expertise as something that could be beneficial to China.
In 1971, Henry Kissinger travelled to China and negotiated a trade agreement
and China was admitted to the UN in the same year. In 1972, the Chinese-
American trade agreement was followed by the signing of a peace treaty.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other motives for a thaw in Sino-US relations. As the
Chinese relationship with the USSR deteriorated, Mao believed that it was a
good idea to cultivate a relationship with the USSR’s traditional enemy, the
USA. Mao believed in the principle that his enemy’s enemy should be his
friend, and the provocative behaviour of the Russians in the late 1960s made
a positive relationship with the Americans even more attractive.’

e.g. ‘The relationship between the USSR and China had deteriorated in the
1969’s.’
‘The US supported Taiwan in the Taiwan Straits crisis.’
‘The US finally accepted that the CCP was the legitimate government of
China.’
‘In 1971 the Chinese government invited the American table tennis team to
Beijing.’
‘Mao saw there were economic benefits from trading with the US.’
‘In 1972 there was a Chinese-American trade agreement.’
e.g. ‘It was in both countries’ interests to put their differences aside.’
PUBLISHED 2021
19(a) What was the Sauer Commission? 4
e.g. ‘It was a government commission set up in 1947.’

‘It was set up to evaluate the system of segregation.’
‘It advocated an extension of segregation.’
‘It advocated apartheid in all areas of social and economic activity.’
‘It was popular with Afrikaners.’
‘It became an important part of National Party policy.’
‘This helped the National Party to win the 1948 election.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
19(b) Why did South African gold mining flourish in the period up to 1945? 6

e.g. ‘Gold mining flourished because the government gave the mine owners
their support. They passed laws which meant the black farmers living in
mining regions such as the Transvaal had to pay a tax. As most did not use
money they had to find supplementary income to pay the tax. This meant they
often went to work in the mines. This ensured a supply of labour for the
mines.’

e.g. ‘Mining was given government support.’

‘Mine owners employed black South Africans as cheap labour.’
‘A pass system was introduced so the miners could not leave the compounds
where they lived.’
‘The contracts for the miners were long – up to nine months.’
‘The Second World War meant there was a global demand for gold.’
e.g. ‘There was a high demand for gold.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
19(c) ‘The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact on non-white South 10
Africans than the Native Urban Areas Act in the period to 1948.’ How far


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Natives Land Act had a more serious impact because it prevented
black people from owning or renting land and they were forced to live in
reservations which were overcrowded. Sharecropping was banned. In the
short term, this was significant because many black sharecroppers were
evicted, causing them harsh suffering. In the long term, the Act simply turned
black people into labourers for white farmers. It was no longer possible to
earn a living from farming.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Native Urban Areas Act meant that housing became segregated.
Black South Africans were only allowed to live in black townships, away from
white people. Their houses were often constructed of mud bricks and
corrugated iron. There were no metalled roads, and the water supplies and
sanitation were poor. This meant disease spread easily.’

e.g. ‘The Natives Land Act prevented black people from owning land.’
‘The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from practising
sharecropping.’
‘The Act forced black people to seek work on white-owned farms.’
‘The 1913 Act led to the eviction of black sharecroppers.’
‘The Native Urban Areas Act meant black people had to live in extremely poor
housing.’
‘Clean water and sanitation were in short supply.’
‘Disease spread easily.’
e.g. ‘Both of these laws made living and working conditions much worse for
black South Africans.’
PUBLISHED 2021
20(a) Describe Botha’s reform of the Pass Laws. 4
e.g. ‘Laws that restricted the movements of black people were removed in
1986.’
‘Some prisoners who had broken pass laws were released.’
‘Black workers would be free to move from one city to another to seek work in
white areas.’
‘Black people were not allowed to live in white areas.’
‘Passes were to be replaced with an identity document which would be
required for all South Africans, regardless of colour.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
20(b) Why was Oliver Tambo important in the struggle against apartheid? 6

e.g. ‘Oliver Tambo was important in the struggle against apartheid because
he was influential in raising international awareness of the injustices of
apartheid and increasing opposition against it. After the Sharpeville Massacre
he was sent by the ANC to establish ANC offices in foreign countries. By
1990, there were 27 of these in European and African States. He also spoke
to the United Nations and other international organisations to raise awareness
of the plight of those living under apartheid.’

e.g. ‘He was an ANC leader and later became its president.’
‘He helped to transform the organisation into a radical national freedom
movement.’
‘He established ANC offices in foreign capitals.’
‘He mobilised international opinion against apartheid.’
‘He addressed the United Nations.’
‘He raised the prestige and status of the ANC to that of an alternative
government.’
‘He encouraged people in townships to make them ungovernable.’
e.g. ‘He encouraged people to oppose apartheid.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
20(c) How far do you agree that internal unrest was more important than 10
economic problems in encouraging de Klerk to end white minority rule?


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Internal unrest was at extremely high levels by the end of the 1980s and
played an important role in de Klerk’s decision to end white minority rule.
South Africa was almost in a state of civil war and the government could no
longer control the black townships. The ANC launched attacks on government
buildings and there was widespread violence, often in response to the actions
of government security services.’
OR
e.g. ‘Economic problems were an important motive for ending white minority
rule. The South African economy was in recession and living standards were
declining. By the 1980s, the declining power of the USSR meant that South
Africa was no longer valuable to the West in the fight against communism.
This encouraged some countries to cut trading links with South Africa, making
the economy worse. The US Congress passed the Comprehensive Anti-
Apartheid Act in 1986, and many large multinational companies withdrew from
South Africa. This reduced investment and employment opportunities. By the
late 1980s, the South African economy was struggling with the effects of the
internal and external boycotts and was facing economic ruin.’

e.g. ‘Internal unrest reached record levels by the end of the 1980s.’
‘Police brutality sparked unrest.’
‘The ANC carried out a bombing campaign.’
‘The townships were uncontrollable.’
‘Foreign powers were no longer prepared to trade with South Africa.’
‘There was an external boycott and foreign companies withdrew.’
‘South Africa faced economic ruin.’
PUBLISHED 2021
21(a) What was the Palestine Mandate? 4
e.g. ‘At the end of the First World War, control of Palestine passed to Britain.’
‘It was held under a League of Nations mandate.’
‘Britain was to be in control until Palestine could be granted self-government.’
‘It lasted from 1923–1948.’
‘The Mandate sought to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine.’

question 0
21(b) Why did the UN draw up a partition plan? 6

e.g. ‘The United Nations drew up a partition plan to try and find a solution to
the issue of the future of Palestine. The United Nations Special Committee on
Palestine (UNSCOP) was established to investigate the situation and make
recommendations for the future of Palestine. UNSCOP reported that the
solution should be to divide the land between the Jews and the Arabs. They
felt this system would be fair to both sides.’

e.g. ‘The London Conference could not find a solution acceptable to Jews and
Arabs.’
‘The British government sought advice from the United Nations.’
‘The British wanted to leave Palestine.’
‘The USA and USSR favoured partition.’
‘The UN Special Committee on Palestine made recommendations.’
‘The UN General Assembly voted to accept its recommendations.’
‘The UN thought it would force the Jews and Arabs to co-operate.’
e.g. ‘The UN could not decide what to do.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
21(c) How surprising was it that Israel won the 1948–49 war? Explain your 10
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Israel won this war as they had long been
determined to establish a homeland. Since the First World War there had
been strong Jewish groups demanding a separate state for Jews. In the war
of 1948–49, Israel was fighting to keep this dream alive. This gave them the
determination they needed to win.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that Israel won the war because the Arabs were not
united. There was limited support from Syria and Lebanon, and the King of
Jordan tried to negotiate secretly with Israel to take over parts of Palestine
himself. This meant there was mistrust between the Arab forces which
undermined their determination to win.’
OR
e.g. ‘It can be seen as surprising that Israel won the war because the Arabs
appeared to be in a strong position at times, with, in May 1948, a coalition of
six Arab states involved in an invasion of Israel from different directions. A
third of Israel’s territory was occupied before the June 1948 ceasefire and the
Arabs made some territorial gains.

e.g. ‘The Arab countries were too confident to co-ordinate their efforts.’
‘Arab forces were outnumbered.’
‘Syria and Lebanon provided limited support to the Arabs.’
‘Israel could not afford to lose because it was fighting for its survival.’
‘Israeli morale was boosted by support from the US.’
‘Israel was well organised and well led.’
e.g. ‘Israeli forces were stronger than the other forces.’
PUBLISHED 2021
22(a) Describe the activities of Fatah in the 1960s. 4
e.g. ‘In 1964 Fatah joined other Palestinian groups to form the Palestine
Liberation Organisation (PLO).’
‘Fatah carried out an attack on Israel.’
‘In 1965, Fatah carried out 39 attacks on Israeli targets.’
‘Railways and Israeli villages were attacked.’
‘Israeli water supplies were attacked in raids.’

question 0
22(b) Why did Jordan withdraw support for the Palestine Liberation 6
Organization (PLO) in the 1970s?

e.g. ‘Jordan withdrew support for the PLO because King Hussein wanted to
regain control of his country. He felt that members of the PLO were acting as
if they ruled much of Jordan rather than controlling just the refugee camps.
They were often fully armed and set up roadblocks, even in Amman, the
Jordanian capital.’

e.g. ‘King Hussein feared Israeli reprisals for PLO attacks from Jordan.’
‘He felt he was losing control of parts of Jordan to the PLO.’
‘Hussein was concerned by the 1970 hijackings as it challenged his authority.’
‘He feared foreign intervention because of the September 1970 hijackings.’
e.g. ‘King Hussein thought the PLO had taken advantage of Jordan.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2021
22(c) ‘The Palestinians were successful in winning international support by 10

the 1990s.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The PLO were successful in winning international support to some

extent. In November 1974, Yasser Arafat spoke of the plight of the Palestinian
people at the UN General Assembly. This was a huge diplomatic success for
him. It meant that, for the first time, the Palestinians as a nation were
recognised by the international community. When the PLO renounced
terrorism and agreed to recognise Israel, this also won them support.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways the PLO were not successful in winning international
support. When Arafat opted for a diplomatic route in the 1980s, it lost him the
support of Syria. In 1989, the USA granted Israel major non-NATO ally status
and continued to support Israel financially and with weaponry for defence. The
Palestinians viewed this as support for their enemies.’

e.g. ‘In 1974, Arafat was invited to speak at the United Nations.’
‘In 1977, the United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights was created.’
‘In 1979, the USSR recognised the right of the Palestinians to have their own
country.’
‘In 1987, the Intifada brought sympathy for the Palestinian cause from the
Western world.’
‘The PLO renounced terrorism and recognised Israel which brought support.’
‘The rise of Hamas led to international condemnation.’
‘They were marginalised by the US/Israeli/Egypt peace talks.’
‘After 1982 neither Jordan nor the USA were prepared to support the PLO’s
plan for a homeland.’
e.g. ‘Some international observers thought the PLO’s methods were wrong.’
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
2 hours

* 3 3 8 4 1 2 3 8 4 6 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE) 315986/1 R
1 Several individuals contributed to Italian unification.
(a) What was Pope Pius IX’s Allocution of 1848? [4]
(b) Why was Napoleon III important to Italian unification? [6]
(c) Who contributed more to Italian unification, Mazzini or Garibaldi? Explain your answer. [10]
2 Prussia and Austria were rivals in Germany.
(a) Describe what happened in the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848–49. [4]
(b) Why did Frederick William IV react as he did to the disturbances in Berlin in March 1848? [6]
(c) How surprising was it that Prussia emerged as the dominant power in Germany? Explain
your answer. [10]
3 British imperialism affected local people in different ways.
(a) What did Lugard achieve in Nigeria? [4]
(b) Why did the Chinese try to resist the British in the Opium Wars? [6]
(c) ‘The British response to the Indian Mutiny was justified.’ How far do you agree with this
4 The First World War had both long-term and short-term causes.
(a) What was the Triple Entente? [4]
(b) Why was the launching of the first dreadnought in 1906 important? [6]
(c) ‘The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia was more important than Franz Ferdinand’s assassination
in bringing about the First World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/M/J/22
5 Nobody got everything they wanted from the peace treaties of 1919.
(a) What were the territorial terms of the Treaty of St Germain? [4]
(b) Why did Lloyd George not want to punish Germany harshly? [6]
(c) Who had to compromise more during the peace negotiations in Paris, Clemenceau or Wilson?
6 The League of Nations struggled to react effectively to major crises.
(a) Describe Germany’s relationship with the League of Nations during the period 1920 to 1939.
[4]
(b) Why did Haile Selassie speak to the Assembly of the League of Nations in June 1936? [6]
(c) ‘The League of Nations did as much as it could in relation to the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
7 Immediately after the Second World War relations between the Soviet Union and the United States
were very difficult.
(a) What were the main disagreements at the Potsdam Conference? [4]
(b) Why did the blockade of Berlin fail? [6]
(c) ‘Stalin’s policies in Eastern Europe in the period 1945–49 were defensive.’ How far do you
8 Iran and Iraq were not friendly neighbours.
(a) Describe the opposition to the Shah in Iran. [4]
(b) Why did Iraq invade Iran in 1980? [6]
(c) Was Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 surprising? Explain your answer. [10]
9 Trench warfare dominated the Western Front for much of the war.
(a) What was ‘shell shock’? [4]
(b) Why did trench warfare last so long? [6]
(c) ‘Gas was the most important new weapon used in the First World War.’ How far do you agree
10 The First World War was fought on several fronts.
(a) Describe the impact of the war on civilian populations. [4]
(b) Why was the war at sea important? [6]
(c) ‘The Eastern Front was more important than the Western Front in the First World War.’ How
11 German recovery after the First World War was at first slow.
(a) What was the Dawes Plan? [4]
(b) Why did Germany introduce a new currency in 1923? [6]
(c) ‘The Revolution of 1918 was more important for Germany than the reaction of the people to
the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
12 The Nazis used different policies towards different groups of people.
(a) What was the League of German Maidens (BDM)? [4]
(b) Why did the Nazis make changes to the school curriculum? [6]
(c) ‘Racial theories explain why minorities were persecuted in Nazi Germany.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/M/J/22
13 From 1917 there were rapid changes in Russia.
(a) Describe how Trotsky contributed to the Communist victory in the Civil War. [4]
(b) Why was the New Economic Policy (NEP) important? [6]
(c) ‘The Provisional Government failed because of the Petrograd Soviet.’ How far do you agree
14 Stalin was ruthless in achieving and keeping power.
(a) What weaknesses of Trotsky helped Stalin become leader of the USSR? [4]
(b) Why was Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’ important? [6]
(c) ‘The Purges were a disaster for Stalin and the Soviet Union.’ How far do you agree with this
15 The 1920s were not an easy time for many Americans.
(a) Describe ways in which the lives of many young women in cities changed during the 1920s.
[4]
(b) Why were restrictions on immigration introduced in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘The main problem caused by prohibition was corruption among the police and judges.’ How
16 The New Deal had to address many problems.
(a) Describe how the New Deal helped farmers. [4]
(b) Why was the banking system one of the first things Roosevelt focused on during the Hundred
Days? [6]
(c) ‘The New Deal was opposed because it increased the power of government.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/M/J/22
17 From the late 1920s the Communists and Nationalists had differing views on the future of China.
(a) What happened at the Marco Polo Bridge in July 1937? [4]
(b) Why did the Communists go on the Long March? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Second World War that brought about the Communist victory in the Civil War.’ How
18 Different policies were introduced in China.
(a) How did the Chinese people respond to the Hundred Flowers campaign? [4]
(b) Why did Deng Xiaoping think change was necessary in China? [6]
(c) How far was the Cultural Revolution a success? Explain your answer. [10]
19 Many white South Africans benefited from the country’s economic development.
(a) Describe the growth of manufacturing industries in South Africa up to 1945. [4]
(b) Why did the South African government support agriculture in the 1930s? [6]
(c) ‘Land ownership was the most important issue facing black South Africans up to 1945.’ How
20 South Africans had a variety of experiences in the period 1966 to 1980.
(a) What new steps did the South African government take to tighten security in the period 1966
to 1980? [4]
(b) Why did the economic improvements of 1966 to 1980 not benefit all sections of South African
society? [6]
(c) ‘Black consciousness was the most important part of the anti-apartheid movement in the
period 1966 to 1980.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/M/J/22
10
21 Jews and Arabs both had claims over Palestine.
(a) What were the Jewish objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for Palestine? [4]
(b) Why was the future of Palestine important for Arabs at the end of the Second World War? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Jewish insurgency in Palestine that persuaded Britain to withdraw.’ How far do you
22 The issue of Palestinian refugees was affected by several different factors.
(a) Describe the impact of the 1967 war on the issue of Palestinian refugees. [4]
(b) Why did the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) use violent tactics? [6]
(c) ‘The Palestinian refugee crisis of 1948–49 was caused by Israel expelling Palestinians.’ How
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/M/J/22
PUBLISHED
1(a) What was Pope Pius IX’s Allocution of 1848? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was a statement by the Pope.’

‘It stated that the Papal States belonged to the Catholic Church and that this
was not going to change.’
‘It was a statement that was against demands being made at the time for
reforms.’
‘It was a statement against Italian nationalism.’
‘It was made after Durando led papal troops to support Charles Albert.’
‘It was a statement saying that the Papacy was universal and therefore above
all national states.’

question 0
1(b) Why was Napoleon III important to Italian unification? 6

e.g. ‘He was important because he met with Cavour at Plombières and
agreed to support Cavour in a war against Austria. This took place in 1859
and, although it did not all go well, Piedmont was able to invade the central
Italian states and this was a big step towards unification. This was made
possible by Napoleon.’

e.g. ‘He helped Piedmont take over central Italian states.’

‘The French victories at Magenta and Solferino resulted in the liberation of
Lombardy from Austrian rule.’
‘At Plombières he agreed to help Piedmont.’
‘He was responsible for Venetia becoming part of a united Italy.’
e.g. ‘He was important because he did a lot to help unification happen.
Without him it may have not happened.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
1(c) Who contributed more to Italian unification, Mazzini or Garibaldi? 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Garibaldi was much more important because his actions actually led to
unification. He led the ‘Thousand’ to conquer Sicily and he then moved to the
mainland and captured Naples. He then handed over all his gains in Sicily and
in the south to Victor Emmanuel. This was a massive step towards unification
and would not have happened without Garibaldi.’
OR
e.g. ‘Mazzini was more important because he spread the idea of a unified
Italy. He had a lot of influence on many people such as Garibaldi. He set up
Young Italy. This was full of intellectuals who spread his idea of Italian
unification. He led several attempted uprisings. These failed, but his main
importance was because of his ideas – to remove Austria from Italy, to end
the Pope’s power over the Papal States, and to create a national government
for Italy.’
e.g. ‘Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples.’

‘Garibaldi took the initiative by invading Sicily.’
‘Garibaldi handed much of Italy over to Victor Emmanuel.’
‘Garibaldi helped to make Venetia part of Italy.’
‘Garibaldi’s exploits helped to whip up the spirit of Italian nationalism.’
‘Mazzini spread the idea of a united Italy.’
‘Mazzini set up the Young Italy movement which was very influential.’
‘Mazzini influenced Garibaldi’s ideas a lot.’
‘Mazzini’s writing was very important and spread the idea of getting rid of
Austria from Italy.’
e.g. ‘I think Garibaldi contributed more than Mazzini. He was very popular and
had lots of support.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
2(a) Describe what happened in the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848–49. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Representatives from all over Germany were elected to it.’

‘It held long debates that often went nowhere.’
‘It discussed plans for a united Germany.’
‘It attempted to take over the running of the war with Denmark.’
‘It produced the constitution for Germany.’
‘It proposed a constitutional monarchy.’
‘It voted to offer the position of emperor to Frederick William of Prussia.’
‘It offered the position of emperor to Frederick William, who refused it.’
‘Many of the members were ordered home by their state governments.’
‘It moved to Stuttgart with few members left.’
‘It was broken up by troops in 1849.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(b) Why did Frederick William IV react as he did to the disturbances in 6

Berlin in March 1848?

e.g. ‘When revolution broke out in Berlin, Frederick William acted as he did
because he did not want to be a despot and did not want to be as reactionary
as his father. He rather liked being popular with the people. When the
disturbances began, he simply accepted the demands such as a constitution,
elections and a united Germany.’

e.g. ‘He reacted this way because he was not a despot.’

‘He reacted that way because he was caught by surprise.’
‘He reacted by accepting the demands of the people because of the strength
of their fury.’
‘He wanted to be popular with his people and at the head of the movement.’
‘He eventually recalled the army because the tide was turning in favour of the
establishment.’
e.g. ‘He acted like that because he had no choice. He was in a position of
weakness.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(c) How surprising was it that Prussia emerged as the dominant power in 10
Germany? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how surprising’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think this is very surprising because for a long time it looked as if
Austria would be the dominant power. When the German Confederation was
set up, Austria was probably the leading country in it. It was one of the major
powers in Europe and President of the German Confederation.’
OR
e.g. ‘This was not surprising because of Prussia’s growing economic power.
Prussia was the leading member of the Zollverein which included many major
German states. This helped Prussia strengthen its economy. Austria was not
in the Zollverein and therefore did not grow so economically strong as
Prussia. Also, Prussia could trade more easily because of the Rhine, while
Austria in southern Germany was more backward and still very agricultural.’
e.g. ‘Prussia was in the Zollverein, Austria was not.’

‘The Austrian defeat against Prussia left Prussia as the dominant power.’
‘Prussia was more economically advanced than Austria.’
‘Austria lost Russia as an ally, making it internationally weaker.’
‘Military defeats against France in 1859 made Austria weaker.’
‘Austria was left out of the North German Confederation.’
‘The Convention of Gastein helped Prussia manipulate Austria.’
‘Austria opposed German unification.’
‘The Austrian Empire was huge and very powerful.’
e.g. ‘It was very surprising because few people thought that Prussia was
strong enough to dominate Germany.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(a) What did Lugard achieve in Nigeria? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He acted against slavery.’

‘He ruled through native rulers.’
‘He established indirect rule, which was effective.’
‘He established British control over Northern Nigeria.’
‘He united the north and south into the Protectorate of Nigeria.’

question 0
3(b) Why did the Chinese try to resist the British in the Opium Wars? 6

e.g. ‘The Chinese resisted Britain because British merchants were selling
opium in China. They sent it to their warehouses in Guangzhou and then sold
it to Chinese smugglers. This was against the wishes of the Chinese
government because it led to addiction and affected large sections of the
Chinese population with what the Chinese government saw as moral decay.
The Chinese government wished to stop this.’

e.g. ‘This was because the British were importing opium into China.’
‘Many Chinese people were becoming addicted to opium.’
‘China wanted to stop Britain interfering with its trading system.’
‘The Chinese government had told Britain to stop trading in opium.’
‘The trade in opium damaged China’s balance of trade.’
‘China did not want to come under more Western influences.’
e.g. ‘China did this because Britain was becoming very aggressive and had to
be stopped.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(c) ‘The British response to the Indian Mutiny was justified.’ How far do you 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The British response was not justified and even people in Britain were
horrified by it. The response was very violent with thousands of Indians being
killed. They fired Indians from cannons and made Muslims eat pork and
Hindus eat beef. Many Indians were tortured. When the British army captured
towns, they went on a rampage destroying everything and committing
atrocities. Far more Indians than British were killed and this was not justified.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the British response was justified. Firstly, the Indian rebels had
committed atrocities against British men and women, especially at Cawnpore
where, after a siege, women and children were slaughtered. Also, the reforms
that followed were justified. The British government took over from the East
India Company, which was not running India properly. It introduced some
sensible reforms like consulting the Indians more.’
e.g. ‘The Indian rebels had committed atrocities and had to be dealt with.’
‘The British slaughtered many Indians unnecessarily.’
‘The British were very cruel to Indians, for example, making Muslims eat pork.’
‘The reforms that were introduced, such as involving Indians more in local
government, were sensible.’
‘The East India Company was not governing India properly and it was a good
move to get rid of it.’
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The British were not justified in responding in the
way they did. It was too cruel.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(a) What was the Triple Entente? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was between Russia, France and Britain.’

‘It developed from the Franco-Russian Alliance, the Entente Cordiale and the
Anglo-Russian Entente.’
‘It was not an alliance.’
‘It was a friendly agreement between countries.’
‘It came into being in 1907.’
‘It was meant as a balance to the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany,
Austria-Hungary and Italy.’
‘It was formed to protect themselves.’

question 0
4(b) Why was the launching of the first dreadnought in 1906 important? 6

e.g. ‘It was important because it was so fast and powerful. It had more
powerful guns than ever before and could fire further with more accuracy. It
could also fire torpedoes. It was driven by steam turbines. This made it faster
than any other warship. It was also protected by thick armoured plating and so
was difficult to sink. The dreadnought was a revolution in the development of
battleships and no other ships at the time stood a chance against it.’

e.g. ‘It was important because it was more powerful than any other ship at the
time.’
‘It was a great symbol of British national power.’
‘This accelerated the naval race with Germany.’
‘It was faster than any other battleship at the time.’
‘It gave Britain clear naval supremacy.’
‘It led to Germany starting to build dreadnoughts in 1907.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it was a big event that was known all round the
world. It changed the situation completely.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(c) ‘The Austrian ultimatum to Serbia was more important than Franz 10
Ferdinand’s assassination in bringing about the First World War.’ How


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Austrian ultimatum was more important in causing the war. It was
deliberately designed to make sure Serbia could not agree to all the demands
and made war inevitable. Until this point, it was not inevitable. It led to Russia,
who was friendly with Serbia, mobilising and then Serbia rejecting the
ultimatum. This immediately led to Austria declaring war on Serbia. Within
days Germany had declared war on Russia and the First World War had
started.’
OR
e.g. ‘The assassination was more important because it started the whole
movement to war. The assassination was carried out by Serbs and the
Serbian government was probably involved. Franz Ferdinand was the heir to
the Austrian throne and so the assassination was seen as a direct attack on
Austria and its empire. Serbia had long been a problem for Austria and the
assassination gave the upper hand in Austria to those wanting to take tough
action against Serbia. Germany then gave Austria the ‘blank cheque’ allowing
it to do what it liked with Serbia. All this made war inevitable and started the
July Crisis which directly led to war.’
e.g. ‘The Austrian ultimatum was designed to lead to war.’

‘Serbia rejected the ultimatum and Austria declared war.’
‘The assassination was a direct challenge to Austria and its empire.’
‘The assassination gave Austria the chance to engineer war with Serbia.’
‘The assassination gave the upper hand to those in Austria who wanted to
attack Serbia.’
‘Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was more important because it led
to the war breaking out. No other event did this.’

question 0
5(a) What were the territorial terms of the Treaty of St Germain? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It dealt with Austria.’

‘The Austro-Hungarian Empire was broken up.’
‘The Republic of Austria was set up.’
‘Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland were made independent.’
‘Territory from the Austro-Hungarian Empire was transferred to
Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Italy and Romania.’
‘Bohemia and Moravia were given to Czechoslovakia.’
‘Galicia was given to Poland.’
‘The Southern Tyrol was given to Italy.’
‘Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia were given to Yugoslavia.’
‘Union with Germany was forbidden.’
‘Austria’s overseas possession of Tianjin was handed to China.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(b) Why did Lloyd George not want to punish Germany harshly? 6

e.g. ‘Lloyd George’s main concern was Britain’s trade and wealth. For these
to prosper, Britain needed to return to the trade it had before the war and for
this to happen it was important for Germany to economically recover. This is
the reason Lloyd George did not want Germany facing huge reparations,
which could stop its recovery.’

e.g. ‘He wanted Britain to trade with Germany.’

‘He wanted Germany to economically recover.’
‘High reparations would take money out of Germany.’
‘He did not want Germany seeking revenge in a few years’ time.’
‘He wanted a strong Germany to stand up to Communism and Russia.’
‘He wanted to avoid France becoming too powerful.’
e.g. ‘He did not want to do this because it would upset the Germans.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(c) Who had to compromise more during the peace negotiations in Paris, 10
Clemenceau or Wilson? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘who had to compromise more’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Wilson had to compromise a lot. He had got the League of Nations, but
he was disappointed not to get the free navigation of the seas. He also had a
big disappointment over self-determination. The German Empire was broken
up and, instead of giving the colonies independence, Britain and France were
going to run them on behalf of the League. It was also the case that the
Sudeten Germans were not consulted about their future.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think Clemenceau had to compromise the most. He was still worried
about Germany being a future threat. He had wanted a treaty of guarantee
where Britain and USA promised to come to France’s help if it was attacked
by Germany. He did not get this. He was also disappointed that both the Saar
Basin and the Rhineland were going to stay as parts of Germany. So overall,
Clemenceau thought that France was vulnerable to a future German attack.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Wilson was not happy that some German-speaking areas were under the
rule of other countries.’
‘Wilson thought the Treaty was too harsh on Germany.’
‘Wilson was unhappy that the principle of free navigation of the sea was
abandoned.’
‘Wilson was unhappy that self-determination did not apply to some areas,
such as the Sudetenland.’
‘Wilson was displeased that Britain, France and Japan gained Germany’s
colonies.’
‘Wilson was pleased that the League of Nations would be included in each of
the treaties.’
‘Wilson was pleased that the defeated nations should disarm.’
‘Wilson was pleased that the Rhineland would remain part of Germany.’
‘Clemenceau was pleased that Germany was made weaker by losing a lot of
land and resources.’
‘Clemenceau was pleased that France regained Alsace-Lorraine.’
‘Clemenceau was not pleased that Germany was keeping the Rhineland.’
‘Clemenceau was not pleased that there was no treaty of guarantee for
France.’
‘Clemenceau failed to get the Saar Basin for France.’
e.g. ‘The Treaty was a compromise because they had different opinions.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(a) Describe Germany’s relationship with the League of Nations during the 4
period 1920 to 1939.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘At first, Germany was not allowed to join.’

‘Germany accepted the result of the 1921 plebiscite in Upper Silesia arranged
by the League of Nations.’
‘Germany was only allowed to join when it showed itself to be a peaceful
country.’
‘The League was pleased with Germany’s positive attitude in the Locarno
Treaties.’
‘Later, Germany was allowed to join in 1926.’
‘It became a permanent member of the Council.’
‘Hitler withdrew from the Disarmament Conference because he wanted
Germany to rearm, not disarm.’
‘Hitler left the League in 1933.’
‘Germany accepted the Saar plebiscite in 1935 arranged by the League.’
‘Hitler broke the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, like the demilitarisation of
the Rhineland, and this set him against the League.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(b) Why did Haile Selassie speak to the Assembly of the League of Nations 6
in June 1936?

e.g. ‘Haile Selassie spoke to the League of Nations in June 1936 pleading for
help because in 1935 Italian troops had invaded his country of Abyssinia.
Mussolini had wanted to create an Italian empire for years. He used a dispute
on the border with Somaliland (which was Italian) as the excuse. The Italian
troops had modern weapons, and the Abyssinians did not stand a chance.’

e.g. ‘Haile Selassie made this speech because Italy had invaded his country.’
‘He did this because the League had done little since the Italian invasion.’
‘Haile Selassie did this because he wanted help from the League of Nations.’
‘He did this because Italy was using chemical weapons against his people.’
‘He did this in June because Addis Ababa had just been captured by Italian
troops.’
e.g. ‘He spoke to the Assembly because he wanted them to understand his
concerns.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(c) ‘The League of Nations did as much as it could in relation to the 10

Japanese invasion of Manchuria.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the League did as much as it could. It faced several big problems,
one of which was the absence of the USA. This made it difficult for the
League to implement economic sanctions because the USA, being outside of
the League, would continue to trade with Japan, so sanctions would have little
impact. It would also be difficult to send an army without the support of the
USA.’
OR
e.g. ‘The League of Nations should have done much more. It acted far too
slowly. By the time the Lytton Commission reached the area, the Japanese
had firmly established themselves in Manchuria and were in the process of
setting up a puppet state called Manchukuo. The League voted on the Lytton
Report 18 months after the Japanese invasion.’
e.g. ‘The events took place on the other side of the world and there was little
the League could do.’
‘The USA was not a member of the League and this made it difficult to use
military action.’
‘Britain and France could not afford to impose economic sanctions.’
‘Britain and France were worried Japan might attack their colonies in the Far
East.’
‘The League acted far too slowly, letting the Japanese establish themselves in
Manchuria.’
‘The League failed to impose economic sanctions.’
‘If Japan did not like the decision of the League, it could simply leave, which it
did in 1933. There was little the League could then do.’
‘The League did not have an army.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think it did what it could. There was not much more it could do, given
the situation at the time.’

question 0
7(a) What were the main disagreements at the Potsdam Conference? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘They disagreed over elections in Poland.’

‘They disagreed over what to do with Germany.’
‘Stalin wanted Germany kept weak, while the Allies wanted it to recover.’
‘Stalin wanted access to Germany’s industrial heartland.’
‘The USSR wanted a role in Japan.’
‘There were disagreements over the de-Nazification of Germany.’
‘There were disagreements over reparations.’
‘There were disagreements over the recognition of East European countries.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(b) Why did the blockade of Berlin fail? 6

e.g. ‘The main reason why it failed was because Stalin’s plan to force Berlin
into submission by cutting off food, fuel and other supplies was defeated by
the Allied airlift. Stalin might have cut off the road links, but the Allies could
still fly into Berlin. The airlift consisted of planes landing every 90 seconds,
taking in all the supplies Berlin needed. It was an enormous operation and
there were over 300 000 flights. The airlift succeeded.’

e.g. ‘It failed because of the Allied airlift.’

‘It failed because Britain, France and the USA decided not to back down.’
‘It failed because the Soviets did not fire on the Allied aircraft.’
‘Enormous numbers of planes kept Berlin supplied with the goods it needed to
keep going.’
‘It failed because Stalin did not risk taking it further. He feared another military
conflict.’
e.g. ‘The blockade failed because it was not properly thought through and
stood little chance of success. It also had a lot of opposition.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(c) ‘Stalin’s policies in Eastern Europe in the period 1945–49 were 10

defensive.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree that Stalin’s policies were defensive in Eastern Europe. The main
reason behind all his actions was a concern for the security of the Soviet
Union. Russia had been attacked twice by Germany and he was worried
about future attacks from the West, especially given Truman’s hard-line
attitude and the fact that the US had the atomic bomb. What particularly
worried him was the fear that Germany would be allowed to recover and
become strong again. It would be in a position to threaten Russia again. This
led Stalin to plan for a protective ring of friendly states on his western border.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. One of Stalin’s aims was to spread communism
around the world and destroy capitalism. His first step was to control Eastern
Europe. He did not keep to the agreements made at Yalta and forced
communist governments on Poland and Romania. By 1948, Eastern Europe
was under communist control and through COMECON all the countries there
followed the Soviet economic model. The Soviet Union had firm control of
Eastern Europe and this was the first step in destroying capitalism
everywhere.’
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to spread communism throughout the world.’

‘Stalin imposed communist governments on Eastern Europe.’
‘Stalin broke the agreements he made at Yalta.’
‘COMECON showed that Stalin wanted to control the countries in Eastern
Europe.’
‘Stalin felt the Soviet Union was under threat from the West and wanted a
protective barrier for the Soviet Union.’
‘Stalin felt threatened by Truman’s hard-line policies.’
‘Stalin felt threatened by the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.’
‘Stalin was worried about a new powerful Germany emerging.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I do not think that Stalin’s policies were defensive. He wanted to take
over Eastern Europe and he was very aggressive.’

question 0
8(a) Describe the opposition to the Shah in Iran. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Many in Iran were dissatisfied with the Shah’s modernisation

programme.’
‘Many in Iran were upset by the growing gap between rich and poor under the
Shah.’
‘Many demonstrated against his autocratic rule.’
‘The Shah’s secret police force, SAVAK, was hated because of its brutality.’
‘The Shah’s lavish lifestyle created much opposition.’
‘Socialists and nationalists united in their opposition to the Shah.’
‘Khomeini led the religious opposition to the Shah.’
‘Khomeini criticised the fact that the Shah had opened Iran up to western
influences.’
‘Khomeini opposed the Shah while he was in exile.’
‘The government’s criticism of Khomeini led to mass protests.’
‘In 1978 and early 1979 Iran was engulfed by mass protests against the
Shah.’
‘In 1979 Khomeini returned from exile.’
‘Opposition was spearheaded by the mullahs.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(b) Why did Iraq invade Iran in 1980? 6

e.g. ‘The main reason why Iraq invaded Iran was because Saddam Hussein
wanted to dominate the Gulf. Iran and Iraq were the two leading countries in
the area and Saddam wanted to make sure that Iraq, and not Iran, emerged
as the most powerful country. He thought that increasing his oil revenues by
taking Khuzestan would give Iraq the necessary money to become the top
country.’

e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein wanted Iraq to dominate the Gulf.’

‘Saddam wanted to increase his oil revenues.’
‘Saddam Hussein was worried that Khomeini wanted to overthrow him.’
‘Saddam worried that the revolution in Iran would spread to Iraq.’
‘Iraq wanted control of oil rich Khuzestan, which was part of Iran.’
‘Saddam Hussein wanted control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway.’
‘Khomeini was supporting the Kurds, who were resisting Saddam Hussein’s
rule in the north of Iraq.’
e.g. ‘It did this because it wanted to be in control in that part of the world.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(c) Was Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 surprising? Explain 10

your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘was it surprising’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I do not think that his invasion of Kuwait was at all surprising. Iraq’s rulers
had claimed that it was part of Iraq for decades. They argued that Kuwait was
an artificial creation by the British. They also argued that the creation of
Kuwait meant that Iraq’s access to the Gulf was greatly reduced. This meant
that it was no surprise that Saddam Hussein decided to conquer Kuwait and
make it part of Iraq.’
OR
e.g. ‘It was very surprising because he was taking such a risk. The invasion
caused a massive storm both in Arab countries and all around the world. An
international alliance was soon set up to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. This was the
risk he was taking – that he would be driven out and humiliated. It was also
surprising that he would take such an action just a couple of years after the
end of the war with Iran when Iraq was totally exhausted and bankrupt.’
e.g. ‘Iraq had an historic claim to Kuwait.’

‘Kuwait largely blocked Iraq off from the Gulf.’
‘Iraq was suffering terrible internal difficulties and Saddam Hussein needed a
distraction from these.’
‘It was claimed that Kuwait was extracting oil from one of Iraq’s oil fields.’
‘Iraq had massive debts and conquering Kuwait would bring it much wealth.’
‘Kuwait had increased production of oil which reduced its price, meaning less
income for Iraq.’
‘Kuwait refused to wipe out Iraq’s debts.’
‘Saddam Hussein thought that the USA had indicated it would not act if he
invaded Kuwait.’
‘It was a big risk because it might cause the US to intervene.’
‘It might upset and alienate other Arab countries.’
‘Iraq was bankrupt and exhausted after the war with Iran.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait was not at all surprising. Many
thought that he was going to do it.’

question 0
9(a) What was ‘shell shock’? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It affected soldiers on the front line.’

‘It was caused by the constant shelling and it affected the soldiers in the
trenches.’
‘It was a psychological condition suffered by soldiers.’
‘It was a type of mental breakdown caused by the strain of warfare suffered by
soldiers.’
‘Soldiers suffered from it long after the war ended.’
‘It was a panic and an inability to sleep or even talk.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(b) Why did trench warfare last so long? 6

e.g. ‘Trench warfare lasted so long because it was a defensive system and
not offensive. The heavy protection, such as barbed wire, the machine guns
and No Man’s Land, all made the trenches very difficult to attack. Cavalry
charges across No Man’s Land could easily be cut down. Also, artillery
attacks on the trenches were often inaccurate. There were some new
weapons for attacking, like tanks, but it took some time before they were used
properly. All this meant that trench warfare lasted for years.’

e.g. ‘The two sides were often evenly matched.’

‘The trenches were reinforced with concrete and heavily defended with
machine guns.’
‘Men charging across No Man’s Land were often shot or got caught in the
barbed wire.’
‘Artillery attacks were often inaccurate.’
‘If soldiers did reach the enemy trenches, they were often not supported by
reinforcements.’
e.g. ‘It lasted for so long because neither side knew what to do about it and so
it simply lasted for years.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(c) ‘Gas was the most important new weapon used in the First World War.' 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Gas was a very important weapon. Its effects were horrifying and the
soldiers were in great fear of it. It could be added to shells that were fired at
the enemy. When the shell landed and exploded, the gas would be released.
Its effects on the soldiers could be terrible. Soldiers’ breathing systems could
be destroyed and mustard gas burned the soldiers, creating blisters inside
and outside the body. Thousands of soldiers were killed and injured by gas. It
was important because of the fear it struck into the soldiers.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this at all. Although gas was dangerous and very
unpleasant, it was responsible for only a small percentage of deaths in the
war – about 4%. Also, a very small percentage of soldiers died from gas and
over half were ready to return to fighting after six weeks. As the war
progressed, gas masks were developed and this made gas less of a threat.
Overall, gas made very little difference to the development and course of the
war.’
e.g. ‘Gas was feared by the soldiers.’

‘Gas could produce terrible injuries.’
‘Gas was easily sent over to the enemy’s side.’
‘Gas was not very useful because the wind could change direction.’
‘It actually killed few men.’
‘Gas masks made it less of a threat.’
‘Soldiers could often return to the Front after suffering from gas.’
‘Tanks were far more important as was seen at Amiens where they broke
through the German front line.’
‘Machine guns were very effective in defending the trenches.’
‘Tanks often broke down.’
‘Tanks were very slow.’
‘Machine guns could jam and were heavy.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think there were many other new weapons that were far more important
in the war.’

question 0
10(a) Describe the impact of the war on civilian populations. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘People’s lives were restricted. For example, there was censorship and
conscription.’
‘There were shortages of food and rationing was introduced.’
‘Women did jobs such as on farms and in factories that they had not done
before.’
‘Towards the end of the war people in Germany were starving.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(b) Why was the war at sea important? 6

e.g. ‘The war at sea was important to Britain because most of its crucial
supplies of food and other goods came from the USA across the sea. In 1917
the Germans introduced unrestricted submarine warfare. This involved using
U-boats to sink all boats coming to Britain from the USA. So many ships were
sunk that within months Britain was short of food and had to introduce
rationing. If this had gone on for much longer, Britain could have been
defeated. Only the use of the convoy system removed the threat to Britain.’

e.g. ‘Britain was able to blockade the German coast and stop supplies getting
through. By 1917 Germany was on its knees.’
‘After the Battle of Jutland Britain controlled the North Sea and was able to
blockade Germany.’
‘Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare threatened to starve Britain of
food.’
‘Supplies from the USA across the Atlantic kept Britain going during the war.’
‘Britain used the convoy system to protect ships.’
e.g. ‘The war at sea was very important because both sides would be in
terrible trouble if they lost control of the seas.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(c) ‘The Eastern Front was more important than the Western Front in the 10
First World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Eastern Front was very important. Russia’s possible involvement in
the war made the Schlieffen Plan necessary and its actual involvement was
the reason why the Schlieffen Plan failed – Germany had to send troops to
fight Russia. This weakened the Germans in the west. Although much of the
fighting did not go well for Russia, the Eastern Front did tie up many German
troops that could have been used on the Western Front. Also, early Russian
victories against the Austrian army did mean that Germany had to rush troops
to the Eastern Front to support Austria. This is the reason the Eastern Front
was important.’
OR
e.g. ‘The war could only be won and lost on the Western Front. Developments
on the Eastern Front were only important because of the effect they had on
the Western Front. It was in the west where the main German armies were
and it was here where the Americans sent their troops, making a decisive
difference in 1918. It was the failure of the German offensive in 1918 on the
Western Front that finished Germany off and made the Allied victory
inevitable. The Western Front was far more important.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Eastern Front led to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.’
‘The Eastern Front made it necessary for Germany to take troops away from
the Western Front.’
‘The fact that the Allies attempted the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 shows how
important the Eastern Front was.’
‘It was the failure of the Ludendorff Offensive on the Western Front in 1918
that was decisive.’
‘The arrival of American troops on the Western Front decided the outcome of
the war.’
‘The success of the Allied offensive in 1918 and the victory at Amiens decided
the outcome of the war.’
‘Russia left the war in 1918 but the Allies still won. This shows the Eastern
Front was not so important.’
e.g. ‘I think the Western Front was more important because this was where
most of the fighting took place.’

question 0
11(a) What was the Dawes Plan? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Dawes Plan gave Germany a massive loan.’

‘The Dawes Plan was a plan in 1924 to restart the German economy.’
‘The Plan was arranged by Charles Dawes/American banker.’
‘Stresemann negotiated the loan on behalf of the German government.’
‘The loan was 800 million marks.’
‘The loan helped pay reparation payments.’
‘The loan helped pay for public works.’
‘The Dawes Plan meant Germany only had to pay reparations which it could
afford.’
‘France and Belgium agreed to stop their occupation of the Ruhr.’
‘Because of the Dawes Plan the German economy had recovered by 1928.’
‘The loan stopped in 1929 and this led to economic chaos.’
‘As a result of the Plan, the German economy was reliant on American loans.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(b) Why did Germany introduce a new currency in 1923? 6

e.g. ‘Germany introduced a new currency because it was suffering from

terrible inflation. In response to Germany failing to pay reparations, France
and Belgium occupied the Ruhr, taking what was owed to them in the form of
raw materials and goods. The German workers went on strike and Germany’s
earnings went down. The German government started to print money, but this
led to rapid inflation. Stresemann introduced a new currency to stabilise the
economic situation.’

e.g. ‘The impact of the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr.’
‘There was hyperinflation.’
‘High reparations made the problem worse.’
‘Money became worthless.’
‘The existing currency was in crisis.’
‘To stabilise Germany’s economic situation.’
‘The German workers and pensioners were faced with high prices and could
not afford food.’
e.g. ‘It did this because it was in real trouble and something had to be done.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(c) ‘The Revolution of 1918 was more important for Germany than the 10
reaction of the people to the Treaty of Versailles.’ How far do you agree


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Revolution of 1918 was very important for Germany. There were
naval mutinies and then disturbances and rebellions all over Germany. They
were important because they led to the Kaiser abdicating and Germany being
declared a Republic with Ebert as Chancellor. This was opposed by extreme
groups like the Spartacists who were communists. They tried to lead a
revolution and overthrow the government which had to be rescued by the
Freikorps. The Revolution of 1918 made fundamental changes to the way
Germany was governed that had an impact right through the 1920s.’
OR
e.g. ‘The reaction of people to the Treaty was obviously more important
because it was responsible for many later events. This is because the Treaty
was very unpopular, especially the reduction to Germany’s armed forces and
the fact that it was a ‘Diktat’. This led to many disbanded soldiers joining the
Freikorps, which then led to the Kapp Putsch. Kapp was against the Treaty
and marched on Berlin and tried to take over the government.’
e.g. ‘The Revolution led to the abdication of the Kaiser.’

‘The Revolution led to Germany becoming a Republic.’
‘The Revolution set up a weak government in Germany.’
‘The Revolution led to Germany becoming a democracy.’
‘The Revolution led to the Spartacists’ bid for power.’
‘The Weimar government was hated because of the terms of the Treaty.’
‘Opposition to the Treaty led to the Kapp Putsch.’
‘Hatred of the Treaty led to Germans being willing to take part in passive
resistance in the Ruhr.’
‘Hatred of the Treaty helped Hitler win support in the early 1930s.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think the Revolution was far more important to people because it
changed things a lot.’

question 0
12(a) What was the League of German Maidens (BDM)? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was for girls.’

‘It was a branch of the Hitler Youth.’
‘It was founded in 1930.’
‘From 1936 membership was compulsory.’
‘Girls were taught that their role was as mothers.’
‘Girls learned domestic skills.’
‘Girls did physical exercise in the BDM.’
‘The girls attended summer camps.’
‘The girls were between the ages of 14 and 18.’
‘The girls did a compulsory year when they worked on farms.’
‘The girls were indoctrinated with Nazi beliefs.’
‘Girls were taught about Aryan purity.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(b) Why did the Nazis make changes to the school curriculum? 6

e.g. ‘The Nazis made changes because they wanted German children to
believe in the Nazi ideas about race. The children were taught about the
importance of blood purity and that Germans should only marry Germans to
keep the blood pure. They were taught that Germans were Aryan, which was
a superior race, and that many other groups like Jews were sub-human.’

e.g. ‘To make German children believe that Germany would become the
world’s greatest nation.’
‘To make children believe Nazi ideas about race.’
‘To make children support the Nazis.’
‘To teach children that Germany had been defeated in 1918 because of Jews
and Marxist spies.’
‘To make children believe that the Treaty of Versailles was evil.’
‘To make girls ready to be perfect German mothers and wives.’
‘To teach the boys information about war and weapons.’
‘PE was increased to make the girls healthy to be mothers and the boys to be
strong soldiers.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis did this because they had new ideas about what should be
taught to children at school.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(c) ‘Racial theories explain why minorities were persecuted in Nazi 10

Germany.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Minorities were punished because of Nazi ideas about race. They
believed that Germans were the master race and had to be kept separate
from other inferior races. These races had to be destroyed or kept under
control. This is the reason Jews were persecuted. They were at first driven out
of German society and then the Nazis tried to destroy all Jews in the Final
Solution. This was to stop them contaminating the German race.’
OR
e.g. ‘Minorities like the mentally handicapped, drunks and beggars were
persecuted by the Nazis because they believed they were undesirables who
were not contributing to society and were a drain on German resources. In
other words, they were weakening the Nazi state. This led to them being sent
to camps or sterilised. There was even an attempt to start a campaign of
euthanasia.’
e.g. ‘Jews were persecuted to keep German blood pure.’

‘Jews were persecuted because they were regarded as an inferior race.’
‘Jews were segregated to keep them separate from Germans.’
‘Minorities like beggars and drunks were persecuted to stop them weakening
Germany.’
‘Beggars and drunks were persecuted because they were a drain on German
society, rather than contributing to it.’
e.g. ‘Minorities were persecuted because the Nazis did not like them and
thought they should be punished.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(a) Describe how Trotsky contributed to the Communist victory in the Civil 4
War.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Trotsky organised the Communist forces very well.’

‘Trotsky was good at boosting morale and often visited the soldiers at the
front.’
‘He introduced discipline into the Communist army.’
‘He promoted men because they were good soldiers not because of their
social class.’
‘He used Tsarist officers if they were good and had something to offer.’
‘His political Commissars made sure the men stayed loyal.’
‘His army chiefs were left to make military decisions.’

question 0
13(b) Why was the New Economic Policy (NEP) important? 6

e.g. ‘The NEP was important because it helped the Communists solve the
problems caused by War Communism. This had helped the Communists win
the war but it restricted people’s freedoms and led to a lot of hardship with
industrial production falling and people returning to the countryside. The NEP
allowed some private ownership and peasants were allowed to sell some of
their grain for profit. This was important because it led to the economy
recovering and people being better off.’

e.g. ‘It was important because it stopped trouble like the Kronstadt mutiny.’
‘It was important because it reduced dissatisfaction with Communist rule.’
‘It was important because it improved people’s standard of living.’
‘It was important because it increased production and helped the Russian
economy to recover.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it helped Russia a lot at a very difficult time.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(c) ‘The Provisional Government failed because of the Petrograd Soviet.’ 10



marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The main reason why it failed was the Petrograd Soviet. This was a very
powerful body made up of socialists and the representatives of workers and
soldiers. It was probably more powerful than the Provisional Government, but
it refused to take over the running of the country. It had a lot of power over the
factories, the railways and power supplies. This meant that Russia was really
being run by two competing bodies and this undermined the Provisional
Government because it was never in complete control and many people
listened to and obeyed the Petrograd Soviet instead.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Provisional Government failed because of its decision to
continue with the war and its failure in the war. This was a major mistake and
led to the government being blamed for the failures in the war. It launched the
Kerensky offensive, which was a terrible failure. Millions of soldiers deserted.’
e.g. ‘It failed because the Petrograd Soviet had too much power.’
‘The Petrograd Soviet shared power with the Provisional Government.’
‘The loyalties of many workers and soldiers were to the Petrograd Soviet
rather than the Provisional Government.’
‘It failed because of the Kornilov affair.’
‘Kerensky made the mistake of arming the communists.’
‘Failures in the war made the Provisional Government very unpopular.’
‘It failed because people were starving with no jobs.’
‘The Provisional Government did not help the peasants in their attempt to gain
more land.’
‘The Provisional Government failed because it did not hold elections.’
e.g. ‘The Provisional Government was a complete failure. It made many

mistakes and came to an end quickly.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
14(a) What weaknesses of Trotsky helped Stalin become leader of the USSR? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Trotsky’s idea of permanent revolution was unpopular with many ordinary
Russians.’
‘People thought that Trotsky’s ideas could involve the USSR in new conflicts.’
‘Trotsky was seen as arrogant by many in the Communist Party.’
‘Trotsky was too confident.’
‘Trotsky underestimated Stalin.’

question 0
14(b) Why was Stalin’s ‘cult of personality’ important? 6

e.g. ‘It was important because it made Stalin central to everything in Russia
and showed him as representing everything that was good in Russia. He
wanted to be worshipped as a great leader and hero of the Revolution. He
wanted to be popular and to see pictures and statues of himself everywhere
and even have places named after him.’

e.g. ‘It was important in making his position as head of Russia secure.’
‘It would take away some of the horrors of his rule.’
‘It was important because it showed him as a hero of the Revolution.’
‘The ‘cult of personality’ made it more difficult for any opposition to Stalin’s
rule.’
‘It put him beyond criticism.’
e.g. ‘It was very important to Stalin, who wanted to be in control of everything.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(c) ‘The Purges were a disaster for Stalin and the Soviet Union.’ How far do 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘They were a complete disaster for the Soviet Union. Senior members of
the armed forces were arrested, imprisoned and executed. This took away all
the best expertise from the armed forces leaving the army without many good
generals. This became a big problem for the army, especially when the
Second World War started.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Purges were important in keeping Stalin in power. He was worried
about opposition to him in the Communist Party and the Purges got rid of
these rivals. They also struck fear through the whole population, which made
everybody obey Stalin. They were too afraid to criticise him. All of this was
good for Stalin because it made his position secure.’
e.g. ‘They got rid of Stalin’s rivals in the Communist Party.’

‘They made people scared to criticise or go against Stalin.’
‘They were useful in uniting Russia because of the threat from Nazi Germany.’
‘They were helpful in blaming people other than Stalin for failures of
government policies.’
‘They caused the deaths of over a million people.’
‘They left the army without its best leaders.’
‘They took away from government and businesses a lot of expertise.’
e.g. ‘They were a disaster and it took Russia a long time to recover from
them.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(a) Describe ways in which the lives of many young women in cities 4
changed during the 1920s.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Many more of them started to work in offices and factories.’

‘Women gained more freedom.’
‘Women began smoking and drinking in public.’
‘More women drove cars.’
‘Women’s fashions changed with short skirts and short hair.’
‘Many women became flappers.’
‘There was no longer a need for a chaperone.’
‘Women gained the vote in 1920.’
‘Homes had many labour-saving devices with washing machines.’

question 0
15(b) Why were restrictions on immigration introduced in the 1920s? 6

e.g. ‘Restrictions were introduced because the Red Scare made many
Americans more afraid of immigrants. The rise of communism in Russia made
them worry about these ideas coming to America. They thought that
immigrants from Eastern Europe were bringing these ideas into the country.
These fears were made worse when there were bomb attacks in America by
anarchists.’

e.g. ‘Americans thought immigrants would take their jobs.’

‘Extreme political ideas were associated with immigrants.’
‘It was felt that immigrants from Eastern Europe and Asia would not mix into
American society and accept its values.’
‘This was because of the Red Scare.’
‘To make sure that white, northern Europeans stayed in a majority and were
in charge.’
‘There were racist undertones in society.’
‘The KKK had a big following.’
e.g. ‘They were introduced because people did not like the idea of lots of
immigrants and thought they were a danger.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(c) ‘The main problem caused by prohibition was corruption among the 10
police and judges.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Corruption was the main problem caused by prohibition. The gangs
running the production and selling of alcohol bribed the police and judges with
money. This meant that many in the police would turn a blind eye to what the
gangs were doing and the judges would let them off if they appeared in their
courts. This meant that law and order was in danger of completely breaking
down. The gangs controlled whole districts of cities and it was very difficult for
the police to go against them.’
OR
e.g. ‘The main problem caused by prohibition was the rise of gangsters. In the
cities many people wanted to drink alcohol and, because it was illegal, the
production and selling of alcohol came under the control of criminal gangs.
They were soon fighting each other for control of different parts of the cities
and there were killings and even wars. Each gang gunned down rival gangs.
This meant that law and order had broken down in the major cities.’
e.g. ‘The biggest problem was the rise of gangsters.’

‘Corruption led to it becoming impossible to enforce the law.’
‘Judges were letting the gangsters off.’
‘Prohibition caused a big increase in violence in the cities.’
‘It was clear that prohibition could not be enforced, which gave the law a bad
name.’
‘It turned ordinary Americans into law-breakers.’
‘There was a reduction in tax, which depressed government revenues.’
‘There were often poisonous dangers in the production of moonshine.’
e.g. ‘Prohibition caused many problems and one of the most serious was the
corruption of the police.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
16(a) Describe how the New Deal helped farmers. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Agricultural Adjustment Act rewarded farmers for cutting production.’
‘Farmers were given low interest loans.’
‘The TVA did a lot of work to stop erosion, which helped farmers.’
‘Farm workers and share-croppers were helped to move to better land.’
‘The New Deal made food prices go up and farmers’ incomes doubled.’
‘The New Deal helped farmers with their mortgages.’
‘The Farm Security Agency was able to spread the knowledge of the plight of
farmers.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(b) Why was the banking system one of the first things Roosevelt focused 6
on during the Hundred Days?

e.g. ‘The banks were at the centre of the whole system. People had queued to
get their money out of the banks and many of them had collapsed. The banks
were crucial to any recovery and had to be fixed before anything else.
Roosevelt focused on making people have confidence in the banks again. He
closed all the banks and only opened those that the government said were
sound. This led to people putting their money in banks again.’

e.g. ‘Many banks had failed.’

‘People had been withdrawing money from banks in large quantities.’
‘People’s confidence in the banks had to be restored.’
‘The banking system needed to work properly for the economy to recover.’
‘It had been the run on the banks that had caused so much trouble, so this
problem had to be dealt with.’
‘The banking system fed money into the rest of the system.’
‘Banks were needed to invest in the economy.’
‘The failure of the banking system caused the downfall of the economy.’
e.g. ‘Roosevelt did this because the banking system was very important and
needed to be fixed quickly.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(c) ‘The New Deal was opposed because it increased the power of 10
government.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Republicans opposed the New Deal because it increased the power of
the government. They believed that people should support themselves and
that the government should not intervene to help them or to control the
economy. Roosevelt’s New Deal did this. It gave the unemployed, farmers
and industry a lot of help and schemes like the TVA gave the government a
lot more power.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other reasons why the New Deal was opposed. Some people
did not think it was going far enough in giving people enough help. Huey Long
wanted to redistribute wealth by taking money away from the very rich. Other
people thought that the New Deal was not helping the poor enough while
others thought that there should be old age pensions and started Townsend
Clubs to organise this.’
e.g. ‘Republicans did not believe that the government should have more
power.’
‘Republicans believed that people should stand on their own two feet and look
after themselves and their families.’
‘Republicans disliked the extra powers that schemes like the TVA gave to
government.’
‘Business leaders believed that they should be left alone to run their own
companies.’
‘Father Coughlin believed the New Deal was not doing enough to help the
poor.’
‘Huey Long thought that wealth should be redistributed.’
‘Some people thought that the New Deal should have provided old age
pensions.’
‘Some people thought the New Deal should have gone further to help people.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘There were many people who opposed the New Deal. They opposed it
for many different reasons but an important one was the increase in the power
of the government.’

question 0
17(a) What happened at the Marco Polo Bridge in July 1937? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘A battle between China’s army and the Japanese army.’

‘The Japanese wanted to search for a missing soldier, but the Chinese
refused permission.’
‘The Japanese attacked Wanping but were pushed back.’
‘Both sides called up reinforcements.’
‘The Chinese attacked the Japanese at the bridge.’
‘An agreement was reached, and China apologised to Japan.’
‘There was further fighting, and the Chinese withdrew.’
‘It is seen as the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
17(b) Why did the Communists go on the Long March? 6

e.g. ‘They did this because of the onslaught on them by Chiang Kai-shek’s
forces. He began the five extermination campaigns against them. The
communist Chinese Soviet Republic was overrun and Communists were in
danger of being wiped out. They went on the Long March to retreat to safety.
They marched 8000 miles to Yenan where they were safe from the KMT.’

e.g. ‘They were in danger of being wiped out by the KMT.’

‘This was because of the fifth encirclement campaign.’
‘They planned to regroup at Yenan.’
‘Chiang had amassed an enormous number of troops to defeat the
Communists.’
e.g. ‘They did this because they thought it was the best thing to do as they
were in danger.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
17(c) ‘It was the Second World War that brought about the Communist victory 10
in the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the Communists won because of the Second World War. This was
mainly because of the mistakes made by Chiang Kai-shek. He was more
worried about the Communists than the Japanese and so concentrated on
defeating the Communists. This was very unpopular with the Chinese people
who were more worried about the invading Japanese army. It looked as if the
Nationalists were doing nothing about this invasion that threatened their
country.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think that other factors were more important. The use of guerrilla tactics
by the Communists against the KMT was important. They avoided fighting the
KMT in big battles and so avoided defeats against forces that were larger.
Instead, they planned attacks on smaller targets and disrupted the KMT
supply lines. This gradually wore the Nationalists down.’
e.g. ‘The Nationalists failed to deal with the threat from the Japanese.’
‘It was the Communists who put up the strongest resistance to the Japanese.’
‘The Nationalists focused on trying to defeat the Communists.’
‘The Nationalists were corrupt.’
‘The Nationalists did not treat the Chinese peasants well; the Communists
did.’
‘The Nationalists had failed to solve the country’s economic problems and so
lost the support of the people.’
‘The Communists’ use of guerrilla tactics was important.’
‘The Communists concentrated on winning the rural areas.’
‘The Nationalists depended on foreign support and this made them
unpopular.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think the Second World War was very important for the Communists. It
helped them win the Civil War.’

question 0
18(a) How did the Chinese people respond to the Hundred Flowers campaign? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Millions of letters poured in making criticisms of the government.’

‘People held meetings and erected posters criticising the Communist Party.’
‘The Chinese people criticised low living standards and the privileges enjoyed
by party officials.’
‘People complained about a lack of freedom and the copying of Soviet models
for the economy.’
‘Intellectuals complained about the constraints placed on them.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
18(b) Why did Deng Xiaoping think change was necessary in China? 6

e.g. ‘Deng believed that, if China was to become a major world power, it had
to modernise and reform its economy to make major progress. He thought
that China had to use some western ideas and have more to do with the
West. Foreign trade was increased and foreign investment was used to
modernise China’s industries. He moved away from a communist model of the
economy and encouraged private enterprise. China’s economy became one
of the fastest growing in the world, which was what he had been aiming at.’

e.g. ‘He thought that China’s economy had to be modernised.’

‘He wanted China to become a modern major power in the world.’
‘He wanted to restore order in China after the disorder created by Mao’s
ideas.’
‘He wanted to give people more freedom.’
‘He improved the education system to produce skilled workers.’
e.g. ‘He thought this because China was stuck in the past and needed
reforms if it was to move forward.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
18(c) How far was the Cultural Revolution a success? Explain your answer. 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution was a success for Mao. He had been worried
that his power was not as secure as he would like and that he had rivals like
Liu Shaoqi. The Cultural Revolution was designed to get rid of Mao’s rivals
and it did this. Mao claimed that bourgeois elements had infiltrated the
government and society to try to restore capitalism. Many people were
expelled from the Party, punished and re-educated. Mao ended the Cultural
Revolution when he was sure that his position was strong and secure.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Cultural Revolution was a disaster for China. Schools were
closed and the literacy rate went down. Universities were no longer producing
the skilled people China needed, like engineers, and many intellectuals and
students were either imprisoned or sent to labour in the countryside.
Museums and historical sites were destroyed and everybody had to learn
Maoist propaganda. All this set China back by decades and the politicians that
followed Mao had to put it right.’
e.g. ‘Mao was able to get rid of any rivals or threats to him.’
‘Mao strengthened his hold over China.’
‘Mao revived the revolutionary spirit.’
‘Mao managed to stop elements of capitalism creeping into China.’
‘China’s education system was set back by years.’
‘Educational standards fell.’
‘China was no longer producing the skilled workers it needed.’
‘It made China very unstable and little progress could be made.’
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution was not a success. It did not help China or the
Chinese Party and ended in failure.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
19(a) Describe the growth of manufacturing industries in South Africa up to 4

1945.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The government introduced tariffs to help South African industries.’

‘Public corporations were set up to stimulate the economy and help
manufacturing industries.’
‘Cheap electricity was provided for manufacturing businesses.’
‘The steel industry’s production went up steeply.’

question 0
19(b) Why did the South African government support agriculture in the 1930s? 6

e.g. ‘The government supported agriculture in the 1930s because it was

facing many problems at the time. There were droughts and a fall in prices for
farm produce. The government decided that farmers badly needed help and
gave them loans and grants and other help.’

e.g. ‘This was because agriculture was the biggest industry in South Africa
and so had to be helped.’
‘Agriculture was facing many difficult problems.’
‘Farmers suffered from drought and falling prices.’
‘One third of the population in South Africa was dependent on agriculture.’
e.g. ‘It did this because it thought it was very important and had to be
supported.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
19(c) ‘Land ownership was the most important issue facing black South 10
Africans up to 1945.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Land ownership was very important for black South Africans. This was
because the Native Land Act allocated a very small amount of the land in
South Africa to the black population. This meant that farming collapsed for
black South Africans. They were not allowed to buy land outside their
reserves and there was not enough land in the reserves for all the black South
Africans to support themselves. The land was exhausted through over-use
and the standard of living went right down.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think there were other issues that were more important. Segregation
mattered a lot to black South Africans. The Native Urban Areas Act introduced
segregated housing in towns so that there were white only areas. The pass
system was also very unpopular and was used to control the movement of
black South Africans. There was also segregation in employment where white
South Africans were paid more and treated better.’
e.g. ‘Black South Africans were given the poorest land.’

‘Black South Africans were given very little land to share between them.’
‘On the reserves their land had soil erosion and little water supply.’
‘The pass system was very unpopular with black South Africans.’
‘Towns were segregated with the best areas reserved for white South
Africans.’
‘The gap in the standard of living between black and white South Africans was
big and growing.’
e.g. ‘The issue of land ownership was very important for black South Africans
because it was central to their lives.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
20(a) What new steps did the South African government take to tighten 4
security in the period 1966 to 1980?
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘BOSS was set up to improve state security.’

‘The State Security Council was set up.’
‘The Terrorism Act made terrorism a crime equal to treason and punishable
by death.’
‘Suspects could be detained for 12 months without being charged and
witnesses could be confined for six months.’
‘Conscription was introduced, police numbers were increased and they were
better armed.’
‘The government had a monopoly of radio and TV broadcasting.’
‘There was a great deal of censorship of books and media.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(b) Why did the economic improvements of 1966 to 1980 not benefit all 6
sections of South African society?

e.g. ‘The economic improvements benefited white South Africans and were
actually built on paying black workers much lower wages. Even when white
and black workers were doing the same job, the white workers were paid
much more. This was the case with mineworkers where white workers were
paid 21 times more than black workers.’

e.g. ‘Black workers were hit by high unemployment in the 1970s.’

‘Black workers were paid very low wages.’
‘Overcrowding made farming impossible in the homelands.’
‘The land in the homelands suffered from deforestation and dust bowl
conditions.’
e.g. ‘Not all parts of South African society benefited because the economic
improvements affected different people in different ways.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(c) ‘Black consciousness was the most important part of the anti-apartheid 10
movement in the period 1966 to 1980.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Black consciousness was very important. It was led by Steve Biko and
made black people proud of being black and proud of their history and culture.
It also insisted that black people should stand up for themselves and not rely
on white people in the struggle against apartheid. These ideas gave black
South Africans a feeling of solidarity that made them stronger. It was black
consciousness that inspired the students in the Soweto riots. This made the
movement very important because it gave the struggle a new driving force.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. I think the most important part of the anti-apartheid movement
was the external opposition. The United Nations passed resolutions against
South Africa and declared that apartheid was a crime against humanity. The
OAU gave South Africans military training and the countries around South
Africa became independent. This put pressure on South Africa. Sanctions
were also beginning to happen with sporting sanctions in the 1970s. All this
isolated South Africa and meant it could not carry on its policies for much
longer.’
e.g. ‘It made black South Africans more united and determined.’
‘It made black South Africans proud of their culture and history.’
‘It helped inspire the Soweto riots.’
‘It had a great impact on young black Africans.’
‘In 1973 thousands of black workers went on strike.’
‘Many South Africans fled to neighbouring countries and trained as guerrilla
fighters.’
‘International sanctions started against South Africa.’
‘There was condemnation of apartheid from the UN.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Black consciousness was a new development and was very important in
the struggle against apartheid.’

question 0
21(a) What were the Jewish objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for 4
Palestine?
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘They would not get total control of Jerusalem.’

‘The land awarded to the Jews was not united in one block.’
‘Many of the people in the new Jewish state would be Arabs.’
‘There were only two areas where Jews would be in a majority of the
population.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(b) Why was the future of Palestine important for Arabs at the end of the 6
Second World War?

e.g. ‘At the end of the war Arabs thought they would be given a homeland in
Palestine. They were very hopeful of this because of the British White Paper
which was published in 1939. There was also talk of an Arab state during the
Second World War. The Arabs had long hoped for their own country and they
believed that they now had a real chance of achieving it, especially since,
after a long hard war, Britain was no longer in a position to keep a large
empire.’

e.g. ‘They wanted a homeland.’

‘They thought there were signs that they would be awarded Palestine as a
homeland.’
‘The issue of Palestine was bound to reach a climax after the war: would there
be an Arab state or a Jewish one?’
‘The Arab League was founded to run a campaign for an Arab state.’
‘There was a danger that Palestine might be split up and a Jewish state
established.’
e.g. ‘This was because they cared about it a lot and were concerned about
what was going to happen to it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(c) ‘It was the Jewish insurgency in Palestine that persuaded Britain to 10
withdraw.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Jews mounted a campaign of terror during 1946–48 in
Palestine against the British and Arabs. Hundreds of British soldiers were
killed and there were attacks on transport systems and airfields. Jewish
organisations, like Irgun, kidnapped British soldiers and laid mines. The worst
incident was in 1946 when the King David Hotel was bombed and 92 people
were killed, including Britons, Arabs and Jews. The British government could
not let this go on and there was pressure in Britain to leave Palestine. As a
result of the terror campaign, Britain handed the issue of Palestine over to the
UN in 1947 and British troops left in 1948.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the main reason Britain left Palestine was pressure from the USA.
Britain’s decision to stay in Palestine after the Second World War was
unpopular in the USA and when Britain started to limit Jewish immigration into
Palestine, pressure from America on Britain to leave increased. There was a
strong Jewish lobby in the USA and elections were due so Truman had to
take notice of Jewish demands. He put pressure on the British government to
accept a two-state solution and get out.’
e.g. ‘Jewish organisations such as Irgun and the Haganah conducted a terror
campaign in Palestine killing many British soldiers.’
‘The attack on the King David Hotel killing nearly 100 people turned public
opinion in Britain in favour of Britain leaving Palestine.’
‘Britain had tried to hold talks to find a solution in Palestine but had failed.’
‘There was pressure from the USA for Britain to leave.’
‘American politicians were under pressure to persuade Britain to leave
Palestine.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think this was the main reason why Britain withdrew, although there
were other important reasons that the British government had to take notice
of.’

question 0
22(a) Describe the impact of the 1967 war on the issue of Palestinian 4
refugees.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled areas captured by Israel in

the war.’
‘Palestinians fled from the West Bank, Gaza and the Golan Heights.’
‘Palestinians fled into Jordan, Egypt and Syria.’
‘Israel destroyed Palestinian villages and the homeless Palestinians had to
flee.’
‘Refugee camps were set up in neighbouring countries like Jordan.’
‘The refugee problem was made much worse.’
‘Some of the Palestinian refugees joined resistance groups and used terrorist
methods against Israel.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(b) Why did the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) use violent tactics? 6

e.g. ‘The PLO argued that it was legitimate to use violent tactics because its
attempts at using peaceful methods had not achieved much. By 1967, it was
still a little-known organisation. The use of terror led to the PLO attracting
international attention to the plight of the Palestinians. It began to carry out
violence outside Israel such as airplane hijackings to create even more media
coverage. Soon, Arafat was invited to speak to the UN General Assembly.’

e.g. ‘The PLO argued that it had no other methods at its disposal.’
‘The PLO argued that these tactics would put pressure on other countries to
change their policies towards Palestinian refugees.’
‘The PLO started to use violent tactics after the 1967 war.’
‘It did this after Yasser Arafat became Chairman of the organisation.’
‘It did this because peaceful methods had not been very effective in winning
attention to its cause.’
‘The PLO argued that since violence had been used against Palestinians, it
was therefore justifiable to use violence in response.’
e.g. ‘They did this because they wanted to bring about some changes in
Palestine.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(c) ‘The Palestinian refugee crisis of 1948–49 was caused by Israel 10

expelling Palestinians.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think this is true. During and shortly after the war, Israel drove
Palestinians from their villages. They attacked hundreds of villages and
caused the Palestinians to panic and flee. The people fled to refugee camps
and Israel said that they could not return home unless Israel was allowed to
keep all the land it had won in the war. Therefore, the refugees were forced to
stay in the camps, which soon became permanent.’
OR
e.g. ‘I disagree. Palestinians did flee from their villages during the war but the
Arab Liberation Army was mainly to blame for this. During the war,
Palestinians were forced to leave their villages by Arab countries. This let
them blame the exodus on Israel and gave them excellent anti-Israeli
propaganda. The Arab states also claimed they would enjoy a quick victory
and so the Palestinians agreed to leave because they thought they would be
back very soon.’
e.g. ‘Palestinian villagers feared another Deir Yassin massacre.’

‘Palestinians did not want to live under Israeli control, so they left.’
‘Palestinians were driven out by the Israelis who destroyed their villages.’
‘Israel passed a series of laws preventing Arabs from returning.’
‘The Arab armies forced the Palestinians to leave their villages.’
‘The Arabs wanted propaganda to use against Israel.’
e.g. ‘I think this was a major cause, although there were several other
important factors that help explain it.’

question 0
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/13
2 hours

* 5 1 4 0 0 0 8 0 9 1 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE) 311533
1 Several different factors contributed to Italian unification.
(a) Describe what happened in Sicily in 1860. [4]
(b) Why was Cavour important to the achievement of Italian unification? [6]
(c) ‘Rome was central to the Italian struggle for unification.’ How far do you agree with this
2 The road to German unification was not always a smooth one.
(a) What was the Convention of Gastein? [4]
(b) Why did Frederick William IV reject the offer by the Frankfurt Parliament of the position of
Emperor of Germany? [6]
(c) ‘Bismarck’s approach to foreign policy in the period 1862–71 was to react to opportunities as
they arose.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
3 European imperialism was rarely welcomed by the local people.
(a) What happened to the British ship ‘Arrow’ and its crew in October 1856? [4]
(b) Why did the French use a policy of assimilation in Senegal? [6]
(c) ‘The Boxers achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
[10]
4 Events after 1900 gradually took Europe closer to war.
(a) What was the result of the Algeciras Conference of 1906? [4]
(b) Why were Serbian victories in the Balkans in 1912 and 1913 important? [6]
(c) ‘German colonial ambitions were more important than the naval race as a cause of the First
World War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/13/M/J/22
5 The victors of the war dominated the peace talks of 1919–20.
(a) What happened to Germany’s colonies in the Treaty of Versailles? [4]
(b) Why was Turkey treated harshly in the Treaty of Sèvres? [6]
(c) Who did Wilson find more difficult to deal with during the peace negotiations, Clemenceau or
Lloyd George? Explain your answer. [10]
6 In the 1930s there was increasing instability.
(a) Describe the increasing militarism of Italy in the 1930s. [4]
(b) Why was the Spanish Civil War important to Hitler? [6]
(c) Which was more to blame for war breaking out in September 1939, Germany or Britain?
7 The United States reacted to communism in different parts of the world.
(a) Describe how Eisenhower reacted to the Cuban revolution of 1959. [4]
(b) Why did the American policy of ‘search and destroy’ in Vietnam create problems? [6]
(c) Was the Korean War a defeat for North Korea? Explain your answer. [10]
8 Both Iran and Iraq faced difficulties during the 1970s and 1980s.
(a) Describe the consequences for Iraq of the Iran-Iraq War. [4]
(b) Why did the Kurds in Iraq resist the rule of Saddam Hussein? [6]
(c) ‘The Revolution of 1979 in Iran was motivated by religion.’ How far do you agree with this
DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914 –18
9 Both conventional and new weapons were used in the First World War.
(a) Describe the use and impact of gas on the Western Front. [4]
(b) Why were aircraft important on the Western Front? [6]
(c) ‘The criticisms of Haig’s leadership in the Battle of the Somme are justified.’ How far do you
10 In the last years of the war, events began to go against Germany.
(a) Describe the events in November 1918 that led to the Kaiser’s abdication. [4]
(b) Why was the German introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 important? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Allies’ use of new tactics that led to the German failure on the battlefield in 1918.’
11 After an unsteady start, the Weimar Republic recovered.
(a) Who was Rosa Luxemburg? [4]
(b) Why did Germans in the Ruhr begin passive resistance in 1923? [6]
(c) How important was Stresemann to the recovery of the Weimar Republic? Explain your answer.
[10]
12 Despite all the efforts of the Nazis they still faced some opposition.
(a) Describe Nazi use of censorship. [4]
(b) Why was the Gestapo important in Nazi Germany? [6]
(c) ‘The most important opposition to the Nazi regime came from young people.’ How far do you
© UCLES 2022 2147/13/M/J/22
13 After the abdication of the Tsar, the future of Russia hung in the balance.
(a) Who was Kerensky? [4]
(b) Why was the mutiny at the Kronstadt Naval Base in 1921 important? [6]
(c) ‘Trotsky was the main reason the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.’ How far do you agree with
14 Stalin’s ideas and policies were different from Lenin’s.
(a) What did Stalin mean by ‘Socialism in one country’? [4]
(b) Why was Lenin’s Political Testament not published in the Soviet Union at the time of his
death? [6]
(c) ‘It was the Purges that gave Stalin control of the USSR.’ How far do you agree with this
15 The 1920s were a good time for many Americans.
(a) Describe the problems faced by the coal industry in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why was the motor car important in 1920s America? [6]
(c) ‘Farmers benefited from the economic boom of the 1920s.’ How far do you agree with this
16 The 1932 presidential election followed a period of crisis in America.
(a) What did Roosevelt promise the voters in the 1932 presidential election campaign? [4]
(b) Why did Wall Street crash in October 1929? [6]
(c) ‘The reason why the Depression had such an impact on people’s lives was Hoover’s failure to
deal with it.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/13/M/J/22
17 The 1950s were years of change in China.
(a) What were people’s courts? [4]
(b) Why was the first Five-Year Plan successful? [6]
(c) ‘The social reforms of the 1950s were more important than the introduction of communes.’
18 China’s relations with other parts of the world changed frequently.
(a) What were the results of Kissinger’s visit to China in July 1971? [4]
(b) Why was India important to China from the 1950s onwards? [6]
(c) ‘Relations between China and the USSR were good in the period 1950 to 1976.’ How far do
19 The introduction of apartheid led to protest movements.
(a) Describe the part played by women in the anti-apartheid protests. [4]
(b) Why was Mandela put on trial for treason in 1963–64? [6]
(c) ‘Few South Africans benefited from the introduction of apartheid.’ How far do you agree with
20 The end of apartheid came only after a long struggle.
(a) Describe the part played by Archbishop Tutu in the ending of apartheid. [4]
(b) Why did de Klerk face opposition from some white South Africans during his discussions with
Mandela in the early 1990s? [6]
(c) How far was Botha’s policy of ‘total strategy’ in the 1980s a success? Explain your answer.
[10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/13/M/J/22
10
21 Once the Second World War had ended, the issue of Palestine had to be dealt with.
(a) What were the Arab objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for Palestine? [4]
(b) Why was Palestine important for the Jews at the end of the Second World War? [6]
(c) How far were British actions to blame for the crisis in Palestine after the Second World War?
22 Attempts to address the issue of Palestinian refugees have not been very effective.
(a) Describe the impact on the Palestinians of Jewish West Bank settlements. [4]
(b) Why has the United Nations failed to solve the issue of Palestinian refugees? [6]
(c) How far have Arab states supported the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)?
© UCLES 2022 2147/13/M/J/22
PUBLISHED
1(a) Describe what happened in Sicily in 1860. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Garibaldi’s volunteers landed at Marsala helped by Royal Navy vessels.’

‘Garibaldi announced he was the dictator of Sicily.’
‘Garibaldi’s forces defeated Neapolitan troops at Calatafimi.’
‘Garibaldi laid siege to Palermo.’
‘Palermo fell to Garibaldi’s forces.’
‘Garibaldi had to put down revolts by local peasants.’
‘By August, Garibaldi had control of all of Sicily.’
‘Garibaldi’s forces left Sicily for the mainland.’

question 0
1(b) Why was Cavour important to the achievement of Italian unification? 6

e.g. ‘He was important to unification because of his diplomacy. He gave

Britain and France the support of Piedmont in the Crimean War. A few years
later this helped him do a deal with Napoleon III where France and Piedmont
would go to war against Austria. This helped unification because Piedmont
was able to take over Lombardy and eventually Modena and Tuscany. This
was an important step towards Italian unification.’

e.g. ‘Cavour was important because of his diplomacy.’

‘Cavour persuaded France to support Piedmont against Austria.’
‘Cavour was responsible for Lombardy being taken over by Piedmont.’
‘Cavour was important in Piedmont seizing the central Papal States like
Umbria.’
e.g. ‘Cavour was important because his policies helped Italian unification a
lot.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
1(c) ‘Rome was central to the Italian struggle for unification.’ How far do you 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think Rome was very important in the struggle for unification. The main
reason for that was the fact that Rome was under the control of the Pope. The
Pope was head of the Catholic Church and the Catholic religion was very
important in Italy. The Papacy also controlled states in the centre of Italy such
as Umbria. This all meant that unification could not be achieved without either
the Pope’s agreement or invading and taking the Papal States and Rome.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not think that Rome was that important. Pius IX was opposed to
unification but it still happened. Garibaldi was able to conquer Sicily and
Naples and Piedmont was able to occupy the central Papal States and Rome
was powerless to do anything about it. Italian troops finally occupied Rome in
1870 but Italian unification was assured long before that.’
e.g. ‘Pope Pius IX was against unification.’

‘Its importance can be seen by the setting up of the Roman Republic in 1849.’
‘Italian unification happened despite Rome.’
‘Most Italians saw Rome as the head of Italy.’
‘Rome controlled the Papal States and this made it important to unification.’
‘Piedmont taking over some of the Papal States was an important step
towards unification.’
‘The Kingdom of Italy was set up without Rome.’
‘The Italian army took over Rome in 1870, thus completing unification.’
e.g. ‘Rome was very important because of its position in Italy. Any unification
had to find a way of dealing with Rome.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(a) What was the Convention of Gastein? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was signed in 1865.’

‘It followed the defeat of Demark.’
‘It was between Prussia and Austria.’
‘It was about how Schleswig and Holstein would be governed.’
‘It said that Prussia would govern Schleswig and Austria would govern
Holstein.’
‘It was an important factor leading to the war between Prussia and Austria.’

question 0
2(b) Why did Frederick William IV reject the offer by the Frankfurt Parliament 6
of the position of Emperor of Germany?

e.g. ‘He rejected it because it was being offered by the Parliament and not by
the German princes. He was most interested in reviving the Holy Roman
Empire of princes under the authority of a Habsburg emperor. In that, the
crown could only be offered to him by the princes.’

e.g. ‘He was not really interested in a united Germany, but a revived Holy
Roman Empire.’
‘He thought only the German princes could offer him the crown.’
‘He did not want the support of a Parliament voted by lower-class people.’
‘He did not think the Parliament had the right to offer him the crown.’
e.g. ‘He did this because he thought it would be too much of a risk to accept it
and it might upset lots of people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
2(c) ‘Bismarck’s approach to foreign policy in the period 1862–71 was to 10

react to opportunities as they arose.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this statement. He was given the first opportunity when
Denmark invaded Schleswig. Another opportunity appeared when Spain
offered its vacant throne to Prince Leopold (a relative of the Prussian king)
and France objected to it. He made good use of these opportunities by
isolating Austria and France before acting, but the opportunities had to be
there in the first place.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not agree with this. I think Bismarck used his diplomacy to create
opportunities which he then took. The wars that helped Prussia grow stronger
and that gradually united Germany were all brought about by his diplomacy.
The war with Austria which ended up unifying northern Germany under
Prussian leadership was engineered by his diplomacy. He negotiated French
neutrality, an alliance with Italy and then made it look as if the Austrians were
the aggressors. All of this was only possible through his planning and
scheming. He did a similar thing with France where he isolated it and then
tricked it into going to war with Prussia.’
e.g. ‘The defeat of Austria made Prussia the leading country in Germany.’
‘The defeat of France in a war he engineered helped unify Germany.’
‘Bismarck agreed not to help the Poles which ensured Russia did not
intervene in the wars of the 1860s.’
‘Denmark’s invasion of Schleswig gave him an opportunity.’
‘Prussia appeared to be a champion of nationalism by defeating Denmark in
1864.’
‘Diplomacy brought about the war with Denmark.’
‘Bismarck used diplomacy to cause the war with Austria.’
‘Bismarck used the issue of the Spanish succession to bring about the war
with France by editing the Ems telegram.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Bismarck waited for opportunities which he knew would eventually

appear. He then took them.’

question 0
3(a) What happened to the British ship ‘Arrow’ and its crew in October 1856? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The Arrow was seized by the Chinese authorities in Canton.’

‘The Arrow was suspected of piracy.’
‘The crew of the Arrow were detained by the Chinese.’
‘The British claimed the Chinese tore down the British flag.’
‘The ship was not officially British because the registration had expired.’
‘The British consul demanded the release of the crew.’
‘Most of the crew were released.’
‘The Arrow incident sparked off the Second Opium War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(b) Why did the French use a policy of assimilation in Senegal? 6

e.g. ‘Assimilation involved the local people having to use the French
language, law, religion and culture. There was a promise that if they did this
they could become French citizens. This happened in Senegal’s Four
Communes. It was done because the French believed that one purpose of
colonisation was to spread French civilisation to peoples of the world. They
believed that French civilisation was superior to African civilisation and
therefore it should be imposed on the African people.’

e.g. ‘They did this because Senegal was a long way from France and it was
the best way to keep firm control of the country.’
‘It involved direct rule which gave the French rulers in Senegal a lot of power
to keep the country under French control.’
‘It was used to civilise the local people in Senegal.’
‘It was used because the French believed their culture was superior.’
e.g. ‘They did this because they knew it suited their needs best. It was better
than other systems.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
3(c) ‘The Boxers achieved little.’ How far do you agree with this statement? 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreigner movement in China. The

Boxers attacked and killed Christian missionaries and all foreigners. Their aim
was to drive out of China all foreign influences. However, an Eight Nation
Alliance was put together by foreign countries like Britain and France. The
Boxers were defeated and foreign troops were stationed in Beijing, and China
had to pay an enormous fine. The Empress then began to introduce reforms
along European lines. In the end, the Boxers failed to get rid of foreign
influences.’
OR
e.g. ‘At first the Boxers achieved much. They forced the Empress to support
them and controlled much of the country. They even besieged Beijing.
Although they were defeated, they have been praised in China for being
patriotic and are seen as early nationalists. They have inspired many of the
nationalist ideas in modern China because they were anti-imperialistic.’
e.g. ‘The Boxers were simply uncivilised barbarians and were never going to
achieve much.’
‘The Boxers were defeated and so they failed.’
‘The rebellion ended with foreign troops being stationed in Beijing and so they
achieved little.’
‘They did not achieve much because China ended up being punished by the
foreign powers very heavily.’
‘They managed to persuade the Empress to support them.’
‘They initially defeated the foreign forces.’
‘They inspired Chinese nationalism.’
e.g. ‘The Boxers did not really achieve much. They tried to introduce their
beliefs and ideas but did not get very far.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
4(a) What was the result of the Algeciras Conference of 1906? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘The main result was that France and Britain formed a closer relationship.’
‘The Entente Cordiale was strengthened.’
‘Germany was disappointed with the outcome.’
‘Germany failed in its plan to create a triple alliance.’
‘There was no German presence in Africa.’
‘It led to more people in Germany wanting war.’
‘The Sultan kept control of the police force in Morocco.’
‘The rights of Europeans to own land was established.’
‘The Conference opened Moroccan trade to all nations.’
‘Germany had to accept that the French and Spanish would police the ports in
Morocco.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(b) Why were Serbian victories in the Balkans in 1912 and 1913 important? 6

e.g. ‘The Serbian victories were important because they made Austria very
nervous about Serbia. Its victories in both wars enabled it to increase its
territory by about 80%. This made it more powerful and more of a threat to
Austria. It was on Austria’s borders and Austria was worried that it would stir
up the Serbs in its empire and cause trouble for Austria. This is why, when the
assassination of the Archduke took place in 1914, Austria declared war on
Serbia. It saw it as an opportunity to defeat it and destroy it as a threat.’

e.g. ‘They made Serbia a much stronger country.’

‘It gained territory from the Turkish Empire and from Bulgaria.’
‘They made Serbia more of a threat to Austria.’
‘They made it more of a danger as a power that could unify the Serbs in the
Austrian Empire.’
e.g. ‘The victories were very important to Serbia and made the whole area
more of a problem.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
4(c) ‘German colonial ambitions were more important than the naval race as 10
a cause of the First World War.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The naval race was very important in causing the First World War. Britain
had the largest and most powerful navy and was determined to keep it this
way. In 1906 it began to build dreadnoughts. These were so powerful they
made all other battleships obsolete. This led to Germany building them as
well. Britain kept ahead in the race but its effect was to lead to rivalry and
much worse relations between Britain and Germany. Both countries thought
the other was planning to cause a major war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Germany’s colonial ambitions were easily more important. Germany had
dropped behind other European powers in building an overseas empire. But
the policy of Weltpolitik meant that Germany was planning to become a world
power and a large part of this was acquiring colonies. This explains
Germany’s actions over Morocco in 1905 and 1911. Both of these crises
brought war closer by damaging relations between Germany and Britain and
France and by driving Britain and France closer together. The battlelines for
the First World War were appearing.’
e.g. ‘The naval race increased tensions between Britain and Germany.’
‘The naval race made Britain and Germany both think that the other was
preparing for war.’
‘The naval race added to the overall military atmosphere and tensions around
Europe.’
‘Germany’s colonial ambitions helped drive France and Britain together.’
‘Germany’s actions over Morocco increased tensions in Europe.’
‘Germany’s ambitions made other major powers think that it was after world
domination.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think that the naval race was more important because all the major
powers wanted to build more ships.’

question 0
5(a) What happened to Germany’s colonies in the Treaty of Versailles? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It lost all of its colonies.’

‘Most of its colonies went to Britain and France.’
‘Many of the colonies became mandates that were managed on behalf of the
‘Togoland went to Britain and France.’
‘The Cameroons went to Britain and France.’
‘German South West Africa went to Britain.’
‘German East Africa went to Britain.’
‘The Mariana Islands went to Japan.’
‘The Caroline Islands went to Japan.’
‘The Marshall Islands went to Japan.’
‘German New Guinea went to Britain.’
‘Ruanda and Urundi went to Belgium.’
‘German Samoa went to New Zealand.’
‘Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(b) Why was Turkey treated harshly in the Treaty of Sèvres? 6

e.g. ‘Turkey was treated harshly because it had a massive empire and other
countries wanted parts of it. Britain and France had secretly started planning
the breaking up of the empire as early as 1915 and had reached an
agreement about what to do in 1917. The British wanted Palestine while
France wanted Syria and Lebanon.’

e.g. ‘Lots of countries wanted part of Turkey’s empire.’

‘It was treated harshly because it had fought on Germany’s side in the war.’
‘It was treated harshly because the settlement was left to Britain and France,
both of whom wanted parts of the Empire.’
e.g. ‘It was thought that Turkey deserved to be treated harshly because of
everything it had done in the First World War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
5(c) Who did Wilson find more difficult to deal with during the peace 10
negotiations, Clemenceau or Lloyd George? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘who did Wilson find more difficult to
deal with’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think he found Lloyd George much more difficult to deal with. This was
because Lloyd George kept changing his mind while Clemenceau knew what
he wanted and stuck to it. At first, Lloyd George, under pressure from the
British public, demanded a harsh treaty in which Germany should pay the full
cost of the war. However, he then changed his mind and decided he wanted a
more moderate settlement because he did not want Germany to become too
weak. This made him difficult for Wilson to deal with.’
OR
e.g. ‘Clemenceau was more difficult to deal with for Wilson because he
wanted such a harsh treaty and Wilson did not want this. Clemenceau was
under pressure from the French people to achieve long-term security for
France. Clemenceau wanted to punish and weaken Germany. He wanted
very high reparations, Germany to lose the Rhineland, many of Germany’s
colonies, and Alsace-Lorraine and the Saar Basin to be given to France. Most
of these demands went against Wilson’s approach of a moderate treaty and
self-determination. He wanted a settlement that would ensure peace in the
future. This is why he found Clemenceau difficult to deal with.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Lloyd George changed his mind about what the settlement should be
like.’
‘At first Lloyd George wanted Germany punished by a harsh treaty.’
‘Lloyd George later wanted a moderate treaty to ensure Germany was not
weakened too much.’
‘Lloyd George wanted to protect and even enlarge the British Empire.’
‘Clemenceau wanted Germany’s colonies.’
‘Clemenceau wanted Germany to be made much weaker and to lose a lot of
territory.’
‘Clemenceau wanted very high reparations to make Germany pay for the cost
of the war.’
‘Clemenceau was not interested in Wilson’s Fourteen Points. He only wanted
what was good for France.’
e.g. ‘I think he found both of them very difficult to deal with because they both
had their own strong opinions.’

question 0
6(a) Describe the increasing militarism of Italy in the 1930s. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935.’

‘Mussolini saw that he could use force to extend his empire.’
‘Mussolini sent troops and weapons to support Franco in Spain.’
‘Italy joined Germany and Japan by signing the Anti-Comintern Pact.’
‘Young people were given military training at school.’
‘Militaristic propaganda was used by Mussolini.’
‘Mussolini built up Italy’s armed forces.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(b) Why was the Spanish Civil War important to Hitler? 6

e.g. ‘It was important to Hitler because it allowed his air force, the Luftwaffe, to
practise new tactics. It was able to practise dive-bombing, which it did in the
attacks on the town of Guernica. This tactic was later used a lot in the Second
World War where it developed into Blitzkrieg which was an important part of
Germany’s tactics.’

e.g. ‘It was important to him to support a fellow fascist like Franco.’
‘It was important because, if Franco won, there would be another country on
Hitler’s side.’
‘It allowed him to try out new weapons and military tactics.’
‘Fighting together in the Spanish Civil War brought Hitler and Mussolini closer
together. Mussolini talked about the Rome-Berlin Axis.’
‘It distracted western powers from what Germany was up to in central
Europe.’
e.g. ‘It was very important to Hitler because it allowed him to prepare his plans
for what he wanted to do in the future.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
6(c) Which was more to blame for war breaking out in September 1939, 10
Germany or Britain? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘which was more to blame’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think Germany was definitely more to blame. Hitler had promised to
leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone when he got the Sudetenland in 1938.
But in 1939, the German army took over the rest of the country. Hitler then
went on and invaded Poland. Britain and France had given Poland a
guarantee that they would help it if it was attacked. Hitler knew this, and so he
knew that his invasion of Poland would lead to a major European war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Britain was largely to blame because if it had stood up to Hitler earlier,
the war would never have taken place. Since 1936, with the remilitarisation of
the Rhineland, Germany had shown that it was aggressive and out to take
over much of Europe. The Anschluss and the takeover of Czechoslovakia
confirmed this. All that Britain did was to appease Hitler, and it even agreed at
Munich for him to have the Sudetenland. If Britain had stood up to Hitler over
the Rhineland, then Hitler may have drawn back and the war could have been
avoided.’
e.g. ‘Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938 and Poland in 1939.’

‘Hitler had been following a policy of aggression and this would eventually
lead to war.’
‘The German invasion of Poland showed that Hitler wanted to dominate the
whole of Europe.’
‘Britain was to blame because of its policy of appeasement.’
‘Britain was to blame because it gave Poland a guarantee.’
‘Britain was to blame because it gave Hitler the impression that it would never
act against him, no matter what Germany did.’
e.g. ‘I think both countries were to blame. They had both used tactics that
were likely to bring war closer.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
7(a) Describe how Eisenhower reacted to the Cuban revolution of 1959. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He imposed economic sanctions against Cuba and refused to buy Cuban
products like sugar.’
‘He announced the USA would not buy oil from Cuba.’
‘He was very concerned because Castro was getting closer to the USSR and
becoming a threat to the USA.’
‘He agreed to support an invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles.’
‘He planned to replace Castro with a new President who was a Cuban exile.’

question 0
7(b) Why did the American policy of ‘search and destroy’ in Vietnam create 6
problems?

e.g. ‘The policy of ‘search and destroy’ was the American way of trying to deal
with the Vietcong’s guerrilla tactics. American soldiers would raid Vietnamese
villages trying to find enemy weapons, stores and fighters. In doing this they
often turned villages upside down, destroying much of the village. They would
punish any villagers found to be helping the Vietcong. This upset the villagers
who turned against the Americans.’

e.g. ‘It turned the Vietnamese peasants against the Americans.’

‘It was difficult to know which villages were hiding the Vietcong and which
were not.’
‘The American soldiers conducting the searches were easily picked off by the
Vietcong.’
‘It turned people in the USA against the war.’
e.g. ‘It created problems because it was a complete mistake. This policy
should never have been used by the USA.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
7(c) Was the Korean War a defeat for North Korea? Explain your answer. 10
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘was the Korean War a defeat’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think it was a defeat for North Korea. At one point it had nearly overrun
the whole of South Korea even capturing the capital Seoul. It looked as if the
whole of Korea would become communist. However, UN and US troops then
forced the North Koreans back to the 38th Parallel. After a lot more fighting the
war ended with both sides where they had started
– at the 38th Parallel. This meant that by the end of the war the North Koreans
were where they had started, so this can be seen as a defeat.’
OR
e.g. ‘I do not think it was a defeat for North Korea. At one point the UN and
US forces were close to overrunning the whole of North Korea and creating a
united and democratic Korea. This was the aim of the UN forces. This would
have been a defeat for the North Koreans. However, helped by China, they
managed to push the UN and US troops back and a communist North Korea
was saved.’
e.g. ‘North Korea’s aim was to unite Korea under communism and it failed to
do this.’
‘North Korea invaded South Korea, but in the end had to retreat.’
‘It was not a defeat for North Korea because the UN aim was to make all
Korea democratic and it failed in this.’
‘North Korea only survived because it was helped by the Chinese army.’
‘North Korea survived as a communist country when it was nearly taken over
by UN troops.’
e.g. ‘I think it was definitely a defeat because North Korea suffered in the
fighting and did not do very well.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(a) Describe the consequences for Iraq of the Iran-Iraq War. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘About half a million Iraqis lost their lives.’

‘Iraq was bankrupt.’
‘The oil revenues of Iraq had gone down and it had enormous debts.’
‘Austerity followed the war with spending cut back on social projects like
schools and hospitals.’
‘There was high unemployment.’
‘There was inflation and price controls.’
‘Saddam’s position was uncertain and there were assassination attempts on
him.’

question 0
8(b) Why did the Kurds in Iraq resist the rule of Saddam Hussein? 6

e.g. ‘They resisted his rule because of his policies towards them. He
destroyed their villages and towns and killed thousands of them using
mustard gas. In one attack at Halabja where planes dropped poison gas,
thousands of people were killed or injured. They obviously wanted to get
themselves free of this treatment by Saddam Hussein and this is why they
resisted his rule.’

e.g. ‘They wanted independence from Iraq.’

‘Their part of the country was oil rich and they thought they could run their
own country.’
‘They resisted his rule because of his mistreatment of them.’
‘Saddam Hussein did not keep his promise that they could have a lot of
independence to run their own affairs.’
‘They rose in rebellion when he lost the Gulf War.’
e.g. ‘They resisted his rule because they did not agree with his policies and
did not want to be ruled by him.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
8(c) ‘The Revolution of 1979 in Iran was motivated by religion.’ How far do 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I agree with this. The leader of the revolution against the Shah was
Ayatollah Khomeini who was a Muslim cleric. For him, the religious factors
were the most important. He argued against the Shah introducing western
influences into the country. He argued that they went against Islam, and said
that the country should be ruled by religious scholars. Although he was in
exile, he was still influencing the mass protests which were taking place in
Iran. When he returned, he was greeted as a hero. This showed that religion
was an important factor.’
OR
e.g. ‘The revolution was really about the Shah’s autocratic and repressive
rule. He turned the country into a one-party state and his secret police
searched out, arrested and tortured political opponents. He had informers
everywhere and there was censorship everywhere. However, in 1977 he
allowed more freedom and released some political prisoners. This did not help
him; it simply encouraged his opponents and created the opportunity for mass
protests to break out across the country.’
e.g. ‘The revolution was really about the poor standard of living of Iranians
and the way that the Shah flaunted his wealth.’
‘It was motivated by his autocratic and cruel way of governing the country.’
‘Unemployment was very high.’
‘He spent enormous amounts on the armed forces while many of the people
were poor.’
‘Some people in Iran opposed the western influences he introduced into the
country as anti-Islamic.’
‘Khomeini believed the country should be ruled by Islamic scholars.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think religion was the main cause of the revolution, although there were
also many other factors.’

question 0
9(a) Describe the use and impact of gas on the Western Front. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Gas was added to the shells before they were fired at the enemy. The
shells would break open when they landed.’
‘It was first used at Ypres in 1915.’
‘Gas killed and injured thousands of soldiers in the war.’
‘The gas would be released from canisters and allowed to drift towards the
enemy.’
‘Using gas could be a problem if the wind changed direction.’
‘Chlorine gas brought on fits of choking and destroyed the victim’s lungs.’
‘Mustard gas burned and caused blisters inside and outside the body.’
‘Phosgene gas caused coughing and damaged the insides of the body.’
‘The side using the gas had to wear gas masks which reduced their visibility.’
‘Although it could be dangerous, the majority of soldiers could return to duty
after about six weeks.’
‘Gas was responsible for a very small percentage of the deaths in the First
World War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(b) Why were aircraft important on the Western Front? 6

e.g. ‘In the First World War it was important to know where the enemy
positions were and if there were any movements of troops. The only way to do
this at the time was by using aircraft. From the air they could spot enemy
positions and its strong and weak spots. They could also give advance
warning if the enemy were moving troops and planning an attack.’

e.g. ‘They were important for observation of the enemy positions and troop
movements.’
‘They were used to shoot enemy aircraft down in dogfights.’
‘They were used for bombing the enemy. Enemy airfields were bombed.’
e.g. ‘They were important because they could carry out a range of useful jobs
on the Western Front. Both sides began to build many aircraft.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
9(c) ‘The criticisms of Haig’s leadership in the Battle of the Somme are 10
justified.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think criticism of Haig is justified because he made too many easy
assumptions. He hoped that seven days of heavy shelling would destroy the
German defences. He hoped that the shells would blow huge gaps in the
defensive wire protecting the German trenches. He over-estimated the impact
of the shells. The German dugouts were deep underground and reinforced by
concrete and, as a result, the shells had little effect. The wire was tangled into
a dense mess rather than having huge holes blown in it. This meant that when
the Allied soldiers attacked, they stood little chance and were shot down in
their thousands.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think that Haig has been criticised too much. Haig had to plan the Battle
of the Somme very quickly after the German attack on Verdun. He was not
given the number of troops he believed he needed to win the Somme. He
thought he needed double the number he had. Also, he was a product of his
time and was bound to use the tactics that he was used to and had been
trained in. It would take commanders some time to realise that new tactics
were needed.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Haig’s plan to use heavy artillery to destroy the German defences did not
work.’
‘When the artillery firing stopped, it gave the Germans warning of an imminent
attack.’
‘German machine gunners concentrated their fire on the gaps in the wire.’
‘The British troops were walking slowly, giving the Germans time to regroup.’
‘After the failure of the first wave, Haig continued the attacks, causing massive
casualties.’
‘Haig did not use tanks on the first day of the battle.’
‘Many of the shells were poor quality and some did not explode.’
‘British intelligence had not discovered the depth and fortification of German
dugouts.’
‘Heavy cloud meant reconnaissance aircraft could not tell what damage had
been done by the artillery.’
‘German casualties were heavier than those of the Allies.’
‘Haig was a product of the military system at the time.’
‘He had to plan the battle at short notice.’
e.g. ‘I think the criticisms are justified because terrible things happened in the
battle and he was in charge.’

question 0
10(a) Describe the events in November 1918 that led to the Kaiser’s 4
abdication.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There were mutinies of sailors going on at the naval bases of Kiel and
Wilhelmshaven.’
‘There were food riots, strikes and protests breaking out across Germany.’
‘A Bavarian Republic was set up in Munich.’
‘There were fears of a civil war or a socialist revolution.’
‘Prince Max announced the Kaiser’s abdication on 9 November.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(b) Why was the German introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare in 6

1917 important?

e.g. ‘This was very important and its failure decided the outcome of the war.
The idea was to use German U-boats to sink all the merchant ships bringing
supplies to Britain from the USA. These supplies were desperately needed for
Britain to continue the war effort. The campaign was so successful that at one
time Britain only had days of supplies left and had to introduce rationing.
Britain was saved by using convoys of merchant ships which allowed many of
them to get through. This saved Britain in the war.’

e.g. ‘It was planned to sink merchant ships supplying Britain.’

‘Enormous numbers of merchant ships were sunk in the Atlantic.’
‘Supplies were so low that Britain had to introduce rationing.’
‘Britain was close to running out of food and supplies.’
‘Britain came near to defeat.’
‘Britain was saved by the introduction of convoys.’
e.g. ‘It was very important because, if it had worked, it could have put Britain
in a difficult position.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
10(c) ‘It was the Allies’ use of new tactics that led to the German failure on the 10
battlefield in 1918.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Germany’s failure was down to the failure of the Ludendorff Offensive.
This was an attempt by Germany to pull off its last chance of victory before
US troops began to have an important impact on the battlefield. It did not fail
because the Allies were using new tactics. It failed because the Germans
advanced too quickly. This meant that as they went deeper and deeper into
enemy territory, it became harder to keep the front-line troops supplied. Also
the Germans did not have enough troops to occupy and defend the ground it
had captured.’
OR
e.g. ‘The German failure was largely caused by the new tactics of the Allies.
They used creeping barrages. These involved a line of attacking soldiers
moving very quickly ahead of the main part of the army. It also involved a
series of surprise attacks. This was very effective and the German army
retreated to the Hindenburg line.’
e.g. ‘In the German offensive the German troops advanced too quickly and
could not be kept supplied.’
‘By launching an offensive the Germans turned the war into one of movement.
This was a mistake.’
‘The Germans did not have enough men or tanks to sustain their offensive.’
‘German troops moved from the Eastern Front were exhausted.’
‘The German army suffered from desertions.’
‘The German army was depleted by flu.’
‘The Allies used surprise attacks.’
‘The Allies’ tactics of creeping barrages were very effective.’
‘The Allies made more and better use of tanks at Amiens.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘I think new tactics were very important in defeating Germany, but there
were also other important reasons.’

question 0
11(a) Who was Rosa Luxemburg? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘She was a communist and leader of the Spartacists.’

‘She wanted to establish a communist government based on workers’ and
soldiers’ councils.’
‘Luxemburg with Liebknecht proclaimed the ‘Free Socialist Republic’ in Berlin
in November 1918.’
‘She set up and edited a newspaper called the ‘Red Flag’.’
‘She wrote an essay called ‘Against Capital Punishment’.’
‘Luxemburg encouraged a revolution in Berlin in January 1919.’
‘She organised strikes and street fighting in Berlin.’
‘Her attempts at revolution were halted by the Freikorps.’
‘She was tortured, shot and dumped in a canal.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(b) Why did Germans in the Ruhr begin passive resistance in 1923? 6

e.g. ‘Germany had to send large quantities of goods to France and Belgium
as part of the reparations payment. However, it failed to do this and in
response, French and Belgian troops entered the Ruhr taking what was owed
to them in the form of raw materials and goods. As a protest against this the
German workers went on strike.’

e.g. ‘This was because of the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium.’
‘French and Belgian troops were seizing goods like coal in the Ruhr.’
‘They did this because they were told to by the German government.’
‘It was caused in the first place by Germany failing to pay reparations.’
‘The French and Belgian troops were mistreating the German citizens in the
Ruhr.’
e.g. ‘They did this as a protest because they did not like what was happening.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
11(c) How important was Stresemann to the recovery of the Weimar 10

Republic? Explain your answer.
Level 5 Explains with evaluation of ‘how important’ 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Stresemann was very important to its recovery. He brought economic

stability and confidence back by ending hyperinflation, introducing a
permanent currency, the Reichsmark, and by reducing government spending.
Stresemann had worked closely with the Americans in securing loans under
the Dawes Plan, which were invested in German industry. All this set the
Republic on the road to recovery.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think there were other factors in the recovery of the Weimar Republic.
Firstly, Germany’s economic position was never as bad as it looked. German
industry and business had plenty of potential and this explains why it
recovered after 1924 as quickly as it did. Secondly, some of the recovery, in
cultural areas, was not much to do with Stresemann. There was a cultural
revival with the lifting of censorship and the opening of new night clubs and
restaurants. There were also important achievements in art, film and
literature.’
e.g. ‘Hyperinflation ended.’

‘Stresemann ensured that Germany’s international standing was improved.’
‘Stresemann got Germany accepted into the League of Nations.’
‘Stresemann replaced the old currency with the Reichsmark.’
‘Stresemann arranged for the Dawes Plan which gave Germany American
loans.’
‘Stresemann negotiated for Germany to only pay reparations that it could
afford.’
‘The German economy always had great potential.’
‘He was not responsible for the cultural revival.’
‘Other countries like Britain helped because it wanted Germany to become
strong again.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Life did improve for most Germans.’

question 0
12(a) Describe Nazi use of censorship. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘All newspapers were under Nazi control, and newspapers and
magazines that were anti-Nazi were closed down.’
‘Radio stations were controlled by the Nazis and pumped out pro-Nazi
material.’
‘Books were censored and libraries were not allowed to have Jewish or
Communist books.’
‘There were public book burnings where un-German books were burned.’
‘Art galleries had to remove much of the art that had been popular in the
Weimar Republic.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(b) Why was the Gestapo important in Nazi Germany? 6

e.g. ‘The Gestapo was the secret police force. It was very important because
of the spying it did on ordinary people. Its spies were everywhere, in offices,
shops, clubs and could be your next-door neighbour. They tapped people’s
telephones, looked at their post and had a network of informers. Ordinary
people often informed on each other, especially neighbours they did not like.
All of this created a climate of fear and helped the Nazis stay in power.’

e.g. ‘The Gestapo could operate above the law and do what it wanted.’
‘It could put people in prison and concentration camps without going to court.’
‘Many people it arrested simply disappeared.’
‘Its job was to deal with sabotage, treason and acts against the Nazi Party
and Germany.’
‘It got rid of most opposition to the Nazis.’
‘It arrested trade union leaders and got rid of trade unions.’
‘It used torture and blackmail to get confessions.’
‘It had informers everywhere.’
‘It spied on people suspected of not supporting the Nazis.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it did very important jobs for the Nazis.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
12(c) ‘The most important opposition to the Nazi regime came from young 10
people.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I disagree with this. The threat from young people was never a threat to
the Nazis and was often more about music and having a good time than
political matters. There was other opposition to the Nazis. Far more serious
were attempts like the July Bomb Plot of 1944 when senior army officers
plotted to kill Hitler and end the war. A bomb was set off in a briefcase near
where Hitler was working but someone moved the briefcase at the last
moment and the blast missed Hitler. However, if this had worked and killed
Hitler it would have been devastating.’
OR
e.g. ‘I agree with this. Some of the youth opposition was important. The
Edelweiss Pirates attacked members of the Hitler Youth and carried out
sabotage. During the war they hid army deserters and gave out Allied leaflets.
They even assassinated a leader of the Gestapo. The White Rose movement
distributed leaflets encouraging people to resist the Nazis and criticised the
treatment of the Jews. Its leaders were also executed and some of the
leaders of the Pirates were hanged, which shows how seriously the Nazis
regarded them.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The July Bomb Plot was more important.’

‘The SDP kept an underground opposition movement going throughout the
Nazi period.’
‘There was a lot of grumbling about Nazi rule but the Gestapo dealt with this
easily.’
‘Some church leaders like Martin Niemoller and Bonhoeffer opposed the
Nazis by setting up the Confessing Church.’
‘The White Rose movement distributed anti-Nazi leaflets and encouraged
people to resist the Nazis.’
‘The Edelweiss Pirates hid army deserters and carried out sabotage.’
‘The Nazis executed leaders of White Rose and the Edelweiss Pirates.’
‘The Swing movement was just interested in jazz music and American
fashions.’
e.g. ‘Opposition from young people was important, but there were other
groups that opposed the Nazis and some of them were a real threat.’

question 0
13(a) Who was Kerensky? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He was a leader of the February Revolution of 1917.’

‘He was Minister of Justice and then Minister of War in the Provisional
Government.’
‘He was an important figure in the Petrograd Soviet.’
‘As Minister of War he launched a disastrous offensive in the war which led to
the Russian army retreating and desertions.’
‘He became Prime Minister in July 1917.’
‘He appointed himself Supreme Commander-in-Chief.’
‘In September he proclaimed Russia a Republic.’
‘He continued the war against Germany.’
‘He had Kornilov arrested.’
‘During the Kornilov affair he distributed arms to the workers.’
‘In the October Revolution he tried to re-take Petrograd but failed.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(b) Why was the mutiny at the Kronstadt Naval Base in 1921 important? 6

e.g. ‘The mutiny at Kronstadt was important because it was a big factor in
forcing Lenin to replace War Communism with the New Economic Policy. The
mutiny was partly about the hardship being suffered by people because of
War Communism. Wages had gone down, there was a shortage of food,
production had gone down and disturbances were breaking out all over the
country. They were also complaining that War Communism took away
people’s freedoms. The mutiny helped bring about the change to the NEP.’

e.g. ‘It was important because it made Lenin realise that changes were
needed.’
‘It mattered because it forced Lenin to end War Communism.’
‘It helped lead to the New Economic Policy.’
‘Thousands of the sailors were shot or sent to labour camps.’
e.g. ‘It mattered a lot because it affected the events that were happening in
Russia at the time in a big way.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
13(c) ‘Trotsky was the main reason the Bolsheviks won the Civil War.’ How far 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The main reason the Bolsheviks won was that the Whites were divided.
Some of them were liberals but some wanted to bring back the Romanovs.
Then there were foreign nations who wanted to keep Russia in the First World
War. This meant there was no unity and no overall leadership which meant
they did not coordinate their actions in the war.’
OR
e.g. ‘Trotsky was the main reason. He was charismatic and inspired the
soldiers. He boosted their morale by visiting the soldiers at the front. He also
introduced strict discipline and used the best army officers no matter what
their background was. He even used ex-Tsarist officers, because they were
good generals.’
e.g. ‘The Whites were divided.’

‘The Tsarist supporters did not get on with the liberals.’
‘The Whites did not get the support of the Russian people who did not want a
return of the Tsarist days.’
‘White soldiers committed atrocities which lost them support.’
‘Lenin made sure the soldiers were well supplied.’
‘Lenin promised the Russian peasants land.’
‘War Communism helped the Bolsheviks win.’
‘Trotsky organised the Communist forces very well.’
‘Trotsky was good at boosting morale and often visited the soldiers at the
front.’
‘He introduced discipline into the Communist army.’
‘He promoted men because they were good soldiers, not because of their
social class.’
‘He used Tsarist officers if they were good and had something to offer.’
‘His political Commissars made sure the men stayed loyal.’
‘He left military decisions to the army chiefs.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘Trotsky was very important because he was in charge of everything and
made sure it worked well.’

question 0
14(a) What did Stalin mean by ‘Socialism in one country’? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Stalin wanted Russia to focus on its own revolution to show what a
model communist country would look like.’
‘The Soviet Union should strengthen itself internally.’
‘The revolution in Russia should be established before trying to spread world
revolution.’
‘The revolution in Russia had to be secured especially because attempted
revolutions elsewhere in Europe had failed.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(b) Why was Lenin’s Political Testament not published in the Soviet Union 6
at the time of his death?

e.g. ‘It was not published because it was very critical of Stalin. He thought that
it might damage his chances of becoming leader if it was published. Lenin did
not want Stalin to succeed him and Stalin obviously did not want people to
know this. He was in competition with Trotsky to become the next leader.’

e.g. ‘It was very critical of Stalin.’

‘It might harm Stalin’s chances of becoming leader.’
‘In it, Lenin had suggested that Stalin be removed from his post as General
Secretary of the Party’s Central Committee.’
‘The party leadership thought it would damage the party as a whole.’
e.g. ‘It was not published at the time because there were people who would
not benefit if it was published, so they kept it hidden.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
14(c) ‘It was the Purges that gave Stalin control of the USSR.’ How far do you 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think Stalin had control because of the personality cult that he created.
Pictures of Stalin appeared everywhere and he was presented as the saviour
of Russia and given god-like status. He was shown to represent everything
that was good about Russia. Because of this, many Russians genuinely
supported him and this gave him the control.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think the Purges did give Stalin control. Over 500,000 party members
were arrested on charges of anti-Soviet activities and were either executed or
sent to gulags. Over 25,000 army officers were removed from office. Stalin
made sure no-one became too powerful and did not therefore undermine his
authority. If anyone in the Communist Party was a possible rival, then he dealt
with them.’
e.g. ‘They did not give him complete control because local officials often
ignored instructions.’
‘People’s private lives were not always controlled by Stalin.’
‘Stalin used the ‘Cult of Stalin’ to gain control over the people.’
‘Many ordinary citizens admired Stalin and wanted to obey him because of the
personality cult.’
‘It was Stalin’s use of propaganda that gave him control of the Soviet Union.’
‘The ‘Great Terror’ removed opposition to Stalin.’
‘The new constitution gave total power to Stalin.’
‘The kulaks were removed for disobeying Stalin.’
‘The Purges got rid of rivals in the Communist Party.’
‘The Purges made everybody in the Soviet Union too scared to criticise
Stalin.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The Purges helped Stalin stay in control of the USSR. They made sure
his leadership position was secure.’

question 0
15(a) Describe the problems faced by the coal industry in the 1920s. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Coal was being replaced by oil.’

‘Coal was being replaced as a source of energy by gas and electricity.’
‘There was an overproduction of coal.’
‘Coal was being used more efficiently and so not so much was needed.’
‘There were pit closures and strikes.’
‘Wages of the miners were cut leading to strikes.’
‘Mechanisation of the work led to a loss of jobs.’
‘There was violence at some coal mines.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(b) Why was the motor car important in 1920s America? 6

e.g. ‘The motor car was important because of the impact it had on lots of other
industries. Many people could afford a car and millions were sold. This
created a demand for lots of other products like rubber and glass. It also
meant that more roads had to be built as well as garages and restaurants.
Many parts of the American economy were stimulated, and new jobs created,
by the motor car.’

e.g. ‘The motor car was important because it changed people’s lives. People
could now go on holiday.’
‘Its production introduced the assembly line that was used in many other
industries.’
‘It created a demand for other products like glass.’
‘The motor car industry provided lots of jobs.’
‘Roads, restaurants and garages had to be built, creating new jobs.’
‘People could now live in suburbs so these grew in size.’
‘It stimulated the whole American economy.’
e.g. ‘It was important because it was a massive step forward.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
15(c) ‘Farmers benefited from the economic boom of the 1920s.’ How far do 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Many farmers did not benefit from the economic boom. This was
because demand for their food fell and prices fell as well. They could not sell
all they produced, and they got less money for it. This was because of the end
of the war and competition from Canada and other countries. Soon many
farmers were bankrupt and had to sell up.’
OR
e.g. ‘Farmers with very large farms in the Mid-West did do well, as well as fruit
growers in California. The large wheat growers in the Mid-West had
mechanised and could produce wheat cheaply so they prospered. The fruit
growers in areas like Florida and California benefited from the fact that more
Americans turned to eating more fruit. So this increased demand for their
produce.’
e.g. ‘Farmers suffered from overseas competition.’

‘Farmers suffered from overproduction.’
‘Farmers suffered from a fall in prices.’
‘Farmers could not repay the loans they had taken out.’
‘Farmers suffered from other countries introducing tariffs.’
‘Demand for wool and cotton declined.’
‘Many farm workers lost their jobs.’
‘Small farmers could no longer afford their rents or mortgage repayments.’
‘Prohibition reduced the demand for barley.’
‘Many Americans were eating more fruit and fewer cereals.’
‘Mechanisation meant fewer jobs and lower wages.’
‘The large wheat farmers could produce wheat more cheaply.’
e.g. ‘Some farmers benefited from the economic boom but not all of them.
Some suffered very badly.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
16(a) What did Roosevelt promise the voters in the 1932 presidential election 4
campaign?
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘He promised a new deal for the American people.’

‘He promised them hope for the future.’
‘He promised to help the poor.’
‘He promised the middle classes to prevent the USA sliding into revolution.’
‘He promised to help farmers.’
‘He promised government-funded public works.’
‘He promised to get rid of prohibition.’
‘He promised to deal with the Depression.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(b) Why did Wall Street crash in October 1929? 6

e.g. ‘The Crash took place in October 1929 because of the actions of
speculators. These were people who bought shares on the stock market to
make a quick profit. They borrowed money from banks to do this. Eventually
many companies were over-valued and share prices started to go down. As
soon as this happened people panicked and sold their shares. The value of
the shares fell quickly and lots of people lost lots of money.’

e.g. ‘Speculators hoping to make quick profits were responsible.’

‘The American economy was slowing down.’
‘Consumer goods were being overproduced. There was no one left to buy
them.’
‘American companies were struggling to sell their goods abroad.’
‘Many people in America were too poor to buy consumer goods.’
e.g. ‘It crashed because the system was not working and everything was
going wrong.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
16(c) ‘The reason why the Depression had such an impact on people’s lives 10
was Hoover’s failure to deal with it.’ How far do you agree with this


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think it was Hoover’s fault. He did very little to help people in trouble.
Hoover was a Republican and so was against the government helping people
much. He thought that people should stand on their own two feet and look
after their families themselves. People lost their jobs and became homeless
but Hoover did little. The measures he did pass like reducing taxes and
buying surplus farm produce was too little, too late. His actions against the
Bonus Army in Washington showed that he did not care much.’
OR
e.g. ‘I think this is unfair. The problem was an enormous one and there was
bound to be a big impact on people’s lives. Hoover did pass some measures.
He started building programmes like the Hoover Dam to provide jobs. Taxes
were reduced and tariffs were introduced to protect American companies. He
also provided companies with loans to keep them going. Without these
measures the situation would have been a lot worse.’
e.g. ‘Hoover did not believe in government providing welfare support.’

‘Hoover believed in rugged individualism.’
‘Hoover’s measures were inadequate to deal with the scale of the problem.’
‘Hoover reduced taxes.’
‘Hoover did start a building programme to create jobs.’
‘Hoover did arrange to buy surplus farm produce to try and stop prices falling
too much.’
e.g. ‘The Depression had such an effect on people’s lives because no one
was really sorting out the problems, and this included Hoover.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
17(a) What were people’s courts? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It was where landlords were put on trial.’

‘Landlords were tried for mistreating peasants such as high rents.’
‘They were tried by a jury of peasants, often their ex-tenants.’
‘Landlords were imprisoned or executed after appearing in a people’s court.’
‘People’s courts had over a million landlords executed.’
‘They were used to punish people for the evils of the old system in China.’
‘They were supported by the Communist Party.’

question 0
17(b) Why was the first Five-Year Plan successful? 6

e.g. ‘The first Five-Year Plan was successful because the Chinese people got
behind it. This was largely due to communist propaganda and the enthusiasm
there still was for the new regime. Many Chinese felt that if they failed to meet
the targets they were letting down their fellow countrymen.’

e.g. ‘The Chinese were helped by Russian experts who had developed similar
plans in Russia.’
‘It was modelled on the Russian model.’
‘The Chinese people supported it.’
‘Communist propaganda encouraged the Chinese people to support it.’
‘Workers were given rewards for increasing productivity.’
‘The Plan had clear targets so people knew what they were aiming for.’
e.g. ‘It was successful because it worked well and was exactly what China
needed at the time.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
17(c) ‘The social reforms of the 1950s were more important than the 10
introduction of communes.’ How far do you agree with this statement?


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The social reforms were much more important because they made a real
difference to people’s lives. Free health care was introduced. Prevention of
disease was focused on and the number of doctors was increased. These
measures produced dramatic results – rates of illness fell dramatically.
Education was also improved and the literacy rate went up to 90% of the
population. This meant people were able to contribute better to China’s
economic development.’
OR
e.g. ‘The introduction of communes was more important – it had a greater
impact on people’s lives. In the communes people’s lives were transformed.
All aspects of their lives were provided for and controlled. Schools were
provided and the very young and old were looked after. People no longer
worked on their own farms but worked on massive commune farms where
their working lives were controlled. They were also subjected to communist
propaganda, even in the fields where they were working.’
e.g. ‘Health care was greatly improved.’

‘Literacy rates were improved.’
‘Marriage reforms were introduced.’
‘Women were given more freedom.’
‘Communes meant that the lives of the Chinese people were controlled much
more.’
‘In communes, people had their working lives directed by the commune.’
‘Communes provided schools and care for the very young and very old.’
e.g. ‘I think the social reforms were very important because they affected
people’s lives. They were far more important than communes.’
PUBLISHED
18(a) What were the results of Kissinger’s visit to China in July 1971? 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Relations between the USA and China improved.’
‘The USA withdrew many troops from Taiwan.’
‘It led to Nixon’s visit to China in 1972.’
‘Taiwan was voted out of the UN.’
‘It led to a trade agreement in 1972.’

question 0
18(b) Why was India important to China from the 1950s onwards? 6

e.g. ‘After the Chinese Civil War, Mao wanted to lessen the influence of India
in Tibet and to make Tibet officially part of China. The Panchsheel Agreement
(1954) was an important part of this because, as well as being an eight-year
agreement on Tibet, it acted as the foundation for India-China relations. It
governed how the two countries would conduct their relationship with each
other and led to economic and security cooperation between them.’

e.g. ‘It was important because both India and China wanted greater control
over/influence in Tibet.’
‘It was important because the initial agreement over Tibet led to cultural
exchanges between the two countries.’
‘It was important because economic and security cooperation with India was
achieved.’
‘It was important because India-China negotiations over Tibet set down five
principles for post-colonial states.’
‘It was important because of the tension and conflict in the 1950s and 1960s
over borders and territory in relation to Tibet.’
PUBLISHED
18(c) ‘Relations between China and the USSR were good in the period 1950 to 10
1976.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In this period, relations between China and the USSR started very well
with the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship in 1950. This included a large loan
to China and a military alliance between the two countries. For the rest of the
1950s relations remained good as the USSR helped China develop its heavy
industry and supported its Five-Year Plan. Relations were also good after
Stalin died with Khrushchev making a visit to China.’
OR
e.g. ‘Relations between the two countries were not very good. This was
especially true when Khrushchev was in charge of the USSR. Khrushchev
was trying to improve relations with the USA and Mao did not approve of this.
Khrushchev even withdrew experts who were advising China on economic
development. Finally, relations were really bad during the Cultural Revolution
when red guards attacked the Soviet embassy in Beijing and both sides
gathered troops at the border.’
e.g. ‘Mao did not like Khrushchev.’

‘Mao thought Khrushchev was betraying Marx and Lenin.’
‘Khrushchev wanted better relations with the West.’
‘The USSR would not help the Chinese militarily.’
‘Mao disapproved of the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.’
‘There were border disputes between China and the USSR in 1969.’
‘Economic aid continued for 7 years after Stalin’s death.’
‘A treaty was signed in 1950 when Russia gave China a massive loan.’
‘Russia did not like Mao trying to take over as the ideological leader of the
world communist movement.’
‘The Soviets sent technical experts to help China in its Five-Year Plan.’
e.g. ‘Mao disapproved of what Khrushchev was doing.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
19(a) Describe the part played by women in the anti-apartheid protests. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘Women played an important part in the Defiance Campaign of 1952.’

‘There were many demonstrations organised by women against the Pass
Laws in the 1950s.’
‘White women from the Black Sash supported the protests by black women
against the Pass laws.’
‘Black women protested against the government shutting down their beer-
halls.’
‘There was a women’s section of the ANC that took part in many
demonstrations.’
‘Helen Suzman led the Progressive Party against apartheid.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
19(b) Why was Mandela put on trial for treason in 1963–64? 6

e.g. ‘He was put on trial because of his involvement in the activities of
Umkhonto which was a radical wing of the ANC. Peaceful protest against
apartheid had not achieved much by 1960 and so this radical wing was willing
to use violent resistance. Mandela was one of the founders. It started to attack
government buildings and the government defined it as a terrorist organisation
and banned it. A campaign of sabotage was started with attacks on electricity
sub-stations and crop burning. Mandela was put on trial for helping to
organise these activities.’

e.g. ‘He helped set up Spear of the Nation.’

‘The government was worried about the turn to violence in the opposition to
apartheid.’
‘Mandela was involved in Umkhonto’s violent activities.’
‘Mandela was involved in attacks on government buildings.’
‘Umkhonto was a banned organisation.’
‘The government was worried that the campaign of violence would be more
effective than the peaceful protests.’
e.g. ‘He was put on trial for treason because of his activities in South Africa
which the South African government did not like.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
19(c) ‘Few South Africans benefited from the introduction of apartheid.’ How 10


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘White South Africans benefited from the introduction of apartheid. They
supported it because the economy boomed and they benefited from better
wages and a high standard of living. In particular, Afrikaners did well. They
were appointed to top jobs in the government which sent a lot of official
business to Afrikaner banks and businesses. Also, Afrikaner farmers were
given a lot of help by the government.’
OR
e.g. ‘Black South Africans did not benefit. Their wages stayed low and they
had a much lower standard of living than white South Africans. The conditions
in the Homelands were terrible. There was overcrowding and the health
facilities were poor. Life expectancy was lower than for white people. They
also suffered from all the restrictions such as having to carry passes and only
being able to live in certain poorer areas.’
e.g. ‘Black South Africans had to carry passes.’

‘Black South Africans had to live in ‘black’ areas which were much poorer.’
‘Black South Africans were banned from urban areas except for going to
work.’
‘Black education taught an inferior curriculum.’
‘Health provision for black South Africans was poor.’
‘Living conditions in the Homelands were terrible.’
‘Black workers were paid very low wages and had a poor standard of living.’
‘White South Africans enjoyed a high standard of living.’
‘White farmers were given a lot of help by the government.’
‘Many of the best jobs went to Afrikaners.’
‘Services such as schools, hospitals, electricity and roads were much better
for white South Africans than for black South Africans.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘The introduction of apartheid did help some South Africans but not many
of them. Most of them were worse off because of it.’

question 0
20(a) Describe the part played by Archbishop Tutu in the ending of apartheid. 4
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘As a leading churchman his opposition to apartheid was very important.’
‘He campaigned consistently for an end to apartheid.’
‘He was given the Nobel Peace Prize for his work against apartheid.’
‘He campaigned for reconciliation of all the different groups in South Africa.’
‘He encouraged non-violent protest against apartheid.’
‘During the peace talks he mediated between different black groups.’
‘He chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(b) Why did de Klerk face opposition from some white South Africans 6
during his discussions with Mandela in the early 1990s?

e.g. ‘De Klerk faced opposition from some white South Africans because they
were more conservative than him. The Conservative Party won a lot of votes
in the 1989 election and wanted a return to full apartheid. This was the
opposition to what de Klerk was discussing with Mandela. De Klerk thought
that South Africa was in danger of descending into a civil war while the
Conservative Party thought the answer was to deal with the protestors more
strongly.’

e.g. ‘Some white South Africans wanted to return to full apartheid.’

‘Some white South Africans thought he was betraying the white South
Africans.’
‘Some white South Africans wanted the government to come down hard on
the protestors.’
‘Many in the security forces disagreed with the discussions and wanted to
wipe out those opposing apartheid.’
‘There were some white supremacists like Terre’Blanche who wanted to keep
minority rule.’
‘Some believed that allowing black South Africans the vote would lead to them
taking over and white people suffering.’
e.g. ‘He faced this opposition because they did not agree with what he was
doing in the discussions.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
20(c) How far was Botha’s policy of ‘total strategy’ in the 1980s a success? 10

Level 3 One sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to 6

marks 4–6
e.g. ‘His policy of total strategy was aimed at dealing with the threats to
apartheid and minority government. It was meant to deal with threats inside
and outside South Africa. Inside South Africa he tried to pass some reforms
that would stop some people from protesting but also deal firmly with those
that kept causing trouble. He introduced a new constitution which gave the
vote to some non-white groups. This did not win most of them over because
few voted in the first elections. The trouble with other reforms like getting rid of
some segregation laws and allowing more black people to live in towns, was
that they did not go far enough to win anyone over and a new wave of
protests broke out. Botha had to introduce a State of Emergency in 1985.’
OR
e.g. ‘Botha thought that one threat he could deal with was the threat from
ANC training camps in neighbouring states. These camps were in countries
like Zambia and Zimbabwe. To deal with them he ordered air strikes against
them. He also introduced some reforms inside South Africa such as legalising
interracial marriage and relaxing the Group Areas Act. He also authorised
contacts with Mandela. So, it could be said that he started South Africa off on
a direction that would lead to the settlement that was eventually reached by
Mandela and de Klerk. This was also true of his social, labour and economic
reforms which began moves towards non-racialism.’
PUBLISHED
e.g. ‘His policy did not win over any opponents of apartheid.’
‘His reforms did not go far enough.’
‘His reforms upset some white people who broke away and formed the
Conservative Party.’
‘Violent protests and bombings broke out in the 1980s and South Africa
seemed to be on the edge of revolution.’
‘He had to introduce a State of Emergency in 1985.’
‘He did introduce some reforms to apartheid.’
‘He did relax the Group Areas Act.’
‘He dealt harshly with ANC camps outside South Africa.’
‘He started South Africa on the long road to eventual ending of apartheid and
minority government.’
e.g. ‘His policy was not really a success because it did not achieve what he
wanted.’

question 0
21(a) What were the Arab objections to the United Nations’ partition plan for 4
Palestine?
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘It created two separate states, including a Jewish state.’

‘Much of the land allotted to the Arabs was poor land, no good for farming.’
‘Over half of Palestine was given to the Jews who made up less than half the
population.’
‘Many Arabs would be left in the Jewish state.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(b) Why was Palestine important for the Jews at the end of the Second 6
World War?

e.g. ‘Jews had a longstanding claim to Palestine and many had moved there
hoping that a Jewish state would be created. During the Second World War
many Palestinian Jews signed up for the British army. Their great hope was
that when the war ended they would be rewarded by a Jewish state being
established. There was growing support for this idea and many Jews thought
their time had come.’

e.g. ‘Jews hoped that the British government would be sympathetic to their
demands for a Jewish state in Palestine.’
‘It was important because they knew that, after the war, decisions would be
made about what to do with Palestine.’
‘The Holocaust had created a lot of sympathy for the Jews and they hoped
this would increase support for a Jewish state.’
‘During the war Britain had plans for both an Arab and a Jewish state, and so
the Jews were hopeful.’
e.g. ‘It was important to them because they wanted Palestine and it was their
great chance to get it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
21(c) How far were British actions to blame for the crisis in Palestine after the 10
Second World War? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘I think the British were to blame. Before the war, and during it, they had
raised hopes for both Arab and Jewish states. Both groups were hopeful
when the war ended. However, the British then surprised and disappointed
everyone by refusing to leave Palestine. It wanted to stay so that it could
control the Eastern Mediterranean. The situation was made worse when
Britain than tried to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine. This caused a lot
of criticism. All these actions by Britain led to Jews starting a violent campaign
to drive the British out. However, this was Britain’s fault for refusing to go in
the first place.’
OR
e.g. ‘The crisis in Palestine was caused by Jews. In 1946 they started a
campaign of terror in Palestine against the British. The worst part was the
blowing up of the King David Hotel and the killing of over 90 people.
Hundreds of British soldiers were killed by the terrorists. Jews were
responsible for turning the situation into one of terrible violence and Britain
was forced out.’
e.g. ‘Britain failed to leave Palestine.’

‘Britain was to blame because it had raised the hopes of both Arabs and
Jews.’
‘The Jews were responsible for starting a campaign of terror.’
‘The issue was a very difficult one with two opposing groups both wanting
their own state. It was no one’s fault that there was a crisis.’
e.g. ‘The British were to blame. The decisions they made were hopeless and
were bound to lead to trouble.’
PUBLISHED

question 0
22(a) Describe the impact on the Palestinians of Jewish West Bank 4

settlements.
detail 1–4
e.g. ‘There have been hundreds of settlements on the land of Palestinians

who have had their land confiscated.’
‘The building of the settlements has led to a reduction in the water supplies for
Palestinians.’
‘The settlements have had a damaging economic impact on the Palestinians.’
‘The settlements were carried out to stop a Palestinian state being set up.’
‘There have been attacks on Palestinian property and civilians.’
‘Palestinian houses have been demolished.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(b) Why has the United Nations failed to solve the issue of Palestinian 6
refugees?

e.g. ‘The UN has played a large role in the issue of Palestine and has
provided refugee camps with supplies. However, it has not managed to solve
the issue. One reason for this has been the opposition of Israel. In 1948 the
UN passed a resolution for all Palestinians to be allowed to return to their
homes. Israel rejected this resolution and was more interested in turning the
Palestinian land into settlements for Jewish immigrants. Without Israel’s
cooperation there was no way that the issue could be sorted out.’

e.g. ‘Israel has not agreed to the refugees returning to their villages.’
‘Arab states and Israel have not been able to agree over the issue.’
‘It was in Arab interests to keep the refugees as refugees, as it gave them
something to criticise Israel with.’
‘The international community has not been focused on solving the issue so
the UN has been powerless.’
e.g. ‘The United Nations has not succeeded in solving the issue of refugees
because it is a very difficult problem to sort out.’

question 0
PUBLISHED
22(c) How far have Arab states supported the Palestine Liberation 10
Organisation (PLO)? Explain your answer.


marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Arab states have not supported the PLO as much as might be
expected. In 1970, Jordan expelled it but this was because Jordan thought
that the PLO was plotting to overthrow its king. However, it has not been
treated well by other Arab countries. Syria has attacked it and expelled it from
Lebanon. In the 1970s, Egypt took away its support when it started to
negotiate a peace settlement with Israel. It seems that many Arab countries
have been using the PLO when it suited their own country’s interests.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some of the Arab states have supported the PLO. In 1974, the Arab
League recognised the PLO as the only true representative of the Palestinian
people and accepted it as a member of the League. This led to Arafat being
invited to speak to the UN. The PLO has been funded by some Arab states,
especially Saudi Arabia.’
e.g. ‘The PLO attracted much hostility from Arab states because of their
actions.’
‘Both Syria and Jordan expelled the PLO.’
‘Egypt abandoned it when making peace with Israel.’
‘Many Arab countries have not given the PLO the money they promised it.’
‘Some Arab countries have used the PLO to further their own interests.’
‘The PLO had a destabilising influence in the countries where it operated and
so these countries did not support it.’
‘Some countries such as Saudi Arabia have supported it with money.’
‘The Arab League recognised it as the only true representative of the
Palestinian people.’
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/11
2 hours

* 9 4 0 2 1 2 8 1 8 6 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (DE) 320002
1 Revolutions broke out across Europe in 1848.
(a) What happened in Paris in February 1848? [4]
(b) Why did nationalism pose a revolutionary threat in 1848? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Frederick William IV was responsible for the failure of the 1848–49
revolutions in Germany? Explain your answer. [10]
2 External powers were influential in Italy’s move towards unification.
(a) Describe Austria’s role in Italy before 1848. [4]
(b) Why was Piedmont’s involvement in the Crimean War important for unification? [6]
(c) ‘France was a more important threat to unification than Austria.’ How far do you agree with
3 War played a role in German unification.
(a) What was agreed in the Treaty of Olmütz? [4]
(b) Why did Prussia go to war with Austria in 1866? [6]
(c) ‘Prussia’s military strength was the main cause of unification.’ How far do you agree with this
4 Differences between North and South were important causes of the American Civil War.
(a) Describe the economic differences between North and South by 1860. [4]
(b) Why did some states secede from the Union? [6]
(c) ‘A disaster for the South.’ How far do you agree with this assessment of the impact of the Civil
War? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/11/O/N/22
5 The League of Nations faced many challenges.
(a) Describe how the Corfu incident of 1923 was resolved. [4]
(b) Why was the Vilna dispute a challenge for the League? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for the weakness of the League was the absence of the United States.’
6 Hitler’s policies increased the likelihood of war.
(a) Describe Hitler’s preparations for war before 1936. [4]
(b) Why was ‘lebensraum’ important for Hitler’s foreign policy? [6]
(c) ‘The Munich Agreement was more important in bringing about war than the Nazi–Soviet Pact.’
7 Tense relations between the Allied powers developed rapidly after the Second World War.
(a) What was agreed at Potsdam? [4]
(b) Why did Stalin impose a blockade on Berlin in 1948? [6]
(c) Which did more to damage relations between the United States and the USSR: disagreements
over Poland or Marshall Aid? Explain your answer. [10]
8 The Shah’s regime was unpopular for many reasons.
(a) What was the ‘White Revolution’ in Iran? [4]
(b) Why did many Iranians resent Western influence over the Shah’s government? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that economic issues were more important than repression in the
development of opposition to the Shah’s regime? Explain your answer. [10]
9 The nature of the war changed in the first few months.
(a) Describe the reaction of the Allies to the German invasion of Belgium in 1914. [4]
(b) Why did both sides dig trenches? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the Schlieffen Plan failed because of the British Expeditionary
Force? Explain your answer. [10]
10 The war had a great impact on civilians.
(a) What was the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) in Britain? [4]
(b) Why was Britain able to avoid starvation? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the First World War had a positive impact on women? Explain your
answer. [10]
11 After 1918 the new government in Germany faced many challenges.
(a) What were the aims of the Spartacists? [4]
(b) Why was the Kapp Putsch important for the Weimar government? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that proportional representation was the most serious weakness of the
Weimar Constitution? Explain your answer. [10]
12 Society changed under Nazi rule.
(a) What was the Hitler Youth? [4]
(b) Why were many workers happy with life under the Nazi regime? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Nazi policies towards women were successful? Explain your
answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/11/O/N/22
13 Revolution brought many changes to Russia.
(a) What were the main features of the New Economic Policy? [4]
(b) Why was the Kronstadt Rising important? [6]
(c) ‘Failure to end the war was the main reason the Provisional Government lost power.’ How far
14 Stalin used a range of methods to achieve and maintain power.
(a) What were the Purges? [4]
(b) Why was it important to Stalin to control culture? [6]
(c) ‘Stalin’s rise to power was the result of good fortune rather than political ability.’ How far do
15 The boom of the 1920s had mixed results for the United States.
(a) Describe Republican policies on imports in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why did the traditional textile industries struggle in the 1920s? [6]
(c) ‘The boom had little impact on the lives of women.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
16 Different groups had different experiences in the United States in the 1920s.
(a) Describe how some Americans broke Prohibition laws. [4]
(b) Why did the demand for popular entertainment increase in the 1920s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that immigrants were the group that suffered most from intolerance in
the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/11/O/N/22
17 The Communists gained strength for many reasons.
(a) What was the Long March? [4]
(b) Why did the Second World War weaken the Nationalists? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the outcome of the Civil War was decided by the peasantry?
18 The Cultural Revolution had many effects on China.
(a) What was the role of the Red Guards in the Cultural Revolution? [4]
(b) Why was the Cultural Revolution important to Mao’s leadership? [6]
(c) ‘The greatest social impact of the Cultural Revolution was on education.’ How far do you
19 Even before the introduction of apartheid, the position of black South Africans deteriorated for
many reasons.
(a) What was the Native Urban Areas Act, 1923? [4]
(b) Why were many black South Africans forced out of farming? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the impact of the Second World War was the main reason for the
National Party’s success in the 1948 election? Explain your answer. [10]
20 The policy of apartheid was firmly entrenched by the 1970s.
(a) Describe the United Nations’ opposition to apartheid. [4]
(b) Why were some countries in southern Africa afraid to oppose apartheid in the 1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Economic developments in the 1970s benefited South Africans.’ How far do you agree with
© UCLES 2022 2147/11/O/N/22
10
21 Superpower involvement in the Middle East had mixed results.
(a) What was Nasser’s role in the Suez Crisis? [4]
(b) Why did some Arab states react against the agreements made at Camp David? [6]
(c) ‘The USSR’s involvement in the Middle East had a negative impact on the Arab states.’ How
22 Gaining support has been a challenge for the Palestinians.
(a) Describe Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982. [4]
(b) Why has it been impossible for Palestinian refugees to return home? [6]
(c) How surprising is it that some Arab states did not support the Palestine Liberation Organisation
(PLO)? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/11/O/N/22
2147/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme October/November
PUBLISHED 2022
1(a) What happened in Paris in February 1848? 4
e.g. ‘On 22 February there was a protest march through Paris.’

‘Barricades went up on the streets.’
‘On 23 February Louis Philippe dismissed Guizot.’
‘Mole and Thiers were offered the leadership. Both refused.’
‘Odilon Barrot assumed control.’
‘Louis Philippe abdicated in favour of his grandson.’
‘Almost immediately Lamartine proclaimed the 2nd Republic.’

question 0
1(b) Why did nationalism pose a revolutionary threat in 1848? 6

e.g. ‘There was growing nationalism in Germany with a growing sense of

German identity, especially among the middle classes. People felt that
Germany could never be strong unless it was unified. Revolutions broke out
in 1848. The importance of nationalism can be seen with the formation of
the Frankfurt Parliament in 1848. This called for the creation of a German
constitution for a united Germany and the removal of Austrian power. This
shows how nationalism was a revolutionary threat.'
Level 2 – Identifies AND / OR describes reasons 2–3

e.g. ‘In Hungary, nationalist groups were formed which wanted

independence from the Austrian Empire.’
‘The Frankfurt Parliament wanted to unite Germany.’
‘In Italy, nationalists wanted to drive out Austria.’
‘Nationalists in Germany wanted their own constitution.’
e.g. ‘The nationalists wanted to overthrow the government.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
1(c) How far do you agree that Frederick William IV was responsible for the 10
failure of the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany? Explain your answer.


Level 3 – One-sided explanation OR one explanation of both sides 5 to

6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Frederick William was responsible for the failure of the revolution
because he changed his mind over whether he would support or oppose the
revolution. He talked about having a constitutional government in March
1848 but refused the crown which was offered to him by the Frankfurt
Parliament. He did not think the people had the right to make this offer and
his refusal meant the Parliament was bound to fail and that Austrian
authority would be restored.’
OR
e.g. ‘Frederick William was not responsible for the failure of the revolution as
the revolutionary movement was divided and unable to agree about their
aims. Some of the princes supported the Parliament at first but changed
their minds when the revolutions died down. This made the Parliament
weaker and less likely to succeed.’
Level 2 – Identifies AND / OR describes 2–3

e.g. ‘First, Frederick William encouraged the revolution.’

‘Then he changed his mind over whether he would support or oppose the
revolution.’
‘He refused the crown which was offered to him by the Frankfurt
Parliament.’
‘This meant the Parliament was bound to fail.’
‘The Frankfurt Parliament could not agree which approach to take.’
‘Austrian power was still strong.’
‘The revolutionaries argued amongst themselves.’
e.g. ‘The revolutions failed because of a lack of support.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
2(a) Describe Austria’s role in Italy before 1848. 4
e.g. ‘The Austrians controlled Lombardy and Venetia.’

‘The Habsburgs had married into the royal families of many central Italian
states, such as Parma and Modena.’
‘Prince Metternich opposed all forms of liberal and nationalistic expression.’
‘Secret police hunted down opponents.’
‘Newspapers were censored.’

question 0
2(b) Why was Piedmont’s involvement in the Crimean War important for 6
unification?

e.g. ‘The war enabled Cavour to work closely with Napoleon III and build up
a relationship. Cavour hoped that France would help the Italian states to
remove the Austrians from Italian land. The peace conference gave Cavour
a seat at the table. It enabled him to hint that Piedmont deserved a reward
for its support of the alliance.’

e.g. ‘The war gained Piedmont international friends.’

‘Cavour built up a relationship with Napoleon.’
‘Piedmont went to the peace conference.’
‘Piedmont felt it was owed a favour for supporting France.’
e.g. ‘Piedmont was an important state in the north of Italy.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
2(c) ‘France was a more important threat to unification than Austria.’ How 10

Level 4 – Explanation both sides 7–9


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Austria was a threat to unification since the Austrian forces were very
professional and could call upon large numbers from their reserves held
behind the Quadrilateral. The Austrian army was also well led by Radetzky,
as shown at Custoza and Novara. However, the weakness of the Austrian
army was seen in 1859 when they were defeated at the Battle of Solferino
and this showed Austria was less of a threat. The combined armies of
Piedmont and France ensured that Austria was forced to negotiate, allowing
Lombardy to be annexed by Piedmont.’
OR
e.g. ‘France could be seen as a threat to unification. Cavour felt he had

been badly let down in 1859. He was also furious that he had not been
consulted by Napoleon III over the ending of the war. He disliked the fact
that Austria still controlled Venetia and was angry about arrangements in
Tuscany, Modena and Parma where provisional governments had been set
up. However, France had helped to reduce the influence of Austria in Italy.
France also kept an army in Rome to protect the Pope’s control over the
Papal States.’

e.g. ‘The Austrians had a more professional army.’

‘Radetzky was a very able commander.’
‘The Austrian troops defected during the siege of Milan.’
‘The Austrians were beaten at the Battle of Solferino.’
‘Austria was defeated in the Austro-Prussian War and lost Venetia.’
‘The truce agreed in 1859 breached what was agreed secretly by Napoleon
III and Cavour at Plombières.’
‘France helped to reduce Austrian influence.’
PUBLISHED 2022
3(a) What was agreed in the Treaty of Olmütz? 4
e.g. ‘The Erfurt Union was dissolved.’

‘The Treaty restored the Bund under Austrian leadership.’
‘Austria had reasserted its leadership as Prussia had backed down.’
‘The revolution of 1848 was over and the princes were back on their
thrones.’

question 0
3(b) Why did Prussia go to war with Austria in 1866? 6

e.g. ‘Austria and Prussia could not agree on how to govern Schleswig-
Holstein, and therefore they decided to split the territories with Austria being
responsible for Holstein and Prussia for Schleswig. Bismarck may have
done this deliberately to make it easier to pick an argument with Austria.’

e.g. ‘Because of Bismarck’s stubbornness.’

‘Because of promises made to Italy.’
‘Because Bismarck picked a quarrel with Austria.’
‘Because Prussia and Austria disagreed over the Schleswig-Holstein
question.’
‘To reduce or remove Austrian influence among the German states.’
e.g. ‘They went to war because they disagreed over many issues.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
3(c) ‘Prussia’s military strength was the main cause of unification.’ How far 10



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Prussian military strength was important. There had been considerable
investment in the Prussian economy to produce the weapons of war. Moltke
and his generals had produced a well equipped and trained army which was
superior to Austria’s. This shows that Bismarck could use force if diplomacy
failed as he had a strong army at his disposal.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, diplomacy was also important. When Schleswig-Holstein was

handed over to be ruled jointly by Austria and Prussia, they could not agree,
and the territories were split. Some think Bismarck deliberately agreed to
this division so that it would be easier to pick a quarrel with Austria.
Bismarck also managed to get a promise of French neutrality and relied on
British and Russian neutrality. With this control, he picked a war with
Austria. This shows that war and diplomacy were both important.’

e.g. ‘Bismarck showed diplomatic skill over the Schleswig-Holstein

question.’
‘He used Italy as an ally.’
‘He persuaded countries to remain neutral.’
‘The Prussian economy built a war machine.’
‘The Prussian army was superior to Austria’s.’
e.g. ‘Prussia had a strong army.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
4(a) Describe the economic differences between North and South by 1860. 4
e.g. ‘The North was more industrialised than the South.’

‘The North had 65% of the population and produced 90% of the
manufactured output of the US.’
‘The North had twice as much railway track as the South.’
‘The economy in the South was based on plantations.’
‘Slavery was used in the South to produce products like cotton and tobacco.’
Level 0 – No evidence submitted or response does not address the 0

question 0
4(b) Why did some states secede from the Union? 6

e.g. ‘Lincoln’s victory in the presidential election caused some states to

secede. His party was opposed to slavery and Southern states were afraid
that he would stop the expansion of slavery and even encourage slave
rebellions. Therefore, they seceded from the Union to protect their right to
keep slaves.’

e.g. ‘Because of the election of Lincoln.’

‘They were afraid slavery would be completely abolished.’
‘Lincoln was a Republican and some Republicans were abolitionist.’
‘Lincoln was going to raise taxes which would damage the economy in the
South.’
‘They felt the Southern way of life was under threat.’
e.g. ‘Some states left because they wanted to be independent.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
4(c) ‘A disaster for the South.’ How far do you agree with this assessment 10
of the impact of the Civil War? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Civil War had a disastrous impact on the South. Much of the South
had been devastated by war including buildings, roads and railways. The
economy had collapsed and inflation soared. The hard-line radical
Republicans wanted to punish the South and they prevented their
representatives from sitting in Congress. They passed the Basic
Reconstruction Act which prevented Confederate leaders from standing for
office.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, Johnson tried to follow a policy of reconciliation to help

bridge differences and the Southern states sent representatives to
Washington. Although the economy was damaged by war, it recovered from
1867 onwards.’

e.g. ‘The South was devastated by war.’

‘It had to suffer harsh penalties.’
‘It was affected by carpetbaggers.’
‘Many people had been killed.’
‘It was not a disaster because Johnson offered reconciliation.’
‘The economy began to recover from 1867.’
e.g. ‘Many people from the South were killed in the fighting.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
5(a) Describe how the Corfu incident of 1923 was resolved. 4
e.g. ‘Greece appealed to the League.’

‘The League condemned Mussolini’s invasion.’
‘Mussolini refused to cooperate with the League.’
‘Mussolini threatened to leave the League.’
‘Mussolini insisted the League refer the case to the Conference of
Ambassadors.’
‘The Conference of Ambassadors ruled in Mussolini’s favour.’
‘Greece was made to pay compensation.’
‘Greece was made to apologise.’
‘The Italians left Corfu.’

question 0
5(b) Why was the Vilna dispute a challenge for the League? 6

e.g. ‘The Vilna dispute was a challenge for the League of Nations because
Poland refused to do as the League asked. The Polish troops had invaded
Vilna which was a city in Lithuania. The League asked them to leave but
they refused and this made the League seem very weak.’

e.g. ‘It was a dispute between Poland and Lithuania.’

‘It was the first test for the League.’
‘The Poles refused to listen to the League.’
‘The Conference of Ambassadors awarded Vilna to Poland.’
‘The Conference of Ambassadors contradicted the League.’
‘It undermined the League’s power and authority.’
‘Poland’s actions went against the principle of self-determination.’
‘France was more concerned with keeping Poland as an ally against
Germany.’
‘Britain would not send an army without France’s support.’
e.g. ‘The League could not get the two sides to agree.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
5(c) ‘The main reason for the weakness of the League was the absence of 10
the United States.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The absence of the USA was important because it was difficult to apply
economic sanctions when the USA was not a member of the League. The
USA could continue trading with the offending country, such as Italy in the
Abyssinian crisis, making the threat of sanctions almost meaningless.’
OR
e.g. ‘Other factors were also important. The Depression caused members of
the League to change their priorities. Britain suffered high unemployment
and it was not willing to get involved in sorting out international disputes
while its economy was suffering.’

e.g. ‘The USA was the most powerful country in the world.’
‘The USA had a large army.’
‘The USA undermined economic sanctions.’
‘The Depression affected relations between countries.’
‘The League failed to do anything about disarmament.’
‘There was weakness shown in several incidents such as Corfu, Manchuria
and Abyssinia.’
‘Britain and France often disagreed.’
‘League members were self-interested.’
‘The League took too long to reach decisions.’
‘The League lacked a standing army.’
‘There were too many absent powers.’
e.g. ‘The League was weak from the start.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
6(a) Describe Hitler’s preparations for war before 1936. 4
e.g. ‘In 1933 Hitler began to rearm.’

‘He withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933.’
‘Hitler announced that conscription would be re-introduced in 1935.’
‘He created a military air force.’
‘Hitler started manufacturing weapons.’
‘A massive rearmament rally was held in Germany in 1935.’
‘In 1935 Germany signed a naval agreement with Britain.’
‘It allowed Germany to have a navy up to 35% of the size of the British
navy.’
‘Germany withdrew from the Disarmament Conference.’
‘Resources useful for the military preparations were taken from the Saar
Basin.’

question 0
6(b) Why was ‘lebensraum’ important for Hitler’s foreign policy? 6

e.g. ‘Lebensraum’ was important for the development of Hitler’s foreign

policy because it meant expanding Germany’s borders to gain living space
for the German people. This implied that Germany would expand to the east
and was therefore a threat to Russia and Poland.’

e.g. ‘The term ‘lebensraum’ means living space.’

‘The policy meant the expansion of Germany.’
‘It was a threat to Russia and Poland.’
‘It would help Hitler to create the Reich.’
‘It was necessary to gain resources.’
‘It led to World War II.’
e.g. ‘Hitler wanted to extend Germany.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
6(c) ‘The Munich Agreement was more important in bringing about war 10
than the Nazi–Soviet Pact.’ How far do you agree with this statement?



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The decisions at Munich made war more likely because they meant
Britain and France had abandoned Czechoslovakia. In October 1938,
German troops marched into the Sudetenland. In March 1939, Hitler took
the rest of Czechoslovakia. There was no resistance from the Czechs,
Britain or France. Because of the way Britain gave in to Hitler, he now
thought he could take part of Poland without going to war.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazi-Soviet Pact encouraged Hitler to invade Poland because he

knew that the USSR would not fight as they had agreed to divide Poland
between them. Hitler ignored Britain’s warning that, if he invaded Poland,
Britain would declare war. Britain had signed a formal alliance with Poland in
August 1939.’

e.g. ‘Hitler threatened war if he did not get the whole of the Sudetenland.’
‘The four powers effectively abandoned Czechoslovakia to its fate.’
‘Appeasement had failed.’
‘It allowed Hitler to gain confidence.’
‘Munich showed that Hitler could not be trusted.’
‘Germany and Russia made a secret pact to divide Poland between them.’
‘Hitler did not have to fight a war on two fronts.’
‘Britain and France promised Poland they would guarantee its
independence.’
‘Hitler did not believe Britain and France would go to war over Poland.’
e.g. ‘The Second World War broke out when Hitler invaded Poland.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
7(a) What was agreed at Potsdam? 4
e.g. ‘Little was agreed at Potsdam.’

‘Germany/Berlin would be divided as agreed at Yalta.’
‘Germany had to pay reparations.’
‘Industrial equipment could be taken from zones in Germany as reparations.’
‘Poland’s eastern border would be moved west to the rivers Oder and
Neisse.’
‘The Nazi Party was banned.’
‘Nazi leaders were to be tried as war criminals.’
‘Germans living in Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia would be sent back
to Germany.’

question 0
7(b) Why did Stalin impose a blockade on Berlin in 1948? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin blockaded Berlin because he felt the USA’s handling of Western
Germany was provocative. The Allies joined their zones together and
introduced a new currency. Stalin could do nothing to prevent this but
wanted to assert his own power over Berlin as it was deep inside Eastern
Germany. Therefore, he took the decision to cut the Western sectors off
from Western Germany.’

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to control Berlin.’

‘The Western powers were trying to make Germany strong.’
‘Britain, USA and France had combined their zones.’
‘The Western powers had set up a new currency.’
‘The Marshall Plan resulted in West Berlin flourishing.’
‘Stalin wanted the Western powers out of Berlin.’
‘Stalin wanted all Berlin to be under communist control.’
e.g. ‘Stalin blocked transport to West Berlin.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
7(c) Which did more to damage relations between the USA and the USSR: 10
disagreements over Poland or Marshall Aid? Explain your answer.
Level 5 – Explains with evaluation of ‘which did more’ 10



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Western Allies wanted Poland to have a government which had
been elected by free and fair multi-party elections. They wanted the
elections to be held as soon as possible but agreed to a provisional
government of pro-Soviet Lublin Poles and exiled London Poles. Stalin
wanted a pro-Soviet government on his border and was willing to murder
opposition leaders and fix the elections to achieve this. His failure to do what
had been agreed angered the Allies.’
OR
e.g. ‘The USA interpreted the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe as the start
of spreading communism around the world and responded with Marshall
Aid. This was a package of financial support which was to help strengthen
vulnerable European economies suffering from the effects of war. The
USSR saw this as a threat.’

e.g. ‘Stalin did not do what was agreed at Potsdam.’

‘Free elections were not held in Poland and this angered the Allies.’
‘The USA started the policy of containment.’
‘Marshall Aid was designed to help European states which were struggling
to recover from the war.’
‘Marshall Aid was designed to prevent countries falling to communism.’
‘Stalin felt threatened by Marshall Aid.’
e.g. ‘The USA and USSR were suspicious of each other.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
8(a) What was the ‘White Revolution’ in Iran? 4
e.g. ‘This was a programme of reform which began in 1963.’

‘Its aim was to make Iran similar to the Western powers.’
‘It was introduced by the Shah.’
‘One of its main features was land reform.’
‘Healthcare was to be reformed.’
‘Education would be reformed.’
‘Infrastructure was to be reformed so that people had electricity and running
water.’
‘The programme of reform ended in 1979.’

question 0
8(b) Why did many Iranians resent Western influence over the Shah’s 6
government?

e.g. ‘There was resentment of Western influence in Iran because the Shah’s
rule was associated with the British and Americans who were keen to
protect their own interests rather than benefit Iran. Iranians believed that the
West supported the Shah because they were interested in keeping oil
supplies for the West secure.’

e.g. ‘Mussadeq was overthrown in 1953.’

‘Mussadeq was popular and the West supported his overthrow.’
‘The West supported the Shah to protect their own interests in oil.’
‘US imports undercut Iranian farmers.’
‘Iranians felt there was a threat to the Muslim culture/Western culture was
too permissive.’
‘Western culture promoted wealth but most Iranians were poor.’
e.g. ‘The Iranians disliked foreign interference.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
8(c) How far do you agree that economic issues were more important than 10
repression in the development of opposition to the Shah’s regime?



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Economic concerns were important to the growth of opposition to the

Shah. There was a great disparity in wealth between the richest and poorest
Iranians and this situation had grown worse in the 1960s and 1970s. The
promised economic reforms had not benefited the people of Iran. The
poorest people lived in shanty towns with no running water or paved roads.
Meanwhile, the rich lived in luxury.’
OR
e.g. ‘Repression was important in causing the Iranian people to turn against
the Shah. His secret police, SAVAK, used brutal methods and a system of
informers to keep control over the population. In 1977 the Shah relaxed
police controls, thinking this would save his regime. However, it led to a
flood of opposition towards him.’

e.g. ‘Economic reforms had failed.’

‘There was huge disparity between rich and poor.’
‘The gap between rich and poor was growing wider.’
‘SAVAK was hated.’
‘Informers were used to control the population.’
e.g. ‘The Iranians thought the Shah’s government was unjust.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
9(a) Describe the reaction of the Allies to the German invasion of Belgium 4
in 1914.
e.g. ‘Britain declared war on Germany.’

‘The British sent the BEF to France.’
‘French armies moved to the French-German border.’
‘The French moved into Alsace-Lorraine.’
‘The fifth French army was sent to the Belgian border.’
‘Joffre used the railways to take troops from the east to protect Paris.’

question 0
9(b) Why did both sides dig trenches? 6

e.g. ‘At the Battle of the Marne combined British and French forces pushed
the Germans back to the River Aisne, but could not push them out of France
entirely. Neither side could make any progress. Therefore, both sides began
to dig trenches to hold on to their positions and protect themselves from
snipers and shells.’

e.g. ‘It was due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan.’

‘Trenches developed as a result of the Battle of the Marne.’
‘To protect themselves.’
‘The armies decided to use defensive tactics.’
‘The German ‘race to the sea’ failed.’
‘The first Battle of Ypres showed the armies were equally matched.’
‘The onset of winter weather at the end of the first Battle of Ypres caused
both sides to dig in.’
e.g. ‘Trenches were dug all along the Western Front.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
9(c) How far do you agree that the Schlieffen Plan failed because of the 10
British Expeditionary Force? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The BEF was important in the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. At Mons
and Le Cateau, the BEF slowed the German forces down. To be successful
the Plan relied on speed. Working with the French at the Battle of the
Marne, the BEF managed to halt the German advance outside Paris and
cause a split in the German forces, forcing the Germans to retreat to the
River Aisne.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other factors which meant the Schlieffen Plan did not work
properly. The plan assumed that Russia would take six weeks to mobilise.
However, Russia was ready to fight more quickly and this meant the
Germans had to fight on two fronts. The Plan had been based around the
idea that this would not happen.’

e.g. ‘The BEF slowed down the Schlieffen Plan.’

‘The BEF inflicted heavy casualties on the German forces at Mons.’
‘The BEF showed their professional military skills despite being a small
force.’
‘The Germans weakened the right hook of the original Plan.’
‘The German forces did not encircle Paris, allowing the British to send their
troops through the Channel ports.’
‘The Russians mobilised more quickly than expected.’
‘The Belgians resisted the invasion.’
‘The French abandoned Plan 17 and regrouped to defend Paris.’
e.g. ‘The Schlieffen Plan failed to achieve its aims.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
10(a) What was the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) in Britain? 4
e.g. ‘It was enacted in 1914.’

‘It allowed the government to make any regulations considered necessary
for the safety of the country.’
‘It meant the government had control of all docks and railways.’
‘The coal mines were nationalised to support the war effort.’
‘Strikes were declared illegal in vital industries such as mining.’
‘Miners, farmers and machine-tool operators were not allowed to join the
army because their skills were needed for the war effort.’
‘Under DORA the government could take over land and turn it into farm
production.’
‘Censorship of the press was brought in.’
‘Only good news was published to keep up civilian morale.’

question 0
10(b) Why was Britain able to avoid starvation? 6

e.g. ‘One factor which prevented Britain from starving was the convoy
system. This was introduced in June 1916 to stop British merchant ships
being sunk by German U-boats. Most of Britain’s food supplies were
transported by sea. The convoy system proved successful because in over
a year only 150 ships were sunk out of 17 000 crossing the Atlantic.’

e.g. ‘The convoy system was introduced in June 1916.’

‘It stopped British ships being sunk by German U-boats.’
‘It proved successful because in over a year only 150 ships were sunk out of
17 000 crossing the Atlantic.’
‘Britain increased the area of land it used for farming.’
‘Rationing was introduced to help manage supplies of foods such as sugar
and meat.’
e.g. ‘Britain kept up its food supplies.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
10(c) How far do you agree that the First World War had a positive impact on 10
women? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways the war had a positive impact on women. For the first
time they could work in traditional male occupations. Women could become
police officers, railway staff, bus conductors, welders, plumbers, munition
workers and farm labourers. In France, a third of all employees in
armaments production were women. Jobs like these were better paid than
their traditional occupations.’
OR
e.g. ‘The war had a negative impact on many women who lost husbands,
brothers and sons in the fighting. In Germany, women suffered from food
shortages and many died as a result of influenza in 1918. Some of the jobs
undertaken by women were dangerous, such as in the armaments industry
where they worked with dangerous chemicals and could become ill as a
result.’

e.g. ‘Women tackled many jobs they had not been involved in before.’
‘The war meant higher wages for many working women.’
‘Women worked in munitions factories.’
‘Women lost relatives during the war.’
‘Food shortages in Germany had a serious impact on women.’
‘Many women died of influenza.’
e.g. ‘The war was very bad for women.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
11(a) What were the aims of the Spartacists? 4
e.g. ‘The Spartacists wanted Germany to have a communist revolution like

the Russian Revolution.’
‘The Spartacists wanted a communist-style government.’
‘The Spartacists wanted Germany to be ruled by soviets.’
‘They wanted to overthrow Ebert’s moderate government/the Weimar
government.’
‘They wanted to abolish central government.’
‘They wanted the working classes to control society.’
‘They wanted to abolish democracy.’
‘They wanted to nationalise businesses.’
‘They wanted wealth spread more equally.’

question 0
11(b) Why was the Kapp Putsch important for the Weimar government? 6

e.g. ‘The Kapp Putsch was important for the government because it showed
that the government could survive threats against it. When the putsch was
launched the government appealed to the workers in Berlin for help. In
response, they organised a general strike and this brought transport to a
halt. This meant the putsch collapsed and the government survived.’

e.g. ‘The government had to leave Berlin.’

‘The government was forced to flee to Dresden.’
‘Ebert called for a general strike.’
‘The workers supported the government.’
‘The government survived the threat.’
‘The army did not try to stop the Freikorps.’
‘Those who organised the putsch were not punished.’
‘It demonstrated opposition to Weimar.’
e.g. ‘The Putsch caused a lot of disruption to the government.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
11(c) How far do you agree that proportional representation was the most 10
serious weakness of the Weimar Constitution? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Proportional representation was a weakness in the Weimar

Constitution because it meant that there were many small parties in the
Reichstag. Each small party had a few seats but it was difficult for one party
to gain a majority. This meant governments were coalitions made up of
several parties who often did not agree with one another. This led to
frequent disagreements and more elections.’
OR
e.g. ‘Article 48 was a more serious weakness because it gave too much
power to the President. It allowed him to override the democratically elected
government and make laws by decree. This undermined the parliamentary
system and was used with more frequency after the start of the depression
in 1929.’

e.g. ‘Proportional representation led to coalition governments.’

‘PR led to instability.’
‘PR led to many small parties.’
‘PR led to a lack of decisive action.’
‘PR led to a rise of extremist parties.’
‘It was difficult to form a strong government.’
‘Article 48 undermined democracy.’
‘The President could rule by decree.’
‘The President decided what was a state of emergency.’
‘Article 48 meant leaders could be a dictator for an unknown period of time.’
‘Hitler used Article 48 to give his dictatorship legality.’
e.g. ‘The Weimar government was unpopular.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
12(a) What was the Hitler Youth? 4
e.g. ‘It was established in the 1920s.’

‘It had separate sections for boys and girls.’
‘The League of German Maidens was for girls.’
‘Membership became compulsory in 1936.’
‘The activities it offered were designed to turn boys into good soldiers.’
‘Camping and military drill were included.’
‘The activities for girls encouraged them to become good home makers.’
‘It was designed to indoctrinate youth with Nazi ideas in race theories.’
‘Members wore uniforms.’

question 0
12(b) Why were many workers happy with life under the Nazi regime? 6

e.g. ‘Workers were happy with life under the Nazi regime because they were
unlikely to suffer from unemployment as they had during the depression.
Nazi policies such as rearmament, public works schemes to build autobahns
and conscription meant there was enough work for everyone.’

e.g. ‘Most men had a job.’

‘Public works schemes and rearmament gave people employment.’
‘People were pleased that Germany was modernised with new roads.’
‘The ‘Beauty of Labour’ improved working conditions.’
‘The ‘Strength through Joy’ organisation gave rewards to workers.’
‘Farmers were given support with their land and the prices of their crops.’
e.g. ‘The Nazi regime brought many benefits.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
12(c) How far do you agree that Nazi policies towards women were 10
successful? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The policy of encouraging women to give up their job, get married and
have children was successful. The number of marriages increased from half
a million in 1932 to three quarters of a million in 1934, while the birth rate
increased from 15 to 20 per thousand from 1933 to 1939.’
OR
e.g. ‘In some ways policies towards women were not a success. After 1937,
the Nazi regime became increasingly contradictory in its attitude towards
women. The increase in the birth rate required women’s presence in the
home. However, there was a shortage of labour and therefore women were
increasingly required to return to work.’

e.g. ‘Women were encouraged to get married and have children.’

‘There were financial incentives for married couples to have at least four
children.’
‘Women were encouraged to stick to the ‘Three Ks’.’
‘Traditional family values were emphasised.’
‘The number of marriages and births increased.’
‘Women were forced out of the professions.’
‘Women resented restrictions on their freedoms.’
‘Some women continued to work throughout the 1930s.’
‘Women lost the vote.’
‘From 1937, women were encouraged back into work.’
‘In the late 1930s, women struggled with both work and family
responsibilities.’
‘German women could not serve in the armed forces.’
e.g. ‘The Nazis changed women’s lives in many ways.’
PUBLISHED 2022
13(a) What were the main features of the New Economic Policy? 4
e.g. ‘It was a policy announced by Lenin.’

‘It began in 1921.’
‘It brought an end to War Communism.’
‘It was less communist and more capitalist.’
‘It attempted to regain the support of the peasants and gain support of the
workers.’
‘Its aim was to produce more food for the workers in the cities.’
‘It allowed peasants to sell surplus grain on the open market.’
‘It allowed some private ownership.’
‘Private enterprise was allowed in trade and small-scale industry.’
‘A regular system of taxation was introduced.’

question 0
13(b) Why was the Kronstadt Rising important? 6

e.g. ‘The mutiny was important because the sailors had played an important
role in the Revolution and the Civil War. They thought they had fought
against repression and dictatorship traits which were now being shown by
the Soviet government through policies such as requisitioning. Their
opposition was taken seriously by the government.’

e.g. ‘The sailors demanded new elections.’

‘The government had to change its ways.’
‘The sailors had been important supporters of the revolution.’
‘They wanted the end of dictatorship.’
‘They wanted freedom for trade unions.’
e.g. ‘The mutiny showed that people were unhappy.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
13(c) ‘Failure to end the war was the main reason the Provisional 10
Government lost power.’ How far do you agree with this statement?



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Failure to end the war was an important reason for the failure of the
Provisional Government. The war effort was failing and thousands of
soldiers were deserting from the army. Kerensky rallied the army for the
June Offensive but it was a disaster. Riots followed and further desertions.
Without the support of the army the Provisional Government would be
unable to withstand attempts to overthrow it.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were other problems which faced the Provisional Government.
The failure to deal with land reform made politicians appear to lack
understanding of the situation facing the peasants. The Provisional
Government waited to take action until after the elections, but this did not
address the needs of the peasants.’

e.g. ‘The Provisional Government was overthrown because it continued with

the war.’
‘Kerensky’s offensive failed.’
‘The war led to food shortages.’
‘The Provisional Government could not depend on the support of the army.’
‘The Provisional Government failed to control the peasants and their actions
over land ownership.’
‘The Provisional Government failed to realise the distribution of land was an
urgent problem.’
‘The Provisional Government was not helped with the situation of ‘dual
power’ caused by the existence of the Petrograd Soviet.’
‘The loyalties of both workers and soldiers were with the Petrograd Soviet.’
‘The Provisional Government armed the Bolsheviks to tackle Kerensky’s
forces.’
‘Poor conditions at home led to poor morale.’
PUBLISHED 2022
14(a) What were the Purges? 4
e.g. ‘The Purges were a form of terror.’

‘Thousands of politicians were removed from the party and executed.’
‘Supporters of Trotsky were removed.’
‘Show trials were part of the Purges.’
‘Anti-Soviet elements, including writers and artists, were purged by Yezhov.’
‘The secret police (NKVD) arrested over 1.5 million people.’
‘People were scared to criticise Stalin.’
‘The Purges kept Stalin in power.’
‘The Purges left the army without its most capable leaders.’

question 0
14(b) Why was it important to Stalin to control culture? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin wanted to control culture so that he could control every aspect of
people’s lives. He introduced censorship to make sure that books, films and
music only contained ideas which glorified him and the Soviet regime. This
would stop people having access to other ideas which Stalin might see as
threatening.’

e.g. ‘All aspects of culture were controlled through censorship.’

‘Writers belonged to a union and the Communist Party controlled what could
be published.’
‘Stalin did not want opposition.’
‘Films and books glorified the Soviet way of life.’
‘Statues and posters praising Stalin appeared everywhere.’
e.g. ‘Stalin felt the need to control culture.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
14(c) ‘Stalin’s rise to power was the result of good fortune rather than 10
political ability.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Good fortune was an important part of Stalin’s rise to power. Lenin’s
Last Testament was extremely critical of Stalin and warned that he could not
be trusted as he was unlikely to use power wisely. He was not viewed as a
natural successor to Lenin and it was fortunate for Stalin that this testament
was not made public.’
OR
e.g. ‘Stalin’s rise to power showed that he was a skilled manipulator and
politically astute. Stalin used his power within the Communist Party very
effectively. He was the General Secretary and used this and his other
positions to put his own supporters in important posts. He also made sure
he removed people likely to support his opponents. He gradually increased
his own support base.’

e.g. ‘Lenin had warned that Stalin could not be trusted.’

‘Lenin’s Testament was not published.’
‘Trotsky’s revolutionary ideas were considered to be dangerous.’
‘Trotsky was arrogant and unpopular.’
‘Stalin gained influence through his job as General Secretary of the
Communist Party.’
‘Stalin’s policy of ‘Socialism in One Country’ was popular.’
‘Stalin portrayed himself as Lenin’s closest comrade.’
‘Stalin deliberately gave Trotsky the wrong date for Lenin’s funeral.’
e.g. ‘Stalin rose to power because his opponents were weak.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
15(a) Describe Republican policies on imports in the 1920s. 4
e.g. ‘The Republicans believed in import tariffs.’

‘Republican policies were protectionist.’
‘Their policies made imports more expensive.’
‘Protection made American products more attractive to consumers.’
‘This helped US industry to grow.’
‘The Fordney-McCumber tariff made imported food expensive.’
‘The tariff reduced foreign competition.’
‘The Fordney-McCumber tariff was introduced in 1922.’

question 0
15(b) Why did the traditional textile industries struggle in the 1920s? 6

e.g. ‘There was less demand for traditional textiles such as cotton and
woollen cloth. This was because new synthetic textiles, such as rayon and
artificial silk, were more popular with consumers.’

e.g. ‘Traditional fabrics such as cotton and wool became less popular.’
‘Cheaper alternatives were being made.’
‘New synthetic materials were more fashionable.’
‘New fabrics were lighter to wear and easier to wash.’
‘The latest fashions used less fabric so demand for cloth went down.’
e.g. ‘The textile industry was out of date.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
15(c) ‘The boom had little impact on the lives of women.’ How far do you 10



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Many women were able to get jobs and earn their own income for the
first time. Linked with the increased use of labour-saving devices, such as
washing machines and vacuum cleaners, women were able to become freer
and independent. Some even learned to drive and bought cars.’
OR
‘Women who worked in older industries such as textiles often earned

exceptionally low wages. For instance, female textile operatives in the
cotton mills were paid as little as $9 a week when the minimum required for
a basic standard of living was $48. Those who lived in rural areas did not
see great changes and farming did not share in the boom. This meant
women in rural areas were less likely to have new household appliances
and faced financial difficulties in the 1920s.’

e.g. ‘Women found it easier to get jobs.’

‘Women had more money to spend.’
‘Women could afford new entertainments, such as going to the cinema.’
‘Some women learned to drive.’
‘Women had a freer life.’
‘Women made changes to their appearance with make-up, hairstyles and
clothes.’
‘Housework was made easier by the new labour-saving devices such as
washing machines.’
‘Women were paid less than men in the same jobs.’
‘Female textile operatives were paid poor wages.’
‘Women in rural areas often did not benefit from the boom.’
e.g. ‘Women’s lives changed a lot in the 1920s.’
PUBLISHED 2022
16(a) Describe how some Americans broke Prohibition laws. 4
e.g. ‘Many Americans went to speakeasies.’

‘Speakeasies were supplied with illegal liquor.’
‘Bootleggers smuggled illegal liquor into the country.’
‘Some brewed their own drinks known as moonshine.’
‘Corrupt policemen and judges did not enforce Prohibition laws.’

question 0
16(b) Why did the demand for popular entertainment increase in the 1920s? 6

e.g. ‘Entertainment was more in demand in the 1920s because the average
working week dropped from 47 hours to 44 hours so people had more
leisure time. Average wages rose by 10% in real terms so workers had more
disposable income. Many chose to channel this spare time and money into
entertainment.’

e.g. ‘Most people had more leisure time.’

‘People had more disposable income.’
‘There was an attitude of ‘putting the war behind them’ and enjoying life.’
‘Radios could be purchased in instalments.’
‘Cinemas were improving technically.’
‘There were numerous sporting heroes and people followed them.’
‘The car helped their owners to and from the entertainments.’
‘People wanted to listen to jazz music.’
e.g. ‘People wanted different things to do.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
16(c) How far do you agree that immigrants were the group that suffered 10
most from intolerance in the 1920s? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘New immigrants to the US suffered. People in 1920s America were

scared by the idea that communism could take hold in their country. This
‘Red Scare’ meant immigrants, anyone with extreme political views and
anyone who was not a WASP could be targeted. Many new immigrants
were from Eastern Europe or Russia and they found it difficult to get work.’
OR
e.g. ‘Black Americans suffered discrimination. The Ku Klux Klan was an

important example of intolerance in 1920s America. It was an organisation
that believed in white supremacy. The Klan regarded black Americans as
inferior and used violence to intimidate them.’

e.g. ‘Many Americans thought eastern European immigrants were all

communists.’
‘The 1919 General Strike was considered to be evidence of a communist
plot.’
‘Sacco and Vanzetti were victims of the Red Scare.’
‘Immigration laws discriminated against certain national groups.’
‘The Ku Klux Klan intimidated black Americans.’
‘There was discrimination against black Americans.’
‘Native Americans were discriminated against over jobs and housing.’
‘Women were discriminated against over jobs and pay and in politics.’
e.g. ‘White Americans had most opportunities in the 1920s.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
17(a) What was the Long March? 4
e.g. ‘The Communists marched roughly 8000 miles.’

‘There were over 100 000 people on the March.’
‘The Long March began in 1934.’
‘The Long March lasted for just over a year.’
‘The Communists marched from Jiangxi to Yenan.’
‘The Long March crossed 18 mountain ranges.’
‘The Long March passed through 11 provinces.’

question 0
17(b) Why did the Second World War weaken the Nationalists? 6

e.g. ‘The Second World War weakened the Nationalists because Chiang
Kai-shek proved reluctant to engage the Japanese in military confrontation
and adopted defensive positions. He ignored the advice of American military
advisers who urged him to attack the Japanese. This annoyed the Chinese
peasants who wanted to see their own government fight the Japanese.’

e.g. ‘The Nationalist government did not attack the Japanese.’

‘The Nationalists wasted huge amounts of aid and equipment from the
USA.’
‘Senior members of the KMT were corrupt and embezzled US funds for
personal use.’
‘The peasantry supported the Communists because they took direct action
against the Japanese.’
e.g. ‘The Nationalists were weak because they were unpopular.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
17(c) How far do you agree that the outcome of the Civil War was decided by 10
the peasantry? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Mao won the Civil War because he was extremely popular with the
peasants. He had fought the Japanese hard in the Second World War, and
during the Civil War the Communists were always considerate towards the
peasants. The peasants were also attracted to the Communists because
they were promised land. This meant the peasants fought loyally for the
Communists.’
OR
e.g. ‘Other factors were important. For instance, the Communists used
guerrilla tactics. They knew they could not afford to engage in large scale
attacks as this would be too costly in terms of manpower and supplies.
Therefore, they made calculated attacks against small targets to cause
problems for the KMT.’

e.g. ‘Mao won respect for looking after China’s interests.’

‘Mao treated the peasants well.’
‘Mao used guerrilla warfare.’
‘Chiang was considered corrupt and not popular.’
‘Mao won the hearts and minds of the peasantry.’
e.g. ‘Many groups supported the Communists in the Civil War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
18(a) What was the role of the Red Guards in the Cultural Revolution? 4
e.g. ‘The Red Guards led the campaign against the Four Olds.’
‘The Red Guards were protecting the ideas of the revolution.’
‘They used violence to defend the revolution against western ideas.’
‘Thousands of people were tortured and imprisoned by the Red Guards.’
‘They confiscated antiques.’
‘They placed posters with the names and crimes of people on the streets.’
‘They tried to remove ancient art forms.’

question 0
18(b) Why was the Cultural Revolution important to Mao’s leadership? 6

e.g. ‘Since the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao had lost his position
as Chairman of the Party. Mao wanted to return to a powerful position. As
the Great Leap Forward had been widely discredited, Mao was worried his
position in history was under threat. A new movement would help re-
establish his influence.’

e.g. ‘Mao wanted to regain his influence after the failure of the Great Leap
Forward.’
‘Mao had lost his position as Party Chairman.’
‘Mao considered his place in history was under threat.’
‘Mao was concerned the revolution was heading towards a Soviet model
with privileged groups.’
‘Liu Shaoqi did not favour collective farms and factories which Mao had
introduced.’
‘Young people seemed less connected to the communist model and needed
enthusing.’
‘The less well off and poorly educated seemed to be turning against the
spirit of the revolution.’
‘Elements of capitalism, such as private trade, had made certain people
richer than others.’
e.g. ‘Mao wanted to change attitudes.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
18(c) ‘The greatest social impact of the Cultural Revolution was on 10

education.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution had a huge impact on education. The closure
of schools and colleges led to a lowering of academic standards. Some
areas of China had illiteracy rates as high as 40% twenty years after the
revolution. The elimination of qualified teachers meant many areas were
forced to rely upon chosen students to re-educate the next generation.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution also had an impact on the lives of young
people. Millions of young people joined the Red Guards. The young were
expected to question their parents, although this had been forbidden in
traditional Chinese culture. Slogans such as ‘Parents may love me, but not
as much as Chairman Mao’ were common. Many young people became
more loyal to the regime.’

e.g. ‘Schools and colleges were closed.’

‘Millions of students formed the Red Guards.’
‘Historic sites, artefacts and museum pieces were destroyed.’
‘People were encouraged to question their parents and teachers.’
‘Traditional Chinese traditions and classical Chinese literature were
discouraged.’
e.g. ‘The Cultural Revolution changed China.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
19(a) What was the Native Urban Areas Act, 1923? 4
e.g. ‘This act introduced segregated housing.’

‘Towns and cities were divided into black and white areas.’
‘It meant townships were built.’
‘It meant towns were for white people only.’
‘Black South Africans were only admitted to white areas to work.’

question 0
19(b) Why were many black South Africans forced out of farming? 6

e.g. ‘Many black South Africans were forced out of farming because of the
1913 Natives Land Act. Under the act, only 7% of South African land was
allocated to black farmers. This prevented them from practising
sharecropping and they were thrown off the land.’

e.g. ‘The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from owning land.’
‘Black people could only own land in the native reserves.’
‘The 1913 Natives Land Act prevented black people from practising
sharecropping.’
‘The 1913 Act forced black people to seek work on white-owned farms.’
‘Black people could only occupy white-owned land if they worked for the
farmer.’
‘Black people became cheap labour on large farms run by white people.’
e.g. ‘Black people could not afford to buy land.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
19(c) How far do you agree that the impact of the Second World War was the 10
main reason for the National Party’s success in the 1948 election?



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The Second World War caused changes which were partly responsible
for the National Party winning the election in 1948. The war led to industrial
expansion and the need for black workers who moved to the towns. They
began to outnumber white people. The United Party government responded
by relaxing some laws and regulations. Many white South Africans and
Afrikaners saw these changes as a threat and voted for the National Party.’
OR
e.g. ‘The voting system was partly responsible for the Nationalist victory.
The National Party and the Afrikaner Party won 79 seats in the House of
Assembly against a combined total of 74 won by the United Party and the
Labour Party. Due to the ‘first past the post’ system, the National Party had
won more seats, even though the United Party had received 11% more
votes.’

e.g. ‘Malan’s Party appealed to many white voters.’

‘The changes brought about by the war were not welcomed by many white
people.’
‘Malan had the support of the press.’
‘He won over the workers in the industrial heart of South Africa.’
‘Malan formed an alliance with the Afrikaner Party.’
‘The first past the post system gave Malan the majority.’
e.g. ‘The opposition to the National Party was weak.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
20(a) Describe the United Nations’ opposition to apartheid. 4
e.g. ‘The UN led international criticism of apartheid.’

‘The General Assembly passed annual resolutions condemning apartheid.’
‘The General Assembly set up a Special Committee on Apartheid.’
‘The UN Unit on Apartheid produced publications on racism in South Africa.’
‘In 1973, the General Assembly declared apartheid to be ‘a crime against
humanity’.’

question 0
20(b) Why were some countries in southern Africa afraid to oppose 6

apartheid in the 1970s?

e.g. ‘Some countries would have liked to take action but were too afraid of
the consequences as South Africa had the strongest military forces in the
region. For instance, Botswana and Swaziland were partly surrounded by
South African territory and would not have been able to withstand an attack
by South African forces.’

e.g. ‘Some countries were surrounded by South African territory.’

‘South Africa had the strongest military forces in the region.’
‘Lesotho was completely surrounded by South African territory and relied on
South Africa for work.’
‘Zambia relied on food imports from South Africa.’
‘Countries were afraid to oppose South Africa as they were not strong
enough to withstand attack.’
e.g. ‘There were many risks in going against South Africa.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
20(c) ‘Economic developments in the 1970s benefited South Africans.’ How 10




6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The white population benefited from the booming economy, enjoying a
rising standard of living, high standards of health care and increasing life
expectancy. White farmers used subsidies to mechanise their farms and
increase output.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although wages did rise for black workers during the 1970s, the
workers were still paid a fraction of what a white worker earned for doing the
same job. Unemployment amongst black workers was high, resulting in
poverty, malnutrition and early death.’

e.g. ‘South Africa had a huge unequal distribution of wealth and income.’
‘The main beneficiaries of the booming economy were white South
Africans.’
‘The Afrikaner farmers received massive state support.’
‘Black wages rose in the 1970s.’
‘A quarter of black working people were unemployed in the 1970s.’
e.g. ‘The South African economy grew stronger in this period.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
21(a) What was Nasser’s role in the Suez Crisis? 4
e.g. ‘Nasser announced that the Suez Canal was ‘our Canal’.’
‘Nasser decided that Egypt would nationalise the Canal and Egyptians
would run it themselves.’
‘Egyptian forces occupied key positions in the Canal Zone.’
‘Nasser froze the assets of the Suez Canal Company and announced the
compulsory purchase of its shares.’
‘The Canal was closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘The Straits of Tiran were closed to Israeli shipping.’
‘Nasser ordered that the Gulf of Aqaba be blockaded.’

question 0
21(b) Why did some Arab states react against the agreements made at Camp 6
David?

e.g. ‘Many Arab nations did not agree with the agreements made at Camp
David. The agreements did not demand from Israel recognition of the
Palestinians’ right to self-determination. Therefore, Arab states saw Camp
David as a disintegration of a united Arab front in opposition to Israel.’

e.g. ‘The agreements did not demand from Israel recognition of the
Palestinians’ right to self-determination.’
‘It was a weakening of Arab opposition to Israel.’
‘Egypt was suspended from the Arab League.’
‘King Hussein was angry that Jordan’s interests in the West Bank were not
discussed.’
e.g. ‘Some Arab states did not agree with what had been decided.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
21(c) ‘The USSR’s involvement in the Middle East had a negative impact on 10
the Arab states.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways the USSR was an effective ally for the Arab states. In
1955, the Russians started to sell weapons to Nasser to attempt a balancing
of power in the region. During the Six-Day War, the Russians supported the
Arabs and, despite their defeat, the support continued up to 1973. The
USSR also provided support to Egypt in projects such as building the Aswan
Dam.’
OR
e.g. ‘In other ways the USSR had a negative influence. In 1967, the USSR
passed on intelligence to the Arab states about Israeli troop movements on
the border of Syria. This was later proved to be false but was one of the
main reasons the Six-Day War was launched. Some leaders, for instance
President Sadat, were concerned they were being used by the USSR as a
pawn in the Cold War and relations cooled in the 1970s.’

e.g. ‘Czechoslovakia, an ally of the USSR, provided weapons to Egypt in the

Suez Crisis.’
‘The USSR used the Suez Crisis to divert attention away from events in
Hungary.’
‘The USSR provided aid for the Aswan Dam.’
‘Weapons were supplied which helped the Arab states in the Yom Kippur
War.’
e.g. ‘The USSR was involved in many countries in the Middle East.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
22(a) Describe Israel’s invasion of Lebanon in 1982. 4
e.g. ‘Israel invaded Lebanon in June 1982.’

‘The attack was prompted by the assassination of the Israeli ambassador in
London.’
‘The attack was code-named Peace for Galilee.’
‘The Israelis laid siege to Beirut.’
‘There were many civilian casualties.’

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22(b) Why has it been impossible for Palestinian refugees to return home? 6

e.g. ‘One reason the Palestinians could not return home was that Israel
would not let them unless the Arab states agreed to allow Israel to keep the
land captured in the 1948 war. Of course, the Arab states would not agree
to this and so the Palestinian refugees had no option but to stay in the
camps.’

e.g. ‘Jews had occupied their homes.’

‘Israel would not allow the refugees to return.’
‘The refugee crisis worsened as a result of the 1967 war.’
‘Refugees fled from Sinai, Gaza, Jerusalem and the West Bank.’
‘The Israeli government encouraged Jewish settlers to move into these
areas.’
‘In Gaza and the West Bank the Israeli government designated areas as
‘state land’.’
‘This tied Gaza and the West Bank permanently to Israel.’
e.g. ‘The area was war-torn and dangerous.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
22(c) How surprising is it that some Arab states did not support the 10
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)? Explain your answer.



6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘It is not surprising that some Arab states did not support the PLO.
Jordan had been supportive of the PLO but, after the Dawson’s Field
hijacking, King Hussein of Jordan ordered his army to take control of the
PLO bases in Jordan. King Hussein was worried that, by maintaining
support for an organisation which had committed the hijacking, he would
lose valuable allies. PLO offices in Jordan were shut down and their
newspapers banned.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is surprising that Arab states have not supported the PLO. When the
West Bank was captured by the Israelis in 1967, 350 000 Palestinians fled.
The Palestinians became refugees and yet some Arab countries would not
support them even though they were Arabs too.’

e.g. ‘The Arab states viewed Palestinian refugees as a problem.’

‘Jordan expelled the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO).’
‘The PLO was forced out of Lebanon in 1982.’
‘President Sadat of Egypt recognised Israel.’
‘Palestinians felt they were let down by the Arab states in the Six-Day War.’
‘The Arab states made no progress against Israel in the Yom Kippur War.’
e.g. ‘The PLO was not popular in some states.’

question 0
Cambridge O Level
HISTORY 2147/12
2 hours

* 1 2 8 8 3 4 6 2 7 6 *
INSTRUCTIONS
INFORMATION
DC (CE) 320288
1 Internal and external factors were important in the move towards Italian unification.
(a) What did Piedmont gain from its involvement in the Crimean War? [4]
(b) Why was the Plombières agreement important to Italian unification? [6]
(c) How far was Garibaldi responsible for the unification of Italy? Explain your answer. [10]
2 Demand for change led to revolution breaking out in Germany in 1848.
(a) What was the Frankfurt Parliament? [4]
(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament offer the German crown to Frederick William IV? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany achieved little? Explain your
answer. [10]
3 The American Civil War had a great impact on the South.
(a) What changes were made to the US Constitution as a result of the Civil War? [4]
(b) Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded? [6]
(c) How far was Reconstruction a failure? Explain your answer. [10]
4 Imperialism had many causes and effects.
(a) Describe the involvement of Christian missionaries in the spread of European imperialism.
[4]
(b) Why was trade important in the expansion of European empires? [6]
(c) ‘British imperialism brought little benefit to Africa.’ How far do you agree with this statement?
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/O/N/22
5 The League of Nations faced challenges from the beginning.
(a) Describe the dispute over Vilna in 1920. [4]
(b) Why was the League often slow to react to aggression? [6]
(c) ‘Italy was more to blame than Britain and France for the failure of the League.’ How far do you
6 Hitler’s foreign policy created tension in Europe.
(a) What was Hitler’s policy of ‘lebensraum’? [4]
(b) Why did Stalin agree to the Nazi–Soviet Pact? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Chamberlain’s attempts to appease Hitler were justified? Explain
your answer. [10]
7 American involvement in Vietnam was eventually unsuccessful.
(a) What was the Vietcong? [4]
(b) Why did President Johnson increase American involvement in Vietnam? [6]
(c) ‘American public opinion was more important than the tactics of the North Vietnamese forces
in causing the United States to withdraw.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [10]
8 Many measures were taken to maintain Soviet control over Eastern Europe.
(a) What was the Brezhnev Doctrine? [4]
(b) Why was the Berlin Wall built? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that resistance to Soviet domination broke out in Hungary (1956) and
Czechoslovakia (1968) for the same reasons? Explain your answer. [10]
9 Soldiers faced many hardships in the fighting on the Western Front.
(a) Describe ‘going over the top’. [4]
(b) Why did the Allied bombardment at the start of the Battle of the Somme fail to destroy the
German defences? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that tanks were used to better effect than aircraft in the First World
War? Explain your answer. [10]
10 Germany faced many difficulties in 1918.
(a) What challenges to its authority did the German government face by early November 1918?
[4]
(b) Why were food supplies running out in Germany by 1918? [6]
(c) How far was the strength of the Allied forces responsible for the failure of the Ludendorff
Offensive? Explain your answer. [10]
11 Many factors contributed to the rise of the Nazis.
(a) From which groups did the Nazis draw most of their support in the 1920s? [4]
(b) Why was the Reichstag Fire important for Hitler? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the Munich Putsch benefited Hitler? Explain your answer. [10]
12 Nazi rule had a profound impact on German society.
(a) Describe Nazi policies towards young people. [4]
(b) Why were some women unhappy with changes made by the Nazis? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis succeeded in winning support from young people?
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/O/N/22
13 The Tsarist regime was under threat in the early twentieth century.
(a) Describe the impact of the Russo-Japanese War on the Tsar’s regime. [4]
(b) Why did the Tsarist regime survive the 1905 revolution? [6]
(c) ‘The most important reason why the Tsar fell from power was that he had taken personal
control of the army.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
14 Stalin’s changes to the economy had far-reaching social consequences.
(a) Describe the work of GOSPLAN. [4]
(b) Why was there a famine in the Soviet Union in 1932–33? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that industrial workers benefited from Stalin’s rule? Explain your
answer. [10]
15 For some Americans the 1920s were a period of greater freedom.
(a) Describe the developments in cinema in the 1920s. [4]
(b) Why was there religious intolerance in the 1920s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that women’s lives improved in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [10]
16 Some of Roosevelt’s policies were more effective than others.
(a) What did the New Deal do to help the Tennessee Valley? [4]
(b) Why did Roosevelt give his ‘fireside chats’? [6]
(c) ‘The main reason for opposition to the New Deal was that it failed to provide enough help for
the poor.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/O/N/22
17 Mao made many attempts to develop the economy.
(a) Describe the changes made to the organisation of farms in 1953. [4]
(b) Why did the Communists take action against the landlords? [6]
(c) ‘Mao’s industrial reforms were a success.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer. [10]
18 China’s relations with other countries changed over time.
(a) Describe what happened when Mao visited Stalin in 1949–50. [4]
(b) Why did China’s relationships with other countries change after 1976? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that China had a positive relationship with the USSR in the 1950s?
19 It was difficult to oppose apartheid in the 1950s and 1960s.
(a) What were the aims of the Defiance Campaign? [4]
(b) Why was Nelson Mandela imprisoned in 1964? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that South African governments had repressed opposition to apartheid
by 1966? Explain your answer. [10]
20 South African governments attempted to resist challenges to apartheid.
(a) Describe how South African governments strengthened security after 1966. [4]
(b) Why were some countries unwilling to impose economic sanctions on South Africa in the
1970s? [6]
(c) ‘Trade union opposition was the most serious challenge to the apartheid system in the 1970s.’
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/O/N/22
10
21 Superpower involvement in the Middle East has had mixed results.
(a) Describe the role of the USSR in the Middle East. [4]
(b) Why were there tensions between Israel and Lebanon in the 1980s? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Israel survived between 1956 and 1973 because of support from
the United States? Explain your answer. [10]
22 Securing international support has been an important aim of the Palestinians.
(a) What happened during the First Intifada? [4]
(b) Why were the actions of Black September important for the Palestinian cause? [6]
(c) How far do you agree that Yasser Arafat failed to achieve his aims? Explain your answer.
[10]
© UCLES 2022 2147/12/O/N/22
PUBLISHED 2022
1(a) What did Piedmont gain from its involvement in the Crimean War? 4
e.g. ‘Cavour built up a relationship with Napoleon.’

‘Piedmont went to the peace conference.’
‘Piedmont felt it was owed a favour for supporting France.’
‘Piedmont gained allies against Austria.’

question 0
1(b) Why was the Plombières agreement important to Italian unification? 6

e.g. ‘The Plombières agreement was important for Italian unification

because Piedmont was able to get a major power to support their efforts to
remove the influence of Austria from the northern Italian states. If this
agreement was successful, Piedmont would be able to unite with Lombardy
and Venetia and form a northern Italian confederation.’

e.g. ‘The agreement involved Napoleon in Italian affairs.’

‘A major power was needed to help remove Austria from Italian states.’
‘It put Piedmont at the head of the Italian unification movement.’
‘If it worked, it would allow Piedmont to form a northern federation with
Venetia and Lombardy.’
‘It made Cavour the leading Italian politician.’
‘To the French it would mean a weak state on its southern border.’
e.g. ‘The agreement helped the Italians.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
1(c) How far was Garibaldi responsible for the unification of Italy? Explain 10
your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Garibaldi was important to unification. He led an expedition to Sicily,

which he captured. He seized Naples and then liberated the whole of
southern Italy. This was important because these lands were the last to be
liberated from foreign control and this enabled Italy to be fully united.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, Garibaldi was not as important as Cavour. Cavour’s

diplomatic skill ensured Piedmont dominated Italian politics, and to this end
he continued the programme of reform and opposed Austrian domination.
Without the removal of Austria, unification would have been impossible.’
PUBLISHED 2022
2(a) What was the Frankfurt Parliament? 4
e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament was formed in 1848.’

‘The Frankfurt Parliament was called to discuss reforms.’
‘It attempted to draft a constitution for a unified Germany.’
‘It was hoped this would bring an end to the revolutions in Germany.’
‘The constitution was completed in March 1849.’
‘The deputies were elected.’

question 0
2(b) Why did the Frankfurt Parliament offer the German crown to Frederick 6
William IV?

e.g. ‘The Frankfurt Parliament wanted the King to accept the crown so that
the Constitution they had proposed would be accepted in Prussia. This
would allow the Parliament to introduce reforms which had popular support
and to create a new German Empire free from Austrian control.’

e.g. ‘To be free from Austrian control.’

‘To have their proposed Constitution accepted.’
‘To be able to introduce reform.’
‘To establish a German Empire.’
e.g. ‘They wanted him to be King.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
2(c) How far do you agree that the 1848–49 revolutions in Germany 10
achieved little? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The revolutions in Germany didn’t achieve their aim to be united and
free from Austrian control. Liberals and nationalists met to draft a new
constitution but failed. Prussian attempts to become leader of a united
Germany were quashed by Austria.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, there were some changes because of the 1848 revolutions in
Germany. Reforms were introduced in some parts of the country. The
German governments agreed to create three constituent assemblies at
Berlin, Vienna, and Frankfurt by which democratic constitutions were to be
drafted for Prussia, Austria, and Germany. Although the Frankfurt
Parliament was closed in 1849, it had begun a series of debates about the
way German states were ruled and the rights which should be given to the
people.’
PUBLISHED 2022
3(a) What changes were made to the US Constitution as a result of the Civil 4
War?
e.g. ‘The 13th Amendment ended slavery.’

‘The 13th Amendment was added to the Constitution in December 1865.’
‘The 14th Amendment was passed in April 1866.’
‘The 14th Amendment was the Civil Rights Act.’
‘All citizens were given equality before the law.’
‘The 15th Amendment was introduced in 1869 but not ratified until 1870.’
‘The 15th Amendment made it illegal to deny the right to vote based on
colour or race.’

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3(b) Why was the Ku Klux Klan founded? 6

e.g. ‘The KKK was formed because the ex-Confederate soldiers saw
themselves as vigilantes protecting white communities from the freed
slaves. They set out to persecute freed men trying to set up business in
white areas or on their own land.’

e.g. ‘To provide a political organisation.’

‘To fight for white rights.’
‘To target black Americans.’
‘To protect the weak from wrongdoing.’
‘To provide a club for ex-Confederate soldiers.’
e.g. ‘The Klan was formed because there was chaos at the end of the Civil
War.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
3(c) How far was Reconstruction a failure? Explain your answer. 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Johnson’s policy was one of reconciliation. The Southern states could
elect legislatures and send senators and representatives to Washington. In
theory, the Southern states were treated equally with the Northern states.’
OR
e.g. ‘Carpetbaggers, who were Northerners seeking election in the South,

and scalawags, who were Southerners supporting the Republicans, were
able to take control of the state governments in the Deep South and impose
their wishes. They were often corrupt and wasted money.’
e.g. ‘Initial representation did not happen.’

‘Governments were elected by universal suffrage.’
‘Southerners took the law into their own hands.’
‘Confederate leaders were disqualified from voting.’
‘Former Confederate politicians could not stand for office.’
‘Ex-slaves were now free.’
‘Ex-slaves could move between states freely.’
‘There was prejudice against freed slaves.’
e.g. ‘Many people did not benefit from Reconstruction.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
4(a) Describe the involvement of Christian missionaries in the spread of 4

European imperialism.
e.g. ‘Missionaries were seen as a civilising influence on native peoples.’

‘Missionaries kept careful records of places they had seen.’
‘Missionaries drew attention to opportunities in previously unexplored
territory.’
‘Missionaries charted their progress through unmapped territory.’
‘Missionaries were beginning to impose Western values on native peoples.’

question 0
4(b) Why was trade important in the expansion of European empires? 6

e.g. ‘Trade was important because countries were keen to expand their
markets and sell goods which were produced at home. Also, many countries
looked for raw materials such as precious metals. They also looked for
valuable products such as silk, which could be sold for high prices at home.’

e.g. ‘European countries wanted new markets.’

‘Valuable goods like silk and spices could be traded for high prices.’
‘The colonies could develop economically from selling products.’
‘European powers could grow wealthy if they controlled trade in certain
products.’
e.g. ‘More products were bought and sold as a result of the expansion of the
empire.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
4(c) ‘British imperialism brought little benefit to Africa.’ How far do you 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In Africa, Britain built roads, railways, schools and hospitals. This
generally improved the standard of living of native peoples by increasing
their mobility, improving their health and giving them an education. There
were benefits to the native peoples from considerable trading. Raw
materials, such as bananas, palm oil, rubber, cocoa and tea, were
exchanged for manufactured goods.’
OR
e.g. ‘Native peoples objected to the changes brought by Britain in stopping

traditional practices. Many objected to the stamping out of slavery, sacrifices
and extreme punishments. Also, they objected to the attempt to spread
Christianity at the expense of Islam, Hinduism and traditional tribal religions.’
e.g. ‘An infrastructure was built.’

‘There were improvements made in public health.’
‘There were economic benefits.’
‘Traditions were often lost.’
‘Native peoples were often exploited as cheap labour.’
‘The colonists often became the ruler.’
‘Christianity was encouraged.’
e.g. ‘The British used their African colonies for their own benefit.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
5(a) Describe the dispute over Vilna in 1920. 4
e.g. ‘Polish troops seized Vilna in Lithuania.’

‘Lithuania appealed to the League of Nations over Vilna.’
‘The League of Nations told the Polish troops to leave Vilna.’
‘The League of Nations tried to arrange a plebiscite to decide Vilna’s future.’
‘The Polish government agreed to the plebiscite at first but then changed its
mind.’
‘The Poles refused to leave Vilna.’

question 0
5(b) Why was the League often slow to react to aggression? 6

e.g. ‘The League was often slow to act because decisions made by the
council had to be unanimous to be carried. When the Council or Assembly
met to vote on aggressive action by a country, it would take just one
negative vote for the motion to fail. This obviously made it difficult to take
decisive action against a country that decided to disturb the peace.’

e.g. ‘Decision making processes were slow.’

‘Votes in the Council or Assembly had to be unanimous.’
‘The Council and Assembly only met once a year.’
‘It was difficult to take decisive action.’
‘Britain and France often disagreed on action.’
‘A small state could hold up a vital decision.’
‘It did not have an army.’
‘Manchuria was too far away.’
‘Britain and France were slow to act over Abyssinia to keep Mussolini
onside.’
e.g. ‘The League did not want to upset countries.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
5(c) ‘Italy was more to blame than Britain and France for the failure of the 10
League.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your
answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Italy was more to blame. Mussolini undermined the authority of the
League in 1923 when he persuaded the Conference of Ambassadors to
change the League’s ruling. This showed the League could be intimidated
by one of the major powers. His invasion of Abyssinia underlined the
League’s weakness as members would not impose sanctions which would
hit their own industries.’
OR
e.g. ‘Britain and France were more to blame as they failed to take action to
prevent Mussolini’s aggression. They tried to find a solution to the
Abyssinian Crisis. This involved the Hoare–Laval Pact, which was leaked to
the press, and showed they were not willing to take tough action to stop
Mussolini. Therefore they are more to blame.’
e.g. ‘Mussolini undermined the League in the Corfu Crisis.’

‘He showed that the League would give way to a major power.’
‘The invasion of Abyssinia showed how weak the League was.’
‘Sanctions were not effective.’
‘Britain and France agreed the Hoare–Laval Pact.’
‘They were unwilling to use force to stop Mussolini.’
‘Britain and France put economic interests first.’
e.g. ‘Both sides put their own interests above those of the League.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
6(a) What was Hitler’s policy of ‘lebensraum’? 4
e.g. ‘Lebensraum meant ‘living space’ for Germans.’

‘It meant expansion eastwards.’
‘It meant Germany’s growing population would have a place to settle.’
‘It meant Germany would take over Poland and Soviet Russia.’
‘Lebensraum meant there would be more food and resources for Germans.’

question 0
6(b) Why did Stalin agree to the Nazi–Soviet Pact? 6

e.g. ‘Stalin agreed to the Nazi–Soviet Pact because he wanted to buy time
to build up his armed forces. The Soviet army was weak and the leadership
had been purged. Stalin hoped that a war in western Europe would distract
Hitler for a long time and give him the opportunity to strengthen his own
defences.’

e.g. ‘He wanted to buy time to strengthen Russia.’

‘He wanted to build his military forces.’
‘He was worried about the possibility of war with Japan.’
‘He wanted to gain Polish territory.’
‘He did not trust Britain and France.’
e.g. ‘Stalin agreed to the Nazi–Soviet Pact because he would benefit from
it.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
6(c) How far do you agree that Chamberlain’s attempts to appease Hitler 10
were justified? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Some would argue that Chamberlain’s policy was justified. Many
people feared communism more than Nazism. One way to reduce the
potential threat of Soviet Russia was to ensure that there was a strong, anti-
communist state in central Europe committed to its destruction. Germany
fitted the bill perfectly. Anti-communists found it convenient to support
appeasement and agreed with what Chamberlain was doing.’
OR
e.g. ‘Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement was hard to justify. It was as if he

was giving in to a bully. The policy assumed that if concessions were made
to Hitler, it would reduce the chance of war. Instead, it encouraged Hitler to
be more aggressive and to demand more territory. Chamberlain thought that
the Munich Agreement would satisfy Hitler, but Hitler then took the whole of
Czechoslovakia.’
e.g. ‘Many people thought the Treaty of Versailles was unfair to Germany.’
‘The British hoped that a strong Germany would stop the spread of
communism.’
‘Britain and France were militarily weak and not ready to fight.’
‘Appeasement would give time to rearm adequately.’
‘Memories of the First World War were still vivid.’
e.g. ‘Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement was wrong.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
7(a) What was the Vietcong? 4
e.g. ‘A political and military group formed to fight the South Vietnamese/
army/government.’
‘North Vietnam supported the Vietcong.’
‘They were also known as the National Liberation Front/Liberation Army.’
‘They were backed by the USSR and China.’
‘They were supported by the peasants in the South of Vietnam.’
‘They carried out attacks on US/South Vietnamese troops from behind US
lines.’
‘They included South Vietnamese opponents of the government there.’
‘They were communists.’
‘They used guerrilla tactics.’

question 0
7(b) Why did President Johnson increase American involvement in 6

Vietnam?

e.g. ‘Johnson increased involvement in Vietnam because of the Gulf of

Tonkin incident. Two American warships were attacked by North
Vietnamese gunboats. Congress gave Johnson the power to give armed
support to South Vietnam. Ground troops were deployed and the bombing
of North Vietnam began.’

e.g. ‘Two US warships were attacked.’

‘There was an election looming in the US and Johnson didn’t want to be the
first US President to lose a war.’
‘Johnson had asked Generals to prepare war plans before Tonkin.’
‘Congress supported the escalation of the war.’
‘To contain communism.’
e.g. ‘Johnson didn’t want Vietnam to be communist.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
7(c) ‘American public opinion was more important than the tactics of the 10
North Vietnamese forces in causing the United States to withdraw.’


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Public opinion was important because it increasingly turned against the
war due to atrocities committed against the Vietnamese people. Americans
were horrified by events in the village of My Lai, where 300 villagers, mainly
women and children, were attacked by US troops. Americans began to
protest about US involvement in the war which put pressure on the US
government to withdraw.’
OR
e.g. ‘North Vietnamese forces were important. They launched the Tet
Offensive against US targets and South Vietnamese cities. This attack was
deep inside South Vietnam and was a blow to US morale. North Vietnamese
tactics continued to wear down US soldiers who began to realise that the
war was unwinnable and what was the point of continuing.’
e.g. ‘The public was concerned about the high level of casualties.’
‘The public thought too much money was being spent.’
‘People began to protest and burned their draft cards.’
‘The public was upset by U.S. atrocities against the Vietnamese people.’
‘The Tet Offensive turned public opinion.’
‘North Vietnamese forces were very resilient.’
‘US had no effective weapon against guerrilla warfare.’
‘North Vietnamese tactics wore down US soldiers’ morale.’
e.g. ‘The American public grew tired of the war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
8(a) What was the Brezhnev Doctrine? 4
e.g. ‘It was a Soviet foreign policy.’

‘It was a policy introduced by Brezhnev who was the leader of the Soviet
Union.’
‘It called on the Soviet Union to intervene directly in countries where
socialist rule was under threat.’
‘The doctrine was a response to the Prague Spring.’
‘It was to stop Dubcek reforming his country.’
‘It led to Soviet forces invading Czechoslovakia.’
‘It was to stop other countries rebelling against Soviet control.’

question 0
8(b) Why was the Berlin Wall built? 6

e.g. ‘The wall was built to prevent people from leaving the Eastern sector of
Berlin and defecting to the West. Over 2.5 million East Germans had left
between 1949 and 1961. Many of those leaving were the most skilled
workers, such as engineers and teachers, and the East German
government wanted to stop this to protect the economy in the East.’

e.g. ‘The Wall was built to keep people in the East.’

‘To remove the attraction of the variety of goods in the shops of West
Berlin.’
‘It was built to stop a ‘brain drain’ from the East.’
‘Ulbricht did not want ideas such as democracy spreading from the West.’
‘To stop comparison of conditions and living standards.’
‘To remove the idea of the East being unpopular.’
‘To remove the attraction of the West.’
‘To hide the attraction of capitalism.’
e.g. ‘It was built to show where East Berlin ended and West Berlin started.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
8(c) How far do you agree that resistance to Soviet domination broke out in 10
Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) for the same reasons?


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The uprisings had some similar causes. For instance, both countries
resented Soviet rule. They wanted there to be more freedom and for people
to have more rights. They wanted to reduce the control of the Communist
state and improve living standards.’
OR
e.g. ‘There were some differences. The Hungarian uprising had been
inspired by rebellions in Poland. The workers there had gained some
concessions and this gave the Hungarians hope that they could do the
same. In Czechoslovakia, however, the rebellion was motivated more by
economic concerns as the country was suffering from a deep recession.’
e.g. ‘There was a recession in Czechoslovakia.’

‘Hungary wanted to leave the Warsaw Pact.’
‘Both countries resented Communist control.’
‘Both wanted greater freedoms and rights for the people.’
‘Hungarians were inspired by the rebellion in Poland in 1956.’
‘Both wanted more control over the government of their own countries.’
e.g. ‘There were similarities and differences in the reasons why these
countries resisted Soviet control.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
9(a) Describe ‘going over the top’. 4
e.g. ‘The attacking infantry rose out of their trenches.’

‘They had to climb over the parapet of their trench.’
‘This enabled them to get into no man’s land to attack the enemy.’
‘It meant leaving the safety of their trench.’
‘Machine guns were used to repel soldiers going over the top.’
‘It generally sustained heavy losses.’

question 0
9(b) Why did the Allied bombardment at the start of the Battle of the Somme 6
fail to destroy the German defences?

e.g. ‘The plans failed to clear no man’s land of barbed wire and so it was
difficult to advance at speed. The shelling which took place for 7 days before
the attack did not destroy the barbed wire as hoped and so the soldiers got
caught in the tangled barbed wire and were easy targets for the German
soldiers.’

e.g. ‘The barbed wire was not fully destroyed.’

‘The German trenches were not destroyed.’
‘The Germans knew the attack was coming.’
‘German defences were stronger than thought.’
e.g. ‘The bombardment didn’t work.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
9(c) How far do you agree that tanks were used to better effect than aircraft 10
in the First World War? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Although early tanks broke down and often did not get across no man’s
land, later tanks became more reliable and quicker. When used in large
numbers such as at Amiens and Cambrai, the German lines could be
breached.’
OR
e.g. ‘Aircraft were useful to some extent. They were used for observation
and reconnaissance and observed battle positions and the movement of
troops behind the enemy lines. However, they were not especially useful in
fighting the war.’
e.g. ‘Early tanks broke down or got stuck in the mud.’

‘At first, the soldiers moved more quickly than the tanks and so weren’t
protected by them.’
‘By 1918, tanks were used to better effect such as at Amiens.’
‘Aircraft were useful for observation.’
‘There were dog fights between flying aces.’
‘Aircraft made little difference to the fighting on the Western Front.’
‘Tanks had a psychological effect on the enemy.’
e.g. ‘Both tanks and aircraft were used to good effect.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
10(a) What challenges to its authority did the German government face by 4
early November 1918?
e.g. ‘There was conflict between the Generals and the Reichstag.’
‘The Generals interfered in domestic affairs.’
‘The Reichstag wanted to end the war.’
‘The Chancellor, Max von Baden, asked for an armistice on 3 October.’
‘President Wilson wouldn’t accept peace negotiations as the Kaiser was still
in power.’
‘It faced a revolution.’
‘The sailors at Kiel mutinied.’

question 0
10(b) Why were food supplies running out in Germany by 1918? 6

e.g. ‘Food supplies in Germany were running out by 1918 as the blockade of
the North Sea ports by the British was effective. This meant Germany was
unable to import food. By the winter of 1917, people were driven to eating
fodder kept for cattle and many faced starvation.’

e.g. ‘The blockade was effective.’

‘Germany could not import food.’
‘Most of the supplies were given to the armed forces so civilians suffered.’
‘Agricultural production was disrupted.’
e.g. ‘Germany could not grow enough food.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
10(c) How far was the strength of the Allied forces responsible for the failure 10
of the Ludendorff Offensive? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘The strength of the Allied forces was important. French forces launched
a successful counterattack at the Marne in July. This pushed Ludendorff
onto the defensive. The Allies also used creeping barrages to support
infantry advances. The Allied forces were stronger and better equipped than
the German forces.’
OR
e.g. ‘At first, the Germans did well in the Ludendorff offensive. However,
changing the war from one of attrition into one of movement, by breaking out
from the heavily fortified Hindenburg Line, played into the hands of the Allies.
German soldiers were also demoralised and poorly equipped. They suffered
a huge number of casualties and had no reserves.’
e.g. ‘The Allies were well equipped.’

‘The war became one of movement instead of attrition.’
‘Ludendorff was a victim of his own successes in the early days of the
offensive.’
‘Allied tactics, such as creeping barrages, were effective.’
‘The German troops suffered heavy casualties and were demoralised.’
e.g. ‘The Allied forces were stronger than the German forces.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
11(a) From which groups did the Nazis draw most of their support in the 4
1920s?
e.g. ‘Peasant farmers in northern Germany supported the Nazis.’

‘Middle-class shopkeepers supported the Nazis.’
‘Small business owners in country towns supported the Nazis.’
‘People who viewed Weimar’s art, literature and film as immoral supported
the Nazis.’
‘Nationalists supported the Nazis.’
‘Ex-soldiers supported the Nazis.’

question 0
11(b) Why was the Reichstag Fire important for Hitler? 6

e.g. ‘The fire was important to Hitler because it gave him an excuse to get rid
of the Communists. Hitler claimed the fire was proof of a Communist plot. He
persuaded Hindenburg to issue an emergency decree which allowed the
police to arrest Communists, thus removing a threat to his quest to
consolidate his power.’

e.g. ‘Hitler claimed it was proof of a Communist plot against the state.’
‘Hitler took the opportunity to whip up public fear against Communists.’
‘It gave him the opportunity to persuade President Hindenburg to issue a
Reichstag Fire decree.’
‘The decree curbed personal freedoms and increased police powers.’
‘It gave the opportunity to arrest Communists and thus remove a threat to
the Nazis.’
‘He was able to ban the Communist Party.’
‘He closed down Communist newspapers.’
e.g. ‘The fire gave Hitler the opportunity he needed to gain power.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
11(c) How far do you agree that the Munich Putsch benefited Hitler? Explain 10
your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In the short term, the Putsch did not benefit Hitler. When Hitler and
members of the SA marched through the streets of Munich, they were met
by the police and army and the Putsch was easily crushed. Hitler had hoped
for support from the Bavarian Prime Minister but this did not materialise. The
Putsch was no threat to the Weimar government.’
OR
e.g. ‘Although the Putsch had failed, Hitler benefited in the long term. He
gained a lot of publicity through the Putsch and only served a short
sentence. He now understood that his tactics had been wrong and went on
to re-organise the Party and make it more popular and professional.’
e.g. ‘The Putsch was easily suppressed.’

‘Hitler’s trial attracted a lot of publicity.’
‘Hitler wrote Mein Kampf while in prison.’
‘Hitler realised he should try to gain power through legal means.’
‘The Nazi Party was banned.’
e.g. ‘The Munich Putsch failed.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
12(a) Describe Nazi policies towards young people. 4
e.g. ‘Young people were encouraged to join movements like the Hitler
Youth.’
‘Girls joined the League of German Maidens.’
‘Policies were changed in schools to indoctrinate youth.’
‘Membership of the Hitler Youth became compulsory in 1936.’
‘The school curriculum was changed to reflect Nazi values.’

question 0
12(b) Why were some women unhappy with changes made by the Nazis? 6

e.g. ‘Some women were unhappy because they had to give up their careers.
During the Weimar years, women had been encouraged to become
educated and take up fulfilling careers. Now many women doctors, civil
servants, lawyers and teachers were forced to leave their jobs and stay at
home with their families. Many resented this as a restriction on their freedom
and a waste of years of training.’

e.g. ‘It was a male dominated regime.’

‘It was expected that they would raise children and run the house.’
‘Many women did not like the insistence on traditional dress.’
‘Many professional women were forced to leave their jobs.’
‘Discrimination against female applicants for jobs was encouraged.’
‘Schoolgirls were discouraged from going into higher education.’
‘Women were deprived of the vote.’
e.g. ‘Some women supported changes made by the Nazis.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
12(c) How far do you agree that the Nazis succeeded in winning support 10
from young people? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways it seemed as though the Nazis had won support from
young people. By 1939, the Hitler Youth had 7 million members, mostly
young Germans. Many were happy to join as other associations were
banned and this offered many activities such as camping and a wide range
of sports. Many boys saw it as a preparation for the armed forces.’
OR
e.g. ‘The Nazis did not win over all of German youth. Membership of the
Hitler Youth was compulsory so it is difficult to tell if people joined because
they wanted to do so. Rather than join the Hitler Youth, many young people
joined the Catholic Youth Organisation or two groups which were hostile to
the Nazi regime, the Swing Movement and the Edelweiss Pirates.’
e.g. ‘Millions voluntarily joined the Hitler Youth.’

‘There was indoctrination in the schools.’
‘The Swing Movement did not support the regime.’
‘The Edelweiss Pirates actively attacked the Hitler Youth.’
‘The Hitler Youth had to be made compulsory.’
e.g. ‘Many young people supported the Nazis.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
13(a) Describe the impact of the Russo-Japanese War on the Tsar’s regime. 4
e.g. ‘Russia was humiliated at being defeated by a much smaller nation.’

‘The defeat fuelled the discontent which was already spreading in Russia.’
‘Discontent grew and protests took place on Bloody Sunday.’
‘There was a revolution in 1905.’
‘There was a mutiny on the battleship Potemkin.’
‘It was feared the Tsar was losing control of the armed forces.’

question 0
13(b) Why did the Tsarist regime survive the 1905 revolution? 6

e.g. ‘One reason the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution was that he issued
the October Manifesto. This promised that a Duma would be established and
that people would be given freedoms such as free speech and freedom of
assembly. The Duma would be elected and laws would not be passed
without the Duma’s authority. By appearing to give in to the demands of the
people this way, Nicholas II was able to restore order.’

e.g. ‘Nicholas issued the October Manifesto.’

‘People were promised a Duma and freedoms.’
‘This divided/split the opposition.’
‘The opponents of the Tsar were crushed.’
‘The army supported the Tsar.’
e.g. ‘The Tsar survived because he had more support than the
revolutionaries.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
13(c) ‘The most important reason why the Tsar fell from power was that he 10
had taken personal control of the army.’ How far do you agree with this


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘By assuming supreme command of the Russian Army fighting on the
Eastern Front, the Tsar was immediately linked to the country’s military
failures. He made himself personally responsible for the country’s huge loss
of life, which, by the end of 1916, was estimated at nearly five million dead,
missing or as prisoners. There was discontent and mutiny and the Tsar was
seen as being the cause.’
OR
e.g. ‘When the Tsar went to lead the troops at the front, the Tsarina took
responsibility for domestic policy. Rasputin served as her adviser and, as a
result, she dismissed ministers in rapid succession. Rumours circulated that
she and Rasputin were leaders of a pro-German court group. The
government was very unstable and this was responsible for Nicholas’ fall
from power.’
e.g. ‘There were enormous casualties.’

‘The Tsarina and Rasputin were not popular.’
‘There were numerous strikes for higher wages.’
‘Soldiers suffered food shortages and hunger.’
‘The army refused to fire on protesters.’
‘The effect of the bad winter.’
e.g. ‘Russia suffered defeats in the war.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
14(a) Describe the work of GOSPLAN. 4
e.g. ‘GOSPLAN was the state economic planning organisation.’

‘It set overall targets for an industry.’
‘It was focused on building up heavy industries such as coal and iron.’
‘It planned and invested in vital industries.’
‘Each region of the USSR was given production targets.’
‘The region set targets for each mine or factory.’
‘GOSPLAN was responsible for the administration of the Five-Year Plans.’

question 0
14(b) Why was there a famine in the Soviet Union in 1932–33? 6

e.g. ‘There was a famine because the peasants resisted collectivisation.

Rather than give their animals and crops to the state, they destroyed them
and so there was no food in the villages.’

e.g. ‘The peasants destroyed their crops and animals.’

‘There was no seed to plant the following year.’
‘Crops were requisitioned and taken away from the villages.’
‘Stalin continued to export grain even though there were shortages in
Russia.’
e.g. ‘Russian peasants starved in great numbers.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
14(c) How far do you agree that industrial workers benefited from Stalin’s 10
rule? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways the workers did not benefit. Factory life for workers under
the Plans could be harsh. Lateness or absences could be punished by
sacking and this often meant losing your house or flat. To escape the hard
discipline, some workers tried to move jobs, but the free movement of
workers in the USSR was banned.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, some workers benefited. There was no unemployment. By

the late 1930s, many Soviet workers had improved their conditions by
acquiring well paid skilled jobs under the Plans and earning bonuses for
meeting targets. Education, medicine and training schemes were free.’
e.g. ‘There was work for everyone.’

‘There was a slight increase in the standard of living in the late 1930s.’
‘Factory discipline was harsh and punishments were severe.’
‘There was a lack of consumer goods.’
‘Some workers who exceeded their targets were rewarded.’
e.g. ‘The Five Year Plans caused industrial production to increase.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
15(a) Describe the developments in cinema in the 1920s. 4
e.g. ‘The U.S.A. film industry was centred in a small suburb of Los Angeles
called Hollywood.’
‘Many cinemas were opened.’
‘The big film companies promoted stars such as Buster Keaton and Charlie
Chaplin.’
‘Some of the new films were considered scandalous.’
‘After a threat from states to bring in censorship, Hollywood brought in its
own censorship code.’
‘It was organised on a studio basis, such as MGM.’

question 0
15(b) Why was there religious intolerance in the 1920s? 6

e.g. ‘One reason there was religious intolerance was the rise in popularity of
Fundamentalist Christianity. Fundamentalists believed in a literal translation
of the Bible and did not believe in the theory of evolution. They were
concerned about declining standards of morality and set up their own
churches. They did not tolerate other religions or groups which challenged
their ideas. This culminated in the ‘monkey trial’ where a high school biology
teacher broke the law by teaching the theory of evolution.’

e.g. ‘Fundamental Christianity became more popular.’

‘Challenges to fundamental beliefs were not accepted.’
‘Many European immigrants were Catholic or Jewish.’
‘Social changes in the 1920s led to a religious revival among conservative
Christians.’
‘There was a growing divide between the city culture and traditional rural
areas.’
‘Fundamentalists believed in everything the Bible said.’
‘Other beliefs were condemned, especially in the Bible Belt states.’
e.g. ‘Different religions were looked down on.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
15(c) How far do you agree that women’s lives improved in the 1920s? 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Life improved for some women in the 1920s. The number of women in
employment increased by 25% to 10 million by 1929. Office work and
manufacturing accounted for much of the increase and in some new
industries, such as electronics, women were preferred to men. Many
benefitted from new labour-saving devices which were designed to make
housework easier.’
OR
e.g. ‘For some women, the 1920s brought little change. If women lived in
rural areas or worked in traditional occupations such as cotton textiles, they
still had poor wages and did not benefit from some of the aspects of the
boom. Women were still paid less than men, even if they were in the same
job. Only a minority became ‘flappers’ and greater freedom was not shared
equally between town and countryside.’
e.g. ‘New labour-saving devices made housework easier.’

‘More women were employed.’
‘Some women experienced greater freedom.’
‘Poor women could not afford vacuum cleaners and washing machines.’
‘Those employed in traditional industries still had poor wages.’
‘Men were paid more than women, even in the same job.’
e.g. ‘Life got better for some women but not others.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
16(a) What did the New Deal do to help the Tennessee Valley? 4
e.g. ‘It helped industry and agriculture.’

‘It created jobs.’
‘It irrigated land and controlled flooding.’
‘It provided electricity.’
‘It made the Tennessee navigable.’
‘It created leisure facilities.’
‘It helped seven states.’

question 0
16(b) Why did Roosevelt give his ‘fireside chats’? 6

e.g. ‘Roosevelt made his fireside chats to help people understand and
therefore support his policies. For instance, he explained the changes he
was going to make to the banking sector. This helped to restore confidence
in the banks and people were encouraged to reinvest their savings.’

e.g. ‘They helped gain the trust of the American people.’

‘It gave the Americans confidence in their President.’
‘Roosevelt was able to explain his policies.’
‘They helped to restore faith in the banks.’
‘They made people feel that the nation was united in facing problems.’
‘They kept the American people informed about the actions of the
government.’
e.g. ‘FDR made these chats because he wanted to talk to people.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
16(c) ‘The main reason for opposition to the New Deal was that it failed to 10
provide enough help for the poor.’ How far do you agree with this


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There was some opposition to the New Deal because it did not do
enough for the poor. For instance, Senator Huey Long did not think the New
Deal went far enough. His ‘Share our Wealth’ scheme included confiscation
of large fortunes, lump sums for American families, pensions, minimum
wages and free education.’
OR
e.g. ‘Others thought the President had exceeded his powers through some
of the legislation which was introduced. The Supreme Court declared that
the AAA and the NRA were unconstitutional. It undermined states’ power to
help businesses. It was the Court’s task to decide if measures passed by the
President and the Congress were consistent with the American Constitution.
Most of the judges were Republican and they had a natural political dislike
for the New Deal.’
e.g. ‘Huey Long thought the New Deal didn’t do enough for the poor.’
‘The Supreme Court had to uphold the Constitution.’
‘Republicans believed in minimal government intervention and low taxation.’
‘Some Republicans thought Roosevelt was acting like a dictator.’
‘Some state governors argued that the New Deal laws conflicted with the
rights of state governments.’
‘Business leaders in the Liberty League opposed the New Deal.’
‘Dr Francis Townsend wanted the New Deal to do more for the elderly.’
PUBLISHED 2022
17(a) Describe the changes made to the organisation of farms in 1953. 4
e.g. ‘In 1953 farms became cooperatives.’

‘Between 30 and 50 families lived together in the cooperatives and formed
together.’
‘Families legally owned the land but it was on permanent loan to
cooperatives.’
‘The cooperatives paid rent to each family.’
‘Land was joined together to make larger, more efficient farms.’

question 0
17(b) Why did the Communists take action against the landlords? 6

e.g. ‘The Communists took action against the landlords because they
believed that they had grown wealthy at the expense of the peasants. This
went against their beliefs that people should be equal.’

e.g. ‘In line with communist theory.’

‘The landlords were accused of charging high rents or mistreating their
tenants.’
‘The landlords were considered to be too wealthy.’
‘Some landlords were beaten, imprisoned or executed.’
‘The population was growing and more food needed to be produced.’
‘To reward the peasants for their support in the civil war.’
e.g. ‘The landlords were unpopular.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
17(c) ‘Mao’s industrial reforms were a success.’ How far do you agree with 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways Mao’s industrial reforms were a success. The first Five
Year Plan for heavy industry achieved huge increases in the output of steel,
coal and iron. All the targets set had been exceeded by 1957.’
OR
e.g. ‘Some industrial policies were not successful. The Great Leap Forward
encouraged the growth of inefficient, small factories and low quality
‘backyard’ iron and steel was produced. This was unusable and its
manufacture took workers away from the fields, causing a drop in food
production.’
e.g. ‘Poor quality steel was produced in backyard furnaces.’

‘There was considerable unemployment.’
‘The first Five Year Plan was successful.’
‘There was increased production of coal, steel, electricity and petrol.’
‘Targets were set and early targets were met.’
‘The Great Leap Forward had mixed results.’
e.g. ‘Industry developed in China.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
18(a) Describe what happened when Mao visited Stalin in 1949–50. 4
e.g. ‘The Sino–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance was signed by China
and the USSR.’
‘A 30-year military alliance was agreed.’
‘China was given a $300 million low-interest loan by the USSR.’
‘The low-interest loan was over a period of five years.’
‘Mao felt that he was not treated as an equal by Stalin.’
‘Mao felt that the trip had not gone well for him.’
‘Little was achieved after a visit of over two months.’
‘Mao was unable to meet Stalin for many days.’
‘China was angry about the lack of generosity shown by Stalin and the
Russians.’

question 0
18(b) Why did China’s relationships with other countries change after 1976? 6

e.g. ‘One reason that China’s relations changed with other countries was
that China had better relations with the US. China was admitted as a
member of the UN in 1971 and in the 1970s developed better relations with
the USA. In 1979, the US accepted that the PRC was the legitimate ruler of
China. This showed that China’s global status was improving.’

e.g. ‘Change of leadership after death of Mao.’

‘China was a valuable trading partner.’
‘The US developed better relations with China.’
‘China did not want to be an isolated power.’
‘The Chinese made an official visit to the US in 1978.’
‘Changes to the economy in the late 1970s meant China was more open to
foreign trade.’
‘Territories which had belonged to China (such as Hong Kong and Macau)
were returned.’
e.g. ‘China wanted to be recognised as a world power.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
18(c) How far do you agree that China had a positive relationship with the 10
USSR in the 1950s? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘There were positive aspects to the relationship between China and the
USSR. In 1950, the two countries signed a Treaty of Friendship. The USSR
gave China a $300 million low-interest loan and sent economic advisers to
China to help develop industry. The USSR provided aid to 156 industries in
the Five-Year plan and there was a military alliance between the two
countries.’
OR
e.g. ‘However, relations were not always positive. Mao did not like
Khrushchev as he thought he was betraying Marx and Lenin. Mao thought
his form of Communism based on the peasants was what Marx and Lenin
had preached. Mao disapproved of Khrushchev’s suggestion that Russia
and the capitalist West could follow peaceful co-existence and suggested
that China was the true leader of the Communist world.’
e.g. ‘The Treaty of Friendship was signed in 1950.’

‘There was a Sino–Soviet military alliance.’
‘Stalin sent advisers to support China’s industrialisation.’
‘The USSR gave cheap loans to support economic development in China.’
‘Mao did not like Khrushchev.’
‘Mao thought Khrushchev was betraying Marx and Lenin.’
‘Khrushchev wanted better relations with the West.’
‘The USSR would not help the Chinese militarily.’
PUBLISHED 2022
19(a) What were the aims of the Defiance Campaign? 4
e.g. ‘The campaign aimed to challenge apartheid.’

‘It aimed to increase support for the ANC.’
‘It aimed to oppose apartheid through peaceful means.’
‘It aimed to attract national and international support to expose the injustice
of the apartheid system.’
‘It aimed to encourage opponents of the government that further mass
protest could bring political changes.’

question 0
19(b) Why was Nelson Mandela imprisoned in 1964? 6

e.g. ‘He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 when he was tried for
sabotage under the Suppression of Communism Act. He had organised
Umkhonto we Sizwe which was linked to acts of sabotage against the
government and Mandela was tried for treason.’

e.g. ‘He was a member of the ANC and defied apartheid.’

‘He organised Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) when the ANC went underground.’
‘MK was accused of acts of sabotage against government property.’
‘The government accused Mandela of being a Communist.’
‘Peaceful tactics had failed and resistance to apartheid became more
violent.’
e.g. ‘He was accused of committing crimes.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
19(c) How far do you agree that South African governments had repressed 10
opposition to apartheid by 1966? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways opposition had been crushed. Following the Rivonia trial,
the main leaders of the ANC were imprisoned and the government
introduced harsh legislation to deal with opponents of apartheid. For
instance, the General Laws Amendment Act meant the police could detain
people for 90 days without charge and with no access to a lawyer. Given the
lack of leadership and strict law enforcement, it appeared that resistance to
apartheid had died down.’
OR
e.g. ‘Repression meant that some opponents of apartheid fled abroad. This
didn’t mean that they gave up trying to resist apartheid. The OAU was
formed in 1963. The headquarters was in Tanzania and many opponents of
apartheid went there to gain military training which would enable them to
fight back against the South African regime.’
e.g. ‘The leaders of the ANC were imprisoned for life.’

‘People could be detained without charge.’
‘There were strict security measures.’
‘The OAU was formed in 1963.’
‘The OAU trained those who fled from South Africa.’
e.g. ‘The South African government used brutal methods to suppress

opposition.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
20(a) Describe how South African governments strengthened security after 4

1966.
e.g. ‘The Bureau of State Security was established.’

‘The State Security Council was established to advise the PM on security
matters.’
‘The Terrorism Act made terrorism a separate crime equal to treason.’
‘The receiving of military training could be considered under the Act.’
‘The Internal Security Amendment Act allowed suspects to be detained
without charge.’
‘Potential witnesses could be kept in solitary confinement for six months.’
‘The police and security services were armed.’

question 0
20(b) Why were some countries unwilling to impose economic sanctions on 6

South Africa in the 1970s?

e.g. ‘The world economy depended upon South Africa for a broad range of
essential minerals. Over 60% of the world’s gold and half of the platinum
group of metals used in car exhausts and oil refineries came from South
Africa. It also produced diamonds, chromium, vanadium, asbestos, coal,
copper, iron, nickel and zinc.’

e.g. ‘The world economy needed South Africa’s minerals.’

‘Steel production, car production and oil production all needed South Africa’s
minerals.’
‘South Africa was a major focus for American, Japanese and European
investment.’
‘By 1978, nearly $30 billion was invested in South Africa.’
‘By imposing sanctions on South Africa, the industrialised economies would
be damaged.’
e.g. ‘Some countries were afraid of the consequences.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
20(c) ‘Trade union opposition was the most serious challenge to the 10
apartheid system in the 1970s.’ How far do you agree with this


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Trade union opposition was important because it showed that the
workers could force concessions from the employers. There was a recession
in South Africa in 1973 and there were a series of strikes to protest about
wage reductions and longer working hours. In Natal, the Zulu workers
organised themselves into a strong, united force and employers had to give
way. This was to be important in future opposition.’
OR
e.g. ‘Steve Biko’s Black Consciousness Movement was the most important
challenge because it encouraged a greater sense of cohesiveness, solidarity
and assertiveness among black people. He encouraged them to struggle
against oppression with renewed hope and vigour. He advocated peaceful
and moderate methods and was an inspiration to many followers including
those involved in the Soweto protests.’
e.g. ‘The recession in 1973 caused strikes.’

‘The workers in Natal formed a strong organisation.’
‘They forced concessions from their employers.’
‘Biko’s Black Consciousness Movement brought new hope to black people.’
‘The Soweto Riots showed black youths were not accepting apartheid.’
‘Thousands went to neighbouring countries to train as guerrilla fighters.’
e.g. ‘Trade unions were unpopular with the government.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
21(a) Describe the role of the USSR in the Middle East. 4
e.g. ‘The USSR supported UN action over the Suez crisis.’

‘The USSR supported Egypt.’
‘In May 1967, the USSR gave false information to Egypt about Israeli troop
movements. This was partly responsible for the outbreak of war.’
‘The USSR supplied anti-tank weapons and surface to air missiles to the
Arab states.’

question 0
21(b) Why were there tensions between Israel and Lebanon in the 1980s? 6

e.g. ‘There were tensions between Israel and Lebanon because Lebanon
was an important base for the PLO. The PLO established bases there in the
1970s and launched attacks on Israel. Border attacks and the attempted
assassination of the Israeli ambassador in London prompted Israeli
invasions of Lebanon in 1978 and 1982.’

e.g. ‘Lebanon is on the Israeli border.’

‘The PLO established bases there in the 1970s.’
‘A civil war broke out between the PLO and the Lebanese army.’
‘Attacks on Israel were carried out from Lebanon.’
‘In 1978, Israel invaded Lebanon.’
‘Israel attacked again in 1982.’
e.g. ‘The two countries disagreed over a number of issues.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
21(c) How far do you agree that Israel survived between 1956 and 1973 10
because of support from the United States? Explain your answer.


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘Israel survived because of its own strength and effective military
planning. In the Six-Day War of 1967, the Israelis launched Operation Focus
by a large-scale air strike. The Israelis caught the Egyptian aircraft on the
ground. They also destroyed the air forces of Syria, Iraq and Jordan. Over
400 aircraft were destroyed by the Israelis in two days.’
OR
e.g. ‘The support of the US was important to the survival of Israel. During the
1960s, US aid increased and President Johnson was strongly pro-Israel. The
most important support given by the US was in the Yom Kippur war of 1973.
Egypt hit first and caught the Israelis by surprise. The USA gave Israel
support by airlifting emergency supplies of arms to enable a successful
counterattack to take place.’
e.g. ‘The Israeli air force was superior.’

‘Israeli forces had skilled commanders.’
‘The USA gave Israel financial support.’
‘It received American supplies of weapons.’
‘There was a lack of Arab co-ordination.’
‘The Arabs made mistakes.’
e.g. ‘The USA helped Israel.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
22(a) What happened during the First Intifada? 4
e.g. ‘It was an uprising by Palestinians.’

‘It began in a refugee camp after an Israeli army truck killed four
Palestinians.’
‘It consisted of strikes and civil disobedience.’
‘Palestinians refused to pay taxes or work in Israeli settlements.’
‘Stones and Molotov cocktails were thrown at Israeli soldiers.’
‘Israeli forces used violence against the protestors, including children.’
‘Over a thousand Palestinians were killed.’

question 0
22(b) Why were the actions of Black September important for the Palestinian 6
cause?

e.g. ‘After the plane hijacking at Dawson’s Field by Black September, King
Hussein became concerned that his country would suffer a backlash from
the West and Israel for supporting the PLO. He therefore ordered his army to
remove the PLO from Jordan. Many Palestinian refugees lived in Jordan and
they were forced to flee.’

e.g. ‘King Hussein feared Israeli reprisals for PLO attacks from Jordan.’
‘Hussein felt he was losing control of parts of Jordan to the PLO.’
‘In September 1970, three hijacked planes were taken to Jordan.’
‘The British plane was blown up.’
‘Nine Israeli athletes were killed after being taken hostage at the Olympic
Games in 1972.’
e.g. ‘Black September did not help the Palestinian cause.’

question 0
PUBLISHED 2022
22(c) How far do you agree that Yasser Arafat failed to achieve his aims? 10


6 marks 4–6
e.g. ‘In some ways Yasser Arafat succeeded in achieving his aims. He spoke
at the United Nations and put forward the Palestinian view. He was received
sympathetically by world powers. He established the PLO as an independent
voice for the Palestinians rather than the Arab governments.’
OR
e.g. ‘It is questionable whether Arafat achieved his aims. He did not appear
to have total control over the PLO. It was divided, with some arguing that
Israel should be destroyed. This led to terrorist attacks which damaged
public opinion.’
e.g. ‘Actions by the PLO in the 1970s gained massive world publicity.’
‘Arafat addressed the United Nations.’
‘At the UN, they were backed by African and Asian states.’
‘The PLO provided a voice for Palestinians.’
‘In 1988, the PLO accepted the existence of Israel.’
‘In the 1970s, they were considered as terrorists by the West.’
‘PLO actions often resulted in Israeli revenge attacks which escalated
tension rather than encouraging peace.’
e.g. ‘Yasser Arafat was the leader of the PLO.’

question 0
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Cambridge International Examinations

HISTORY (MODERN WORLD AFFAIRS) 2134/01

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

This document consists of 7 printed pages and 1 blank page.

International Relations and Developments

You must answer at least one question from this section.

2 (a) What was the work of the League of Nations? [10]

3 (a) What was appeasement? [10]

4 (a) What decisions were reached at the Yalta Conference? [10]

© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12

© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12 [Turn over

11 (a) Describe the Jazz Age. [10]

12 (a) What were the aims of the New Deal? [10]

13 (a) What was Johnson’s 'Great Society'? [10]

15 (a) Describe the ‘Dirty War’. [10]

© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

16 (a) Describe the February/March Revolution of 1917. [10]

18 (a) What was the Virgin Lands Scheme? [10]

19 (a) Describe reactions in the Soviet Union to perestroika. [10]

© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12 [Turn over

Africa and the Middle East

22 (a) Describe the 1948 national elections in South Africa. [10]

23 (a) Describe immigration into Palestine from 1919 to 1949. [10]

24 (a) Describe the overthrow of King Farouk in Egypt. [10]

25 (a) Describe the overthrow of the Shah in 1979. [10]

© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12

26 (a) Describe the political situation in China by 1919. [10]

28 (a) What was the Potsdam Declaration, 26 July 1945? [10]

29 (a) Describe the condition of India after 1947. [10]

© UCLES 2018 06_2134_01_2018_1.12

Generic mark scheme for Paper 1

Level 0: No response or response does not answer the question. [0]

Level 0: No response or response does not answer the question. [0]

© UCLES 2018 Page 4 of 34

Level 2 [2–6 marks]

Level 3 [7–10 marks]

Level 2 [2–4 marks]

Level 3 [5–6 marks]

Level 4 [7–9 marks]

Level 5 [10 marks]

© UCLES 2018 Page 5 of 34

2(a) What was the work of the League of Nations? 10

Level 2 [2–6 marks]

Level 3 [7–10 marks]

Level 2 [2–4 marks]

Level 3 [5–6 marks]

Level 4 [7–9 marks]

Level 5 [10 marks]

© UCLES 2018 Page 6 of 34

3(a) What was appeasement? 10

Level 2 [2–6 marks]

Level 3 [7–10 marks]

Level 2 [2–4 marks]

Level 3 [5–6 marks]

HISTORY2134 & 2147-01 ( MAYJUN2018-OCTNOV2022 ) 10APR2023

HISTORY2134 & 2147-01 ( MAYJUN2018-OCTNOV2022 ) 10APR2023

HISTORY2134 & 2147-01 ( MAYJUN2018-OCTNOV2022 ) 10APR2023