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T H E P O RTA S TA BI A N E IG HBORHOOD AT POM PE II
The Porta Stabia
Neighborhood at Pompeii
Volume I
Structure, Stratigraphy, and Space
ST EV E N J. R . EL L IS,
ALLISO N L . C . E M M E R S O N,
AN D K E V IN D. DICU S
With major contributions by

Eric E. Poehler, Jenny R. Kreiger, Gina Tibbott, Mark Robinson,
Christopher F. Motz, Ivo van der Graaff, Ambra Spinelli,
Jacqueline DiBiasie-Sammons, Catherine K. Baker, Gregory Tucker,
Sarah Wenner, Aimée Scorziello, and John Wallrodt
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Steven J. R. Ellis, Allison L. C. Emmerson, and Kevin D. Dicus 2023
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2023934094
ISBN 978–0–19–286694–3
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780192866943.001.0001
Printed and bound by
CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
TA B LE O F C O N T EN T S
Preface and Acknowledgments vii

List of Illustrations ix
List of Tables xviii
List of Abbreviations xix
PART I
1. Introduction 3
2. Methodology 23
3. The Database Christopher F. Motz and John Wallrodt31
4. The History of Excavation and Research Activity in Insulae VIII.7
and I.1 Ambra Spinelli and Aimée Scorziello42
5. A Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) Survey of Insulae VIII.7
and I.1 Gregory Tucker60
6. The Architecture of the Porta Stabia Neighborhood: Method, Design, and
Construction Eric E. Poehler70
7. The Geomorphology and Topography of the Area of the Porta Stabia
Excavations (Insulae VIII.7 and I.1) Mark Robinson90
PART II
8. Phase 1: The Earliest Structures and Surfaces (Sixth–Third Centuries bce)101

9. Phase 2: The Beginning of Production Activity (Third–Second Centuries bce)121
10. Phase 3: The Establishment of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 (c. 125–c. 80 bce)129
11. Phase 4: Fish-Salting and Other Activities across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1
(Early First Century bce–Early First Century ce)155
12. Phase 5: The Rise of Retail in the Early Imperial Period (Early First Century ce)200
13. Phase 6: The Julio-Claudian Years (Mid-First Century ce)246
14. Phase 7: The Final Years Following the Earthquake/s (Early 60s–79 ce)260
15. The Properties through the Phases 281
PART III
16. The Porta Stabia Gate and Fortification Ivo van der Graaff309
17. The Porta Stabia Necropolis Allison L. C. Emmerson334
18. Conclusions344
vi · table of con t e n t s
PART IV
19. Appendices 357

19.1 The Bar Counters of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Sarah Wenner358
19.2 The Cisterns of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Christopher F. Motz361
19.3 The Cooking Facilities of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Jenny R. Kreiger378
19.4 The Doorstops of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Steven J. R. Ellis384
19.5 The Drains of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Christopher F. Motz388
19.6 The Fish-Salting Vats of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Christopher F. Motz404
19.7 The Floors of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Jenny R. Kreiger413
19.8 The Quarry Areas of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Eric E. Poehler417
19.9 The Ritual Contexts in Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Jenny R. Kreiger and
Ambra Spinelli429
19.10 The Soak-Aways of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Catherine K. Baker435
19.11 The Thresholds of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Steven J. R. Ellis445
19.12 The Votive Objects of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Kevin D. Dicus452
19.13 The Toilets and Cesspits of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 Kevin D. Dicus460
19.14 The Graffiti and Dipinti of Insulae VIII.7
and I.1 Jacqueline DiBiasie-Sammons468
20. The Contexts 476
21. The Harris Matrices 687
Bibliography 729
Index 745
P R E FACE A N D AC K N OW L ED GMEN T S
Bringing archaeological excavations of any size and scale to Massimo Osanna, and not least Gabriel Zuchtriegel. Especial
publication is often an insuperable challenge. The types of thanks is due to both Massimo Osanna and Gabriel Zuchtriegel
data we create are not always suited to a clear description and for providing such critical support for our project once we had
an ordered narrative, irrespective of print or digital media. transitioned from excavation campaigns to the study of the
The data are normally incomplete, the information often materials. Their leadership and support extended throughout
unclear. Moreover, the time it takes to undertake the field- the Superintendency, and we are forever grateful to the fol-
work, and then to commit that data and information to text lowing for their ongoing assistance and guidance of our field-
can seem endless; indeed, the whole process can often outlast work, and not least their friendship: Grete Stefani, Antonio
the various individuals and groups and teams responsible for Varone, Antonio D’Ambrosio, Ernesta Rizzo, Giuseppe Di
bringing it all together. So in spite of the necessity to suffi- Martino, Patrizia Tabone, Ulderico Franco, Enrico Busiello,
ciently publish archaeological excavations, the experience of Laura Desposito, Luana Toniolo, Stefania Giudice, Giuseppe
doing so serves as a reminder as to why too few archaeo Scarpati, and Raffaele Martinelli. At risk of singling out one
logical projects reach this milestone. That we have ourselves individual from among the many, still something special must
arrived at this point comes with another, overwhelming be said of Giuseppe Di Martino. To him we owe our highest
reminder: all of what follows is entirely due to the excellent gratitude, and echo the same from all of the many members
and tireless efforts of many individuals and institutions that of our team from over the years. Peppe took a keen interest in
supported our fieldwork, the research, and the ultimate pub- enabling not only our work on site but also our well-being on
lication of our efforts. a daily basis in Pompei. His care and friendship continues to
The excavations were carried out under the auspices of the this day, now long after his retirement.
University of Cincinnati, with generous financial and institu- The project owes an enormous debt to the American
tional support from the Semple Fund of the Department of Academy in Rome. As an affiliated archaeological project of
Classics at the University of Cincinnati. More than supporting the Academy, we enjoyed enormously generous infrastruc-
the excavation of each field season since 2007, the financial tural and intellectual support over the years. From the use of
support from Cincinnati allowed for ongoing field research various spaces for the storage and study of the materials to
throughout the off-seasons as well as, and crucially, the provi- the hosting of regular meetings and events that brought the
sion of multiple study seasons. Further financial and institu- three affiliated projects together (Morgantina, Gabii, and our-
tional support came through grants and fellowships from the selves), the Academy provided the perfect Italian base for our
National Endowment for the Humanities, the National efforts beyond Pompeii itself. Moreover, the three primary
Geographic Society, the Loeb Classical Library Foundation, authors of the present volume each were awarded Rome
the American Council of Learned Societies, the American Prizes, which helped the production of this volume enor-
Academy in Rome, and the Archaeological Institute of mously: Steven Ellis in 2012–13 (National Endowment for the
America. We remain ever-g rateful for the financial support of Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Post-Doctoral
Ann and Harry Santen, John Yarmick, Charlotte and David Rome Prize), Kevin Dicus in 2016–17 (Andrew Heiskell Post-
Ackert, and an anonymous donor. Doctoral Rome Prize), and Allison Emmerson in 2018–19
At the heart of our endeavors was the Parco Archeologico (Emeline Hill Richardson Post-Doctoral Rome Prize). Thanks
di Pompei, to which we remain ever grateful. Having begun to a Frederick Burkhardt Residential Fellowship from the
in 2005, our project has experienced multiple generations of American Council of Learned Societies, Steven Ellis was able
administrative support and on-site collaborations with staff. to return to the Academy for the academic year of 2015–16 to
Among the many we take pride in thanking, we want first to focus on the production of the present volume. Thus, the
thank Pier Giovanni Guzzo for his invitation to carry out the American Academy in Rome has played a very special role in
research and for his kindness and hospitality in those first the success of our field seasons as much as our ongoing pub-
years to help ensure that our team became established. A suc- lication program. Beyond the institutional support itself, we
cession of superintendents followed, and we thank them all thank especially the individual efforts of Chris Celenza, Kim
for their continued support: Mariarosaria Salvatore, Giuseppe Bowes, John Ochsendorf, and Lynne Lancaster. And with
Proietti, Jeannette Papadopoulos, Teresa Cinquantaquattro, much of our time at the Academy being spent in the library,
viii · prefac e an d ac k n ow l e d gme nt s
we give warm thanks to Sebastian Hierl and Paolo Imperatore Evans, its conversion to a model by Gregory Tucker. The stud-
for their endless support along the way. ies of the bioarchaeological and artifactual materials, which
Critical to the success of reaching publication are the pub- will feature in successive volumes but of course underpin
lishers themselves, Oxford University Press. We thank OUP much of the present, were carried out by: Leigh Lieberman,
for their trust, support, and willingness to take on projects of Catherine Baker, Laure Marest, and Allison Sterrett-Krause on
this type. And central to all of this was Charlotte Loveridge, the artifacts; Archer Martin, Esperança Huguet Enguita, Sedef
who has been with us from the beginning. Charlotte’s guid- Kinacioglu, and Albert Ribera on the ceramics; Giacomo
ance through all the many steps of the process was always Pardini on the coins; and Mark Robinson, Andrew Fairbairn,
delivered with a kindness and patience that will forever be Michael MacKinnon, and Jennifer Robinson on the bioarchae-
appreciated. Our thanks on this front goes also to Joanna ological remains. Many of the illustrations for the present
Harris, Jamie Mortimer, Saraswathi Ethiraju, and Gillian volume were prepared by Gina Tibbott, while it was Gareth
Northcott Liles. We are also very grateful to Jennifer Sacher Blayney who built the site reconstruction. Alison Whyte
for her advice on so many matters of the publication process. expertly led our conservation program. Chris Motz deserves
Of all the challenges of bringing an archaeological project much praise for managing, maintaining, and developing the
to publication, one of the most pressing is that of conveying database–first designed by John Wallrodt–on which so much
the gratitude we have to the many members of our team. of our project and this publication depends. And it was Jenny
Their critical role in publishing the excavation should at once Kreiger who brought together all of the appendices and their
be evident in their many contributions throughout this vol- authors in the present volume, which we believe are a real
ume. But as for any successful archaeological project, their highlight of our work.
efforts have underpinned the project at every stage from setup As much as we take pride in thanking everyone here, our
through fieldwork and post-excavation seasons, and now the one main hope is that the many students and other individ
publication. And with so much time being taken by field sea- uals who joined us each year will know the extent of our
sons, we extend our appreciation to their families and loved appreciation for the time they spent with us and the contribu-
ones for supporting their efforts and their time away from tions they have each made to the field work, the research, and
home. Gary Devore deserves our first expression of appreci the publication. It is impossible to thank everyone adequately,
ation, given his essential role in the earliest years of our pro- but we are ourselves reminded of our appreciation on every
ject. Aimee Scorziello and Ambra Spinelli were instrumental page that follows.
in helping to manage all the various moving pieces of the pro- Finally, we extend heartfelt thanks to our own families,
ject. To the supervisors of each trench, we owe a special note who supported us through so many years of work at the
of thanks: John Bennett, Christian Cloke, Flint Dibble, Alex Porta Stabia, and without whom this volume would not have
Marko, Amanda Pavlick, Nick Ray, Taco Terpstra, Gina Tibbott, been possible.
and Sam Wood. Eric Poehler brought together the study of
the architecture, and was instrumental in helping us to think Steven Ellis
through the phasing as well as the final writing of the present Allison Emmerson
volume. The total station survey was undertaken by Sydney Kevin Dicus
LI S T O F IL LU S T R AT IO N S
1.01 Aerial view of the Porta Stabia neighborhood (Insulae VIII.7 and I.1) 4
1.02 Map of Pompeii, indicating the location of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 4
1.03 The site-wide Harris Matrix for the excavations of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1; each unit represents the phase of a
trench (the horizontal arrangement is according to the spatial relationships of and between each property) 9
1.04 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 1 10
1.06 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 3a and 3b 12
1.07 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 4a, 4b, and 4c 14
1.08 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 5a and 5b 18
1.11 Reconstructed view of the Porta Stabia neighborhood, looking north (digital reconstruction by Gareth Blayney
on behalf of the project) 22
2.01 The location of excavated trenches across Insulae VIII.7, I.1, and the Porta Stabia 25
2.02 The principal categories of contexts excavated by PARP:PS 29
3.01 Illustration of the technical components of the PARP:PS data model 33
3.02 The main data tables in the PARP:PS database 34
3.03 Screenshot of the Structural diagram of the PARP:PS data model 36
3.04 Screenshot of the Context tab including the main SU page 38
3.05 Screenshot of the Finds tab including the main small finds list page 38
3.06 Screenshot of the list of small finds recovered from selected SU 39
3.07 Screenshot of the list of absolute dates for artifacts from SUs in selected phase 39
3.08 Screenshot of the detailed information about the selected small find (cf. Figs. 3.05 and 3.06) 40
3.09 Screenshot of the page for analyzing spatial, chronological, and contextual distributions of artifact classes.
The number of structural fragments is shown here as a percentage of all small finds recovered from different
contextual categories of SUs 40
4.01 La Vega’s 1809 map of what would become the Porta Stabia neighborhood, indicating the partial exposure of
the northern limits of Insula VIII.7 43
4.02 Tascone’s 1879 map of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 45
4.03 Jacob Hackert’s 1799 oil painting of Pompeii, with the highest parts of insula VIII.7 exposed and those of
Insula I.1 not yet excavated. Attingham Park, The Berwick Collection, National Trust; inventory no. 608992 46
4.04 Close-up of Jacob Hackert’s 1799 rendering of the rear (westernmost) area of Insula VIII.7; the awning against
the Quadriporticus may have covered the lime pit. Attingham Park, The Berwick Collection, National Trust;
inventory no. 608992 46
4.05 The outline of the lime pit survives against the outside of the Quadriporticus (WF 178) 47
4.06 The distribution of paintings and inscriptions across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 (courtesy of G. Tibbott) 52
4.07 The quantity of portable finds sorted by material class across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 (courtesy of Gina Tibbott) 54
4.08 The distribution of stray coins found in the 79 ce contexts for Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 (courtesy of Gina Tibbott) 55
4.09 Drawing by Discanno of the painted lararium (Hospitium Hermetis) in Room 23 of I.1.6–9, WF 1220 (after PPM I,
7, no. 4) 56
4.10 The triclinium and masonry table in Room 46 of VIII.7.6–9, viewed from the south 57
4.11 Close-up of masonry table in Room 46 of VIII.7.6–9, with a staging of the various objects found nearby 57
4.12 The military diploma of Marcus Surus Garasenus, in two leaves. Side A is the visible, principal text; Sides B and
C are the inner, concealed “copies” of the text; Side D is the visible collection of witnesses (with evidence for
the bindings and seals). Leaves are 16.5 cm × 12.5 cm. Photos courtesy of MANN 58
x · list of i l lu st r at i on s
5.01 Aerial image of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 with GPR data indicating shallow depth results 60
5.02 The presence of walls from Phase 4 in the GPR survey of I.1.3–5 (Time-slice 06: ~0.64–0.81m) 64
5.03 The presence of wall (SU 1050) in Room 7, farther north of its excavation in Room 1 of VIII.7.1–4 64
5.04 The corner of the Phase 4a tank in Room 9 of VIII.7.1–4; note the potential presence of tanks at a similar level
in Room 7 (Time-slice 06: ~1.05–1.30m) 65
5.05 The presence of Fish-Salting Vat 5 in the GPR survey of Room 101 of I.1.1–2 (Time-slice 06: ~0.64–0.81m) 65
5.06 The presence of Drain 25 northward of its excavation in Room 78 of VIII.7.13–15; note also the potential
presence of Drain 30 (Time-slice 04: ~0.63–0.88m) 66
5.07 The presence of Drain 3 in VIII.7.1–4 (Time-slice 03: ~0.42–0.67m) 66
5.08 The shallow, structural feature in Room 51 of VIII.7.9–11 (Time-slice 04: ~0.63–0.88m) 68
6.01 Reconstructed view of the Porta Stabia neighborhood, looking north (drawing by Gareth Blayney on behalf of
the project) 71
6.02 The retail shops, bars, restaurants, and inns of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 75
6.03 The inns at the Porta Stabia neighborhood 76
6.04 VIII.7.12 in its final phase 78
6.05 The restaurants at the Porta Stabia neighborhood 79
6.06 The bars at the Porta Stabia neighborhood 81
6.07 The shops at the Porta Stabia neighborhood 82
6.08 An example of the use of opus incertum at the Porta Stabia neighborhood (the south wall (WF 1061) in Room
108 at I.1.2) 84
6.09 The “zig-zag” brickwork at the northern entrance to VIII.7.7–8 85
6.10 The Wall Construction Units (WCUs) for Insula VIII.7 86
6.11 The Wall Construction Units (WCUs) for Insula I.1 87
7.01 The urban landscape of the Porta Stabia as seen from the air, looking north 90
7.02 The lava cliff to the west of the Porta Stabia, beneath Insulae VIII.2 92
7.03 Exposed lava in the north face of Trench 26000 in Room 65 of VIII.7.12 92
7.04 Exposed lava in the courtyard of the house at I.2.2–4. Photo courtesy of Eric Poehler 93
7.05 The location of excavated trenches across Insulae VIII.7, I.1, and the Porta Stabia 94
7.06 The typical geological sequence (as encountered here in Trench 51000) of lava (SU 51131) beneath the
yellow Mercato ash (with white lapilli at the top; SU 51125), and the brown prehistoric paleosol/ash above
(also SU 51125). (scale = 50 cm) 95
7.07 Accumulation of colluvial soil in Trench 54000 (within later Room 106 of I.1.2). (scale = 50 cm) 96
8.01 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 1a 102
8.02 The Phase 1a road surface, with possible wheel rut, in Trench 52000 under (later) I.1.6–9 103
8.03 Location of the pappamonte foundations of a Phase 1a building in the southern area of (later) Insula I.1 103
8.04 The pappamonte foundations in Trench 54000 (SU 54121); Room 106 of (later) I.1.2 104
8.05 Section view of the construction trench for the pappamonte foundations in Trench 54000; Room 106 of (later)
I.1.2105
8.06 The two pappamonte blocks in the northeast corner (right of photo) of Room 37 in (later) VIII.7.7–8 106
8.07 The tree-throw pit (SU 50094) in Trench 50000; viewed from the west. (scale = 50 cm) 107
8.08 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 1c 108
8.09 The hard-packed gray volcanic ash road (of Phase 1c) overlying the earlier Mercato ash road (from Phase 1a);
Room 118 of (later) I.1.3–5 109
8.10 Section of sequence of gray ash road revealed in Trench 54000; Room 106 of (later) I.1.2. (scale = 50 cm) 109
8.11 Section of gray ash surface in window trench southeast of later Fish-Salting Vat 6; Room 106 of (later) I.1.2.
(scale = 50 cm) 110
8.12 The gray ash and cobblestone road (SU 54058) in Room 106 of (later) I.1.2. Shown from above (top) and in
section (bottom) 111
8.13 Phase 1c wall (Sus 55113 and 55118) in Room 120 of (later) I.1.3–5, viewed from the south 114
8.14 Phase 1c wall formed by three irregularly shaped pappamonte blocks (SU 16071); Room 15 of (later) VIII.7.5–6 115
8.15 One of the two irregularly shaped pappamonte blocks that had been incorporated into the foundation of a
later wall; Room 15 of (later) VIII.7.5–6 115
l i st o f i l lust r at ions · xi
8.16 The single pappamonte block in the southeast corner of Room 1 in (later) VIII.7.1–4, topped by courses of
small lava stones; viewed from the north 116
8.17 Ritual pit cut in association with the pappamonte foundation (Ritual Context 11) in Room 15 of (later)
VIII.7.5–6; viewed from the north 117
8.18 Ritual pit (Ritual Context 11) in Room 15 of (later) VIII.7.5–6 during excavation; viewed from the east 117
9.02 Kiln 1 under Room 103 of (later) I.1.1/10; viewed from the north 123
9.03 Outline of the shape of Kiln 1 under Room 103 of (later) I.1.1/10; viewed from the south 123
9.04 The rounded tank in Room 37 of (later) VIII.7.7–8 124
9.05 The rounded tank with the pipe and perforated lead sheet in Room 37 of (later) VIII.7.7–8 125
9.06 Fish-Salting Vat 9 in Room 106 of (later) I.1.2 126
9.07 Tank in Room 106 of (later) I.1.2 126
9.08 The “sidewalk” surface beneath (the later) Room 9 of VIII.7.1–4; viewed from the west 127
10.02 Plan of Property VIII.7.1–4 during Phase 3a 131
10.05 The cesspit (Waste Feature 14) in Room 58 of (later) VIII.7.12 135
10.06 The eastern tank in Room 48 of VIII.7.9–13 136
10.07 Waste Feature 13 in (later) Rooms 57/66 of VIII.7.12 136
10.08 Soak-Away 17 built with WCU 014 in Room 68 of (later) VIII.7.14–15; viewed from the north 137
10.09 Plan of Property I.1.1–2 during Phase 3a 137
10.10 The poured mortar foundation for the eastern boundary wall of I.1.1–2 (WCU 1030); viewed from above 138
10.11 The poured mortar foundation for the eastern boundary wall of I.1.1–2 (WCU 1030); viewed in section 139
10.12 Kiln 2 in Room 105 of I.1.1–2 140
10.13 Interior of Kiln 2, with sections of the floor surface 141
10.14 Interior of Kiln 2 during excavation with an olla in situ; form of the vessel pulled from the kiln 142
10.15 Ritual Context 12 in Room 103 of I.1.1–2 during excavation; below: the nine votive cups at the time of
excavation144
10.16 The public well in Room 102 of I.1.1–2; note the increased wear marks along the western internal face 146
10.17 The four sections of the well in Room 102 of I.1.1–2, with the coring to indicate the nature and depths of the
deposits147
10.18 The paving of the via Stabiana148
10.19 The earlier curbstones of the via Stabiana; note also the later lead pipe that fed the fountain, as well as Drain 1
(at left). Viewed from the south 149
10.20 Plan of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 during Phase 3b 150
10.21 Plan of Property VIII.7.5–8 during Phase 3b 151
10.23 Drain 21 leading toward Waste Feature 14 in Room 58 of VIII.7.9–13 153
10.24 Plan of Property I.1.1–2 during Phase 3b 153
11.01 Aerial view indicating the properties (VIII.7.13–15, I.1.3–5, and I.1.6–9) that were newly constructed in Phase 4;
viewed from the west 156
11.04 Drain 25 in the northwest corner of (later) VIII.7.15; viewed from the west 158
11.05 Stone structure (SU 28047) in the northwest corner of (later) VIII.7.15; viewed from the south 159
11.06 Terracotta fragments of a left foot (TC28-5) and a face (TC28-6); both from SU 28012 160
11.08 The “workbench” along the southern side of (later) Room 118 of I.1.3–5 162
11.09 Soak-Away 8 within Waste Feature 20 in (later) Room 118 of I.1.3–5 163
11.10 Soak-Away 8 (Punic amphora of type: T-7.4.1.1) within Waste Feature 20 after the removal of the fills (SUs
51072 and 51087); in (later) Room 118 of I.1.3–5, viewed from the south 164
xii · list of i l lu st r at i on s
11.11 The pit (SU 55098) in Room 120 of I.1.3–5 following excavation; viewed from the south 164
11.12 The lava bedrock at the bottom of the pit (SU 55098) in Room 120 of I.1.3–5 165
11.13 The footholds cut into the pit (SU 55098) in Room 120 of I.1.3–5 165
11.15 Fish-Salting Vat 7 in Room 122 of I.1.6–9; viewed from the south 166
11.17 Fish-Salting Vat 1 (at left, beneath entrance) in Room 32 of VIII.7.5–8; note also Cistern 5 (center) and the
column base (at right), both of Phase 5a 169
11.18 Waste Feature 12 in Room 37 of VIII.7.5–8 169
11.19 The opus signinum surface (SU 25023) in Room 20 of VIII.7.5–8 170
11.20 The Sarno limestone blocks that formed the latrine (Waste Feature 2) in Room 20 of VIII.7.5–8 171
11.22 Fish-Salting Vat 2 just inside the entrance (at left) to Room 38 of VIII.7.9–10; viewed from the north 173
11.23 Cistern 4 in Room 38 of VIII.7.9–12; visible also is Fish-Salting Vat 2 at left (not yet fully excavated), and
Soak-Away 1 174
11.24 Fish-Salting Vat 3 in Room 48 at entrance VIII.7.11 174
11.25 Fish-Salting Vat 4 in Room 58 at entrance VIII.7.12 175
11.26 The tannery tanks in Room 56 of VIII.7.9–12; viewed from above looking west 175
11.27 The tannery tanks in Room 56 of VIII.7.9–12; viewed from the south with footholds visible in the southern tanks 176
11.28 The amphora base, with the ash-based contents, in situ in Room 55 of VIII.7.9–12 176
11.30 Fish-Salting Vat 5 in Room 101 of I.1.1–2; viewed from the east. Note also Threshold 16 and Bar Counter 1 177
11.31 Fish-Salting Vat 6 in Room 106 of I.1.1–2; viewed from the west. Note also Bar Counter 2 178
11.32 The bronze spatula (BR54-14) and lead weight, shaped in the form of a Greco-Italic amphora (PB54-3),
recovered from the lowermost deposit of Fish-Salting Vat 6 (SU 54044) in Room 106 of I.1.1–2 179
11.33 The tile (SU 58067) and amphora (SU 58066) in situ in Room 107/8 of I.1.1–2, and after excavation 180
11.35 The tank (SU 24033) and dolium base (SU 24026) in Room 9 of VIII.7.3–5; viewed from the west 182
11.37 The architectural terracottas recovered from I.1.3–5 (above), with one (the larger) alongside those from
I.9.9 (below) 184
11.38 Locations for the architectural terracottas recovered from I.3–5 and I.9.9 185
11.39 Foundations for the brick pillar (WCU 1058) in I.1.3–5; viewed from the west 185
11.40 Cistern 8 in Room 118 of I.1.3–5; viewed from the west 186
11.41 Doorstop 3 in Room 118 of I.1.3–5 186
11.42 Part of the shaft of the well in I.1.3–5, beneath the later (Phase 5a) Cooking Facility 9; viewed from the west 187
11.44 Fish-Salting Vat 8 in Room 122 of I.1.6–9; viewed from the south 189
11.46 Cistern 3 in (later) Room 44 of VIII.7.5–8: left southern end (note the Phase 5a blockage and the Phase 7
repairs); right northern end; bottom mouth 191
11.48 Plan of Property VIII.7.12 during Phase 4b 193
11.49 Plan of Property I.1.3–5 during Phase 4c 194
11.50 The collapse of the surface (SU 59047), and Cistern 9 (SU 59039) in Room 114 of I.1.3–5; viewed from
the north 195
11.51 Plan of Property I.1.6–9 during Phase 4c 196
11.52 Plan of Property VIII.7.5–8 during Phase 4c 197
11.53 The basin (SU 16020) in Room 15 of VIII.7.5–8 198
11.54 Plan of Property VIII.7.12 during Phase 4c 199
12.01 An indication of the types of properties (as they will appear in their final form), noting the predominance of
retailing and hospitality activities that mostly appear from Phase 5 201
l i st o f i l lust r at ions · xiii
12.04 Drain 18 along with the filling of Fish-Salting Vat 3 in Room 48 of VIII.7.9–11; viewed from the west. Note also
Threshold 11 204
12.05 The viewshed from the street through to the rear room (Room 56) of VIII.7.9–11 205
12.06 a. Drain 17 passing through the newly opened doorway that had previously separated properties VIII.7.5–8
(at right) and VIII.7.9–11 (at left); viewed from the west. b. Inlet basin to Drain 17 in Room 44 of VIII.7.9–11 206
12.07 The catchment in Drain 17 (above) with lava capstone (below) in VIII.7.9–11 207
12.08 The projection of the downpipe (SUs 15009 and 2065) from Room 55 southward into a basin (SU 2034) in Room
46 in VIII.7.9–11; note the north wall of the tank from Phase 4b 208
12.09 The water system in Room 46 of VIII.7.9–11: top, overflow from the first settling (and display) basin;
middle, the second settling basin; bottom, access to Cistern 3 209
12.10 Cooking Facility 4 in Room 44 of VIII.7.9–11; viewed from the north 210
12.11 The exposed eastern part of the triclinium in Room 46 of VIII.7.9–11; viewed from the north 210
12.13 Cistern 5 in Room 32 of VIII.7.7–8 212
12.14 Inside Cistern 5 in Room 32 of VIII.7.7–8; the three votive cups during excavation 213
12.15 Plan of Property VIII.7.12 during Phase 5a 214
12.16 The above-g round tank and Cooking Facility 6 in Room 66 of VIII.7.12: above, viewed from the west
(and above); below, viewed from the south 215
12.18 The Phase 5a fills of Fish-Salting Vat 5 in Room 101 of I.1.1–2; note Drain 33 (Phase 5b) 216
12.19 The storage vessel (SU 54052) during excavation in Room 106 of I.1.1–2 217
12.21 Decorated wall plaster and opus signinum flooring in the northeast corner of Room 132 of I.1.6–9; note also
Bar Counter 4 218
12.22 Bar Counter 4 and Drain 41 in Room 132 of I.1.6–9 219
12.23 Drain 41 in Room 132 of I.1.6–9: above, the eastward stretch (with capping removed) along Bar Counter 4;
below, the southward stretch toward Room 123 220
12.26 The capping of Waste Feature 2 in Room 20 in VIII.7.5–6 (at right); note the new opening formed from an amphora 223
12.27 Waste Feature 3 in Room 20 of VIII.7.5–6; viewed from the east 224
12.28 Waste Feature 1 in Room 20 of VIII.7.5–6; viewed from the east 224
12.30 The arrangement of two small, narrow rooms uncovered in (later) Room 78 of VIII.7.13–15; viewed from
the south 226
12.31 Waste Feature 5 in (later) Room 78 of VIII.7.13–15; viewed from the west 227
12.33 Doorstop 4 (above Doorstop 3) directly behind the “night-door” of Threshold 20 in Room 118 of I.1.3–5: above,
viewed from the west; below, viewed from the east 229
12.34 Bar Counter 3 in Room 118 of I.1.3–5; viewed from the west 230
12.35 The low-walled feature on the sidewalk fronting I.1.5; note the cobblestone surface of Phase 4c 230
12.36 Cooking Facility 9 in Room 110 of I.1.3–5: above, viewed from the west; below, viewed from the south to
show opening 231
12.37 The eastward extension of the Quadriporticus 232
12.38 The (northern) section of fill in Drain 25 in VIII.7.13–15 233
12.39 Drain 30 in the vicolo north of Insula VIII.7; viewed from the north 233
12.40 Plan of Property I.1.1–2/10 during Phase 5b 235
12.41 The Fountain at the Porta Stabia; note also Drain 1 236
12.42 Drain 33 in Room 101 of I.1.1–2/10; viewed from the west 237
12.43 Bar Counter 1 in Room 101 of I.1.1–2/10; viewed from the north 237
xiv · list of i l lu st r at i on s
12.44 The facade of I.1.1–2/10, with Bar Counter 1 blocking Entrance 1a 238
12.45 Doorstop 6 in Room 106 of I.1.1–2/10; viewed from the west 239
12.46 Bar Counter 2 in Room 106 of I.1.1–2/10 240
12.47 Cooking Facility 8 in Room 108 of I.1.1–2/10; viewed from the east 240
12.49 The four tanks along the north of Room 1 of VIII.7.1–4 242
12.51 Cooking Facility 5 in Room 53 of VIII.7.9–11; viewed from the north 244
12.52 The construction fills associated with each phase of development, indicating the spike in both
Phase 4 and Phase 5 244
12.53 The number of finds associated with each phase of development, with a pronounced spike in Phase 5 244
13.02 Plan of Property VIII.7.1–4 during Phase 6 248
13.04 Amphora set into the basin (from Phase 5a) in northwest corner of Room 11 of VIII.7.5–6 250
13.05 Possible base to a staircase in the southwest corner of Room 11 of VIII.7.5–6 250
13.07 The course of Drain 10 and Drain 11, running west–east, in VIII.7.7–8 251
13.08 The overflow system of Drain 11 between the cesspit (SU 17020), its new head (SU 17006), and secondary
catchment basin (SU 17100) in Room 37 of VIII.7.7–8; viewed from the northeast 252
13.09 The merging of Drain 10 and Drain 11 in Room 32 of VIII.7.7–8 before exiting onto the via Stabiana252
13.10 Plan of Property VIII.7.9-11 during Phase 6 253
13.11 Plan of Property VIII.7.12 during Phase 6 254
13.12 Doorstop 2 (at left and above Doorstop 1 from Phase 5a) in Room 58 of VIII.7.12; viewed from the west 254
13.13 The passage of Drain 24, passing to the south of Waste Feature 14 in Room 58 of VIII.7.12;
viewed from the west 255
13.15 Plan of Property I.1.1–2/10 during Phase 6 256
13.16 Plan of Property I.1.3–5 during Phase 6 256
13.17 Threshold 32, between Rooms 110 and 114 of I.1.3–5, raised in Phase 6 (on fill SU 59041); viewed from the west
(Room 110) 257
13.18 The slight widening of the via Stabiana outside I.1.3–5; viewed from the west 257
13.19 Plan of Property I.1.6–9 during Phase 6 258
13.20 Bar Counter 4 in Room 132 of I.1.6–9; viewed from the southwest 258
14.02 Plan of Property I.1.1/10 and Property I.1.2 during Phase 7a 262
14.03 Plan of Property I.1.1/10 during Phase 7a 262
14.04 The toilet (Waste Feature 6) in the southeast corner of Room 103 of I.1.1/10 263
14.05 Plan of Property I.1.2 during Phase 7a 264
14.07 Out-of-plane failure in the rear (easternmost) wall of I.1.3–5 266
14.09 The portion (of a once larger section?) of lava pavement across Room 126 of I.1.6–9; viewed from the south 267
14.11 The blocking of Ritual Context 3 in the southeast corner of Room 1 of VIII.7.1–4 269
14.12 The course of Drain 3 in Room 5 of VIII.7.1–4; viewed from the west 269
14.13 The course of Drain 3 in Room 9 of VIII.7.1–4 during excavation; viewed from the west. Note also Threshold 4 270
14.14 The outlet of Drain 3, from VIII.7.1–4, onto the via Stabiana270
14.15 The opus signinum surface in Room 5 of VIII.7.1–4; note the missing features along the southern side of the
room (at right), the masonry bench along the northern side of the room (at left), and the blocked
doorway to Room 10 271
14.16 Plan of Property VIII.7.5–6 during Phase7a 272
l i st o f i l lust r at ions · xv
14.17 Cooking Facility 1 in southeastern corner of Room 15 of VIII.7.5–6; viewed from the north 273
14.18 Construction of Cooking Facility 1 over the opus signinum surface and the layer of ash in Room 15 of VIII.7.5–6 273
14.19 The partial inscription (I16-1) that formed part of Threshold 35 between Room 15 and Room 16 of VIII.7.5–6 273
14.20 Waste Feature 22 in the northwest corner of Room 20 in VIII.7.5–6; note also the head to Cistern 7 against the
western wall 274
14.23 Plan of Property VIII.7.12 during Phase 7a 277
14.24 Threshold 12 at VIII.7.12 277
14.26 The pumice within Cistern 3 of VIII.7.9–13 278
14.27 Impressions of both the wooden beams and the basket in the ash that filled the well in Room 102 of I.1.1/10 279
15.01 The ten properties of insulae VIII.7 and I.1 in 79 ce282
15.02 The location of trenches in I.1.1–2 (later I.1.1/10 and I.1.2) 283
15.03 The phases of development for I.1.1–2 (later I.1.1/10 and I.1.2) 284
15.04 The location of trenches in I.1.3–5 285
15.05 The phases of development for I.1.3–5 286
15.06 The location of trenches in I.1.6–9 288
15.07 The phases of development for I.1.6–9 289
15.08 The location of trenches in VIII.7.1–4 291
15.09 The phases of development for VIII.7.1–4 292
15.10 The location of trenches in VIII.7.5–8 (later VIII.7.5–6, VIII.7.7–8, and VIII.7.9–11) 293
15.11 The first four phases of development for VIII.7.5–8 (later VIII.7.5–6, VIII.7.7–8, and VIII.7.9–11) 294
15.12 The development of VIII.7.5–6 from Phase 5 296
15.13 The development of VIII.7.7–8 from Phase 5 297
15.14 The location of trenches in VIII.7.9–13 (later VIII.7.9–11, VIII.7.12, and VIII.7.13–15) 299
15.15 The first four phases of development for VIII.7.9–13 (later VIII.7.9–11, VIII.7.12, and VIII.7.13–15) 300
15.16 The development of VIII.7.9–11 from Phase 4b 301
15.17 The development of VIII.7.12 from Phase 4b 302
15.18 The location of trenches in VIII.7.14–15 (later VIII.7.13–15) 303
15.19 The development of VIII.7.14–15 (later VIII.7.13–15) 304
16.01 Plan of the Porta Stabia with phases marked. After Van der Graaff 2018, fig. 3.2 311
16.02 Overview of the Porta Stabia; viewed from the south 312
16.03 Before (left) and after (right) the restoration. Left image after BSR ppm-0753; right after Cotugno et al. 2009,
fig. 008 313
16.04 First drawing of the Porta Stabia. After Fiorelli 1873, pl. 14 314
16.05 Plan of the Porta Stabia with the presumed guardhouse marked. After Overbeck-Mau 1884, 50, fig. 15. 316
16.06 Overview of areas A, B, and C in Trench 14000 (Area B incorporates Trench 10000) 317
16.07 Mercato ash layer (SU 14227) in Trench 14000; viewed from the south 318
16.08 Surface (SU 14225) in Trench 14000; viewed from the west 318
16.09 The closing mechanism and construction surface of the earliest gate (SU 14121 and SU 14120); viewed from
the east 320
16.10 The first surface (SU 14233) and the later altar; viewed from the west 320
16.11 Closing mechanism (SU 14212) with the underlying block of the earlier mechanism (SU 14234; outlined in
purple); viewed from the west 321
16.12 Altar (Ritual Context 8) and the two niches (above, Ritual Context 1; below, Ritual Context 2) 321
16.13 The Oscan inscription at the Porta Stabia: above, the copy shown in the original location, in situ; below, the
original on temporary display in the Scuderie del Quirinale (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli) 323
16.14 Northern section of Area A in Trench 14000 showing the foundation of the vault 324
16.15 The Phase 4 surface (SU 14109) associated with the vault; viewed from the west. Note also the semicircular
concrete base (at left) 325
16.16 The Phase 4 altar with its deposit of votive objects in situ; the vessel that held the votives and the votive cup 327
xvi · list of i l lu st r at i on s
16.17 The terracotta figurine (TC10-1) associated with the Phase 4 altar 329
16.18 Phase 5 sidewalk in Trench 14000; viewed from the west 330
16.19 Inscription of L. Avianius Flaccus and Q. Spedius Firmus at the Porta Stabia 331
16.20 Holes for a closing mechanism cut into the vault of the Porta Stabia: above, the eastern hole;
below, the western hole 332
17.01 The tombs of the Porta Stabia at Pompeii. After Osanna 2018, fig. 1 334
17.02 The two schola tombs at the Porta Stabia (the tomb of Marcus Tullius below, that of Marcus Alleius Minius
above); viewed from the northwest 335
17.03 The tomb of Marcus Tullius at the Porta Stabia 336
17.04 Boundary stone of Marcus Tullius built into the northern end of the tomb 336
17.05 The tomb of Marcus Alleius Minius at the Porta Stabia 337
17.06 View south toward the tombs built over the paving stones of the via Stabiana; note also the opus reticulatum
wall that flanked the western sidewalk beyond the Porta Stabia 338
17.07 The southernmost of the two altar tombs built upon the via Stabiana; viewed from the south 339
17.08 Charcoal graffiti upon the southern door to the tomb at the Porta Stabia 339
17.09 The northernmost of the two altar tombs built upon the via Stabiana; viewed from the north 340
17.10 The Tomb of the Magistrate at the Porta Stabia. After Osanna 2018, fig. 2 340
17.11 The marble relief from the Tomb of the Magistrate at the Porta Stabia. After Stefani 1998, 34 341
18.01 The excavation of complex urban deposits by members of the PARP:PS team 345
18.02 A more “typical” taphonomic process (with construction, occupation, and abandonment contexts)
recovered by the University of Cincinnati excavations at Tharros, Sardinia 346
18.03 The spatial and chronological distribution of stratified coins at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1. After Ellis 2017,
figs. 10.3 and 10.8; the chronological distribution is normalized to thirty-year ranges 348
18.04 The numbers of non-ceramic finds associated with each Phase of development at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1;
note that Phase 5 constitutes c. 46 percent of the total finds 353
19.1.01 The distribution of bar counters across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 359
19.2.01 The distribution of cisterns across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 362
19.2.02 Cistern cross-section, indicating terminology and features found in the present text.
After Klingborg 2017, fig. 1 363
19.2.03 The cistern head for Cistern 3 in Room 45 of VIII.7.9–11; viewed from the south 364
19.2.04 The puteal found in Room 20 of VIII.7.6 (Archival Find 403) 364
19.2.05 Water running down the via Stabiana towards the Porta Stabia following a rainstorm on July 5, 2011 366
19.2.06 A reconstruction of the roofed areas of each property 367
19.2.07 The evolution of the water capture systems in properties VIII.7.5–8, VIII.7.7–8, and VIII.7.9–11 368
19.2.08 Estimated number of times each cistern could have been filled by the rain that fell on its roof
catchment area (taking an estimate from June through August of the modern era) 369
19.2.09 The size of each cistern relative to its roof catchment area 371
19.2.10 Drain 9 and the masonry tank (SUs 17042, 22012) in Room 37 of VIII.7.7–8; note Drain 7 to the
right and Drains 10 and 11 in the bottom left 372
19.2.11 The row of amphorae next to Cistern 6 in Room 32 of VIII.7.7–8 373
19.2.12 Water filtration system at Emporiae. Photo courtesy of C. Motz 374
19.2.13 The interior of Cistern 10 in Rooms 123–124 of I.1.6–9 376
19.3.01 The distribution of cooking facilities across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 379
19.3.02 Examples of the three principal types of cooking facilities: top, hearth (Cooking Facility 4 in Room 44
of VIII.7.9–11); middle, stove (Cooking Facility 8 in Room 108 of I.1.2); and bottom, small oven
(Cooking Facility 9 in Room 110 of I.1.3–5) 380
19.4.01 Plaster cast of doorstop system at I.7.10. Inset: in situ doorstop (Doorstop 6) in Room 106 of I.1.2 384
19.4.02 The distribution of doorstops across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 385
19.4.03 The replacement of Doorstop 3 (below) with Doorstop 4 (above) in Room 118 of I.1.3–5 386
19.5.01 The distribution of drains across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 389
19.5.02 Drain 26, fed by a downpipe, in Room 78 of VIII.7.13–15; viewed from the south 390
l i st o f i l lust r at ions · xvii
19.5.03 Drain 12 in Room 37 of VIII.7.7–8 390

19.5.04 Drain 3 in Room 5 of VIII.7.1–4 391
19.5.05 Drain 28 and Drain 29 in Room 68 of VIII.7.13–15; viewed from the north. Note the masonry feature of
Phase 7a 392
19.5.06 Drain 1 at the southwestern limit of the via Stabiana392
19.5.07 The chronological distribution of the drains at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 394
19.6.01 The distribution of Fish-Salting Vats across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 405
19.6.02 Fish-Salting Vat 3 in Room 48 at entrance VIII.7.11 406
19.6.03 Fish-Salting Vats 7 and 8 in Room 122 of I.1.6–9; viewed from the south 406
19.6.04 Fish-Salting Vat 5 in Room 101 of I.1.1–2; viewed from the east 407
19.6.05 Fish-Salting Vat 4 in Room 58 of VIII.7.9–12 408
19.6.06 Fish-Salting Vat 1 in Room 32 of VIII.7.5–8 408
19.6.07 Fish-Salting Vat 2 (with Cistern 4 at right and Soak-Away 1 at top) in Room 38 of VIII.7.9–12; viewed from
the north 409
19.6.08 Fish-Salting Vats 6 and 9 in Room 106 of I.1.1–2; viewed from the west. Note also Bar Counter 2 410
19.6.09 Fish-Salting Vat 9 in Room 106 of I.1.1–2; viewed from the west 410
19.7.01 The various floor construction events by phase 413
19.7.02 The main floor types encountered across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1: top, packed earth (SU 24035 in Room 9 of
VIII.7.1–4); middle, mortar (SU 56027 in Room 132 of I.1.6–9); and bottom, opus signinum (SU 5003 in
Room 5 of VIII.7.1–4) 414
19.8.01 The distribution of quarry areas across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 419
19.8.02 Evidence of wedging and fracture of the lava in Quarry Area 14 in Rooms 126 and 127 of I.1.6–9; viewed
from the west. Note also the masonry platform for a lifting device 420
19.8.03 Number of events of quarrying for lava stone (black) and Mercato ash (gray) per phase 422
19.9.01 The distribution of ritual contexts across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 430
19.9.02 Examples of the principal types of ritual context across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1: a. the niche (above, also
below) and altar (below) at the Porta Stabia; b. the painted lararium in Room 23 of I.1.6–9 (see Fig. 4.09);
and c. the in situ votives in Ritual Context 11 from Room 15 of (later) VIII.7.5–6 (see Fig. 8.18) 431
19.9.03 The altar (Ritual Context 9) outside the southeast corner of Insula I.1 433
19.10.01 Reconstruction of a generic soak-away system (drawing by Gina Tibbott) 435
19.10.02 The distribution of soak-aways across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 436
19.10.03 The opening to Soak-Away 9 in Room 122 of I.1.6–9 438
19.10.04 Soak-Away 14 in Room 132 of I.1.6–9 (drawing by Gina Tibbott) 438
19.10.05 The chronological distribution of the soak-aways at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 440
19.11.01 The distribution of thresholds across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 446
19.11.02 A standard, retail threshold (Threshold 10 into VIII.7.10); plaster casting of the shuttered door at
IX.7.10, Pompeii 447
19.11.03 Threshold 5 at VIII.7.5; note the socket for a wooden lintel at right (northern end); viewed from the
northeast448
19.12.01 The distribution of votives among the excavated trenches at Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 (numbers indicate the
number of votives per location) 453
19.12.02 The types of contexts in which votive objects were found (gray = Secondary Context; black = Primary
Context)454
19.13.01 The distribution of waste features across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 461
19.14.01 The distribution of graffiti and dipinti across Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 (note that all examples, except #2, are
no longer extant and thus precise location is less than certain) 469
19.14.02 CIL IV.1014 at the (south end) entrance to I.1.1 (unenhanced photograph) 470
19.14.03 CIL IV.1014 at the (south end) entrance to I.1.1; DStretch image with CRGB (above) and LABI
colorspace (below) 471
19.14.04 Programma for Cuspius Pansa at the (south end) entrance to I.1.1/10 (CIL IV.1014 add.199);
DStretch image with LBK colorspace 472
LI S T O F TA B L ES
4.01 The archive of finds from the first excavations of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 49
5.01 Survey details 61
19.2.01 Estimates of water entering each cistern during a rainstorm 370
19.7.01 Packed-earth floors 416
19.7.02 Packed-earth floors with mortar 416
19.7.03 Opus signinum floors 416
19.7.04 Other floors 416
19.12.01 Contexts in which votive objects of Insulae VIII.7 and I.1 were found 456
LI S T O F A B B R EV IAT I O N S
Primary source abbreviations follow the Oxford Classical Dictionary; journal abbreviations follow the American Journal of Archaeology.
AP Ante-Plinian
CAD Computer-Aided Design
cm centimeter
elev. elevation
GIS Geographic Information System
GPR Ground-Penetrating Radar
m meter
masl meters above sea-level
pres. preserved
SR Stratigraphic Relationship
SU Stratigraphic Unit
UUID Universally Unique Identifier
WCU Wall Construction Unit
WF Wall Face
WS Wall Segment
AAR American Academy in Rome
APSS Archaeological Prospection Services of Southampton
BSR British School at Rome
MANN Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli
MoLAS Museum of London Archaeology Service
PARP:PS Pompeii Archaeological Research Project: Porta Stabia
PQP Pompeii Quadriporticus Project
SAP Soprintendenza Archeologica di Pompei (now Parco Archeologico di Pompei)
AE L’Année Epigraphique
CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
CTP Vander Poel, H.B. 1977–81. Corpus Topographicum Pompeianum, Vols. 1–5 (Roma)
GdS Giornale degli Scavi di Pompei
GdS NS Fiorelli, G. 1868. Giornale degli Scavi di Pompei, Nuova Serie, Vol. 1 (Napoli)
GdS UP Giornale degli Scavi di Pompei (unpublished)
ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae
Librette Librette pel rinvenimento degli oggetti antichi
Notamenti Notamenti di spedizione degli oggetti trovati negli scavi di Pompei
PAH Fiorelli, G. 1860–1864. Pompeianarum Antiquitatum Historia (Napoli)
PPM Baldassarre, I. 1990. Pompei. Pitture e mosaici (Roma)
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the bad, both food and poison. God has placed us in the world that
we may as Christians, do the work which Elisha did in his day. When
we look about us, how many people we see who have been
poisoned. There are murderers, suicides, thieves, robbers, liars, all
these are acting in the way they act and live, because they have in
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in this world to find the good unmixed from the evil. Christ prayed
that God would not take His own out of the world, but that He would
keep them from the evil in the world, and we are taught in the prayer
called the Lord’s Prayer, “Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us
from evil.” As God’s children, we cannot mix with the children of this
world. We cannot allow the amusements of this world and its
allurements to lead us away from God and His Kingdom. We are in
the world, but not of it. We are but pilgrims, passing through, on the
way to the country of God, but all that we are and have are in this
world; just as all the herbs were thrown into the pot, but there is also
poison there. Is there any pleasure, without its tinge of pain? Is there
any hope without the presence of a cloud? Is there any expectation
without some kind of a disappointment? But Christ is our Elisha. The
poison in the pot can be removed and He will remove it for us. The
pleasures of the world may be rendered sweet and pure. The work of
this world can be raised to the highest dignity. The power of this
world may be turned to the highest good of all. We are not left
helpless and hopeless.
II. The temptations of the world are the fire under the pot.
The question of temptations is a very interesting one, for the

Christian. There are many who find their greatest trouble in
temptations. They are not able to distinguish a temptation from a sin,
and confusing them, they look upon themselves as very great
sinners, because they have very great temptations. This is a false
idea. A temptation is a trial. All temptations are not evil. There are
also temptations that lead us to noble action. God is not tempted of
evil, neither does He tempt to evil, but He does tempt us to the good,
and indeed, He permits Satan to ply us with temptations, and we by
overcoming these temptations may grow strong and pure.
Christ, the sinless man, was in the world, full of temptations, but
He overcame them. His temptations were genuine, they were sinful,
they would have proven destructive, but He overcame them and He
overcame them without sin.
It matters not what the temptation may be, however dark and
sinful, it is with you as to the result of that temptation in your life.
“Yield not to temptation,
For yielding is sin.”
It is the yielding that is sin. Resist the devil, and he will flee from
you. Make friends of him and he will live with you. He will become a
part of you, he will drag you down, he will work your destruction.
How often we realize that dark, sinful thoughts, pass through our
minds. They are sins like a black cloud, sweeping over the beautiful
landscape of the soul. Well, does this constitute sin? By no means. It
is only when these thoughts remain in the mind, when we harbor
them, when we become fond of them; this is what forms sin in the
soul. It is your work to expel them, to drive them out, to hate them.
Paul said, When I would do good evil is present with me. How true
this is with us today. Even in our holiest exercises, such as prayer,
praise, worship, sin is found lurking in our aspirations after God.
Selfishness enters our prayers, selfishness frequently inspires our
holiest hopes, selfishness poisons our love, doubt weakens our faith,
and so we find in our religion and its life, the element of sin. This is
the death in the pot.
So the whole Bible deals with the problem of sin. The plan of
salvation is simply the plan for removing sin from within and from
without us. The mission of Christ is to save the sinner from his sins.
Frequently Christians get the idea that salvation is to bring us at last
to Heaven; well, that is in a manner true, but remember that is the
last work of salvation, bringing us to Heaven. Salvation deals with
thousands of things in our lives here, before we are ready for
Heaven. And indeed we can never enter Heaven with sin in our
natures. Sin must be rooted out here in some manner. So we have
our Elisha, he can and does remove the death from the pot. He is
the bread of life, the water of life, in which there is no poison.
I beg you, therefore, to take this text with you. Ponder over its
deep meaning. Apply its truths to your own life, come to our Elisha
that He may remove the death from your pot. Try and understand the
deep meaning of your religion and that it is a rule of life for every-day
living. That it furnishes you with the wisdom and the power to
overcome all the sin within you and all the temptations without you.
Therefore watch and pray. Be diligent in season and out of season
and put your trust in your Elisha, and He will make all things work
together for your good. This is His promise.
The Reward of the Righteous.

“For ye are not as yet come to the rest and to the
inheritance which the Lord your God giveth you.”—Deut. 12:9.
A description of Paradise is always acceptable to the humble
believer. He is seeking the rest, the inheritance, which God has so
abundantly promised in His word. So our God has not omitted to give
us glimpses of this Heavenly rest. We have gathered together our
own sweet bundle of sentiments regarding it. They are ever a
blooming garden of flowers by our pathway. We are to so live that we
may daily prepare for this Home of the Soul. Hezekiah was ordered
to set his house in order. He was reminded that he would soon be
called to enter into this rest prepared for the people of God. He had
something to do first, however—to set his house in order.
We sadly realize that in the study of this deep question our
knowledge of that country which is our eternal home, can be but
faint. Paul saw something of its glory but would not undertake to
describe it. And the glowing descriptions which John gives us in his
Revelation, are most difficult to understand. They are figures, they
are poorly drawn pictures, outlines, photographs, of that Celestial
Clime and its Holy Inhabitants. But it confirms our hopes, invigorates
our strength, ennobles our efforts. Then let us study today something
and somewhat of this Happy Land.
I. The Character of the Reward, the Inheritance.
The Israelites were worn and weary, with the desert journey. For
forty years they had been wanderers, pilgrims, in a land of sand,
rocks, barren waste and mountains. God so blessed them that their
garments did not wear out, and He gave them water from the rocks
and food from Heaven and flesh from the far countries. But this was
not enough. They had been promised a land that flowed with milk
and honey, a land of rest, an inheritance. God had promised to
Abraham that He would give them the land of Canaan for a
possession, and that it should be inherited by all his children forever.
While this promise had been made centuries before their trials in the
Wilderness, yet God had not forgotten His pledge and His people
had not forgotten His promises. The great encouragement which
Moses always brought forward that their strength might be renewed,
was that God had made them a promise of a land of their own. With
all their trials and disappointments, their mistakes and their failures,
their doubts and perplexities, God was with them and the Land of
Canaan was just beyond the Jordan.
It is well for us to keep in mind the journey of the Israelites,
between the Red Sea and the Jordan; between the land of slavery
and the land of liberty. For indeed we are making just such a journey
now. We are on the march to our Heavenly Canaan. It is called a
rest. It is called an inheritance. What blessed descriptions these are!
We could want no better.
This wilderness of sin is a land of weariness. The way is hard, the
mountains to climb are high. The rocks which cut our feet are many.
The loads which we carry cause so often fainting, almost death.
There is no rest here. We have temporary resting places where we
may sleep and refresh ourselves. But the day comes, and its work,
its weariness. Even in our religious lives and work, we experience
the same fatigue, we are exhorted not to grow weary in well doing,
not to faint by the way, why? Because we are in a land of weariness,
of toil, of exhaustion!
“To him that overcometh, I will give a crown of life. To him that
overcometh, I will make a pillar in the temple of my God and they
shall go out no more.” Our abiding place there will be as permanent
as the pillars of the temple. We cannot be removed. Surely we will
not want to go out any more. We will be satisfied to dwell in the
temple of God forever. Then it is called an inheritance. Our children
inherit our possessions. There is no law to prevent them from
coming into what has belonged to us. It is their own when we leave it
by every right of human and Divine law.
II. Our Saviour is the faithful witness of this promised land.
Moses, you remember, sent spies into Canaan that they might
bring back a report of the land which God had promised to Abraham
and his descendants. These spies returned. Only two, Caleb and
Joshua, brought back a good report. The majority report was very
discouraging indeed, so much so, that the Israelites turned back
again.
There are many in this world who have a bad report of the
Promised Land which the text tells us, is to be our rest and our
inheritance. Will you listen to them? If so, you will also turn back and
continue wandering in the wilderness of sin. Do not forget that Satan
is one of these spies. He will tell you false things regarding your
religion, your brethren, your Saviour, your God and Heaven. This is
his business. He is always at it. You find many Christians who do not
think much about Heaven, they consider it a dream, they contend
that this is their Heaven, hence they place little value on all the
reports in the Bible concerning this land. But we have a true witness,
our Joshua, our Jesus. He came from that country. He knows its hills
and dells, its clime, its fruits, its joys, its eternal delights. He has left
us His report. It is absolutely true. He has seen and heard and tasted
and He speaks as a true witness. He said to His disciples on the eve
of His departure, “I go to prepare a place for you, that where I am,
there ye may be also. In my Father’s house are many mansions, if it
were not so I would have told you.” “If ye believe in God, believe also
in me.”
God liberated His people from Egypt. He raised the iron heel of
oppression from the necks of His people. He led them forth. He
brought them into Canaan. His omniscience guided them. His
omnipresence was ever with them. He brought them to an end of the
toil, labor, dust, pains, weariness of the wilderness journey. The
same God is leading us to a much better country. In this country
there are no enemies, as there were in Canaan. No battles will be
fought, no sickness will be endured, no trials to pass through, no
fading sunsets and following dark nights, no losses, no crosses, for
“All the former things are passed away, behold, I make all things
new.”
Jesus says, “I am the living bread of which if any man eat, he shall
nevermore hunger.” He has broken down the middle wall or partition,
so that we can enter into the very presence of God. Paul speaks of
His work when he says, “By whom also we have access by faith into
this grace wherein we stand and rejoice in the hope of the glory of
God.” Yes, the glory of God, that glory which shall be reflected from
our hearts and faces when we stand complete before God. John
says, “It doth not appear what we shall be, but we know that when
He shall appear, we shall be like Him, for we shall see Him as He is.
And every one that hath this hope in him, purifieth himself even as
He is pure.” We shall be like Him! These are not misty descriptions
of our rest and inheritance! They are real photographs. We need not
doubt, we need not fear. It doth not appear what we shall be, but in
that beautiful habitation of the soul, we will be more beautiful than
the beautiful home which God has prepared.
III. But this rest and inheritance will be the reward of the faithful.
We should not deceive ourselves for not every one will enter.
There are many in this world who confidently expect to enter this
Heavenly Canaan, but they have no passport. If you were to take a
trip through Europe and Asia, it would be necessary for you to
procure from the proper officials of this country a passport, for
without this you would not be permitted to go through these
countries. You would be looked upon as some kind of an enemy. The
passports to Heaven are goodness and faithfulness. Not the
goodness, however, which this world creates and loves and prizes.
Christ said to the young nobleman who came to Him and wanted to
know what good thing he could do to enter the kingdom of Heaven,
“Why callest thou me good, there is none good but God.” This young
man said that he had kept all the commandments from his youth up,
now if he had done that and we have no reason to doubt it, for Christ
looked on him and loved him, then this young man was really good
as this world calls goodness; but mark you he did not enter the
“Kingdom of God,” for he went away very sorrowful, for he was very
rich. Oh! he was very rich!
He had his own little heaven, he had his own little bundle of
goodness, he had his own passport, but these did not suffice, for the
Kingdom of God. These were of no value in this Kingdom.
I was born in a slave state. When I was a little boy, my mother
being very poor, sent me out on a very cold day to the river bank to
gather up a bundle of wood. I gathered up the wood and tied it into a
bundle and placed it on my head. I started home. It was a large
bundle and grew very heavy as I walked along. It was painful to my
head and I became tired. I staggered under the burden, I thought
that I could not reach the house, but I kept on. At last I got home and
almost fainted. But what a relief it was to me and what a comfort it
became to my mother. As we sat that night by the crackling fire, I
thought, well it was worth all it cost me. The pleasure it gave my
mother, the family, and satisfaction it gave me to know that I had
done this and all were now enjoying it, was my reward, my rest. But
mark you, it was the reward of goodness and faithfulness. If I had
been a disobedient boy, would I have had that reward? Would I have
had that enjoyment? Would I have had the approval and the love of
my mother? Never, never! So it is with us today. We must carry our
burdens, and the burdens of others. We have always a double load
on our shoulders, this makes it doubly heavy. Sometimes we nearly
faint under it, the road seems to have no end, we are almost tempted
to throw down the load, but can we? If we really desire to enter that
beautiful city beyond the river of death, the load which God has
given us, must be carried to the very end. We can drop that load
when we come to the river, when the death angel tells us that it is
enough and that our Father wants us to come home.
You are to serve your brother-man, you are to love him, to pray for
him, and to love and pray for your enemies. This is the load, this is
the work that is to be done! Without the cross there is no crown,
without the weights there are no wings, without the prayers there will
be no praises! “Well done, good and faithful servant; thou hast been
faithful over a few things, I will make thee ruler over many things.
Enter thou into the joy of thy lord.” This is the welcome plaudit. Do
you long to hear that plaudit? Then be faithful today and tomorrow
and throughout life.
IV. This place is called rest.
After the victory there is peace. After the labor there is rest. After
the pain there is pleasure. This world is not our abiding place, our
peace-place. As long as man lives on the earth he has various
inducements to sin. Enemies within and without are continually
organizing against him. Satan is seeking to devour him with lust and
sin. He too often, alas! renounces his allegiance to his God, he
forgets his Saviour, he turns away from the practice of his religion.
Worldly pleasures allure him, they deceive him, they intoxicate. Ten
thousand are the ways of this world to lead the humble pilgrim
astray. The Israelites wandered in the Wilderness forty days, but it
was only a seven days march from Egypt to Canaan; Why did they
wander? Because they sinned. The flesh is lusting against the spirit
and the spirit against the flesh. When we would do good evil is
present with us. What a mighty conflict this life of wandering is!
But blessed be God there are no haunts of innocent (?)
amusement to entice you from pure holiness, in Heaven! No dens to
rob men and women of their virtue, no pit-falls of saloons and
gambling hells to lead astray the holy inhabitants of that land of rest,
none of these things are to be found there! The ungodly rich man,
the oppressor of the poor, the robber, the thief, these are all cast into
the lake where the worm dieth not and the fire is not quenched.
There is the place of our Eternal Rest. It is a mountain where
heavenly pastures grow and the rivers of life gently flow. It is here
that we shall know as we are known. Here ignorance is forever
banished and we see face to face. God help as to enter this rest and
to obtain this inheritance.
Our Legacy.
Peace I leave with you.—John 14:27.
Dear Brethren, in entering upon the work of this district two years
ago I found that the ship had sprung a leak, the sails were furled,
many of the crew had deserted the ship and left her to the mercy of
the waves. There seemed to be a heavy cloud over the church, her
banners had been trailing in the dust. I look back and almost
shudder and wonder what would have been the fate of the church
had things drifted on as I found them. I wonder if there were any
here who at that time would have believed our report and to whom
the arm of the Lord would have been revealed. I ask the question
now, shall the church in Trenton sink, shall her doors be closed, shall
her banner be dust covered? No, never, so long as God says “Thou
shalt live.” So like Paul at Athens I take courage and preach the
Gospel to you that your strength may increase and your faith grow
stronger.
Bro. Joseph Long was the first man I saw, to whom I delivered my
message. He said go ahead, my son, sound the trumpet and we will
rally to the standard though the host of hell surround us. I accepted
the situation, seeing that there was a great field of usefulness before
me. I saw and felt my inability to do any good or to be of any service
to the church unless God was with me. So I consecrated myself
anew to God and made a complete surrender. My own capabilities
united with yours, we brought our forces into line and began the
battle which you have fought so nobly and bravely against every
obstacle. You have been faithful soldiers, and may be called
veterans in the cause of Christ. The enemy has been many times
defeated and main victories have been won and the cause has been
greatly advanced, but the time of our separation is drawing nigh, our
communions will soon cease, they have been very sweet and
precious to me, very helpful, your kindness has been like the bud on
the tree continually swelling, and blossoming for my own pleasure
and profit. Like David, we have cried from the bottom of our hearts,
How long, O Lord, How long shall the wicked reign? Save thy
people, bless thine inheritance, feed and lift them up for ever. You
have proven your loyalty to the church at large, your efficiency in the
church here, I commend your integrity, your faithfulness. Your warm
hearts have beat continually for the success of the church during this
pastorate.
The old heroes have gone home to their reward. Their seats are
vacant, their work is complete but we have entered into their labors
and their memory is still precious among us. They are still with us in
spirit, they are looking down from the battlements of glory and are
witnessing our race here below. They have been described as a
cloud of witnesses. Therefore we are to lay aside every weight and
the sin that doth so easily beset us and run with patience the race
that is set before us. Their skill and bravery we should imitate, their
example we should copy, their life of service we should relieve. Oh!
Could many of those old warriors awake from their graves and revisit
old Mt. Zion and stand on her battleground, to tell us of the contests
through which they had passed and to show us the scars which they
had received while fighting the battle of the Lord, how often they
have witnessed the going and coming of ministers, having listened to
their sad farewells, I am sure that we would take courage today and
rejoice that we are a part of that grand procession, some of which
are now in glory, some of which are crossing and some of which are
still on this side. These old veterans of glory are not here to shake
our hands; they have risen from the bloody battlefield of earth to the
sun lit hills of eternity and have washed their robes and made them
white in the blood of the Lamb. Some that I met two years ago are
not here tonight to shake our hands, to be with us in this farewell
exercise, where are they? Where is father Crusen and Sister Layten,
Tolson, Phinley, Reley and Rachel Conover. Young men, I ask you
tonight where is Enoch Limehouse, Jimmie Vroom and others of your
companions? Parents and Sabbath School teachers, I ask you
where are the Scotts, the Sees and Lily Wright and others whom I
met here two years ago? They have gone down to the grave, they
are mouldering in their graves. But this shattered Mt. Zion church is
the same now as then, a few pillars are left. Brothers Long, Johnson,
Fisher, Jones, Ward, Ayers, Charna, Sisters Long, Ward, Perine,
Hall, Scroden, Hutchens, Lewis, Harriet, Charmer, and a host of
others, we have stood together through these years and are one
tonight in spirit and in truth. Our spirits have shared each other’s
burdens, each other’s sorrows, we have mingled our tears.
Your Christian advice, tender care, loyal friendship, all these have
helped me on my way to the better land. You have performed your
part well, a uniform desire to contribute to the harmony of all. Your
zeal for the growth of the church when it seemed to be dying, your
constant watching for its highest welfare, have often caused me to
say, “I was glad when they said to me, let us go into the house of the
Lord.” Although we separate here in sorrow we will meet in a place
where sorrow is unknown. Do you promise to meet me there? March
on, ye Soldiers of the Cross, be not afraid, God is your helper, He
will not desert you! Keep your eyes on the city whose builder and
maker is God. Do not grow weary in well-doing nor faint by the way.
Christ said, My peace I leave with you. I can say my blessings I
leave with you. Let us pray for each other and look forward to the
time when we shall meet to part no more. Farewell!
Articles and Contributions
An Echo to the Manager’s Call.

Mr. Editor: In your issue of June 21, 1877, an article appears,
emanating from the business manager, indicating trouble ahead. He
says that from the very fact of the editor receiving two letters to his
one, and the supporters of our publishing department placing the
major portions of their communications on the wrong current, the
most pernicious effect is designed to flow through the stream of
intellectual knowledge gleaned from the columns of the Christian
Recorder.
I have only to ask my brethren, Can we, as pillars of the porch that
leads to the great temple of African Methodism, sit still on our easy
chair and hear such powerful peals of thunder ringing through our
ears, constantly coming from the subverting clouds now overhanging
our manager’s head?
Let us burst loose the bands of oppression, open the prison door
and set the captive free. Give the manager a fair start in the race,
and then if he die (as he says the death warrant has been served on
others who had charge of the concern), let us bury him in a
recreant’s grave. As to the department being whittled away by the
ministry, I would like to ask, Mr. Editor, who is responsible for that? Is
there not a prescribed mode of bringing these would-be men to
justice? These vipers that creep through the money till of all our
departments and from their atrocious dereliction or their villainous
designs to defraud the connection out of what is rightfully due it?
These things are actually undermining the foundation of our Church.
Put them between the upper and lower millstones and grind them as
fine as powder. Do not let us all suffer from the effect of the same
blow. The blow the Doctor struck has shocked the connection like a
mighty earthquake. Now the question goes from every loyal fort
along the line, “Who are these whittlers?” Again, the manager says
there is a wolf howling about the door of his sanctum, and that
unless there be sufficient food to satisfy his demands, at no distant
date there will be a burst up. I again ask, Cannot this eternal howling
be stopped?
Now, the manager says that our articles of commendation and
sweet pats on the shoulder, telling him to go ahead with the engine
without anything to propel it, does not amount to much. He wants
action—noble, sublime, Godlike action—such as will place him on
the road to success. Then, brethren, let us act. According to the
report made at the General Conference of 1872, we have three
hundred thousand members, seven thousand preachers in our
connection. Let a Sabbath be set apart and let it be universally
known throughout the Church, and one-fourth of a dollar be collected
from each member. This would give us the nice little sum of $75,000.
Say that the preachers give one dollar each, including bishops,
managers, editors and all others, which would make a total of
$82,000. Would not this stop the howling wolf and save the
department? The echo is, Yes! Then, brethren, let us awake from our
sleep. Call the forces to the front, wheel into line, fire on the enemy,
and the victory is ours. I will guarantee one-fourth of a dollar from
each one of my members, and not only one dollar from myself, but
five, at whatever time may be mentioned as a day for this purpose in
the interests of the Book Concern.
A. H. NEWTON.
Algiers, La., July, 1877.
The Race Problem Solved at Asbury Park.

For the Christian Recorder.
New Brunswick, N. J., August 2, 1890.
Mr. Editor.
Sir: As a native of the “Old North State” myself, it is but natural that
I should feel some pride in every honor or mark of respect paid to
her honored sons; and yet, sir, when I see metropolitan papers,
whose politics are not very favorable to our race, teeming with praise
of the speeches made, with some very remarkable quotations of
opposition to the “Force Bill,” or apologizing for certain reasons why
it should not become a law; when I see certain gentlemen denied by
those in authority not especially committed to our side of public
questions regarding our interest, it is but natural that some of us
should become alarmed lest these honors are received and
bestowed at the terrible expense of compromising the rights of our
race.
We are forced to believe that President Grandison must have
committed himself with all the force of his eloquence on the beach at
the park to thirty thousand people in favor of the Force Bill. We are
also led to believe that our popular friend Dr. Sampson was very
conservative in his Fourth of July speech. But now comes out one of
the leading illustrated journals with all the pictures of these orators of
the Fourth at the park, and the Doctor is made to say if a colored
man is discriminated against or in any way persecuted in regard to
his rights, that it ought to stimulate him to greater effort to make
himself more worthy, and to not only make himself the equal, but the
superior of the other men. With other compromising remarks, and
after several highly pleasing speeches on the beach to the
multitudes from the hotels, it is said that the Doctor and founder,
Bradley, repaired to the dining rooms of the different hotels and told
the colored help when and where they might be allowed to bathe.
Was this arrangement made by the Doctor with Mr. Bradley for the
colored people? Will these two North Carolinians answer this
question? Were they paid one hundred dollars for these speeches,
and were they properly quoted in the New York World? I mean
President Grandison, of Bennett College, as to his views on the
Force Bill delivered at the park or elsewhere, and also Dr. Sampson
on the Race Problem, delivered on the grand stand on the Fourth of
July at the park. I understand that my old friend did say that a
Negro’s occupation should not be above that of a servant, for he
must know well how to discharge the duties belonging to this sphere
before he is able to meet the more responsible duties of life. I ask
the Doctor if this is all true.
Yours respectfully,
A. H. NEWTON.
31 French Street, New Brunswick, N. J.
Intemperance.
By Miss Ada A. Newton.
Intemperance is a fatal evil. What are felons, murderers and
thieves but men who began drinking but moderately, just for fashion
or to see how it tasted? From drinking moderately they go on taking
a little more each time, until finally they become confirmed
drunkards. How common it is to hear a wife say, Ah! He was a good
husband before he began drinking. There was nothing he thought
too good for me. How we pity the drunkard’s wife and children! The
little ones are made to suffer for the doings of their father, for God
says that “the iniquities of the fathers are visited upon the children
unto the third and fourth generation, while His mercy is shown unto
thousands that love Him and keep His commandments.” How
careful, then, should all be to guard against this evil. The cup that
has the glow of ruby at last biteth like a serpent and stingeth like an
adder.
Let us give an illustration that all may see the course of this sin.
Here is a rich man who has a son; he indulges him beyond measure;
he teaches him in youth to drink wine. At first he makes a wry face
and tells his father that he does not like it and cannot drink it. His
father scorns and ridicules the idea, and tells him that unless he
drinks some he will never become a man. So the little fellow drinks
because it is his father’s desire and not his own. He soon acquires a
thirst for the poisonous cup, and when he comes to manhood’s
estate he drinks often and freely. At last he drinks too much and
becomes intoxicated—yes, intoxicated! This is his first step to ruin;
the habit has been formed. His father is now much mortified. He
threatens to disinherit him if he does not stop drinking, but it is too
late. The father has laid the foundation and the son has built on it,
and neither of them is now able to undo what has been done and
fixed into a habit. His mother begs him to never again touch the
deadly drug. For her sake he promises and takes the pledge. There
is great rejoicing now. His father, mother, friends, all rejoice at the
reclamation; the son has reformed! Yes, he has reformed. His eyes
lose their redness and become bright and lustrous. He attends
diligently to his business. After a while he marries. Then the rejoicing
is universal. All delight at the great reformation. But alas! how frail is
human nature. Soon after his marriage he meets at the tavern his old
chums. He has perfect confidence in himself. He knows he will not
drink again. His pride asserts itself. His old companions are gleeful
and congenial; they ask him to drink. He pays no attention to them.
Then they sneer, they ridicule, they appeal to his manhood, they
accuse him of being tied to his wife’s apron strings. To prove to them
that he is not all that they declare, he takes one drink, then another
and another, and soon he is beastly drunk. Then they kick him out.
His wife watches for him, then she watches over him, and he does
not return, so it seems. He is now detained on business; he has an
engagement at the club, at the lodge. How little does she know how
soon she is to be bowed down and broken under grief! She watches.
It is midnight; she meets him at the door with a glad heart; the sight
is heart-sickening. She reels and faints. He is fearfully intoxicated!
When he is able to reason, she reasons with him, but in vain. Down,
down he goes from one step to another, until from a large mansion
he brings her to live in a cellar. Who is that grinning monster the
boys are pelting in the street? And who is that emaciated creature
entreating the boys to let the miserable wretch whom she calls her
husband go home? The once noble husband and the once beautiful
wife! What has brought them so low? What has caused her misery,
her anguish? Rum, rum, rum; nothing but the demon RUM!
Oh, young man, if you only knew the harm that the social glass
does you, the misery that it brings, the death that follows, you would
cast away the poison and turn from it now, before it is eternally to
late. “Touch not, taste not the unclean thing, for wine is a mocker and
strong drink is raging.”
Algiers, La.
From Arkansas.
Mr. Editor: You have not heard from us for several months, not
because we have lost interest, for we have always stood among the
active workers of the Church, but we have been very busy. The last
time we wrote you from the South we were in the State of
Tennessee.
In the month of October last year Bishop Brown ordered us to
strike our tent and move to Arkansas. With the knapsack of faith and
the musket of truth we came and engaged in the contest, taking
charge of Little Rock.
The Little Rock Conference is composed of some of the noblest
and most energetic men in the Church. They work, sing and fight
against Satan like men of war, determined to conquer although they
die in the battle. Elder J. T. Jenifer, so well known throughout our
widespread connection as a pioneer of African Methodism, erected a
new church edifice at Little Rock, a monument that can never be
forgotten, and to be admired by unborn generations. Bishop Brown
and J. F. A. Sisson, P. E., contributed their share towards the
construction of this model of beauty. H. H. Petigrew, P. E., John A.
Jones, S. A. Patten and R. A. Sinquefield are the pioneers of African
Methodism in this State, and their labors have been given entirely to
the Christian Church. Their affectionate and kind-hearted spirits draw
every one near to them in the fullest confidence, and none can but
love and cherish them.
The Conference is divided into eleven districts and is cared for by
good and faithful presiding elders who are not afraid of the truth,
though dark and gloomy clouds oppose them on every hand. We
have several churches in course of construction in this State which
will be ornaments when completed.
In Little Rock the work is in a prosperous condition. We are
preparing to hold the Conference on the 9th of November, 1876.
Bishop T. M. Ward is now with us on his way to the South Arkansas
Conference. Our church is not yet completed, and we are about four
thousand dollars in debt; but, thank the Lord, we were successful in
paying off $1200 this year. We have 483 members, who say that
they are determined to succeed. We have 229 scholars in the
Sunday School and 25 officers and teachers. We have not done
much for the Recorder, but we intend to fall into line. “Hold the fort,
for we are coming!” (“Yes, but hurry up!”)
King Cotton has a powerful influence in this State, and the same is
true of another king—Alcohol. There are 113 rum shops in Pine Bluff
and 108 in Little Rock. Thousands of people are inquiring for the
byways to hell, and, comparatively speaking, very few are inquiring
the way to heaven. Over $1,000,000 are spent in this State annually
for rum and tobacco.
On September 25th we visited the Conference of Tennessee, held
in Pulaski, where we met many smiling faces and hearts and
enjoyed a hearty shake of many hands.
A. H. NEWTON.
Little Rock, Ark., October 18, 1876.
Algiers, La.
Algiers is situated on the north bank of the Mississippi River, about
one hundred miles distant from the Gulf. It is connected with New
Orleans by ferry boats, which run every five or ten minutes. There is
not much enterprise here, as all the business is done in the city. It is
not a separate parish from the city, as one mayor controls the affairs
of both places. Beelzebub has his headquarters here, and his court
and his orders take the premium. The Sabbath is not respected.
Mechanics labor and stevedores flock and flutter about the ships.
You will find human beings as thick on the ballroom floor on Sunday
as fleas on a dog’s head. And this is only a substitute for the
wickedness indulged in here on the Sabbath. But our Church is
progressing. We have just had a glorious revival. Our forces were
drawn up in line in pitched battle with the devil and artillery of hell.
After a heavy conflict for several weeks the battle subsided. When
the smoke was over we picked up thirty souls happily converted to
God. Bishop Ward was with us about eight weeks ago. He organized
a new mission work in this city. He threw two or three bombshells
against the forces of Catholicism, crippled, wounded and captured
several of their troops, and moved on down the line, leaving the boys
to push the battle to the gate.
A. H. NEWTON.
June 21, 1877.
Word from Algiers, La.

Mr. Editor: Elder A. H. Newton has charge of the branch of African
Methodism of Algiers, La. When Elder Newton arrived in Algiers he
found the church in an almost hopeless condition, there being but
ten members belonging to the fold, and as far as Sabbath School
was concerned, they hardly knew what it meant. The majority of the
people of color are Catholics. There are three Catholic churches to
one Methodist church, therefore he had to labor under great
disadvantages, but with King Jesus as his Captain, the Bible as his
shield, he fought the battle bravely and gained the victory. Our
church now is in a prosperous condition. We are doing a good work.
Instead of ten members we have ten times ten, and they are coming
to the fold every day. We have the finest Sabbath School in the State
of Louisiana. There are one hundred and seventy-five members, and
still they come. Our superintendent, Prof. J. H. Corbin, is alive to our
Sabbath School. He is pious, kind and educated. The children all
love him, and in no Sunday School throughout our entire connection
could you find a better superintendent than he. He is also the
principal of the colored school of Algiers. Our musical director, Prof.
S. W. Otts, is also one of our bright stars. He makes the walls of Zion
ring with melodies from the “Gospel Songs.” Miss O. B. Flowers, the
assistant principal of the colored school of this city is also a noble
worker in our Sabbath School. As a teacher she is interesting, and
she is also the embodiment of Christian forbearance. We have a
very intelligent corps of teachers, and, altogether, our school is
progressing quite rapidly. When Elder Newton came to Algiers there
was not a book in the Sabbath School library, not even a Testament;
but with the help of God we have been enabled to get Testaments,
Bibles and Catechisms, and we also have an organ. All this has
been done in three months. In another three months we have hopes
of as much more being accomplished. Our agent for the Christian
Recorder is Mrs. Lula L. Newton. She sells as many papers as are
sent her, and could sell as many more if she had them. The people
take quite an interest in the paper, simply because it is edited and
published by our own color.
For the last week we have had a practical effort, six souls have
been added to our number and we have prospects of as many more.
Algiers bids fair of becoming one of the strongholds of the
connection. In the city of New Orleans, Bishop Ward (blessings on
his venerable head!) has organized a new mission, which the elder
in charge—Elder Cargile—with the help of the Lord and good
management, is making a good charge. The people in this city are
very wicked, some of them, although in a Christian land and among
Christian people, are worse than heathen. They have never read the
Bible. The Bishop, knowing this, organized the mission in the most
wicked portion of the city, and it is progressing finely.
ADA A. NEWTON.
April 4, 1877.
Word from Algiers, La.

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